101
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Ustyanovska Avtenyuk N, Visser N, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The Neutrophil: The Underdog That Packs a Punch in the Fight against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7820. [PMID: 33105656 PMCID: PMC7659937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has had a major impact on the outcome and overall survival in many types of cancer. Current immunotherapeutic strategies typically aim to (re)activate anticancer T cell immunity, although the targeting of macrophage-mediated anticancer innate immunity has also emerged in recent years. Neutrophils, although comprising ≈ 60% of all white blood cells in the circulation, are still largely overlooked in this respect. Nevertheless, neutrophils have evident anticancer activity and can induce phagocytosis, trogocytosis, as well as the direct cytotoxic elimination of cancer cells. Furthermore, therapeutic tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies trigger anticancer immune responses through all innate Fc-receptor expressing cells, including neutrophils. Indeed, the depletion of neutrophils strongly reduced the efficacy of monoclonal antibody treatment and increased tumor progression in various preclinical studies. In addition, the infusion of neutrophils in murine cancer models reduced tumor progression. However, evidence on the anticancer effects of neutrophils is fragmentary and mostly obtained in in vitro assays or murine models with reports on anticancer neutrophil activity in humans lagging behind. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the available knowledge of anticancer activity by neutrophils. Furthermore, we will describe strategies being explored for the therapeutic activation of anticancer neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
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102
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Habibi MS, Thwaites RS, Chang M, Jozwik A, Paras A, Kirsebom F, Varese A, Owen A, Cuthbertson L, James P, Tunstall T, Nickle D, Hansel TT, Moffatt MF, Johansson C, Chiu C, Openshaw PJM. Neutrophilic inflammation in the respiratory mucosa predisposes to RSV infection. Science 2020; 370:eaba9301. [PMID: 33033192 PMCID: PMC7613218 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The variable outcome of viral exposure is only partially explained by known factors. We administered respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to 58 volunteers, of whom 57% became infected. Mucosal neutrophil activation before exposure was highly predictive of symptomatic RSV disease. This was associated with a rapid, presymptomatic decline in mucosal interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and other mediators. Conversely, those who resisted infection showed presymptomatic activation of IL-17- and tumor necrosis factor-related pathways. Vulnerability to infection was not associated with baseline microbiome but was reproduced in mice by preinfection chemokine-driven airway recruitment of neutrophils, which caused enhanced disease mediated by pulmonary CD8+ T cell infiltration. Thus, mucosal neutrophilic inflammation at the time of RSV exposure enhances susceptibility, revealing dynamic, time-dependent local immune responses before symptom onset and explaining the as-yet unpredictable outcomes of pathogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Agnieszka Jozwik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Allan Paras
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Freja Kirsebom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Augusto Varese
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amber Owen
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phillip James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Nickle
- Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Department of Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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103
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Zhang Q, Liao Y, Liu Z, Dai Y, Li Y, Li Y, Tang Y. Interleukin-17 and ischaemic stroke. Immunology 2020; 162:179-193. [PMID: 32935861 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine family that includes 6 members, IL-17A through IL-17F, most of them are reported to have pro-inflammatory role. Through binding to their receptors (IL-17Rs), IL-17 activates the intracellular signalling pathways to play an important role in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Ischaemic stroke is a complex pathophysiological process mainly caused by regional cerebral ischaemia. Inflammatory factors contribute to the physiological process of stroke that leads to poor prognosis. IL-17 plays a crucial role in promoting inflammatory response and inducing secondary injury in post-stroke. Though immune cells and inflammatory factors have been reported to be involved in the damage of stroke, the functions of IL-17 in this process need to be elucidated. This review focuses on the pathological modulation and the mechanism of IL-17 family in ischaemic stroke and seeking to provide new insights for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Zhang
- Chinese Medical Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Chinese Medical Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenquan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Dai
- Chinese Medical Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxin Li
- Chinese Medical Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- Chinese Medical Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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104
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Subramanian BC, Melis N, Chen D, Wang W, Gallardo D, Weigert R, Parent CA. The LTB4-BLT1 axis regulates actomyosin and β2-integrin dynamics during neutrophil extravasation. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201910215. [PMID: 32854115 PMCID: PMC7659729 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The eicosanoid leukotriene B4 (LTB4) relays chemotactic signals to direct neutrophil migration to inflamed sites through its receptor BLT1. However, the mechanisms by which the LTB4-BLT1 axis relays chemotactic signals during intravascular neutrophil response to inflammation remain unclear. Here, we report that LTB4 produced by neutrophils acts as an autocrine/paracrine signal to direct the vascular recruitment, arrest, and extravasation of neutrophils in a sterile inflammation model in the mouse footpad. Using intravital subcellular microscopy, we reveal that LTB4 elicits sustained cell polarization and adhesion responses during neutrophil arrest in vivo. Specifically, LTB4 signaling coordinates the dynamic redistribution of non-muscle myosin IIA and β2-integrin, which facilitate neutrophil arrest and extravasation. Notably, we also found that neutrophils shed extracellular vesicles in the vascular lumen and that inhibition of extracellular vesicle release blocks LTB4-mediated autocrine/paracrine signaling required for neutrophil arrest and extravasation. Overall, we uncover a novel complementary mechanism by which LTB4 relays extravasation signals in neutrophils during early inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagawat C. Subramanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Desu Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Weiye Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Devorah Gallardo
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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105
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Xue J, Ajuwon KM, Fang R. Mechanistic insight into the gut microbiome and its interaction with host immunity and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:421-428. [PMID: 33364458 PMCID: PMC7750791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia. These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival. The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated. Additionally, commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity. This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice, which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host–microbial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction. This paper reviews some of these key studies, with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development, nonspecific immunity, specific immunity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, United States
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
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106
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Fine N, Tasevski N, McCulloch CA, Tenenbaum HC, Glogauer M. The Neutrophil: Constant Defender and First Responder. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571085. [PMID: 33072112 PMCID: PMC7541934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in biology is often recognized during pathogenesis associated with PMN hyper- or hypo-functionality in various disease states. However, in the vast majority of cases, PMNs contribute to resilience and tissue homeostasis, with continuous PMN-mediated actions required for the maintenance of health, particularly in mucosal tissues. PMNs are extraordinarily well-adapted to respond to and diminish the damaging effects of a vast repertoire of infectious agents and injurious processes that are encountered throughout life. The commensal biofilm, a symbiotic polymicrobial ecosystem that lines the mucosal surfaces, is the first line of defense against pathogenic strains that might otherwise dominate, and is therefore of critical importance for health. PMNs regularly interact with the commensal flora at the mucosal tissues in health and limit their growth without developing an overt inflammatory reaction to them. These PMNs exhibit what is called a para-inflammatory phenotype, and have reduced inflammatory output. When biofilm growth and makeup are disrupted (i.e., dysbiosis), clinical symptoms associated with acute and chronic inflammatory responses to these changes may include pain, erythema and swelling. However, in most cases, these responses indicate that the immune system is functioning properly to re-establish homeostasis and protect the status quo. Defects in this healthy everyday function occur as a result of PMN subversion by pathological microbial strains, genetic defects or crosstalk with other chronic inflammatory conditions, including cancer and rheumatic disease, and this can provide some avenues for therapeutic targeting of PMN function. In other cases, targeting PMN functions could worsen the disease state. Certain PMN-mediated responses to pathogens, for example Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), might lead to undesirable symptoms such as pain or swelling and tissue damage/fibrosis. Despite collateral damage, these PMN responses limit pathogen dissemination and more severe damage that would otherwise occur. New data suggests the existence of unique PMN subsets, commonly associated with functional diversification in response to particular inflammatory challenges. PMN-directed therapeutic approaches depend on a greater understanding of this diversity. Here we outline the current understanding of PMNs in health and disease, with an emphasis on the positive manifestations of tissue and organ-protective PMN-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikola Tasevski
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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107
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Hwang HS, Chang M, Kim YA. Influenza-Host Interplay and Strategies for Universal Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030548. [PMID: 32962304 PMCID: PMC7564814 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an annual epidemic and an occasional pandemic caused by pathogens that are responsible for infectious respiratory disease. Humans are highly susceptible to the infection mediated by influenza A viruses (IAV). The entry of the virus is mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein that binds to the cellular sialic acid receptors and facilitates the fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membrane. During IAV infection, virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) either on the cell surface or intracellularly in endosomes. Herein, we comprehensively review the current knowledge available on the entry of the influenza virus into host cells and the molecular details of the influenza virus–host interface. We also highlight certain strategies for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
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108
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Lim K, Kim TH, Trzeciak A, Amitrano AM, Reilly EC, Prizant H, Fowell DJ, Topham DJ, Kim M. In situ neutrophil efferocytosis shapes T cell immunity to influenza infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1046-1057. [PMID: 32747818 PMCID: PMC7791396 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early recruitment of neutrophils from the blood to sites of tissue infection is a hallmark of innate immune responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which apoptotic neutrophils are cleared in infected tissues during resolution and the immunological consequences of in situ efferocytosis. Using intravital multiphoton microscopy, we show previously unrecognized motility patterns of interactions between neutrophils and tissue-resident phagocytes within the influenza-infected mouse airway. Newly infiltrated inflammatory monocytes become a chief pool of phagocytes and play a key role in the clearance of highly motile apoptotic neutrophils during the resolution phase. Apoptotic neutrophils further release epidermal growth factor and promote the differentiation of monocytes into tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells for activation of antiviral T cell effector functions. Collectively, these results suggest that the presence of in situ neutrophil resolution at the infected tissue is critical for optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Trzeciak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Amitrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hen Prizant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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109
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Emo K, Reilly EC, Sportiello M, Yang H, Topham DJ. T cell and chemokine receptors differentially control CD8 T cell motility behavior in the infected airways immediately before and after virus clearance in a primary infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227157. [PMID: 32817719 PMCID: PMC7444504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, experimental influenza virus infection stimulates CD8 T cell infiltration of the airways. Virus is cleared by day 9, and between days 8 and 9 there is an abrupt change in CD8 T cell motility behavior transitioning from low velocity and high confinement on day 8, to high velocity with continued high confinement on day 9. We hypothesized that loss of virus and/or antigen signals in the context of high chemokine levels drives the T cells into a rapid surveillance mode. Virus infection induces chemokine production, which may change when the virus is cleared. We therefore sought to examine this period of rapid changes to the T cell environment in the tissue and seek evidence on the roles of peptide-MHC and chemokine receptor interactions. Experiments were performed to block G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling with Pertussis toxin (Ptx). Ptx treatment generally reduced cell velocities and mildly increased confinement suggesting chemokine mediated arrest (velocity <2 μm/min) (Friedman RS, 2005), except on day 8 when velocity increased and confinement was relieved. Blocking specific peptide-MHC with monoclonal antibody unexpectedly decreased velocities on days 7 through 9, suggesting TCR/peptide-MHC interactions promote cell mobility in the tissue. Together, these results suggest the T cells are engaged with antigen bearing and chemokine producing cells that affect motility in ways that vary with the day after infection. The increase in velocities on day 9 were reversed by addition of specific peptide, consistent with the idea that antigen signals become limiting on day 9 compared to earlier time points. Thus, antigen and chemokine signals act to alternately promote and restrict CD8 T cell motility until the point of virus clearance, suggesting the switch in motility behavior on day 9 may be due to a combination of limiting antigen in the presence of high chemokine signals as the virus is cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mike Sportiello
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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110
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Myeloid Pannexin-1 mediates acute leukocyte infiltration and leads to worse outcomes after brain trauma. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:245. [PMID: 32819386 PMCID: PMC7441665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a major component of secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We recently reported that pharmacological inhibition of Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels markedly reduced the inflammatory response after TBI. Panx1 channels have been shown to be important conduits for adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) release and are associated with leukocyte infiltration and pyroptosis. Because Panx1 blockers significantly decrease ATP release and migration of activated microglia and other myeloid cells (such as monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) in vitro, we hypothesized that myeloid Panx1 channels play a specific role in immune cell infiltration promoting tissue damage following TBI. Methods The murine-controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was used on myeloid-specific Panx1 conditional knockout (Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl) mice to determine whether myeloid Panx1 mediates neuroinflammation and brain damage. Immune cell infiltration was measured using flow cytometry. Locomotor and memory functions were measured using the rotarod and Barnes maze test, respectively. The levels of biomarkers for tissue damage and blood–brain barrier leakage were measured using western blot and magnetic resonance imaging. Panx1 channel activity was measured with ex vivo dye uptake assays, using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results CCI-injured Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl mice showed markedly reduced immune cell infiltration to the brain parenchyma compared with Panx1fl/fl mice. As expected, Panx1 dependent activity, assessed by dye uptake, was markedly reduced only in myeloid cells from Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl mice. The expression of biomarkers of tissue damage was significantly reduced in the CCI-injured Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl mice compared with Panx1fl/fl mice. In line with this, magnetic resonance imaging showed reduced blood–brain barrier leakage in CCI-injured Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl mice. There was also a significant improvement in motor and memory function in Cx3cr1-Cre::Panx1fl/fl mice when compared with Panx1fl/fl mice within a week post-CCI injury. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that CCI-related outcomes correlate with Panx1 channel function in myeloid cells, indicating that activation of Panx1 channels in myeloid cells is a major contributor to acute brain inflammation following TBI. Importantly, our data indicate myeloid Panx1 channels could serve as an effective therapeutic target to improve outcome after TBI.
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111
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Shao S, Fang H, Li Q, Wang G. Extracellular vesicles in Inflammatory Skin Disorders: from Pathophysiology to Treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9937-9955. [PMID: 32929326 PMCID: PMC7481415 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), naturally secreted by almost all known cell types into extracellular space, can transfer their bioactive cargos of nucleic acids and proteins to recipient cells, mediating cell-cell communication. Thus, they participate in many pathogenic processes including immune regulation, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, among others. Cumulative evidence has shown the important regulatory effects of EVs on the initiation and progression of inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. In dermatology, recent studies indicate that EVs play key immunomodulatory roles in inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, bullous pemphigoid, systemic lupus erythematosus, and wound healing. Importantly, EVs can be used as biomarkers of pathophysiological states and/or therapeutic agents, both as carriers of drugs or even as a drug by themselves. In this review, we will summarize current research advances of EVs from different cells and their implications in inflammatory skin disorders, and further discuss their future applications, updated techniques, and challenges in clinical translational medicine.
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112
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Stow JL, Condon ND. High-speed squeeze: Light-sheet imaging of zebrafish neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:447-449. [PMID: 32745328 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ce0320-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion of lattice light sheet microscopy used for high resolution 3D imaging of neutrophil behaviors in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Condon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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113
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Sebina I, Phipps S. The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis. Viruses 2020; 12:E808. [PMID: 32726921 PMCID: PMC7472258 DOI: 10.3390/v12080808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis causes significant mortality in the developing world, is the number one cause of infant hospitalisation in the developed world, and is associated with the later development of chronic lung diseases such as asthma. A vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis in infancy, remains elusive, and hence new therapeutic modalities are needed to limit disease severity. However, much remains unknown about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Neutrophilic inflammation is the predominant phenotype observed in infants with both mild and severe disease, however, a clear understanding of the beneficial and deleterious effects of neutrophils is lacking. In this review, we describe the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in host defence and antiviral immunity, consider their contribution to bronchiolitis pathogenesis, and discuss whether new approaches that target neutrophil effector functions will be suitable for treating severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia;
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Fernandes NRJ, Reilly NS, Schrock DC, Hocking DC, Oakes PW, Fowell DJ. CD4 + T Cell Interstitial Migration Controlled by Fibronectin in the Inflamed Skin. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1501. [PMID: 32793204 PMCID: PMC7393769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is extensively remodeled during inflammation providing essential guidance cues for immune cell migration and signals for cell activation and survival. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic targeting of ECM to mitigate chronic inflammatory diseases and enhance access to the tumor microenvironment. T cells utilize the ECM as a scaffold for interstitial migration, dependent on T cell expression of matrix-binding integrins αVβ1/αVβ3 and tissue display of the respective RGD-containing ligands. The specific ECM components that control T cell migration are unclear. Fibronectin (FN), a canonical RGD-containing matrix component, is heavily upregulated in inflamed tissues and in vitro can serve as a substrate for leukocyte migration. However, limited by lack of tools to intravitally visualize and manipulate FN, the specific role of FN in effector T cell migration in vivo is unknown. Here, we utilize fluorescently-tagged FN to probe for FN deposition, and intravital multiphoton microscopy to visualize T cell migration relative to FN in the inflamed ear dermis. Th1 cells were found to migrate along FN fibers, with T cells appearing to actively push or pull against flexible FN fibers. To determine the importance of T cell interactions with FN, we used a specific inhibitor of FN polymerization, pUR4. Intradermal delivery of pUR4 (but not the control peptide) to the inflamed skin resulted in a local reduction in FN deposition. We also saw a striking attenuation of Th1 effector T cell movement at the pUR4 injection site, suggesting FN plays a key role in T cell interstitial migration. In mechanistic studies, pUR4 incubation with FN in vitro resulted in enhanced tethering of T cells to FN matrix, limiting productive migration. In vivo, such tethering led to increased Th1 accumulation in the inflamed dermis. Enhanced Th1 accumulation exacerbated inflammation with increased Th1 activation and IFNγ cytokine production. Thus, our studies highlight the importance of ECM FN fibrils for T cell migration in inflamed tissues and suggest that manipulating local levels of ECM FN may prove beneficial in promoting T cell accumulation in tissues and enhancing local immunity to infection or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninoshka R. J. Fernandes
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Reilly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dillon C. Schrock
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Denise C. Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Poplimont H, Georgantzoglou A, Boulch M, Walker HA, Coombs C, Papaleonidopoulou F, Sarris M. Neutrophil Swarming in Damaged Tissue Is Orchestrated by Connexins and Cooperative Calcium Alarm Signals. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2761-2776.e7. [PMID: 32502410 PMCID: PMC7372224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are major inflammatory cells that rapidly infiltrate wounds to provide antimicrobial functions. Within the damaged tissue, neutrophil migration behavior often switches from exploratory patrolling to coordinated swarming, giving rise to dense clusters that further disrupt tissue architecture. This aggregation response is self-organized by neutrophil paracrine chemoattractant signaling (most notably of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 [LTB4]). The coordination mechanism and possible evolutionary benefits of neutrophil swarms are elusive. Here, we show that neutrophil swarms require mutual reinforcement of damage signaling at the wound core. New biosensors and live imaging in zebrafish revealed that neutrophil chemoattractant synthesis is triggered by a sustained calcium flux upon contact with necrotic tissue that requires sensing of the damage signal ATP. This "calcium alarm" signal rapidly propagates in the nascent neutrophil cluster in a contact-dependent manner via connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which are mediators of active ATP release. This enhances chemoattractant biosynthesis in the growing cluster, which is instrumental for coordinated motion and swarming. Inhibition of neutrophil Cx43 compromises clearance of wound-colonizing P. aeruginosa bacteria and exacerbates infection-induced morbidity. Thus, cooperative production of alarm signals among pioneer clustering neutrophils fuels the growth of dense antimicrobial cell masses that effectively seal off breached tissue barriers from opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Morgane Boulch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Caroline Coombs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Foteini Papaleonidopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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Tavares LP, Peh HY, Tan WSD, Pahima H, Maffia P, Tiligada E, Levi-Schaffer F. Granulocyte-targeted therapies for airway diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104881. [PMID: 32380052 PMCID: PMC7198161 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The average respiration rate for an adult is 12-20 breaths per minute, which constantly exposes the lungs to allergens and harmful particles. As a result, respiratory diseases, which includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute lower respiratory tract infections (LTRI), are a major cause of death worldwide. Although asthma, COPD and LTRI are distinctly different diseases with separate mechanisms of disease progression, they do share a common feature - airway inflammation with intense recruitment and activation of granulocytes and mast cells. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are crucial players in host defense against pathogens and maintenance of lung homeostasis. Upon contact with harmful particles, part of the pulmonary defense mechanism is to recruit these cells into the airways. Despite their protective nature, overactivation or accumulation of granulocytes and mast cells in the lungs results in unwanted chronic airway inflammation and damage. As such, understanding the bright and the dark side of these leukocytes in lung physiology paves the way for the development of therapies targeting this important mechanism of disease. Here we discuss the role of granulocytes in respiratory diseases and summarize therapeutic strategies focused on granulocyte recruitment and activation in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Yong Peh
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, 117600, Singapore
| | - Wan Shun Daniel Tan
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, 117600, Singapore
| | - Hadas Pahima
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ekaterini Tiligada
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- ImmuPhar - Immunopharmacology Section Committee of International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR); Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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117
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Kim AR, Kim JH, Choi YH, Jeon YE, Cha JH, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ. The presence of neutrophils causes RANKL expression in periodontal tissue, giving rise to osteoclast formation. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:868-876. [PMID: 32583887 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVE Increased neutrophil infiltration and osteoclast formation are key characteristics of periodontitis. The effect of these neutrophils on osteoclast formation in periodontitis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of neutrophils on osteoclast formation in a neutrophil-deficient mouse model of periodontitis. METHODS Anti-Ly6G antibody (Ab) was used for neutrophil depletion in two mouse models: periodontitis and air pouch. In the periodontitis experiments, mice were divided into PBS-administered control (C), control Ab-administered periodontitis (P), and anti-Ly6G Ab-administered periodontitis (P + Ly6G) groups. Periodontitis was induced by ligature of mandibular first molars. In the air pouch experiments, mice were divided into PBS-administered (C), LPS and control Ab-administered (LPS), and LPS and anti-Ly6G Ab-administered (LPS + Ly6G) groups. Neutrophil migration into air pouches was induced by LPS injection. Flow cytometry was used to examine CD11b+ Ly6G+ neutrophils in the blood of periodontitis mice and CD11b+ Ly6G+ RANKL+ neutrophils in exudates of air pouch mice. In periodontal tissue, Ly6G+ neutrophil and RANKL+ cell numbers in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone areas were estimated using immunohistochemistry, osteoclast numbers were measured using TRAP assay, and alveolar bone loss was determined by H&E staining. RESULTS In blood, CD11b+ Ly6G+ neutrophils were found in greater percentage in the P group than in the C group on days 3 and 7. However, the percentage of neutrophils was lower in the P + Ly6G group than in the C and P groups. In periodontal tissue, the numbers of Ly6G+ neutrophils and RANKL+ cells were lower in the P + Ly6G group than in the P group on day 3. Ly6G+ neutrophil numbers decreased more in the P + Ly6G group than in the P group on day 7, but RANKL+ cell numbers did not decrease in the P + Ly6G group. In exudates, the number of CD11b+ Ly6G+ RANKL+ neutrophils was greater in the LPS group than in the C and LPS + Ly6G groups. On days 3 and 7, the numbers of osteoclasts and alveolar bone loss were greater in periodontal tissue in the P and P + Ly6G groups than in the C group. Interestingly, there were fewer osteoclasts in the P + Ly6G group than in the P group on day 3. CONCLUSION Neutrophil deficiency caused a reduction in numbers of both RANKL+ cells and osteoclasts in periodontitis-induced tissues only on day 3. Furthermore, in the LPS-injected air pouch model, neutrophil deficiency reduced the influx of RANKL+ neutrophils. These findings suggest that the presence of neutrophils induces RANKL expression and could induce osteoclast formation in the early stages of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ri Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Baekseok University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Yun Hui Choi
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Eui Jeon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Bak
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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Chan LLY, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Lau YL, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Respir Res 2020; 21:160. [PMID: 32576265 PMCID: PMC7310290 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil is of the most abundant number in human immune system. During acute influenza virus infection, neutrophils are already active in the early phase of inflammation - a time in which clinical biopsy or autopsy material is not readily available. However, the role of neutrophil in virus infection is not well understood. Here, we studied the role of neutrophil in host defense during influenza A virus infection, specifically assessing if it contributes to the differential pathogenesis in H5N1 disease. METHODS Neutrophils were freshly isolated from healthy volunteers and subjected to direct influenza H1N1 and H5N1 virus infection in vitro. The ability of the naïve neutrophils to infiltrate from the basolateral to the apical phase of the influenza virus infected alveolar epithelium was assessed. The viral replication, innate immune responses and Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation of neutrophils upon influenza virus infection were evaluated. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that influenza virus infected alveolar epithelium allowed neutrophil transmigration. Significantly more neutrophils migrated across the H5N1 influenza virus infected the epithelium than the counterpart infected by the seasonal influenza H1N1 virus infected. Neutrophils were equally susceptible to H5N1 and H1N1 virus infection with similar viral gene transcription. Productive replication was observed in H5N1 infected neutrophils. H5N1 induced higher cytokine and chemokine gene transcription than H1N1 infected neutrophils, including TNF-α, IFN-β, CXCL10, MIP-1α and IL-8. This inferred a more intense inflammatory response posed by H5N1 than H1N1 virus. Strikingly, NADPH oxidase-independent NET formation was only observed in H1N1 infected neutrophils at 6 hpi while no NET formation was observed upon H5N1 infection. CONCLUSION Our data is the first to demonstrate that NET formation is abrogated in H5N1 influenza virus infection and might contribute to the severity of H5N1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L Y Chan
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Public Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renee W Y Chan
- CUHK-UMCU Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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119
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Zhang S, Hou Y, Yang J, Xie D, Jiang L, Hu H, Hu J, Luo C, Zhang Q. Application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes and their drug-loading systems in acute liver failure. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7082-7093. [PMID: 32492261 PMCID: PMC7339207 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles released from stem cells of various origins that can regulate signal transduction pathways between liver cells, and their functions in intercellular communication have been recognized. Due to their natural substance transport properties and excellent biocompatibility, exosomes can also be used as drug carriers to release a variety of substances, which has great prospects in the treatment of critical and incurable diseases. Different types of stem cell exosomes have been used to study liver diseases. Due to current difficulties in the treatment of acute liver failure (ALF), this review will outline the potential of stem cell exosomes for ALF treatment. Specifically, we reviewed the pathogenesis of acute liver failure and the latest progress in the use of stem cell exosomes in the treatment of ALF, including the role of exosomes in inhibiting the ALF inflammatory response and regulating signal transduction pathways, the advantages of stem cell exosomes and their use as a drug‐loading system, and their pre‐clinical application in the treatment of ALF. Finally, the clinical research status of stem cell therapy for ALF and the current challenges of exosome clinical transformation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Zhang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Denghui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linrui Jiang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhong Hu
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caizhu Luo
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Office of Clinical Trial of Drug, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu H, Zhu H, Yuan C, Yao C, Luo W, Shen X, Wang J, Shao J, Xiang Y. Clinical and Immune Features of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2010895. [PMID: 32492165 PMCID: PMC7272117 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported, but information on immune features associated with disease severity is scarce. OBJECTIVE To delineate and compare the immunologic features of mild and moderate COVID-19 in pediatric patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This single-center case series included 157 pediatric patients admitted to Wuhan Children's Hospital with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Data were collected from January 25 to April 18, 2020. EXPOSURES Documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Clinical and immunologic characteristics were collected and analyzed. Outcomes were observed until April 18, 2020. RESULTS Of the 157 pediatric patients with COVID-19, 60 (38.2%) had mild clinical type with pneumonia, 88 (56.1%) had moderate cases, 6 (3.8%) had severe cases, and 3 (1.9%) were critically ill. The 148 children with mild or moderate disease had a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 84 (18-123) months, and 88 (59.5%) were girls. The most common laboratory abnormalities were increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (median [IQR], 16.0 [12.0-26.0] U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (median [IQR], 30.0 [23.0-41.8] U/L), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) activity (median [IQR], 24.0 [18.0-34.0] U/L), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (median [IQR], 243.0 [203.0-297.0] U/L), which are associated with liver and myocardial injury. Compared with mild cases, levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ were unchanged, whereas the level of immune suppressive interleukin 10 was markedly increased in moderate cases compared with mild cases (median [IQR], 3.96 [3.34-5.29] pg/mL vs 3.58 [3.10-4.36] pg/mL; P = .048). There was no statistically significant difference in absolute number of lymphocytes (including T cells and B cells) between mild and moderate cases, but moderate cases were associated with a decrease in neutrophil levels compared with mild cases (median [IQR], 2310/μL [1680/μL-3510/μL] vs 3120/μL [2040/μL-4170/μL]; P = .01). Immunoglobin G and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were negatively associated with biochemical indices related to liver and myocardial injury (immunoglobulin G, ALT: r, -0.3579; AST: r, -0.5280; CK-MB activity: r, -0.4786; LDH: r, -0.4984; and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, ALT: r, -0.1893; AST: r, -0.3912; CK-MB activity: r, -0.3428; LDH: r, -0.3234), while counts of lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, and interleukin 10 showed positive associations (lymphocytes, ALT: r, 0.2055; AST: r, 0.3615; CK-MB activity: r, 0.338; LDH: r, 0.3309; CD4+ T cells, AST: r, 0.4701; CK-MB activity: r, 0.4151; LDH: r, 0.4418; interleukin 10, ALT: r, 0.2595; AST: r, 0.3386; CK-MB activity: r, 0.3948; LDH: r, 0.3794). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case series, systemic inflammation rarely occurred in pediatric patients with COVID-19, in contrast with the lymphopenia and aggravated inflammatory responses frequently observed in adults with COVID-19. Gaining a deeper understanding of the role of neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and B cells in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection could be important for the clinical management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Yao
- Health Care Department, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chemotaxing neutrophils enter alternate branches at capillary bifurcations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2385. [PMID: 32404937 PMCID: PMC7220926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tissue injury or microbial invasion, a large number of neutrophils converge from blood to the sites of injury or infection in a short time. The migration through a limited number of paths through tissues and capillary networks seems efficient and 'traffic jams' are generally avoided. However, the mechanisms that guide efficient trafficking of large numbers of neutrophils through capillary networks are not well understood. Here we show that pairs of neutrophils arriving closely one after another at capillary bifurcations migrate to alternating branches in vivo and in vitro. Perturbation of chemoattractant gradients and the increased hydraulic resistance induced by the first neutrophil in one branch biases the migration of the following neutrophil towards the other branch. These mechanisms guide neutrophils to efficiently navigate through capillary networks and outline the effect of inter-neutrophil interactions during migration on overall lymphocyte trafficking patterns in confined environments.
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122
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Jung HE, Lee HK. Host Protective Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050504. [PMID: 32375274 PMCID: PMC7291249 DOI: 10.3390/v12050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause infectious respiratory disease characterized by fever, myalgia, and congestion, ranging in severity from mild to life-threating. Although enormous efforts have aimed to prevent and treat influenza infections, seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks remain a major public health concern. This is largely because influenza viruses rapidly undergo genetic mutations that restrict the long-lasting efficacy of vaccine-induced immune responses and therapeutic regimens. In this review, we discuss the virological features of influenza A viruses and provide an overview of current knowledge of the innate sensing of invading influenza viruses and the protective immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Eun Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
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Yang Z, Feng J, Xiao L, Chen X, Yao Y, Li Y, Tang Y, Zhang S, Lu M, Qian Y, Wu H, Shi M. Tumor-Derived Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Predicts Survival and Antitumor Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2020; 71:1626-1642. [PMID: 31479523 PMCID: PMC7318564 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is linked to immunosuppression. Relieving immunosuppression has been an attractive strategy to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (PGLYRP2) is a pattern recognition receptor which is specifically expressed in liver and implicated in the regulation of innate immunity and immunosurveillance. However, the role of hepatic PGLYRP2 in modulating immune responses against HCC remains to be investigated. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated whether PGLYRP2 is able to influence HCC progression through regulating host antitumor immune responses. We demonstrated that PGLYRP2 was down-regulated in HCC, which was linked with poor prognosis in patients (P < 0.001). PGLYRP2 overexpression in HCC cells significantly enhanced antitumor immune responses in immune-competent mice and elevated immune response rates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against HCC. Mechanistically, DNA methyltransferase 3A-mediated promoter hypermethylation was responsible for the down-regulation of PGLYRP2 in HCC. PGLYRP2 promoted production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in HCC through binding to the CCL5 promoter, which contributed to the enhanced antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that tumor-derived PGLYRP2 acts as a candidate biomarker for adequate immune response against HCC and improved patient outcomes, indicating the importance of hepatic PGLYRP2 in cancer immunosurveillance and in designing immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Yang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yiqun Li
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Min Lu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Hongjin Wu
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addition MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
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124
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Manley HR, Potter DL, Heddleston JM, Chew TL, Keightley MC, Lieschke GJ. Frontline Science: Dynamic cellular and subcellular features of migrating leukocytes revealed by in vivo lattice lightsheet microscopy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:455-468. [PMID: 32323898 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0120-589r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil and macrophage (Mϕ) migration underpin the inflammatory response. However, the fast velocity, multidirectional instantaneous movement, and plastic, ever-changing shape of phagocytes confound high-resolution intravital imaging. Lattice lightsheet microscopy (LLSM) captures highly dynamic cell morphology at exceptional spatiotemporal resolution. We demonstrate the first extensive application of LLSM to leukocytes in vivo, utilizing optically transparent zebrafish, leukocyte-specific reporter lines that highlighted subcellular structure, and a wounding assay for leukocyte migration. LLSM revealed details of migrating leukocyte morphology, and permitted intricate, volumetric interrogation of highly dynamic activities within their native physiological setting. Very thin, recurrent uropod extensions must now be considered a characteristic feature of migrating neutrophils. LLSM resolved trailing uropod extensions, demonstrating their surprising length, and permitting quantitative assessment of cytoskeletal contributions to their evanescent form. Imaging leukocytes in blood vessel microenvironments at LLSM's spatiotemporal resolution displayed blood-flow-induced neutrophil dynamics and demonstrated unexpected leukocyte-endothelial interactions such as leukocyte-induced endothelial deformation against the intravascular pressure. LLSM of phagocytosis and cell death provided subcellular insights and uncovered novel behaviors. Collectively, we provide high-resolution LLSM examples of leukocyte structures (filopodia lamellipodia, uropod extensions, vesicles), and activities (interstitial and intravascular migration, leukocyte rolling, phagocytosis, cell death, and cytoplasmic ballooning). Application of LLSM to intravital leukocyte imaging sets the stage for transformative studies into the cellular and subcellular complexities of phagocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Manley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Potter
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - M Cristina Keightley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Current address: Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Latrobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, Latrobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) are indispensable for controlling life-threatening fungal infections. In addition to various effector mechanisms, PMNs also produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). Their contribution to antifungal defense has remained unexplored. We reveal that the clinically important human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus triggers PMNs to release a distinct set of antifungal EVs (afEVs). Proteome analyses indicated that afEVs are enriched in antimicrobial proteins. The cargo and the release kinetics of EVs are modulated by the fungal strain confronted. Tracking of afEVs indicated that they associated with fungal cells and even entered fungal hyphae, resulting in alterations in the morphology of the fungal cell wall and dose-dependent antifungal effects. To assess as a proof of concept whether the antimicrobial proteins found in afEVs might contribute to growth inhibition of hyphae when present in the fungal cytoplasm, two human proteins enriched in afEVs, cathepsin G and azurocidin, were heterologously expressed in fungal hyphae. This led to reduced fungal growth relative to that of a control strain producing the human retinol binding protein 7. In conclusion, extracellular vesicles produced by neutrophils in response to A. fumigatus infection are able to associate with the fungus, limit growth, and elicit cell damage by delivering antifungal cargo. This finding offers an intriguing, previously overlooked mechanism of antifungal defense against A. fumigatus IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal infections caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus are a growing concern in the clinic due to the increasing use of immunosuppressive therapies and increasing antifungal drug resistance. These infections result in high rates of mortality, as treatment and diagnostic options remain limited. In healthy individuals, neutrophilic granulocytes are critical for elimination of A. fumigatus from the host; however, the exact extracellular mechanism of neutrophil-mediated antifungal activity remains unresolved. Here, we present a mode of antifungal defense employed by human neutrophils against A. fumigatus not previously described. We found that extracellular vesicles produced by neutrophils in response to A. fumigatus infection are able to associate with the fungus, limit growth, and elicit cell damage by delivering antifungal cargo. In the end, antifungal extracellular vesicle biology provides a significant step forward in our understanding of A. fumigatus host pathogenesis and opens up novel diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.
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126
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Host-Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040376. [PMID: 32235330 PMCID: PMC7232439 DOI: 10.3390/v12040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly contagious pathogens infecting human and numerous animals. The viruses cause millions of infection cases and thousands of deaths every year, thus making IAVs a continual threat to global health. Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. Subsequently, host adaptive immunity is involved in specific virus clearance. On the other hand, to achieve a successful infection, IAVs also apply multiple strategies to avoid be detected and eliminated by the host immunity. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses.
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127
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Ueki H, Wang IH, Zhao D, Gunzer M, Kawaoka Y. Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1041-1065. [PMID: 31996843 PMCID: PMC7086515 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vivo two-photon imaging is a valuable technique for studies of viral pathogenesis and host responses to infection in vivo. In this protocol, we describe a methodology for analyzing influenza virus-infected lung in vivo by two-photon imaging microscopy. We describe the surgical procedure, how to stabilize the lung, and an approach to analyzing the data. Further, we provide a database of fluorescent dyes, antibodies, and reporter mouse lines that can be used in combination with a reporter influenza virus (Color-flu) for multicolor analysis. Setup of this model typically takes ~30 min and enables the observation of influenza virus-infected lungs for >4 h during the acute phase of the inflammation and at least 1 h in the lethal phase. This imaging system, which we termed two-photon IMPRESS (imaging pathophysiology research system), is broadly applicable to analyses of other respiratory pathogens and reveals disease progression at the cellular level in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I-Hsuan Wang
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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128
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Neutrophil Adaptations upon Recruitment to the Lung: New Concepts and Implications for Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030851. [PMID: 32013006 PMCID: PMC7038180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a prominent role in all human immune responses against any type of pathogen or stimulus. The lungs are a major neutrophil reservoir and neutrophilic inflammation is a primary response to both infectious and non-infectious challenges. While neutrophils are well known for their essential role in clearance of bacteria, they are also equipped with specific mechanisms to counter viruses and fungi. When these defense mechanisms become aberrantly activated in the absence of infection, this commonly results in debilitating chronic lung inflammation. Clearance of bacteria by phagocytosis is the hallmark role of neutrophils and has been studied extensively. New studies on neutrophil biology have revealed that this leukocyte subset is highly adaptable and fulfills diverse roles. Of special interest is how these adaptations can impact the outcome of an immune response in the lungs due to their potent capacity for clearing infection and causing damage to host tissue. The adaptability of neutrophils and their propensity to influence the outcome of immune responses implicates them as a much-needed target of future immunomodulatory therapies. This review highlights the recent advances elucidating the mechanisms of neutrophilic inflammation, with a focus on the lung environment due to the immense and growing public health burden of chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute lung inflammatory diseases such as transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).
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129
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Wang K, Lei Y, Xia D, Xu P, Zhu T, Jiang Z, Ma Y. Neutrophil membranes coated, antibiotic agent loaded nanoparticles targeting to the lung inflammation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 188:110755. [PMID: 31887646 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural cellular membranes, with the outstanding qualities of biocompatibility and specificity, have gained growing attentions in the system of drug delivery. Nanoparticles coated with cellular membranes are starting to be applied as drug-loaded-vehicles to target tumors. Here, neutrophil membranes were selected to apply in the treatment of inflammation because neutrophils can participate in various inflammatory responses and accumulate at inflammatory sites to eliminate pathogens. Through extracting neutrophil membranes from natural neutrophils without affecting their biological properties, nanoparticles loaded with sparfloxacin (SPX) were coated with these membranes and disguised as neutrophils. Compared with traditional nano-medicines, the neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NM-NP-SPX) possessed precise targeting ability just like the neutrophils could accumulate at inflammatory sites when inflammation burst. In addition, NM-NP-SPX could prolong the circulation time and had the property of controlled-release. Through in vivo experiments, we found that the concentration of three representative inflammatory cytokines in blood, bacteria and inflammatory cells in lungs of the mice with pneumonia reduced significantly in the initial 24 h after the injection of NM-NP-SPX, which meant that NM-NP-SPX could greatly reduce the risk of death for the patients with inflammation. Moreover, the infected lungs could recover rapidly without any side effects to other organs due to the low cytotoxicity of NM-NP-SPX against normal cells. Therefore, our developed drug delivery system has enormous advantages in treating inflammations. Not only that, this kind of bionic method may have greater value and application prospects in curing the inflammations arisen from cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electric Sensing Technology and Bionic Devices, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining, China
| | - Yiteng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electric Sensing Technology and Bionic Devices, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining, China
| | - Donglin Xia
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhongying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electric Sensing Technology and Bionic Devices, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining, China.
| | - Yuqiang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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130
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Choi B, Park W, Park SB, Rhim WK, Han DK. Recent trends in cell membrane-cloaked nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Methods 2019; 177:2-14. [PMID: 31874237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles are extensively utilized in various biomedical engineering fields because of their unique physicochemical properties. However, their exogenous characteristics result in synthetic nanosystem invaders that easily induce the passive immune clearance mechanism, thereby increasing the retention effect caused by reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in low therapeutic efficacy and toxic effects. Recently, a cell membrane cloaking has been emerging technique as a novel interfacing approach from the biological/immunological perspective. This has been considered as useful technique for improving the performance of synthetic nanocarriers in vivo. By cell membrane cloaking, nanoparticles acquire the biological functions of natural cell membranes due to the presence of membrane-anchored proteins, antigens, and immunological moieties as well as physicochemical property of natural cell membrane. Due to cell membrane cloaking, the derived biological properties and functions of nanoparticles such as their immunosuppressive capability, long circulation time, and disease targeting ability have enhanced their future potential in biomedicine. Here, we review the cell membrane-cloaked nanosystems, highlight their novelty, introduce the preparation and characterization methods with relevant biomedical applications, and describe the prospects for using this novel biomimetic system that was developed from a combination of cell membranes and synthetic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogyu Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bin Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Rhim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea.
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G-CSFR antagonism reduces neutrophilic inflammation during pneumococcal and influenza respiratory infections without compromising clearance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17732. [PMID: 31776393 PMCID: PMC6881371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive neutrophilic inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Whilst anti-inflammatory therapies such as corticosteroids are used to treat excessive inflammation, they do not selectively target neutrophils and may compromise antimicrobial or antiviral defences. In this study, neutrophil trafficking was targeted with a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor monoclonal antibody (G-CSFR mAb) during Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotype 19F) or influenza A virus (IAV, strain HKx31) lung infection in mice. Firstly, we demonstrated that neutrophils are indispensable for the clearance of S. pneumoniae from the airways using an anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody (1A8 mAb), as the complete inhibition of neutrophil recruitment markedly compromised bacterial clearance. Secondly, we demonstrated that G-CSF transcript lung levels were significantly increased during pneumococcal infection. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of G-CSFR mAb significantly reduced blood and airway neutrophil numbers by 30–60% without affecting bacterial clearance. Total protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (marker for oedema) was also significantly reduced. G-CSF transcript levels were also increased during IAV lung infection. G-CSFR mAb treatment significantly reduced neutrophil trafficking into BAL compartment by 60% and reduced blood neutrophil numbers to control levels in IAV-infected mice. Peak lung viral levels at day 3 were not altered by G-CSFR therapy, however there was a significant reduction in the detection of IAV in the lungs at the day 7 post-infection phase. In summary, G-CSFR signalling contributes to neutrophil trafficking in response to two common respiratory pathogens. Blocking G-CSFR reduced neutrophil trafficking and oedema without compromising clearance of two pathogens that can cause pneumonia.
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132
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Unmasking the Many Faces of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils and Macrophages: Considerations for Targeting Innate Immune Cells in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:789-798. [PMID: 31813456 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged at the forefront of cancer therapy; however, patient survival remains low for many cancer types. In consideration of this, non-T cell immune populations, such as innate immune cells, have been identified as potential immunotherapeutic targets. In noncancerous settings, neutrophils are first responders to injury and infection, and work in a partnership with macrophages to regulate inflammation. However, the diversity of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) remains elusive. Furthermore, it is likely that TANs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) act in tandem within tumors and contribute both contrasting and synergistic roles in tumor progression. In this Opinion, we discuss the complexity of TAN and TAM functions, the interplay between TANs and TAMs, and major considerations required for implementing TAN/TAM-based therapies.
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133
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Wang M, Gauthier A, Daley L, Dial K, Wu J, Woo J, Lin M, Ashby C, Mantell LL. The Role of HMGB1, a Nuclear Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule, in the Pathogenesis of Lung Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:954-993. [PMID: 31184204 PMCID: PMC6765066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, regulates chromatin structure and modulates the expression of many genes involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and many other lung diseases, including those that regulate cell cycle control, cell death, and DNA replication and repair. Extracellular HMGB1, whether passively released or actively secreted, is a danger signal that elicits proinflammatory responses, impairs macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis, and alters vascular remodeling. This can result in excessive pulmonary inflammation and compromised host defense against lung infections, causing a deleterious feedback cycle. Recent Advances: HMGB1 has been identified as a biomarker and mediator of the pathogenesis of numerous lung disorders. In addition, post-translational modifications of HMGB1, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and oxidation, have been postulated to affect its localization and physiological and pathophysiological effects, such as the initiation and progression of lung diseases. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms underlying how HMGB1 drives the pathogenesis of different lung diseases and novel therapeutic approaches targeting HMGB1 remain to be elucidated. Future Directions: Additional research is needed to identify the roles and functions of modified HMGB1 produced by different post-translational modifications and their significance in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Such studies will provide information for novel approaches targeting HMGB1 as a treatment for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Alex Gauthier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - LeeAnne Daley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Katelyn Dial
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Joanna Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Mosi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Charles Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Lin L. Mantell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
- Center for Inflammation and Immunology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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134
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Pizzolla A, Wakim LM. Memory T Cell Dynamics in the Lung during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:374-381. [PMID: 30617119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is highly contagious, infecting 5-15% of the global population every year. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised and at-risk individuals. Influenza virus is constantly evolving, undergoing continuous, rapid, and unpredictable mutation, giving rise to novel viruses that can escape the humoral immunity generated by current influenza virus vaccines. Growing evidence indicates that influenza-specific T cells resident along the respiratory tract are highly effective at providing potent and rapid protection against this inhaled pathogen. As these T cells recognize fragments of the virus that are highly conserved and less prone to mutation, they have the potential to provide cross-strain protection against a wide breadth of influenza viruses, including newly emerging strains. In this review, we will discuss how influenza-specific memory T cells in the lung are established and maintained and how we can harness this knowledge to design broadly protective influenza A virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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135
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Egholm C, Heeb LEM, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. The Regulatory Effects of Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling on Neutrophils in Type 2 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2507. [PMID: 31708926 PMCID: PMC6821784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor (IL-4R) signaling plays a pivotal role in type 2 immune responses. Type 2 immunity ensures several host-protective processes such as defense against helminth parasites and wound repair, however, type 2 immune responses also drive the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) have not traditionally been considered a part of type 2 immunity. While neutrophils might be beneficial in initiating a type 2 immune response, their involvement and activation is rather unwanted at later stages. This is evidenced by examples of type 2 immune responses where increased neutrophil responses are able to enhance immunity, however, at the cost of increased tissue damage. Recent studies have linked the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and their signaling via type I and type II IL-4Rs on neutrophils to inhibition of several neutrophil effector functions. This mechanism directly curtails neutrophil chemotaxis toward potent intermediary chemoattractants, inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and antagonizes the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophils. These effects are observed in both mouse and human neutrophils. Thus, we propose for type 2 immune responses that neutrophils are, as in other immune responses, the first non-resident cells to arrive at a site of inflammation or infection, thereby guiding and attracting other innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as soon as the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 predominate, neutrophil recruitment, chemotaxis, and effector functions are rapidly shut off by IL-4/IL-13-mediated IL-4R signaling in neutrophils to prevent them from damaging healthy tissues. Insight into this neutrophil checkpoint pathway will help understand regulation of neutrophilic type 2 inflammation and guide the design of targeted therapeutic approaches for modulating neutrophils during inflammation and neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Egholm
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas E M Heeb
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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136
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Goplen NP, Huang S, Zhu B, Cheon IS, Son YM, Wang Z, Li C, Dai Q, Jiang L, Sun J. Tissue-Resident Macrophages Limit Pulmonary CD8 Resident Memory T Cell Establishment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2332. [PMID: 31681267 PMCID: PMC6797929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) serve as potent local sentinels and contribute significantly to protective immunity against intracellular mucosal pathogens. While the molecular and transcriptional underpinnings of TRM differentiation are emerging, how TRM establishment is regulated by other leukocytes in vivo is largely unclear. Here, we observed that expression of PPAR-γ in the myeloid compartment was a negative regulator of CD8 TRM establishment following influenza virus infection. Interestingly, myeloid deficiency of PPAR-γ resulted in selective impairment of the tissue-resident alveolar macrophage (AM) compartment during primary influenza infection, suggesting that AM are likely negative regulators of CD8 TRM differentiation. Indeed, influenza-specific CD8 TRM cell numbers were increased following early, but not late ablation of AM using the CD169-DTR model. Importantly, these findings were specific to the parenchyma of infected tissue as circulating memory T cell frequencies in lung and TCM and TEM in spleen were largely unaltered following macrophage ablation. Further, the magnitude of the effector response could not explain these observations. These data indicate local regulation of pulmonary TRM differentiation is alveolar macrophage dependent. These, findings could aid in vaccine design aimed at increasing TRM density to enhance protective immunity, or deflating their numbers in conditions where they cause overt or veiled chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bibo Zhu
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Young Min Son
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Li Jiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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137
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Chen L, Shen Z. Tissue-resident memory T cells and their biological characteristics in the recurrence of inflammatory skin disorders. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:64-75. [PMID: 31595056 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body. The establishment of immunological memory in the skin is a crucial component of the adaptive immune response. Once naive T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells, a small fraction of them differentiate into precursor memory T cells. These precursor cells ultimately develop into several subsets of memory T cells, including central memory T (TCM) cells, effector memory T (TEM) cells, and tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells. TRM cells have a unique transcriptional profile, and their most striking characteristics are their long-term survival (longevity) and low migration in peripheral tissues, including the skin. Under physiological conditions, TRM cells that reside in the skin can respond rapidly to pathogenic challenges. However, there is emerging evidence to support the vital role of TRM cells in the recurrence of chronic inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis, vitiligo, and fixed drug eruption, under pathological or uncontrolled conditions. Clarifying and characterizing the mechanisms that are involved in skin TRM cells will help provide promising strategies for reducing the frequency and magnitude of skin inflammation recurrence. Here, we discuss recent insights into the generation, homing, retention, and survival of TRM cells and share our perspectives on the biological characteristics of TRM cells in the recurrence of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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138
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Bich L, Pradeu T, Moreau JF. Understanding Multicellularity: The Functional Organization of the Intercellular Space. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1170. [PMID: 31620013 PMCID: PMC6759637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework to understand how multicellular systems realize functionally integrated physiological entities by organizing their intercellular space. From a perspective centered on physiology and integration, biological systems are often characterized as organized in such a way that they realize metabolic self-production and self-maintenance. The existence and activity of their components rely on the network they realize and on the continuous management of the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. One of the virtues of the organismic approach focused on organization is that it can provide an understanding of how biological systems are functionally integrated into coherent wholes. Organismic frameworks have been primarily developed by focusing on unicellular life. Multicellularity, however, presents additional challenges to our understanding of biological systems, related to how cells are capable to live together in higher-order entities, in such a way that some of their features and behaviors are constrained and controlled by the system they realize. Whereas most accounts of multicellularity focus on cell differentiation and increase in size as the main elements to understand biological systems at this level of organization, we argue that these factors are insufficient to provide an understanding of how cells are physically and functionally integrated in a coherent system. In this paper, we provide a new theoretical framework to understand multicellularity, capable to overcome these issues. Our thesis is that one of the fundamental theoretical principles to understand multicellularity, which is missing or underdeveloped in current accounts, is the functional organization of the intercellular space. In our view, the capability to be organized in space plays a central role in this context, as it enables (and allows to exploit all the implications of) cell differentiation and increase in size, and even specialized functions such as immunity. We argue that the extracellular matrix plays a crucial active role in this respect, as an evolutionary ancient and specific (non-cellular) control subsystem that contributes as a key actor to the functional specification of the multicellular space and to modulate cell fate and behavior. We also analyze how multicellular systems exert control upon internal movement and communication. Finally, we show how the organization of space is involved in some of the failures of multicellular organization, such as aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bich
- Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS UMR8590, Institut d’Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques, Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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139
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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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140
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Wang H, Pan L, Liu Z. Neutrophils as a Protagonist and Target in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 12:337-347. [PMID: 31394895 PMCID: PMC6787473 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have traditionally been acknowledged as the first immune cells that are recruited to inflamed tissues during acute inflammation. By contrast, their importance in the context of chronic inflammation has been studied in less depth. Neutrophils can be recruited and are largely present in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) both in Asians and in Caucasians. Increased infiltration of neutrophils in patients with CRS has been linked to poor corticosteroid response and disease prognosis. Meanwhile, tissue neutrophils may possess specific phenotypic features distinguishing them from resting blood counterparts and are endowed with particular functions, such as cytokines and chemokines production, thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRS. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CRS, with a focus on the roles of neutrophils. We discuss recruitment, function, and regulation of neutrophils in CRS and outline the potential therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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141
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Abstract
Communication between cells is essential for multicellular life. During cognate immune interactions, T cells communicate with antigen-presenting cells (APC) via direct cell-cell contact or the release of molecules and vesicles containing T cell messages. A wide variety of mechanisms have been reported and among them a process called "trogocytosis" has traditionally been thought to be the fastest way to directly transfer membrane portions containing intact proteins from one cell to another; however, the mechanism is unverified. Trogocytosis has been distinguished from the generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a term that encompasses exosomes and microvesicles, as EVs are released via a contact-independent manner and are suggested to potentially send molecular messages over a distance. However, some previous reports regarding EVs in T cells may be misleading in terms of explaining their cellular origins. In addition, there is little evidence on how EVs are generated from T cells in vivo and function to regulate complex immune responses. A recent work demonstrated that T cell microvilli-thin and finger-like membrane protrusions-are highly fragile and easily separated as membrane particles by trogocytosis, forming a new class of EVs. Surprisingly, released T cell microvilli-derived particles act as vectors, transmitting T cell messages to cognate APCs. This review focuses on how T cell microvilli vesicles are connected with immune regulation mechanisms discovered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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142
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Liu C, Oveissi S, Downs R, Kirby J, Nedeva C, Puthalakath H, Faou P, Duan M, Chen W. Semiquantitative Proteomics Enables Mapping of Murine Neutrophil Dynamics following Lethal Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1064-1075. [PMID: 31308090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly deployed innate immune cells, and excessive recruitment is causally associated with influenza-induced pathologic conditions. Despite this, the complete set of influenza lethality-associated neutrophil effector proteins is currently unknown. Whether the expression of these proteins is predetermined during bone marrow (BM) neutrophil maturation or further modulated by tissue compartment transitions has also not been comprehensively characterized at a proteome-wide scale. In this study, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to map how the proteomes of murine neutrophils change comparatively across BM, blood, and the alveolar airspaces to deploy an influenza lethality-associated response. Following lethal influenza infection, mature neutrophils undergo two infection-dependent and one context-independent compartmental transitions. Translation of type I IFN-stimulated genes is first elevated in the BM, preceding the context-independent downregulation of ribosomal proteins observed in blood neutrophils. Following alveolar airspace infiltration, the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil proteome is further characterized by a limited increase in type I IFN-stimulated and metal-sequestering proteins as well as a decrease in degranulation-associated proteins. An influenza-selective and dose-dependent increase in antiviral and lipid metabolism-associated proteins was also observed in BAL neutrophils, indicative of a modest capacity for pathogen response tuning. Altogether, our study provides new and comprehensive evidence that the BAL neutrophil proteome is shaped by BM neutrophil maturation as well as subsequent compartmental transitions following lethal influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sara Oveissi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rachael Downs
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia; and
| | - Jason Kirby
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Christina Nedeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia; and
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia;
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia;
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143
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Tak T, Rygiel TP, Karnam G, Bastian OW, Boon L, Viveen M, Coenjaerts FE, Meyaard L, Koenderman L, Pillay J. Neutrophil-mediated Suppression of Influenza-induced Pathology Requires CD11b/CD18 (MAC-1). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:492-499. [PMID: 29141155 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0021oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza virus infection can lead to life-threatening pathology through immune-mediated tissue damage. In various experimental models, this damage is dependent on T cells. There is conflicting evidence regarding the role of neutrophils in influenza-mediated pathology. Neutrophils are often regarded as cells causing tissue damage, but, in recent years, it has become clear that a subset of human neutrophils is capable of suppressing T cells, which is dependent on macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b/CD18). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that immune suppression by neutrophils can reduce T cell-mediated pathology after influenza infection. Wild-type (WT) and CD11b-/- mice were infected with A/HK/2/68 (H3N2) influenza virus. Disease severity was monitored by weight loss, leukocyte infiltration, and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that CD11b-/- mice suffered increased weight loss compared with WT animals upon infection with influenza virus. This was accompanied by increased pulmonary leukocyte infiltration and lung damage. The exaggerated pathology in CD11b-/- mice was dependent on T cells, as it was reduced by T cell depletion. In addition, pathology in CD11b-/- mice was accompanied by higher numbers of T cells in the lungs early during infection compared with WT mice. Importantly, these differences in pathology were not associated with an increased viral load, suggesting that pathology was immune-mediated rather than caused by virus-induced damage. In contrast to adoptive transfer of CD11b-/- neutrophils, a single adoptive transfer of WT neutrophils partly restored protection against influenza-induced pathology, demonstrating the importance of neutrophil CD11b/CD18. Our data show that neutrophil CD11b/CD18 limits pathology in influenza-induced, T cell-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Tak
- 1 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Tomasz P Rygiel
- 2 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology.,3 Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guruswamy Karnam
- 2 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology.,4 UCSF Liver Center, Department of Medicine and the Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | | | - Louis Boon
- 6 Bioceros B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Linde Meyaard
- 2 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology
| | - Leo Koenderman
- 1 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Janesh Pillay
- 1 Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine.,8 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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144
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Evans TA, Barkauskas DS, Silver J. Intravital imaging of immune cells and their interactions with other cell types in the spinal cord: Experiments with multicolored moving cells. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112972. [PMID: 31234058 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging of the immune system is a powerful technique for studying biology of the immune response in the spinal cord using a variety of disease models ranging from traumatic injury to autoimmune disorders. Here, we will discuss specific technical aspects as well as many intriguing biological phenomena that have been revealed with the use of intravital imaging for investigation of the immune system in the spinal cord. We will discuss surgical techniques for exposing and stabilizing the spine that are critical for obtaining images, visualizing immune and CNS cells with genetically expressed fluorescent proteins, fluorescent labeling techniques and briefly discuss some of the challenges of image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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145
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Wang Y, Sano S, Oshima K, Sano M, Watanabe Y, Katanasaka Y, Yura Y, Jung C, Anzai A, Swirski FK, Gokce N, Walsh K. Wnt5a-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Has an Obligatory Role in Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. Circulation 2019; 140:487-499. [PMID: 31170826 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the complex roles of macrophages in myocardial injury are widely appreciated, the function of neutrophils in nonischemic cardiac pathology has received relatively little attention. METHODS To examine the regulation and function of neutrophils in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, mice underwent treatment with Ly6G antibody to deplete neutrophils and then were subjected to transverse aortic constriction. RESULTS Neutrophil depletion diminished transverse aortic constriction-induced hypertrophy and inflammation and preserved cardiac function. Myeloid deficiency of Wnt5a, a noncanonical Wnt, suppressed neutrophil infiltration to the hearts of transverse aortic constriction-treated mice and produced a phenotype that was similar to the neutropenic conditions. Conversely, mice overexpressing Wnt5a in myeloid cells displayed greater hypertrophic growth, inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction. Neutrophil depletion reversed the Wnt5a overexpression-induced cardiac pathology and eliminated differences in cardiac parameters between wild-type and myeloid-specific Wnt5a transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that Wnt5a-regulated neutrophil infiltration has a critical role in pressure overload-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.).,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China (Y. Wang)
| | - Soichi Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.)
| | - Kosei Oshima
- Molecular Cardiology (K.O., Y.K.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Miho Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.)
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Vascular Biology Section (Y. Watanabe), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | | | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.)
| | - Changhee Jung
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.J.)
| | - Atsushi Anzai
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A., F.K.S.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A., F.K.S.)
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Cardiovascular Medicine (N.G.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.,Cardiology, Boston Medical Center, MA (N.G.). Dr Watanabe is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan. Dr Katanasaka is currently at the Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan. Dr Anzai is currently at the Department of Cardiology, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (Y. Wang, S.S., M.S., Y.Y., C.J., K.W.)
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146
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Chemokines in COPD: From Implication to Therapeutic Use. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112785. [PMID: 31174392 PMCID: PMC6600384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) represents the 3rd leading cause of death in the world. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have been the focus of extensive research in the past. The lung has a complex architecture, where structural cells interact continuously with immune cells that infiltrate into the pulmonary tissue. Both types of cells express chemokines and chemokine receptors, making them sensitive to modifications of concentration gradients. Cigarette smoke exposure and recurrent exacerbations, directly and indirectly, impact the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the evidence regarding chemokines involvement in COPD, and we hypothesize that a dysregulation of this tightly regulated system is critical in COPD evolution, both at a stable state and during exacerbations. Targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors could be highly attractive as a mean to control both chronic inflammation and bronchial remodeling. We present a special focus on the CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3, CCL2-CCR2, and CXCL12-CXCR4 axes that seem particularly involved in the disease pathophysiology.
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147
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Hsu AY, Liu S, Syahirah R, Brasseale KA, Wan J, Deng Q. Inducible overexpression of zebrafish microRNA-722 suppresses chemotaxis of human neutrophil like cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:206-214. [PMID: 31176200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration is essential for battling against infections but also drives chronic inflammation. Since primary neutrophils are terminally differentiated and not genetically tractable, leukemia cells such as HL-60 are differentiated into neutrophil-like cells to study mechanisms underlying neutrophil migration. However, constitutive overexpression or inhibition in this cell line does not allow the characterization of the genes that affect the differentiation process. Here we apply the tet-on system to induce the expression of a zebrafish microRNA, dre-miR-722, in differentiated HL-60. Overexpression of miR-722 reduced the mRNA level of genes in the chemotaxis and inflammation pathways, including Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 2 (RAC2). Consistently, polarization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration and generation of the reactive oxygen species are significantly inhibited upon induced miR-722 overexpression. Together, zebrafish miR-722 is a suppressor for migration and signaling in human neutrophil like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kent A Brasseale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Collaborative Core for Cancer Bioinformatics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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148
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Kotenko SV, Rivera A, Parker D, Durbin JE. Type III IFNs: Beyond antiviral protection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101303. [PMID: 31771761 PMCID: PMC7141597 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The unexpected discovery of a novel family of antiviral mediators, type III IFNs or IFN-λs, challenged the widely accepted primacy of type I IFNs in antiviral immunity, and it is now well recognized that the IFN-λ-based antiviral system plays a major role in antiviral protection of epithelial barriers. The recent characterization of previously unknown IFN-λ-mediated activities has prompted further reassessment of the role of type I IFNs in innate and adaptive immune and inflammatory responses. Since type I and type III IFNs are co-produced in response to a variety of stimuli, it is likely that many physiological processes are simultaneously and coordinately regulated by these cytokines in pathological conditions, and likely at steady state, as baseline expression of both IFN types is maintained by microbiota. In this review, we discuss emerging differences in the production and signaling of type I and type III IFNs, and summarize results of recent studies describing the involvement of type III IFNs in anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, as well as antiviral, defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Center for Cell Signaling, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, RBHS, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, RBHS, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, RBHS, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Joan E Durbin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, RBHS, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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149
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Kim YM, Jeong S, Choe YH, Hyun YM. Two-photon intravital imaging of leukocyte migration during inflammation in the respiratory system. Acute Crit Care 2019; 34:101-107. [PMID: 31723914 PMCID: PMC6786666 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2019.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital imaging is a powerful method by which researchers are able to directly observe biological phenomena in live organisms. Researchers in various biomedical research fields have applied two-photon imaging to a variety of target organs by utilizing this technology’s ability to penetrate to significant depths with minimal phototoxicity. The mouse respiratory system in inflammation models is a good example, as two-photon intravital imaging can provide insights as to how the immune system is activated in response to inflammation within the respiratory system. Inflammation models can be generated via influenza viral, bacterial, or lipopolysaccharide injection. To exteriorize the lungs or trachea, thoracotomy or tracheotomy is performed, respectively; the appropriate combination of inflammation induction and organ exposure is selected depending on the study purpose. On the other hand, visualizing the movement of leukocytes is also an important component; to this end, immune cell populations of interest are either labeled via the genetic attachment of fluorescent proteins or stained with antibodies or dyes. With the proper selection of methods at each step, twophoton intravital imaging can yield visual evidence regarding immune responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soi Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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150
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Cassatella MA, Östberg NK, Tamassia N, Soehnlein O. Biological Roles of Neutrophil-Derived Granule Proteins and Cytokines. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:648-664. [PMID: 31155315 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells in human circulation, entertain intense interactions with other leukocyte subsets, platelets, and stromal cells. Molecularly, such interactions are typically communicated through proteins generated during granulopoiesis, stored in granules, or produced on demand. Here, we provide an overview of the mammalian regulation of granule protein production in the bone marrow and the de novo synthesis of cytokines by neutrophils recruited to tissues. In addition, we discuss some of the known biological roles of these protein messengers, and how neutrophil-borne granule proteins and cytokines can synergize to modulate inflammation and tumor development. Decoding the neutrophil interactome is important for therapeutically neutralizing individual proteins to putatively dampen inflammation, or for delivering modified neutrophil-borne proteins to boost host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataliya K Östberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum der LMU, München, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site, Munich, Germany.
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