101
|
Kierzkowska M, Pędzisz P, Babiak I, Janowicz J, Kulig M, Majewska A, Sawicka-Grzelak A, Młynarczyk G. Difficulties in identifying the bacterial species from the genus Clostridium in a case of injury-related osteitis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018. [PMID: 29524152 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Most Clostridium species are part of saprophytic microflora in humans and animals; however, some are well-known human pathogens. We presented the challenges in identifying the Clostridium species isolated from a patient with an infected open dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth digit of the right hand. The clinical materials were intraoperative samples collected from a patient diagnosed with an injury-related infection, with soft tissue loss and tendon sheath involvement. The available biochemical, molecular, and genetic techniques were used in identifying the isolated bacteria. The isolated bacterium was shown to have low biochemical activity; hence, it was not definitively identified via biochemical tests Api 20A or Rapid 32A. Vitek 2 and mass spectrometry methods were equally inconclusive. Clostridium tetani infection was strongly suspected based on the bacterium's morphology and the appearance of its colonies on solid media. It was only via the 16S rRNA sequencing method, which is non-routine and unavailable in most clinical laboratories, that this pathogen was excluded. Despite appropriate pre-laboratory procedures, which are critical for obtaining reliable test results, the routine methods of anaerobic bacterium identification are not always useful in diagnostics. Diagnostic difficulties occur in the case of environment-derived bacteria of low or not fully understood biological activity, which are absent from databases of automatic bacterial identification systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kierzkowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pędzisz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4 Str, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Babiak
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4 Str, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Janowicz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4 Str, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kulig
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindleya 4 Str, 02-005, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Majewska
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Sawicka-Grzelak
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Młynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
A Three Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Subtypes. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030105. [PMID: 29494481 PMCID: PMC5869393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human botulism is most commonly caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B, and E. For this work, we sought to develop a human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based antitoxin capable of binding and neutralizing multiple subtypes of BoNT/E. Libraries of yeast-displayed single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies were created from the heavy and light chain variable region genes of humans immunized with pentavalent-toxoid- and BoNT/E-binding scFv isolated by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). A total of 10 scFv were isolated that bound one or more BoNT/E subtypes with nanomolar-level equilibrium dissociation constants (KD). By diversifying the V-regions of the lead mAbs and selecting for cross-reactivity, we generated three scFv that bound all four BoNT/E subtypes tested at three non-overlapping epitopes. The scFvs were converted to IgG that had KD values for the different BoNT/E subtypes ranging from 9.7 nM to 2.28 pM. An equimolar combination of the three mAbs was able to potently neutralize BoNT/E1, BoNT/E3, and BoNT/E4 in a mouse neutralization assay. The mAbs have potential utility as therapeutics and as diagnostics capable of recognizing multiple BoNT/E subtypes. A derivative of the three-antibody combination (NTM-1633) is in pre-clinical development with an investigational new drug (IND) application filing expected in 2018.
Collapse
|
103
|
Historical and contemporary features of infections due to Clostridium novyi. Anaerobe 2018; 50:80-84. [PMID: 29471106 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium novyi is an anaerobic bacterium that resides in the soil in nature and that may cause severe clinical infections in humans. It is named after Frederick Novy, who incidentally discovered the anaerobic organism responsible for septicemia in rabbits. In this paper, we explore the circumstances surrounding the identification of the organism. In particular, we address who Novy was and what he was trying to do when he first described the organism in the 1890s. We then address what is known about the biological features of the organism today, as well as the clinical syndromes that are now recognized to be associated with the microbe. Finally, we review efforts that have been made to use the organism for potential beneficial purposes for humans.
Collapse
|
104
|
Milanov D, Petrović T, Todorović D, Aleksić N, Čabarkapa I. Toxin genotypes of Clostridium perfringens in animal feed and their role in the ethiology of enterotoxemia in domestic animals. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1801067m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
105
|
Heckler RF, Lemos RAD, Gomes DC, Dutra IS, Silva RO, Lobato FC, Ramos CA, Brumatti RC. Blackleg in cattle in the state Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: 59 cases. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to review cases of blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei infection) diagnosed in cattle from Midwestern Brazil from 1994 to 2014 considering epidemiological, clinical, necropsy and histopathological findings. Also the following laboratory tests were used for the diagnosis of some cases of blackleg: microbiological culture and identification of the agent, microbiological culture and identification of the agent by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and identification of the agent in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues (FFPE). Criteria for presumptive diagnosis of blackleg included necrohemorrhagic emphysematous myositis consisting of inflammatory infiltrate, coagulative necrosis of myofiber, interstitial edema, hemorrhage, and gas bubbles between myofibers. Fifty nine cases from 51 outbreaks of blackleg were found, which corresponded to 1.1% of 5,375 cattle deaths investigated. In five of those outbreaks, samples of affected muscles cultures for the identification of pathogenic clostridia were made. Another three samples of similar material were cultured for clostridia with subsequent identification of the isolate by PCR. Twelve samples of FFPE affected muscle fragments were submitted to PCR for identification of the etiological agent. Except for January, cases were observed in each month of the year, with higher numbers in July-October. Most affected cattle were in the age of 7-12 years, but calves younger than 6 month-old and older than 24 months were also observed. Vaccination histories were scarce. In 32 outbreaks some vaccination history was available, but only in two of those vaccination has been carried out properly. In 56 six cases the skeletal muscles were involved. Muscles of the hind limbs were the most affected. In ten cases muscles of the tongue, myocardium and diaphragm were also affected. In three of the cases the visceral form was observed. Deaths occurred after a clinical course of 6-24 hours, but in most cases cattle were found death. Sudden death was the outcome in visceral cases (cardiac) blackleg. Clostridium chauvoei was confirmed to be the cause by culturing in 5 cases, and by PCR and histopatology in 8 cases. Bacterial culture followed by PCR did not demonstrate C. chauvoei. Calculation of the economic impact indicates that blackleg is a frequent disease in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) that inflicts significant economic loss. The amount of these losses would be reduced through proper vaccination programs against the prevalent strains of C. chauvoei in the region.
Collapse
|
106
|
Schussler E, Sobel J, Hsu J, Yu P, Meaney-Delman D, Grammer LC, Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Workgroup Report by the Joint Task Force Involving American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); Food Allergy, Anaphylaxis, Dermatology and Drug Allergy (FADDA) (Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee and Adverse Reactions to Drugs, Biologicals, and Latex Committee); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botulism Clinical Treatment Guidelines Workgroup-Allergic Reactions to Botulinum Antitoxin: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 66:S65-S72. [PMID: 29293931 PMCID: PMC5850017 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring botulism is rare, but a large number of cases could result from unintentional or intentional contamination of a commercial food. Despeciated, equine-derived, heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) is licensed in the United States. Timely treatment reduces morbidity and mortality, but concerns that botulinum antitoxin can induce anaphylaxis exist. We sought to quantify the allergy risk of botulinum antitoxin treatment and the usefulness of skin testing to assess this risk. Methods We conducted a systematic review of (1) allergic reactions to botulinum antitoxin and (2) the predictive value of skin testing (ST) before botulinum antitoxin administration. We searched 5 scientific literature databases, reviewed articles' references, and obtained data from the HBAT manufacturer and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anaphylaxis incidence was determined for HBAT and previously employed botulinum antitoxins. We calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ST for anaphylaxis related to HBAT and other botulinum antitoxins. Results Seven articles were included. Anaphylaxis incidence was 1.64% (5/305 patients) for HBAT and 1.16% (8/687 patients) for all other botulinum antitoxins (relative risk, 1.41 [95% confidence interval, .47-4.27]; P = .5). Observed values for both PPV and NPV for HBAT-ST (33 patients) were 100%. Observed PPVs and NPVs of ST for other botulinum antitoxins (302 patients) were 0-56% and 50%-100%, respectively. There were no reports of fatal anaphylaxis. Conclusions Considering the <2 % rate of anaphylaxis, fatal outcomes, modest predictive value of ST, resource requirements for ST, and the benefits of early treatment, data do not support delaying HBAT administration to perform ST in a mass botulinum toxin exposure. Anaphylactic reactions may occur among 1%-2% of botulinum antitoxin recipients and will require epinephrine and antihistamine treatment and, possibly, intensive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Schussler
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jeremy Sobel
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy Hsu
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia Yu
- Regulatory Affairs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana Meaney-Delman
- Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leslie C Grammer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Siqueira FDF, Silva ROS, do Carmo AO, de Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Horta CCR, Lobato FCF, Kalapothakis E. Immunization with a nontoxic naturally occurring Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. Anaerobe 2017; 49:48-52. [PMID: 29246841 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, encoded by plc gene, has been implicated in gas gangrene, a life threatening infection. Vaccination is considered one of the best solutions against Clostridium infections. Although studies have identified many low quality clostridial vaccines, the use of recombinant proteins has been considered a promising alternative. Previously, a naturally occurring alpha toxin isoform (αAV1b) was identified with a mutation at residue 11 (His/Tyr), which can affect its enzymatic activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the mutation in the αAV1b isoform could result in an inactive toxin and was able to induce protection against the native alpha toxin. We used recombinant protein techniques to determine whether this mutation in αAV1b could result in an inactive toxin compared to the active isoform, αZ23. Rabbits were immunized with the recombinant toxins (αAV1b and αZ23) and with native alpha toxin. αAV1b showed no enzymatic and hemolytic activities. ELISA titration assays showed a high titer of both anti-recombinant toxin (anti-rec-αAV1b and anti-rec-αZ23) antibodies against the native alpha toxin. The alpha antitoxin titer detected in the rabbits' serum pool was 24.0 IU/mL for both recombinant toxins. These results demonstrate that the inactive naturally mutated αAV1b is able to induce an immune response, and suggest it can be considered as a target for the development of a commercial vaccine against C. perfringens alpha toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Faria Siqueira
- Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Betim, Betim, 32656-840, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Oliveira do Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Campolina Rebello Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, 32701-242, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Dailoff GC, Leiva CL, Díaz-Carrasco JM, Bruzzone OA, Cangelosi A, Geoghegan P, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME. Effects of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin in the small intestine of mice. Anaerobe 2017; 48:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
109
|
Ghaju Shrestha R, Tanaka Y, Malla B, Bhandari D, Tandukar S, Inoue D, Sei K, Sherchand JB, Haramoto E. Next-generation sequencing identification of pathogenic bacterial genes and their relationship with fecal indicator bacteria in different water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:278-284. [PMID: 28558276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriological analysis of drinking water leads to detection of only conventional fecal indicator bacteria. This study aimed to explore and characterize bacterial diversity, to understand the extent of pathogenic bacterial contamination, and to examine the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and fecal indicator bacteria in different water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Sixteen water samples were collected from shallow dug wells (n=12), a deep tube well (n=1), a spring (n=1), and rivers (n=2) in September 2014 for 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing. A total of 525 genera were identified, of which 81 genera were classified as possible pathogenic bacteria. Acinetobacter, Arcobacter, and Clostridium were detected with a relatively higher abundance (>0.1% of total bacterial genes) in 16, 13, and 5 of the 16 samples, respectively, and the highest abundance ratio of Acinetobacter (85.14%) was obtained in the deep tube well sample. Furthermore, the blaOXA23-like genes of Acinetobacter were detected using SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR in 13 (35%) of 37 water samples, including the 16 samples that were analyzed for next-generation sequencing, with concentrations ranging 5.3-7.5logcopies/100mL. There was no sufficient correlation found between fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and total coliforms, and potential pathogenic bacteria, as well as the blaOXA23-like gene of Acinetobacter. These results suggest the limitation of using conventional fecal indicator bacteria in evaluating the pathogenic bacteria contamination of different water sources in the Kathmandu Valley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ghaju Shrestha
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Dinesh Bhandari
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sei
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Schneider D, Thürmer A, Gollnow K, Lugert R, Gunka K, Groß U, Daniel R. Gut bacterial communities of diarrheic patients with indications of Clostridioides difficile infection. Sci Data 2017; 4:170152. [PMID: 29039846 PMCID: PMC5644368 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present bacterial 16S rRNA gene datasets derived from stool samples of 44 patients with diarrhea indicative of a Clostridioides difficile infection. For 20 of these patients, C. difficile infection was confirmed by clinical evidence. Stool samples from patients originating from Germany, Ghana, and Indonesia were taken and subjected to DNA isolation. DNA isolations of stool samples from 35 asymptomatic control individuals were performed. The bacterial community structure was assessed by 16S rRNA gene analysis (V3-V4 region). Metadata from patients and control individuals include gender, age, country, presence of diarrhea, concomitant diseases, and results of microbiological tests to diagnose C. difficile presence. We provide initial data analysis and a dataset overview. After processing of paired-end sequencing data, reads were merged, quality-filtered, primer sequences removed, reads truncated to 400 bp and dereplicated. Singletons were removed and sequences were sorted by cluster size, clustered at 97% sequence similarity and chimeric sequences were discarded. Taxonomy to each operational taxonomic unit was assigned by BLASTn searches against Silva database 123.1 and a table was constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathleen Gollnow
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raimond Lugert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Gunka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Grenda T, Grabczak M, Kwiatek K, Bober A. Prevalence of C. Botulinum and C. Perfringens Spores in Food Products Available on Polish Market. J Vet Res 2017; 61:287-291. [PMID: 29978085 PMCID: PMC5894417 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens in food samples purchased from Polish producers. Material and Methods The analyses were performed on 260 food samples collected in Lublin and Subcarpathian regions: 56 of smoked meat, 21 of pork meat, 20 of dairy products, 26 of vegetable and fruit preserves, 40 of ready-to-eat meals, 27 of fish preserves, and 70 of honey collected directly from apiaries. Results C. botulinum strains were isolated from 2.3% (6/260) of samples and the isolates were classified as toxin types A (4/260) and B (2/260). C. perfringens strains were isolated from 14% (37/260) of samples. All the isolates were classified as toxin type A, 28 of them were able also to produce α toxin and 9 – β2 toxin. Conclusion On the basis of the obtained results it could be suggested that risk assessment, especially regarding the entire honey harvesting process, should be provided in order to ensure the microbiological safety of the products to be consumed by infants and people with a weakened immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grenda
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bober
- Department of Honey Bee Diseases National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Schönauer E, Kany AM, Haupenthal J, Hüsecken K, Hoppe IJ, Voos K, Yahiaoui S, Elsässer B, Ducho C, Brandstetter H, Hartmann RW. Discovery of a Potent Inhibitor Class with High Selectivity toward Clostridial Collagenases. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12696-12703. [PMID: 28820255 PMCID: PMC5607459 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Secreted virulence
factors like bacterial collagenases are conceptually
attractive targets for fighting microbial infections. However, previous
attempts to develop potent compounds against these metalloproteases
failed to achieve selectivity against human matrix metalloproteinases
(MMPs). Using a surface plasmon resonance-based screening complemented
with enzyme inhibition assays, we discovered an N-aryl mercaptoacetamide-based inhibitor scaffold that showed
sub-micromolar affinities toward collagenase H (ColH) from the human
pathogen Clostridium histolyticum. Moreover, these
inhibitors also efficiently blocked the homologous bacterial collagenases,
ColG from C. histolyticum, ColT from C. tetani, and ColQ1 from the Bacillus cereus strain Q1,
while showing negligible activity toward human MMPs-1, -2, -3, -7,
-8, and -14. The most active compound displayed a more than 1000-fold
selectivity over human MMPs. This selectivity can be rationalized
by the crystal structure of ColH with this compound, revealing a distinct
non-primed binding mode to the active site. The non-primed binding
mode presented here paves the way for the development of selective
broad-spectrum bacterial collagenase inhibitors with potential therapeutic
application in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Schönauer
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas M Kany
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kristina Hüsecken
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Isabel J Hoppe
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katrin Voos
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Elsässer
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Bano L, Drigo I, Tonon E, Pascoletti S, Puiatti C, Anniballi F, Auricchio B, Lista F, Montecucco C, Agnoletti F. Identification and characterization of Clostridium botulinum group III field strains by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Anaerobe 2017; 48:126-134. [PMID: 28802703 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal botulism is primarily due to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) types C, D or their chimeric variants C/D or D/C, produced by Clostridium botulinum group III, which appears to include the genetically indistinguishable Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostridium novyi. In the present study, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) to identify and characterize 81 BoNT-producing Clostridia isolated in 47 episodes of animal botulism. The instrument's default database, containing no entries for Clostridium botulinum, permitted reliable identification of 26 strains at the genus level. Although supplementation of the database with reference strains enhanced the instrument's ability to identify the neurotoxic strains at the genus level, resolution was not sufficient to recognize field strains at species level. Characterization by MALDI TOF confirmed the well-documented phenotypic and genetic differences between Clostridium botulinum strains of serotypes normally implicated in human botulism (A, B, E, F) and other Clostridium species able to produce BoNTs type C and D. The chimeric and non-chimeric field strains grouped separately. In particular, very low similarity was found between two non-chimeric type C field strains isolated in the same outbreak and the other field strains. This difference was comparable with the differences among the various Clostridia species included in the study. Characterization by MALDI TOF confirmed that BoNT-producing Clostridia isolated from animals are closely related and indistinguishable at the species level from Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostridium novyi reference strains. On the contrary, there seem to be substantial differences among chimeric and some non-chimeric type C strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bano
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Drigo
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Tonon
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy
| | - Simone Pascoletti
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puiatti
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Anniballi
- National Reference Center for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Bruna Auricchio
- National Reference Center for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Roma, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Agnoletti
- Diagnostic and Microbiology Veterinary Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Villorba di Treviso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Thomas P, Semmler T, Eichhorn I, Lübke-Becker A, Werckenthin C, Abdel-Glil MY, Wieler LH, Neubauer H, Seyboldt C. First report of two complete Clostridium chauvoei genome sequences and detailed in silico genome analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:287-298. [PMID: 28720440 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium (C.) chauvoei is a Gram-positive, spore forming, anaerobic bacterium. It causes black leg in ruminants, a typically fatal histotoxic myonecrosis. High quality circular genome sequences were generated for the C. chauvoei type strain DSM 7528T (ATCC 10092T) and a field strain 12S0467 isolated in Germany. The origin of replication (oriC) was comparable to that of Bacillus subtilis in structure with two regions containing DnaA boxes. Similar prophages were identified in the genomes of both C. chauvoei strains which also harbored hemolysin and bacterial spore formation genes. A CRISPR type I-B system with limited variations in the repeat number was identified. Sporulation and germination process related genes were homologous to that of the Clostridia cluster I group but novel variations for regulatory genes were identified indicative for strain specific control of regulatory events. Phylogenomics showed a higher relatedness to C. septicum than to other so far sequenced genomes of species belonging to the genus Clostridium. Comparative genome analysis of three C. chauvoei circular genome sequences revealed the presence of few inversions and translocations in locally collinear blocks (LCBs). The species genome also shows a large number of genes involved in proteolysis, genes for glycosyl hydrolases and metal iron transportation genes which are presumably involved in virulence and survival in the host. Three conserved flagellar genes (fliC) were identified in each of the circular genomes. In conclusion this is the first comparative analysis of circular genomes for the species C. chauvoei, enabling insights into genome composition and virulence factor variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Thomas
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Building 35, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Building 35, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christiane Werckenthin
- LAVES, Lebensmittel- und Veterinärinstitut Oldenburg, Martin-Niemöller-Straße 2, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Y Abdel-Glil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Vázquez-Iglesias L, Estefanell-Ucha B, Barcia-Castro L, Páez de la Cadena M, Álvarez-Chaver P, Ayude-Vázquez D, Rodríguez-Berrocal FJ. A simple electroelution method for rapid protein purification: isolation and antibody production of alpha toxin from Clostridium septicum. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3407. [PMID: 28652930 PMCID: PMC5483040 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium septicum produces a number of diseases in human and farm animals which, in most of the cases, are fatal without clinical intervention. Alpha toxin is an important agent and the unique lethal virulent factor produced by Clostridium septicum. This toxin is haemolytic, highly lethal and necrotizing activities but is being used as an antigen to develop animal vaccines. The aim of this study was to isolate the alpha toxin of Clostridium septicum and produce highly specific antibodies against it. In this work, we have developed a simple and efficient method for alpha toxin purification, based on electroelution that can be used as a time-saving method for purifying proteins. This technique avoids contamination by other proteins that could appear during other protein purification techniques such chromatography. The highly purified toxin was used to produce polyclonal antibodies. The specificity of the antibodies was tested by western blot and these antibodies can be applied to the quantitative determination of alpha toxin by slot blot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vázquez-Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Borja Estefanell-Ucha
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Leticia Barcia-Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Páez de la Cadena
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Paula Álvarez-Chaver
- Unidad de Proteómica, Servicio de Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, CACTI, Universidad de Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel Ayude-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Abreu CC, Edwards EE, Edwards JF, Gibbons PM, Leal de Araújo J, Rech RR, Uzal FA. Blackleg in cattle: A case report of fetal infection and a literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:612-621. [PMID: 28599620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717713796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei causes blackleg in cattle. The disease has been reported worldwide, and although it can be prevented by vaccination, sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks still occur. We describe a case of blackleg in a 2-y-old, pregnant Gyr cow with in utero transmission to the fetus. The cow had characteristic gross and microscopic lesions of blackleg including widespread necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous skeletal and myocardial myositis, and fibrinous pericarditis. Her uterus contained a near-term, markedly emphysematous fetus with skeletal muscle and myocardial lesions similar to those seen in the dam. Histopathology of dam and fetal tissues revealed numerous gram-positive bacilli, many of them with sub-terminal spores, in multiple tissues. These bacilli were identified as C. chauvoei by immunohistochemistry. Anaerobic culture and fluorescent antibody tests performed on skeletal muscle from both the dam and fetus were positive for C. chauvoei, confirming a diagnosis of blackleg. Blackleg is a so-called endogenous infection, and the currently accepted pathogenesis involves ingestion of spores that are transported to muscle tissues where they lie dormant until anaerobiosis prompts germination. Germinating bacteria are histotoxic, producing severe, local necrosis and ultimately lethal toxemia. This model, however, has not been confirmed experimentally and also fails to explain some cases of the disease. A presumptive diagnosis of blackleg is based on clinical, gross, and histologic findings. Diagnostic confirmation necessitates the detection of C. chauvoei by culture, PCR, or immunodetection methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Abreu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - John F Edwards
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Philippa M Gibbons
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Raquel R Rech
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Rychener L, InAlbon S, Djordjevic SP, Chowdhury PR, Ziech RE, de Vargas AC, Frey J, Falquet L. Clostridium chauvoei, an Evolutionary Dead-End Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28649238 PMCID: PMC5465433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Full genome sequences of 20 strains of Clostridium chauvoei, the etiological agent of blackleg of cattle and sheep, isolated from four different continents over a period of 64 years (1951–2015) were determined and analyzed. The study reveals that the genome of the species C. chauvoei is highly homogeneous compared to the closely related species C. perfringens, a widespread pathogen that affects human and many animal species. Analysis of the CRISPR locus is sufficient to differentiate most C. chauvoei strains and is the most heterogenous region in the genome, containing in total 187 different spacer elements that are distributed as 30 – 77 copies in the various strains. Some genetic differences are found in the 3 allelic variants of fliC1, fliC2 and fliC3 genes that encode structural flagellin proteins, and certain strains do only contain one or two alleles. However, the major virulence genes including the highly toxic C.chauvoei toxin A, the sialidase and the two hyaluronidases are fully conserved as are the metabolic and structural genes of C. chauvoei. These data indicate that C. chauvoei is a strict ruminant-associated pathogen that has reached a dead end in its evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Rychener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Saria InAlbon
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | | | - Piklu R Chowdhury
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Rosangela E Ziech
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta Maria, Brazil
| | - Agueda C de Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta Maria, Brazil
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Wang F, Ha S, Rustandi RR. Development of a dose assay for a Clostridium difficile vaccine using a tandem ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography method. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
119
|
Analysis of the Duodenal Microbiome in Autistic Individuals: Association With Carbohydrate Digestion. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:e110-e116. [PMID: 27811623 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is evidence that symptoms of maldigestion or malabsorption in autistic individuals are related to changes in the indigenous microbiota. Analysis of colonic bacteria has revealed microbial dysbiosis in children with autism; however, characteristics of the duodenal microbiome are not well described. In the present study the microbiome of the duodenal mucosa of subjects with autism was evaluated for dysbiosis, bacteria overgrowth, and microbiota associated with carbohydrate digestion. The relationship between the duodenal microbiome and disaccharidase activity was analyzed in biopsies from 21 autistic subjects and 19 children without autism. METHODS Microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and disaccharidase activity via biochemical assays. RESULTS Although subjects with autism had a higher frequency of constipation (P < 0.005), there was no difference in disaccharidase activity between groups. In addition, no differences in microbiome diversity (species richness and evenness) were observed. Bacteria belonging to the genus Burkholderia were more abundant in subjects with autism, whereas members of the genus Neisseria were less abundant. At the species level, a relative decrease in abundance of 2 Bacteroides species and Escherichia coli was found in autistic individuals. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of Clostridium species, and disaccharidase activity, in autistic individuals. CONCLUSIONS There are a variety of changes at the genus and species level in duodenal microbiota in children with autism that could be influenced by carbohydrate malabsorption. These observations could be affected by variations in individual diets, but also may represent a more pervasive dysbiosis that results in metabolites that affect the behavior of autistic children.
Collapse
|
120
|
Hernández M, López-Enríquez L, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Quantitative Detection of Clostridium perfringens by Real-Time PCR in Raw Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
121
|
Hong J. Development and application of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterotoxigenicClostridium perfringensin food. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Hong
- Food & Microbiology Team, Test & Research Department; Consumer Safety Center, Korea Consumer Agency; Chungcheongbukdo 27738 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Nakano V, Ignacio A, Llanco L, Bueris V, Sircili M, Avila-Campos M. Multilocus sequence typing analyses of Clostridium perfringens type A strains harboring tpeL and netB genes. Anaerobe 2017; 44:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
123
|
Lopez-Fabal MªF, Sanz N, Ruiz-Bastian M, Barros C, Gomez-Garces JL. Clostridium perfringens bacteraemia, an analysis of 28 cases over 10 years in a university hospital of Madrid. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 36:225-228. [PMID: 28372873 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteraemia caused by anaerobic bacteria is rare in the hospital setting. The Clostridium genus is the second most common cause of these infections, particularly Clostridium perfringens, which has a high mortality rate. However, reviews in the literature of these infections are scarce. The aim of this study was to retrospectively document the incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors involved in the acquisition of bacteraemia caused by C. perfringens among patients treated at our hospital over a 10-year period. Twenty-eight patients with C. perfringens bacteraemia were included in the study. We evaluated pre-existing comorbidities, the source of bacteraemia, clinical features, the antimicrobial treatment administered and patient outcome. C. perfringens bacteraemia occurs rarely in our setting, but with a very high mortality rate. This rate is associated with old age and pre-existing, largely gastrointestinal malignancies. It presents with few specific symptoms but requires rapid and appropriate diagnosis and treatment to reduce the high mortality of this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M ª Fátima Lopez-Fabal
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España.
| | - Nuria Sanz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | - Mario Ruiz-Bastian
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | - Carlos Barros
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España
| | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Yang NJ, Chiu IM. Bacterial Signaling to the Nervous System through Toxins and Metabolites. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:587-605. [PMID: 28065740 PMCID: PMC5325782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes contribute to health and disease. Both commensal and pathogenic bacteria are capable of producing molecules that act on neurons and affect essential aspects of host physiology. Here we highlight several classes of physiologically important molecular interactions that occur between bacteria and the nervous system. First, clostridial neurotoxins block neurotransmission to or from neurons by targeting the SNARE complex, causing the characteristic paralyses of botulism and tetanus during bacterial infection. Second, peripheral sensory neurons-olfactory chemosensory neurons and nociceptor sensory neurons-detect bacterial toxins, formyl peptides, and lipopolysaccharides through distinct molecular mechanisms to elicit smell and pain. Bacteria also damage the central nervous system through toxins that target the brain during infection. Finally, the gut microbiota produces molecules that act on enteric neurons to influence gastrointestinal motility, and metabolites that stimulate the "gut-brain axis" to alter neural circuits, autonomic function, and higher-order brain function and behavior. Furthering the mechanistic and molecular understanding of how bacteria affect the nervous system may uncover potential strategies for modulating neural function and treating neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Davies JL, Uzal FA, Whitehead AE. Necrotizing hepatitis associated with Clostridium novyi in a pony in western Canada. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:285-288. [PMID: 28246418 PMCID: PMC5302206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe icterus, peritoneal effusion, localized fibrinous peritonitis, and necrotizing hepatitis were found at necropsy of a 20-year-old female pony with a history of acute onset depression, inappetence, fever, and marked elevation in hepatic enzymes. Gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were compatible with a diagnosis of clostridial hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi-group bacteria. This is believed to be the first reported case of clostridial hepatitis in an equid in Canada, and only the third report of this rare disease in North America.
Collapse
|
126
|
Goossens E, Valgaeren BR, Pardon B, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Deprez PR, Van Immerseel F. Rethinking the role of alpha toxin in Clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: a review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. Vet Res 2017; 48:9. [PMID: 28209206 PMCID: PMC5314468 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A strains. The disease mainly affects calves under intensive rearing conditions and is characterized by sudden death associated with small intestinal haemorrhage, necrosis and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. The common assumption that, when causing intestinal disease, C. perfringens relies upon specific, plasmid-encoded toxins, was recently challenged by the finding that alpha toxin, which is produced by all C. perfringens strains, is essential for necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. In addition to alpha toxin, other C. perfringens toxins and/or enzymes might contribute to the pathogenesis of necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. These additional virulence factors might contribute to breakdown of the protective mucus layer during initial stage of pathogenesis, after which alpha toxin, either or not in synergy with other toxins such as perfringolysin O, can act on the mucosal tissue. Furthermore, alpha toxin alone does not cause intestinal necrosis, indicating that other virulence factors might be needed to cause the extensive tissue necrosis observed in necro-haemorrhagic enteritis. This review summarizes recent research that has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis and provides information that is indispensable for the development of novel control strategies, including vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bonnie R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet R Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Loughney JW, Lancaster C, Price CE, Hoang VM, Ha S, Rustandi RR. Development of a non-radiolabeled glucosyltransferase activity assay for C. difficile toxin A and B using ultra performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:169-175. [PMID: 28238427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated death in the United States. The major virulent factors of C. difficile are toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Toxicity is mediated by the glucosyltransferase domains on TcdA and TcdB wherein a glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose to Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) receptor. This modification results in disruption of critical cell signaling events. Vaccination against these toxins is considered the best way to combat the CDI. In order to produce non-toxic TcdA and TcdB antigens, their glucosyltransferase domains were genetically mutated to inactivate the toxin activity. We have developed a reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UPLC) method to measure this glucosyltransferase activity by separating RhoA and glucosylated RhoA. Glucosylated RhoA and RhoA have a retention time (RT) of 31.25 and 31.95min. We determine for the first time the glucosyltransferase kinetics (Km and kcat) of both full length TcdA and TcdB to RhoA and demonstrate that the genetically mutated TcdA and TcdB show no glucosyltransferase activity. Furthermore, two-dimensional electron microscopy (2D EM) data demonstrates that the overall global structures of mutated toxins do not change compared to native toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Loughney
- Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Colleen E Price
- Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Van M Hoang
- Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Wallis A, Butt H, Ball M, Lewis DP, Bruck D. Support for the microgenderome invites enquiry into sex differences. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:46-52. [PMID: 27808584 PMCID: PMC5361606 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1256524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microgenderome defines the interaction between microbiota, sex hormones and the immune system. Our recent research inferred support for the microgenderome by showing sex differences in microbiota-symptom associations in a clinical sample of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This addendum expands upon the sex-specific pattern of associations that were observed. Interpretations are hypothesized in relation to genera versus species-level analyses and D-lactate theory. Evidence of sex-differences invites future research to consider sex comparisons in microbial function even when microbial abundance is statistically similar. Pairing assessment of clinical symptoms with microbial culture, DNA sequencing and metabolomics methods will help advance our current understandings of the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wallis
- Psychology Department, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Butt
- Bioscreen (Aust) Pty Ltd, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Ball
- Psychology Department, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dorothy Bruck
- Psychology Department, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Machiels K, Sabino J, Vandermosten L, Joossens M, Arijs I, de Bruyn M, Eeckhaut V, Van Assche G, Ferrante M, Verhaegen J, Van Steen K, Van Immerseel F, Huys G, Verbeke K, Wolthuis A, de Buck Van Overstraeten A, D'Hoore A, Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S. Specific members of the predominant gut microbiota predict pouchitis following colectomy and IPAA in UC. Gut 2017; 66:79-88. [PMID: 26423113 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pouchitis is the most common complication after colectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC and the risk is the highest within the 1st year after surgery. The pathogenesis is not completely understood but clinical response to antibiotics suggests a role for gut microbiota. We hypothesised that the risk for pouchitis can be predicted based on the faecal microbial composition before colectomy. DESIGN Faecal samples from 21 patients with UC undergoing IPAA were prospectively collected before colectomy and at predefined clinical visits at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after IPAA. The predominant microbiota was analysed using community profiling with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by quantitative real-time PCR validation. RESULTS Cluster analysis before colectomy distinguished patients with pouchitis from those with normal pouch during the 1st year of follow-up. In patients developing pouchitis, an increase of Ruminococcus gnavus (p<0.001), Bacteroides vulgatus (p=0.043), Clostridium perfringens (p=0.011) and a reduction of two Lachnospiraceae genera (Blautia (p=0.04), Roseburia (p=0.008)) was observed. A score combining these five bacterial risk factors was calculated and presence of at least two risk factors showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 63.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Presence of R. gnavus, B. vulgatus and C. perfringens and absence of Blautia and Roseburia in faecal samples of patients with UC before surgery is associated with a higher risk of pouchitis after IPAA. Our findings suggest new predictive and therapeutic strategies in patients undergoing colectomy with IPAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Machiels
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Sabino
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandermosten
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Verhaegen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Montefiore Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology & BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albert Wolthuis
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Andre D'Hoore
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Brook I. Anaerobic Bacteria. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
131
|
Duodenal endoluminal barrier sleeve alters gut microbiota of ZDF rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:381-389. [PMID: 27924082 PMCID: PMC5340580 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The combination of energy dense diets and reduced energy expenditure in modern society has escalated the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Among these disease states, type-2 diabetics (T2D) are disproportionately associated with obesity, suggesting a shared etiology. In conjunction with defects in hormonal and inflammatory states, obesity and T2D are also characterized by dysbiosis. METHODS We have recently described the beneficial effects of duodenal nutrient exclusion, as induced by the duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES); including body weight loss, prevented fat mass accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance in the ZDF rat, a rodent model of obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). To assess the relative role of DES on hindgut microbiota in the context of these metabolic changes, we analyzed cecal samples from rats implanted with a duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES), or a sham control of this procedure. A group of pair-fed (pf) sham controls was also included to account for changes induced by reduced body weight and food intake. RESULTS Analysis of hindgut microbiota following DES in the ZDF rat elucidated discrete changes in several microbial populations including a reduction in Paraprevotella family members of the Clostridiales order along with an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila and species of the Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium genera. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these observations suggest that like Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and Metformin, regulation of gut microbiota may be a contributing factor to the therapeutic effects of DES.
Collapse
|
132
|
Kim T, Holleman CL, Ptacek T, Morrow CD, Habegger KM. Duodenal endoluminal barrier sleeve alters gut microbiota of ZDF rats. Parasite Immunol 2016; 39. [PMID: 27924082 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The combination of energy dense diets and reduced energy expenditure in modern society has escalated the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Among these disease states, type-2 diabetics (T2D) are disproportionately associated with obesity, suggesting a shared etiology. In conjunction with defects in hormonal and inflammatory states, obesity and T2D are also characterized by dysbiosis. METHODS We have recently described the beneficial effects of duodenal nutrient exclusion, as induced by the duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES); including body weight loss, prevented fat mass accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance in the ZDF rat, a rodent model of obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). To assess the relative role of DES on hindgut microbiota in the context of these metabolic changes, we analyzed cecal samples from rats implanted with a duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES), or a sham control of this procedure. A group of pair-fed (pf) sham controls was also included to account for changes induced by reduced body weight and food intake. RESULTS Analysis of hindgut microbiota following DES in the ZDF rat elucidated discrete changes in several microbial populations including a reduction in Paraprevotella family members of the Clostridiales order along with an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila and species of the Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium genera. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these observations suggest that like Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and Metformin, regulation of gut microbiota may be a contributing factor to the therapeutic effects of DES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C L Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Ptacek
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C D Morrow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Grenda T, Kukier E, Sieradzki Z, Goldsztejn M, Kwiatek K. Molecular diversity of Clostridium botulinum and phenotypically similar strains. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:831-840. [PMID: 28092605 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genetic features of strains preliminary classified as Clostridium botulinum species. The phenotypic characteristics were assessed with different culture media and biochemical tests. The genetic characterization included detection of botulinum toxin genes by PCR and macrorestriction analysis with SmaI, XhoI and SacII by PFGE (Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis). Despite similar biochemical properties of all analysed strains, only 47% of them contained genes determining toxicity specific to C. botulinum species. The most valuable differentiation of C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like strains was obtained after SmaI digestion. The highest affinity was observed among C. botulinum type B profiles which was even up to 100%. It was found 100% of affinity between C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like strains, however, the similarity among C. botulinum and C. botulinum-like was generally lower than 80%.
Collapse
|
134
|
Ferreira MRA, Moreira GMSG, Cunha CEPD, Mendonça M, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E340. [PMID: 27879630 PMCID: PMC5127136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the main causes of disease. Vaccinations that generate neutralizing antibodies are the most common prophylactic measures that are currently in use. These vaccines consist of toxoids that are obtained from C. perfringens cultures. Recombinant vaccines offer several advantages over conventional toxoids, especially in terms of the production process. As such, they are steadily gaining ground as a promising vaccination solution. This review discusses the main strategies that are currently used to produce recombinant vaccines containing alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens, as well as the potential application of these molecules as vaccines for mammalian livestock animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Marçal S G Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns CEP 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96010-610, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Li J, Uzal FA, McClane BA. Clostridium perfringens Sialidases: Potential Contributors to Intestinal Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E341. [PMID: 27869757 PMCID: PMC5127137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. This Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named NanH, NanI, and NanJ. The role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. However, recent in vitro studies suggest that NanI may contribute to intestinal virulence by upregulating production of some toxins associated with intestinal infection, increasing the binding and activity of some of those toxins, and enhancing adherence of C. perfringens to intestinal cells. Possible contributions of NanI to intestinal colonization are further supported by observations that the C. perfringens strains causing acute food poisoning in humans often lack the nanI gene, while other C. perfringens strains causing chronic intestinal infections in humans usually carry a nanI gene. Certain sialidase inhibitors have been shown to block NanI activity and reduce C. perfringens adherence to cultured enterocyte-like cells, opening the possibility that sialidase inhibitors could be useful therapeutics against C. perfringens intestinal infections. These initial in vitro observations should be tested for their in vivo significance using animal models of intestinal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 420, Bridgeside Point II Building, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA.
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 420, Bridgeside Point II Building, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Targeting and alteration of tight junctions by bacteria and their virulence factors such as Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:77-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
137
|
Anniballi F, Fillo S, Giordani F, Auricchio B, Tehran DA, di Stefano E, Mandarino G, De Medici D, Lista F. Multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis as a tool for molecular epidemiology of botulism: The Italian experience. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:28-32. [PMID: 27771520 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is the bacterial agent of botulism, a rare but severe neuro-paralytic disease. Because of its high impact, in Italy botulism is monitored by an ad hoc surveillance system. The National Reference Centre for Botulism, as part of this system, collects and analyzes all demographic, epidemiologic, microbiological, and molecular data recovered during cases and/or outbreaks occurred in Italy. A panel of 312 C. botulinum strains belonging to group I were submitted to MLVA sub-typing. Strains, isolated from clinical specimens, food and environmental samples collected during the surveillance activities, were representative of all forms of botulism from all Italian regions. Through clustering analysis isolates were grouped into 12 main clusters. No regional or temporal clustering was detected, demonstrating the high heterogeneity of strains circulating in Italy. This study confirmed that MLVA is capable of sub-typing C. botulinum strains. Moreover, MLVA is effective at tracing and tracking the source of contamination and is helpful for the surveillance system in terms of planning and upgrading of procedures, activities and data collection forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Anniballi
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fillo
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giordani
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Auricchio
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica di Stefano
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandarino
- PENTA - The Joint Laboratory on Models and Methodology to Predict and Manage Large Scale Threats to Public Health - International Affair Unit. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario De Medici
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Gene regulation by the VirS/VirR system in Clostridium perfringens. Anaerobe 2016; 41:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
139
|
Yamaguchi Y, Shimodo T, Chikamori N, Usuki S, Kanai Y, Endo T, Katsumata KI, Terashima C, Ikekita M, Fujishima A, Suzuki T, Sakai H, Nakata K. Sporicidal performance induced by photocatalytic production of organic peroxide under visible light irradiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33715. [PMID: 27666195 PMCID: PMC5036025 DOI: 10.1038/srep33715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria that cause serious food poisoning are known to sporulate under conditions of nutrient and water shortage. The resulting spores have much greater resistance to common sterilization methods, such as heating at 100 °C and exposure to various chemical agents. Because such bacteria cannot be inactivated with typical alcohol disinfectants, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) often is used, but PAA is a harmful agent that can seriously damage human health. Furthermore, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which is also dangerous, must be used to prepare PAA. Thus, the development of a facile and safe sporicidal disinfectant is strongly required. In this study, we have developed an innovative sporicidal disinfection method that employs the combination of an aqueous ethanol solution, visible light irradiation, and a photocatalyst. We successfully produced a sporicidal disinfectant one hundred times as effective as commercially available PAA, while also resolving the hazards and odor problems associated with PAA. The method presented here can potentially be used as a replacement for the general disinfectants employed in the food and health industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yamaguchi
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Takahito Shimodo
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Chikamori
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sho Usuki
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kanai
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Katsumata
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikekita
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakata
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Expanding the molecular toolkit for the homoacetogen Clostridium ljungdahlii. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31518. [PMID: 27527841 PMCID: PMC4985741 DOI: 10.1038/srep31518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest in homoacetogenic bacteria for the production of biochemicals and biofuels requisites the development of new genetic tools for these atypical production organisms. An attractive host for the conversion of synthesis gas or electricity into multi-carbon compounds is Clostridium ljungdahlii. So far only limited achievements in modifying this organism towards the production of industrially relevant compounds have been made. Therefore, there is still a strong need for developing new and optimizing existing genetic tools to efficiently access its metabolism. Here, we report on the development of a stable and reproducible transformation protocol that is applicable to C. ljungdahlii and several other clostridial species. Further, we demonstrate the functionality of a temperature-sensitive origin of replication in combination with a fluorescence marker system as important tools for future genetic engineering of this host for microbial bioproduction.
Collapse
|
141
|
Regulation of Toxin Production in Clostridium perfringens. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070207. [PMID: 27399773 PMCID: PMC4963840 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. C. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. A complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory RNA and cell-cell communication. It is necessary to clarify the global regulatory system of these genes in order to understand and treat the virulence of C. perfringens. We summarize the existing knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms here.
Collapse
|
142
|
Beal DR, Titball RW, Lindsay CD. The development of tolerance to Clostridium perfringens type D o-toxin in MDCK and G-402 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 22:593-605. [PMID: 14686482 DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht397oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line, Caucasian renal leiomyoblastoma (G-402) cells, human small airways epithelial (HSAE) cells, human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and human renal proximal tubule (HRPT) epithelial cells were examined for sensitivity to Clostridium perfringens biotype D o-toxin. MDCK and G-402 cells were confirmed as being the only established cell lines that are sensitive to the toxin. HSAE, HBE and HRPT epithelial cells were only found to be sensitive to the toxin at concentrations of -1 mg/ mL. Cultures of MDCK and G-402 cells, with increased resistance (tolerance) to the cytotoxic effects of o-toxin, were developed by exposing these cultures to progressively higher concentrations of toxin. The greatest relative increase in tolerance to o-toxin was developed in MDCK cells, in which the LC50 in control cultures was 2mg/mL as determined by the MTS/PMS assay system; after selection for tolerance, this was raised to 100 mg/mL. This represents a 50-fold increase in tolerance as measured by this index. Using G-402 cells, it was possible to increase the LC50 by twofold from 290 to 590 mg/mL. Subsequent 2-D electrophoresis of membrane preparations from tolerant and control MDCK cells revealed that the expression of a discrete group of proteins found in control cells with a range of molecular weights from 32–36 kDa, all with acidic isoelectric points (IEPs), were either not expressed in o-toxin tolerant cells or had undergone a shift in IEP to a more alkaline pH in tolerant cells. This suggests that o-toxin lethality in MDCK cells may be mediated by membrane-located proteins. Their absence or alteration in toxin-resistant cells would, at least partly, explain the failure of most cell lines to demonstrate sensitivity to this toxin, despite being derived from tissues that are damaged by o-toxin. This approach may have utility in the study of other toxin / cell interactions and could be used in the development of novel medical countermeasures by identifying cellular targets which mediate toxin lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic R Beal
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Ortega J, Daft B, Assis RA, Kinde H, Anthenill L, Odani J, Uzal FA. Infection of Internal Umbilical Remnant in Foals by Clostridium sordellii. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:269-75. [PMID: 17491067 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Omphalitis and the resulting septicemia contribute to perinatal mortality in several animal species. In foals, the most important causes of omphalitis are Escherichia coli and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. However to date, no information has been published about the role of Clostridium sordellii in these infections. In this paper, we describe 8 cases of perinatal mortality in foals associated with internal umbilical remnant infection by C. sordellii. The foals studied were between 12 and 21 days old at the time of death, and various breeds were represented in the group. Five of the foals were male and 3 were female. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the detection of C. sordellii by 3 methods (culture, fluorescent antibody test, and immunohistochemistry) and on gross and histopathologic findings. All foals had acute peritonitis, and the internal umbilical remnant was thickened by edema, hemorrhage, and fibrosis. A moderate amount of serosanguinous fluid with fibrin strands was present in the pericardial sac and pleural cavity. Histopathologically, the urachus and umbilical arterial walls were thickened by edema and exhibited hemorrhage, fibrin, and leukocytic infiltration. Gram-positive bacterial rods were observed in subepithelial areas of the urachus, the adventicia of umbilical arteries, and interstitium of the internal umbilical remnant. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that C. sordellii should be considered in the differential diagnosis for infections of the internal umbilical remnant in foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ortega
- Departamento de Atención Sanitaria, Salud Pública y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. Lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. The cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. Explanations for variable susceptibility of species, and age groups within a species, are largely speculative. Differences in colonization rates and toxin-receptor densities have been proposed. Clostridium difficile-associated disease is most commonly diagnosed in Syrian hamsters, horses, and neonatal pigs, but it is reported sporadically in many other species. The essential virulence factors of C. difficile are large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the toxins is followed by endosomal acidification, a necessary step for conversion of the toxin to its active form in the cytosol. Cell-surface receptors have been characterized for TcdA, but remain to be identified for TcdB. Both TcdA and TcdB disrupt the actin cytoskeleton by disrupting Rho-subtype, intracellular signaling molecules. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton is catastrophic for cellular function, but inflammation and neurogenic stimuli are also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Keel
- The University of Arizona, Department of Veterinary Sciences and Microbiology, Building #90, Room 212, 1117 East Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Clostridium difficile Infections in Children: Impact of the Diagnostic Method on Infection Rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:1087-93. [DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the detection of the toxin B gene are replacing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)–based toxin production detection or cell cytotoxicity assay in most laboratories.OBJECTIVETo determine the proportion of pediatric patients diagnosed withClostridium difficile infection by PCR who would have also been diagnosed by ELISA and to compare the clinical characteristics of PCR+/ELISA+ vs PCR+/ELISA− patients.METHODSUsing the microbiology laboratory information system, stool samples positive for C. difficile by PCR between October 2010 and July 2014 were identified. Using frozen stool specimens, an ELISA for toxin A and B was performed. A retrospective medical chart review was conducted to obtain demographic and clinical data. Duplicate samples were excluded.RESULTSA total of 136 PCR-positive samples underwent ELISA testing: 54 (40%) were positive for toxin A or B. The mean (SD) age of the entire cohort was 8.5 (6.2) years. There was no difference in age, gender, clinical manifestation, previous medical problems, and management between patients positive or negative by ELISA. However, patients positive by ELISA were more likely to have had a recent exposure to antibiotics (67.9% vs 50%; crude odds ratio, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.03–4.28]).CONCLUSIONIn our pediatric population, 60% of patients with C. difficile diagnosed by PCR had no toxin detectable by ELISA. ELISA-negative patients were less likely to have received an antibiotic recently compared with ELISA-positive patients. These results highlight the need to standardize laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of C. difficile infections in children.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1087–1093
Collapse
|
146
|
Elsify A, Tarabess R, Nayel MA, Salama A, Allaam M, Abd EGM, Hassan H, Zaghawa A, Elballal S. Bacteriological and molecular studies on Clostridium perfringens isolated from sheep in three Egyptian provinces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
147
|
Pyne ME, Bruder MR, Moo-Young M, Chung DA, Chou CP. Harnessing heterologous and endogenous CRISPR-Cas machineries for efficient markerless genome editing in Clostridium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25666. [PMID: 27157668 PMCID: PMC4860712 DOI: 10.1038/srep25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of CRISPR-Cas9 systems has revolutionized genome editing across all domains of life. Here we report implementation of the heterologous Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system in Clostridium pasteurianum for markerless genome editing. Since 74% of species harbor CRISPR-Cas loci in Clostridium, we also explored the prospect of co-opting host-encoded CRISPR-Cas machinery for genome editing. Motivation for this work was bolstered from the observation that plasmids expressing heterologous cas9 result in poor transformation of Clostridium. To address this barrier and establish proof-of-concept, we focus on characterization and exploitation of the C. pasteurianum Type I-B CRISPR-Cas system. In silico spacer analysis and in vivo interference assays revealed three protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences required for site-specific nucleolytic attack. Introduction of a synthetic CRISPR array and cpaAIR gene deletion template yielded an editing efficiency of 100%. In contrast, the heterologous Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system generated only 25% of the total yield of edited cells, suggesting that native machinery provides a superior foundation for genome editing by precluding expression of cas9 in trans. To broaden our approach, we also identified putative PAM sequences in three key species of Clostridium. This is the first report of genome editing through harnessing native CRISPR-Cas machinery in Clostridium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pyne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Bruder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duane A Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.,Algaeneers Inc. and Neemo Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Perry Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Hashiba M, Tomino A, Takenaka N, Hattori T, Kano H, Tsuda M, Takeyama N. Clostridium Perfringens Infection in a Febrile Patient with Severe Hemolytic Anemia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:219-23. [PMID: 27049736 PMCID: PMC4824343 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.895721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) can cause various infections, including gas gangrene, crepitant cellulitis, and fasciitis. While C. perfringens sepsis is uncommon, it is often rapidly fatal because the alpha toxin of this bacterium induces massive intravascular hemolysis by disrupting red blood cell membranes. CASE REPORT We present the case of a male patient with diabetes who developed a fatal liver abscess with massive intravascular hemolysis and septic shock caused by toxigenic C. perfringens. The peripheral blood smear showed loss of central pallor, with numerous spherocytes. Multiplex PCR only detected expression of the cpa gene, indicating that the pathogen was C. perfringens type A. CONCLUSIONS C. perfringens infection should be considered in a febrile patient who has severe hemolytic anemia with a very low MCV, hemolyzed blood sample, and negative Coombs test. The characteristic peripheral blood smear findings may facilitate rapid diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Hashiba
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Tomino
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Takenaka
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Kano
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsuda
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoshi Takeyama
- Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Pereira FL, Oliveira Júnior CA, Silva ROS, Dorella FA, Carvalho AF, Almeida GMF, Leal CAG, Lobato FCF, Figueiredo HCP. Complete genome sequence of Peptoclostridium difficile strain Z31. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 28828039 PMCID: PMC5562067 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptoclostridium (Clostridium) difficile is a spore-forming bacterium responsible for nosocomial infections in humans. It is recognized as an important agent of diarrhea and colitis in several animal species and a possible zoonotic agent. Despite the known importance of P. difficile infection in humans and animals, no vaccine or other effective measure to control the disease is commercially available. A possible alternative treatment for P. difficile infection is the use of a nontoxigenic strain of P. difficile as a competitive exclusion agent. However, a thorough knowledge of this strain is necessary for this purpose. We selected P. difficile Z31, a nontoxigenic strain (PCR ribotype 009), for investigation because it prevents P. difficile infection in a hamster model. RESULTS The genome sequence of P. difficile Z31 is a circular chromosome of 4298,263 bp, with a 29.21 % GC content, encoding 4128 proteins, and containing 78 pseudogenes. This strain belongs to ST 3, clade 1, and has five phage regions in its genome. Genes responsible for resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin were detected and more importantly, Z31 also contains genes that promote spore production and stability, cell attachment, intestinal adherence, and biofilm formation. CONCLUSION In this study, we present the first complete genome sequence of nontoxigenic P. difficile strain Z31. When the Z31 genome was compared with those of other isolates available in GenBank, including a draft genome of a nontoxigenic strain, several unique regions were evident. Z31 contains no toxin genes, but encodes several non-toxin virulence factors, which may favor host colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L. Pereira
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo O. S. Silva
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A. Dorella
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alex F. Carvalho
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M. F. Almeida
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. G. Leal
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique C. P. Figueiredo
- National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases (AQUACEN), Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Fohler S, Discher S, Jordan E, Seyboldt C, Klein G, Neubauer H, Hoedemaker M, Scheu T, Campe A, Charlotte Jensen K, Abdulmawjood A. Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin genes (A-F) in dairy farms from Northern Germany using PCR: A case-control study. Anaerobe 2016; 39:97-104. [PMID: 27016061 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical botulism in cattle mainly occurs after ingestion of feed contaminated with preformed toxin. In 2001 a form of botulism ("visceral botulism") was postulated to occur after ingestion of Clostridium (C.) botulinum cells or spores, followed by colonization of the intestine, and local production of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causing chronic generalized disease. To verify the potential role of C. botulinum in the described syndrome, a case-control study was conducted, including 139 farms. Fecal samples, rumen content, water and silage samples were collected on each farm. Real time BoNT gene PCR assays were conducted after enrichment in RCM (Reinforced Clostridial Medium) at 37 °C and conventional PCRs after enrichment in MCM (Modified Cooked Meat Medium) at 30 °C. Furthermore, a direct detection of BoNT genes without prior enrichment was attempted. BoNT A, B, C, D, E and F genes were detected in animal samples from 25 (17.99%), 3 (2.16%), 0 (0.0%), 2 (1.44%), 1 (0.72%), and 3 (2.16%) farms, respectively. Eleven feed samples were positive for BoNT A gene. By enrichment a significant increase in sensitivity was achieved. Therefore, this should be an essential part of any protocol. No significant differences regarding BoNT gene occurrence could be observed between Case and Control farms or chronically diseased and clinically healthy animals within the particular category. Thus, the postulated form of chronic botulism in cows could not be confirmed. This study supports the general opinion that C. botulinum can occasionally be found in the rumen and intestine of cows without causing disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Fohler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Discher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Eva Jordan
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Guenter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Theresa Scheu
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katharina Charlotte Jensen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|