101
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Crawford KM, Hawkes CV. Soil precipitation legacies influence intraspecific plant-soil feedback. Ecology 2020; 101:e03142. [PMID: 32813278 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Feedbacks between plants and soil microbial communities can play an important role in structuring plant communities. However, little is known about how soil legacies caused by environmental disturbances such as drought and extreme precipitation events may affect plant-soil feedback or whether plant-soil feedback operates within species as it does between species. If soil legacies alter plant-soil feedback among genotypes within a plant species, then soil legacies may alter the diversity within plant populations. We conducted a fully factorial pairwise plant-soil feedback experiment to test how precipitation legacies influenced intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks among three genotypes of a dominant grass species, Panicum virgatum. Panicum virgatum experienced negative intraspecific plant-soil feedback, i.e., genotypes generally performed worse on soil from the same genotype than different genotypes. Soil precipitation legacies reversed the rank order of the strength of negative feedback among the genotypes. Feedback is often positively correlated with plant relative abundance. Therefore, our results suggest that soil precipitation legacies may alter the genotypic composition of P. virgatum populations, favoring genotypes that develop less negative feedback. Changes in intraspecific diversity will likely further affect community structure and ecosystem functioning, and may constrain the ability of populations to respond to future changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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102
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Greenspoon P, Wadhawan K. Colonization limitation of specialized enemies reduces species richness. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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103
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Yan X, Diez J, Huang K, Li S, Luo X, Xu X, Su F, Jiang L, Guo H, Hu S. Beyond resource limitation: an expanded test of the niche dimension hypothesis for multiple types of niche axes. Oecologia 2020; 193:689-699. [PMID: 32681295 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The niche dimension hypothesis predicts that more species can coexist given a greater number of niche axes along which they partition the environment. Although this hypothesis has been broadly supported by nutrient enrichment experiments, its applicability to other ecological factors, such as natural enemies and abiotic stresses, has not been vigorously tested. Here, we examined the generality of the niche dimension hypothesis by experimentally manipulating both resource and non-resource niche dimensions-nitrogen limitation, pathogens and low-temperature stress-in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We found that decreases in niche dimensions led to a significant reduction in species richness, consistent with results from nutrient addition studies. However, different niche variables uniquely affected the plant communities. While nitrogen had largest effects on both community biomass and species richness, pathogens and low-temperature stress, in combination with nitrogen, had synergistic effects on them. Our results provide direct evidence demonstrating that both resource and non-resource niche dimensions can influence species coexistence. These findings suggest that other non-resource factors need to be taken into consideration to better predict the community assembly and control over biodiversity, particularly under the future multifaceted global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jeffrey Diez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Kailing Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanglong Su
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuijin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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104
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Legeay J, Husson C, Boudier B, Louisanna E, Baraloto C, Schimann H, Marcais B, Buée M. Surprising low diversity of the plant pathogen Phytophthora in Amazonian forests. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5019-5032. [PMID: 32452108 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genus Phytophthora represents a group of plant pathogens with broad global distribution. The majority of them cause the collar and root-rot of diverse plant species. Little is known about Phytophthora communities in forest ecosystems, especially in the Neotropical forests where natural enemies could maintain the huge plant diversity via negative density dependence. We characterized the diversity of soil-borne Phytophthora communities in the North French Guiana rainforest and investigated how they are structured by host identity and environmental factors. In this little-explored habitat, 250 soil cores were sampled from 10 plots hosting 10 different plant families across three forest environments (Terra Firme, Seasonally Flooded and White Sand). Phytophthora diversity was studied using a baiting approach and metabarcoding (High-Throughput Sequencing) on environmental DNA extracted from both soil samples and baiting-leaves. These three approaches revealed very similar communities, characterized by an unexpected low diversity of Phytophthora species, with the dominance of two cryptic species close to Phytophthora heveae. As expected, the Phytophthora community composition of the French Guiana rainforest was significantly impacted by the host plant family and environment. However, these plant pathogen communities are very small and are dominated by generalist species, questioning their potential roles as drivers of plant diversity in these Amazonian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Legeay
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Claude Husson
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France.,Département de la santé des forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, DGAL, SDQPV, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Benjamin Boudier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Eliane Louisanna
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France.,International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Heidy Schimann
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Benoît Marcais
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
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105
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Reynolds HS, Wagner R, Wang G, Burrill HM, Bever JD, Alexander HM. Effects of the soil microbiome on the demography of two annual prairie plants. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6208-6222. [PMID: 32724508 PMCID: PMC7381566 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both mutualistic and pathogenic soil microbes are known to play important roles in shaping the fitness of plants, likely affecting plants at different life cycle stages.In order to investigate the differential effects of native soil mutualists and pathogens on plant fitness, we compared survival and reproduction of two annual tallgrass prairie plant species (Chamaecrista fasciculata and Coreopsis tinctoria) in a field study using 3 soil inocula treatments containing different compositions of microbes. The soil inocula types included fresh native whole soil taken from a remnant prairie containing both native mutualists and pathogens, soil enhanced with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi derived from remnant prairies, and uninoculated controls.For both species, plants inoculated with native prairie AM fungi performed much better than those in uninoculated soil for all parts of the life cycle. Plants in the native whole prairie soil were either generally similar to plants in the uninoculated soil or had slightly higher survival or reproduction.Overall, these results suggest that native prairie AM fungi can have important positive effects on the fitness of early successional plants. As inclusion of prairie AM fungi and pathogens decreased plant fitness relative to prairie AM fungi alone, we expect that native pathogens also can have large effects on fitness of these annuals. Our findings support the use of AM fungi to enhance plant establishment in prairie restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Reynolds
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Rebekah Wagner
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Guangzhou Wang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Haley M. Burrill
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
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106
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McKenna TP, Koziol L, Bever JD, Crews TE, Sikes BA. Abiotic and biotic context dependency of perennial crop yield. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234546. [PMID: 32589642 PMCID: PMC7319328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perennial crops in agricultural systems can increase sustainability and the magnitude of ecosystem services, but yield may depend upon biotic context, including soil mutualists, pathogens and cropping diversity. These biotic factors themselves may interact with abiotic factors such as drought. We tested whether perennial crop yield depended on soil microbes, water availability and crop diversity by testing monocultures and mixtures of three perennial crop species: a novel perennial grain (intermediate wheatgrass-Thinopyrum intermedium-- that produces the perennial grain Kernza®), a potential perennial oilseed crop (Silphium intregrifolium), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Perennial crop performance depended upon both water regime and the presence of living soil, most likely the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the whole soil inoculum from a long term perennial monoculture and from an undisturbed native remnant prairie. Specifically, both Silphium and alfalfa strongly benefited from AM fungi. The presence of native prairie AM fungi had a greater benefit to Silphium in dry pots and alfalfa in wet pots than AM fungi present in the perennial monoculture soil. Kernza did not benefit from AM fungi. Crop mixtures that included Kernza overyielded, but overyielding depended upon inoculation. Specifically, mixtures with Kernza overyielded most strongly in sterile soil as Kernza compensated for poor growth of Silphium and alfalfa. This study identifies the importance of soil biota and the context dependence of benefits of native microbes and the overyielding of mixtures in perennial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Koziol
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - James D. Bever
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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107
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Adu-Oppong B, Mangan SA, Stein C, Catano CP, Myers JA, Dantas G. Prairie plants harbor distinct and beneficial root-endophytic bacterial communities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234537. [PMID: 32574172 PMCID: PMC7310688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback studies attempt to understand the interplay between composition of plant and soil microbial communities. A growing body of literature suggests that plant species can coexist when they interact with a subset of the soil microbial community that impacts plant performance. Most studies focus on the microbial community in the soil rhizosphere; therefore, the degree to which the bacterial community within plant roots (root-endophytic compartment) influences plant-microbe interactions remains relatively unknown. To determine if there is an interaction between conspecific vs heterospecific soil microbes and plant performance, we sequenced root-endophytic bacterial communities of five tallgrass-prairie plant species, each reciprocally grown with soil microbes from each hosts' soil rhizosphere. We found evidence of plant-soil feedbacks for some pairs of plant hosts; however, the strength and direction of feedbacks varied substantially across plant species pairs-from positive to negative feedbacks. Additionally, each plant species harbored a unique subset of root-endophytic bacteria. Conspecifics that hosted similar bacterial communities were more similar in biomass than individuals that hosted different bacterial communities, suggesting an important functional link between root-endophytic bacterial community composition and plant fitness. Our findings suggest a connection between an understudied component of the root-endophytic microbiome and plant performance, which may have important implications in understanding plant community composition and coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boahemaa Adu-Oppong
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Claudia Stein
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Catano
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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108
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Collins CD, Bever JD, Hersh MH. Community context for mechanisms of disease dilution: insights from linking epidemiology and plant-soil feedback theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1469:65-85. [PMID: 32170775 PMCID: PMC7317922 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In many natural systems, diverse host communities can reduce disease risk, though less is known about the mechanisms driving this "dilution effect." We relate feedback theory, which focuses on pathogen-mediated coexistence, to mechanisms of dilution derived from epidemiological models, with the central goal of gaining insights into host-pathogen interactions in a community context. We first compare the origin, structure, and application of epidemiological and feedback models. We then explore the mechanisms of dilution, which are grounded in single-pathogen, single-host epidemiological models, from the perspective of feedback theory. We also draw on feedback theory to examine how coinfecting pathogens, and pathogens that vary along a host specialist-generalist continuum, apply to dilution theory. By identifying synergies among the feedback and epidemiological approaches, we reveal ways in which organisms occupying different trophic levels contribute to diversity-disease relationships. Additionally, using feedbacks to distinguish dilution in disease incidence from dilution in the net effect of disease on host fitness allows us to articulate conditions under which definitions of dilution may not align. After ascribing dilution mechanisms to macro- or microorganisms, we propose ways in which each contributes to diversity-disease and productivity-diversity relationships. Our analyses lead to predictions that can guide future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
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109
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Schmidt R, Auge H, Deising HB, Hensen I, Mangan SA, Schädler M, Stein C, Knight TM. Abundance, origin, and phylogeny of plants do not predict community-level patterns of pathogen diversity and infection. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5506-5516. [PMID: 32607170 PMCID: PMC7319236 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens have the potential to shape plant community structure, and thus, it is important to understand the factors that determine pathogen diversity and infection in communities. The abundance, origin, and evolutionary relationships of plant hosts are all known to influence pathogen patterns and are typically studied separately. We present an observational study that examined the influence of all three factors and their interactions on the diversity of and infection of several broad taxonomic groups of foliar, floral, and stem pathogens across three sites in a temperate grassland in the central United States. Despite that pathogens are known to respond positively to increases in their host abundances in other systems, we found no relationship between host abundance and either pathogen diversity or infection. Native and exotic plants did not differ in their infection levels, but exotic plants hosted a more generalist pathogen community compared to native plants. There was no phylogenetic signal across plants in pathogen diversity or infection. The lack of evidence for a role of abundance, origin, and evolutionary relationships in shaping patterns of pathogens in our study might be explained by the high generalization and global distributions of our focal pathogen community, as well as the high diversity of our plant host community. In general, the community-level patterns of aboveground pathogen infections have received less attention than belowground pathogens, and our results suggest that their patterns might not be explained by the same drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schmidt
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Holger B. Deising
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant ProtectionMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Tyson Research Center & Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Martin Schädler
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Claudia Stein
- Tyson Research Center & Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Biology and Environmental SciencesAuburn University at MontgomeryMontgomeryALUSA
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
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110
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Liang M, Johnson D, Burslem DFRP, Yu S, Fang M, Taylor JD, Taylor AFS, Helgason T, Liu X. Soil fungal networks maintain local dominance of ectomycorrhizal trees. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2636. [PMID: 32457288 PMCID: PMC7250933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating community composition and local dominance of trees in species-rich forests are poorly resolved, but the importance of interactions with soil microbes is increasingly acknowledged. Here, we show that tree seedlings that interact via root-associated fungal hyphae with soils beneath neighbouring adult trees grow faster and have greater survival than seedlings that are isolated from external fungal mycelia, but these effects are observed for species possessing ectomycorrhizas (ECM) and not arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Moreover, survival of naturally-regenerating AM seedlings over ten years is negatively related to the density of surrounding conspecific plants, while survival of ECM tree seedlings displays positive density dependence over this interval, and AM seedling roots contain greater abundance of pathogenic fungi than roots of ECM seedlings. Our findings show that neighbourhood interactions mediated by beneficial and pathogenic soil fungi regulate plant demography and community structure in hyperdiverse forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Miao Fang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Joe D Taylor
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Thorunn Helgason
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Xubing Liu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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111
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Dodds WK, Zeglin LH, Ramos RJ, Platt TG, Pandey A, Michaels T, Masigol M, Klompen AML, Kelly MC, Jumpponen A, Hauser E, Hansen PM, Greer MJ, Fattahi N, Delavaux CS, Connell RK, Billings S, Bever JD, Barua N, Agusto FB. Connections and Feedback: Aquatic, Plant, and Soil Microbiomes in Heterogeneous and Changing Environments. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Plant, soil, and aquatic microbiomes interact, but scientists often study them independently. Integrating knowledge across these traditionally separate subdisciplines will generate better understanding of microbial ecological properties. Interactions among plant, soil, and aquatic microbiomes, as well as anthropogenic factors, influence important ecosystem processes, including greenhouse gas fluxes, crop production, nonnative species control, and nutrient flux from terrestrial to aquatic habitats. Terrestrial microbiomes influence nutrient retention and particle movement, thereby influencing the composition and functioning of aquatic microbiomes, which, themselves, govern water quality, and the potential for harmful algal blooms. Understanding how microbiomes drive links among terrestrial (plant and soil) and aquatic habitats will inform management decisions influencing ecosystem services. In the present article, we synthesize knowledge of microbiomes from traditionally disparate fields and how they mediate connections across physically separated systems. We identify knowledge gaps currently limiting our abilities to actualize microbiome management approaches for addressing environmental problems and optimize ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K Dodds
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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112
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Schroeder JW, Dobson A, Mangan SA, Petticord DF, Herre EA. Mutualist and pathogen traits interact to affect plant community structure in a spatially explicit model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2204. [PMID: 32371877 PMCID: PMC7200732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical studies show that plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) can generate negative density dependent (NDD) recruitment capable of maintaining plant community diversity at landscape scales. However, the observation that common plants often exhibit relatively weaker NDD than rare plants at local scales is difficult to reconcile with the maintenance of overall plant diversity. We develop a spatially explicit simulation model that tracks the community dynamics of microbial mutualists, pathogens, and their plant hosts. We find that net PSF effects vary as a function of both host abundance and key microbial traits (e.g., host affinity) in ways that are compatible with both common plants exhibiting relatively weaker local NDD, while promoting overall species diversity. The model generates a series of testable predictions linking key microbial traits and the relative abundance of host species, to the strength and scale of PSF and overall plant community diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schroeder
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel F Petticord
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
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113
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Cheng K, Yu S. Neighboring trees regulate the root-associated pathogenic fungi on the host plant in a subtropical forest. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3932-3943. [PMID: 32489621 PMCID: PMC7244890 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-associated fungi and host-specific pathogens are major determinants of species coexistence in forests. Phylogenetically related neighboring trees can strongly affect the fungal community structure of the host plant, which, in turn, will affect the ecological processes. Unfortunately, our understanding of the factors influencing fungal community composition in forests is still limited. In particular, investigation of the relationship between the phytopathogenic fungal community and neighboring trees is incomplete. In the current study, we tested the host specificity of members of the root-associated fungal community collected from seven tree species and determined the influence of neighboring trees and habitat variation on the composition of the phytopathogenic fungal community of the focal plant in a subtropical evergreen forest. Using high-throughput sequencing data with respect to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, we characterized the community composition of the root-associated fungi and found significant differences with respect to fungal groups among the seven tree species. The density of conspecific neighboring trees had a significantly positive influence on the relative abundance of phytopathogens, especially host-specific pathogens, while the heterospecific neighbor density had a significant negative impact on the species richness of host-specific pathogens, as well as phytopathogens. Our work provides evidence that the root-associated phytopathogenic fungi of a host plant depend greatly on the tree neighbors of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Cheng
- Department of EcologySchool of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of EcologySchool of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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114
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Crawford KM, Busch MH, Locke H, Luecke NC. Native soil microbial amendments generate trade‐offs in plant productivity, diversity, and soil stability in coastal dune restorations. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Crawford
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
| | - Michelle H. Busch
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
| | - Hannah Locke
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
| | - Noah C. Luecke
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77204 U.S.A
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115
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Strauss SL. Impact of Cover Crops on the Soil Microbiome of Tree Crops. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E328. [PMID: 32110988 PMCID: PMC7143828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concerns associated with interactions between herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, soil nutrient availability, and plant phytotoxicity in perennial tree crop production systems have renewed interest in the use of cover crops in the inter-row middles or between trees as an alternative sustainable management strategy for these systems. Although interactions between the soil microbiome and cover crops have been examined for annual cropping systems, there are critical differences in management and growth in perennial cropping systems that can influence the soil microbiome and, therefore, the response to cover crops. Here, we discuss the importance of cover crops in tree cropping systems using multispecies cover crop mixtures and minimum tillage and no-tillage to not only enhance the soil microbiome but also carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling compared to monocropping, conventional tillage, and inorganic fertilization. We also identify potentially important taxa and research gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate assessments of the relationships between cover crops, soil microbes, and the health of tree crops. Additional evaluations of the interactions between the soil microbiome, cover crops, nutrient cycling, and tree performance will allow for more effective and sustainable management of perennial cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Strauss
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
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116
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Jiang J, Abbott KC, Baudena M, Eppinga MB, Umbanhowar JA, Bever JD. Pathogens and Mutualists as Joint Drivers of Host Species Coexistence and Turnover: Implications for Plant Competition and Succession. Am Nat 2020; 195:591-602. [PMID: 32216667 DOI: 10.1086/707355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The potential for either pathogens or mutualists to alter the outcome of interactions between host species has been clearly demonstrated experimentally, but our understanding of their joint influence remains limited. Individually, pathogens and mutualists can each stabilize (via negative feedback) or destabilize (via positive feedback) host-host interactions. When pathogens and mutualists are both present, the potential for simultaneous positive and negative feedbacks can generate a wide range of possible effects on host species coexistence and turnover. Extending existing theoretical frameworks, we explore the range of dynamics generated by simultaneous interactions with pathogens and mutualists and identify the conditions for pathogen or mutualist mediation of host coexistence. We then explore the potential role of microbial mutualists and pathogens in plant species turnover during succession. We show how a combination of positive and negative plant-microbe feedbacks can generate a coexistence state that is part of a set of alternative stable states. This result implies that the outcomes of coexistence from classical plant-soil feedback experiments may be susceptible to disturbances and that empirical investigations of microbially mediated coexistence would benefit from consideration of interactive effects of feedbacks generated from different distinct components of the plant microbiome.
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117
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Li J, Xie S, Wilson GWT, Cobb AB, Tang S, Guo L, Wang K, Deng B. Plant–microbial interactions facilitate grassland species coexistence at the community level. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Shu Xie
- Groningen Inst. for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Univ. of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lizhu Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
| | - Bo Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural Univ CN‐100193 Beijing PR China
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118
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Gap creation alters the mode of conspecific distance-dependent seedling establishment via changes in the relative influence of pathogens and mycorrhizae. Oecologia 2020; 192:449-462. [PMID: 31960145 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In forest communities, conspecific density/distance dependence (CDD) is an important factor regulating diversity. It remains unknown how and the extent to which gap creation alters the mode and strength of CDD via changes in the relative importance of pathogens and mycorrhizae. Seeds of two hardwoods (i.e., Acer mono associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae [AM] and Quercus serrata associated with ectomycorrhizae [EM]) were sown reciprocally at four distances from the boundary between Acer- and Quercus-dominated forests towards forest interior in each of forest understories (FUs) and gaps. The causes of seed and seedling mortality, seedling growth and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi were investigated. In Acer, seed and seedling mortality were highest in Acer forests and gradually decreased towards the interior of Quercus forests in FU, mainly due to severe attack of soil pathogens, invertebrates, and leaf diseases. The reverse was true in gaps, due to reduction of damping-off damage caused by distance-dependent colonization of AM. In Quercus, most seeds and seedlings were eaten by vertebrates in FUs. The seedling mortality caused by leaf diseases was not high, even beneath conspecific forests with higher colonization of EM in gaps, suggesting a positive EM influence. In both species, seedling mass was greatest in conspecific forests and gradually decreased towards the interior of heterospecific forests in gaps, due to higher colonization of mycorrhizae near conspecifics. In conclusion, light conditions strongly altered the mode of CDD via changes in relative influence of pathogens and mycorrhizae, suggesting that gap creation may regulate species diversity via changes in the mode of CDD.
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119
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Tree species traits affect which natural enemies drive the Janzen-Connell effect in a temperate forest. Nat Commun 2020; 11:286. [PMID: 31941904 PMCID: PMC6962457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent tree species coexistence mechanism suggests host-specific natural enemies inhibit seedling recruitment at high conspecific density (negative conspecific density dependence). Natural-enemy-mediated conspecific density dependence affects numerous tree populations, but its strength varies substantially among species. Understanding how conspecific density dependence varies with species’ traits and influences the dynamics of whole communities remains a challenge. Using a three-year manipulative community-scale experiment in a temperate forest, we show that plant-associated fungi, and to a lesser extent insect herbivores, reduce seedling recruitment and survival at high adult conspecific density. Plant-associated fungi are primarily responsible for reducing seedling recruitment near conspecific adults in ectomycorrhizal and shade-tolerant species. Insects, in contrast, primarily inhibit seedling recruitment of shade-intolerant species near conspecific adults. Our results suggest that natural enemies drive conspecific density dependence in this temperate forest and that which natural enemies are responsible depends on the mycorrhizal association and shade tolerance of tree species. The Janzen-Connell hypothesis posits that seedlings may be less likely to establish near conspecifics due to shared natural enemies. Here, Jia et al. show that tree species traits determine whether fungal pathogens or insect herbivores inhibit seedling recruitment and survival in a temperate forest.
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120
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Liu L, Zhu K, Wurzburger N, Zhang J. Relationships between plant diversity and soil microbial diversity vary across taxonomic groups and spatial scales. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station & Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95064 USA
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95064 USA
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station & Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
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121
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Schmid MW, Hahl T, van Moorsel SJ, Wagg C, De Deyn GB, Schmid B. Feedbacks of plant identity and diversity on the diversity and community composition of rhizosphere microbiomes from a long-term biodiversity experiment. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:863-878. [PMID: 30575197 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes are known to be key drivers of several essential ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, plant productivity and the maintenance of plant species diversity. However, how plant species diversity and identity affect soil microbial diversity and community composition in the rhizosphere is largely unknown. We tested whether, over the course of 11 years, distinct soil bacterial communities developed under plant monocultures and mixtures, and if over this time frame plants with a monoculture or mixture history changed in the bacterial communities they associated with. For eight species, we grew offspring of plants that had been grown for 11 years in the same field monocultures or mixtures (plant history in monoculture vs. mixture) in pots inoculated with microbes extracted from the field monoculture and mixture soils attached to the roots of the host plants (soil legacy). After 5 months of growth in the glasshouse, we collected rhizosphere soil from each plant and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the community composition and diversity of the bacterial communities. Bacterial community structure in the plant rhizosphere was primarily determined by soil legacy and by plant species identity, but not by plant history. In seven of the eight plant species the number of individual operational taxonomic units with increased abundance was larger when inoculated with microbes from mixture soil. We conclude that plant species richness can affect below-ground community composition and diversity, feeding back to the assemblage of rhizosphere bacterial communities in newly establishing plants via the legacy in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,MWSchmid GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Terhi Hahl
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia J van Moorsel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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122
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Duell EB, Zaiger K, Bever JD, Wilson GWT. Climate Affects Plant-Soil Feedback of Native and Invasive Grasses: Negative Feedbacks in Stable but Not in Variable Environments. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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123
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Pugnaire FI, Morillo JA, Peñuelas J, Reich PB, Bardgett RD, Gaxiola A, Wardle DA, van der Putten WH. Climate change effects on plant-soil feedbacks and consequences for biodiversity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaz1834. [PMID: 31807715 PMCID: PMC6881159 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are interactions among plants, soil organisms, and abiotic soil conditions that influence plant performance, plant species diversity, and community structure, ultimately driving ecosystem processes. We review how climate change will alter PSFs and their potential consequences for ecosystem functioning. Climate change influences PSFs through the performance of interacting species and altered community composition resulting from changes in species distributions. Climate change thus affects plant inputs into the soil subsystem via litter and rhizodeposits and alters the composition of the living plant roots with which mutualistic symbionts, decomposers, and their natural enemies interact. Many of these plant-soil interactions are species-specific and are greatly affected by temperature, moisture, and other climate-related factors. We make a number of predictions concerning climate change effects on PSFs and consequences for vegetation-soil-climate feedbacks while acknowledging that they may be context-dependent, spatially heterogeneous, and temporally variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I. Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, E-04120 Almería, Spain
- Laboratorio Internacional en Cambio Global (LINCGlobal)
| | - José A. Morillo
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, E-04120 Almería, Spain
- Laboratorio Internacional en Cambio Global (LINCGlobal)
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Richard D. Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aurora Gaxiola
- Laboratorio Internacional en Cambio Global (LINCGlobal)
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Post Office Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
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124
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Ke P, Wan J. Effects of soil microbes on plant competition: a perspective from modern coexistence theory. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Po‐Ju Ke
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305‐5020 USA
| | - Joe Wan
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305‐5020 USA
- Institute of Integrative Biology Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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125
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Soil fungal community changes in response to long-term fire cessation and N fertilization in tallgrass prairie. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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126
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Lubin TK, Schultz P, Bever JD, Alexander HM. Are two strategies better than one? Manipulation of seed density and soil community in an experimental prairie restoration. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terra K. Lubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Peggy Schultz
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
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127
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Pizano C, Kitajima K, Graham JH, Mangan SA. Negative plant-soil feedbacks are stronger in agricultural habitats than in forest fragments in the tropical Andes. Ecology 2019; 100:e02850. [PMID: 31351010 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is now strong evidence suggesting that interactions between plants and their species-specific antagonistic microbes can maintain native plant community diversity. In contrast, the decay in diversity in plant communities invaded by nonnative plant species might be caused by weakening negative feedback strengths, perhaps because of the increased relative importance of plant mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Although the vast majority of studies examining plant-soil feedbacks have been conducted in a single habitat type, there are fewer studies that have tested how the strength and direction of these feedbacks change across habitats with differing dominating plants. In a fragmented montane agricultural system in Colombia, we experimentally teased apart the relative importance of AMF and non-AMF microbes (a microbial filtrate) to the strength and direction of feedbacks in both native and nonnative plant species. We hypothesized that native tree species of forest fragments would exhibit stronger negative feedbacks with a microbial filtrate that likely contained pathogens than with AMF alone, whereas nonnative plant species, especially a highly invasive dominant grass, would exhibit overall weaker negative feedbacks or even positive feedbacks regardless of the microbial type. We reciprocally inoculated each of 10 plant species separately with either the AMF community or the microbial filtrate originating from their own conspecifics, or with the AMF or microbial filtrate originating from each of the other nine heterospecific plant species. Overall, we found that the strength of negative feedback mediated by the filtrate was much stronger than feedbacks mediated by AMF. Surprisingly, we found that the two nonnative species, Urochloa brizantha and Coffea arabica, experienced stronger negative feedbacks with microbial filtrate than did the native forest tree species, suggesting that species-specific antagonistic microbes accumulate when a single host species dominates, as is the case in agricultural habitats. However, negative feedback between forest trees and agricultural species suggests that soil community dynamics may contribute to the re-establishment of native species into abandoned agricultural lands. Furthermore, our finding of no negative feedbacks among trees in forest fragments may be due to a loss in diversity of those microbes that drive diversity-maintaining processes in intact tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pizano
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Biología de la Conservación, Cenicafé, Km4 vía antigua, Chinchiná-Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - James H Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
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128
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Dietzel K, Valle D, Fierer N, U'Ren JM, Barberán A. Geographical Distribution of Fungal Plant Pathogens in Dust Across the United States. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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129
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Miller EC, Perron GG, Collins CD. Plant-driven changes in soil microbial communities influence seed germination through negative feedbacks. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9298-9311. [PMID: 31463022 PMCID: PMC6706191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) drive plant community diversity via interactions between plants and soil microbes. However, we know little about how frequently PSFs affect plants at the seed stage, and the compositional shifts in fungi that accompany PSFs on germination.We conducted a pairwise PSF experiment to test whether seed germination was differentially impacted by conspecific versus heterospecific soils for seven grassland species. We used metagenomics to characterize shifts in fungal community composition in soils conditioned by each plant species. To investigate whether changes in the abundance of certain fungal taxa were associated with multiple PSFs, we assigned taxonomy to soil fungi and identified putative pathogens that were significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species that experienced negative or positive PSFs.We observed negative, positive, and neutral PSFs on seed germination. Although conspecific and heterospecific soils for pairs with significant PSFs contained host-specialized soil fungal communities, soils with specialized microbial communities did not always lead to PSFs. The identity of host-specialized pathogens, that is, taxa uniquely present or significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species experiencing negative PSFs, overlapped among plant species, while putative pathogens within a single host plant species differed depending on the identity of the heterospecific plant partner. Finally, the magnitude of feedback on germination was not related to the degree of fungal community differentiation between species pairs involved in negative PSFs. Synthesis. Our findings reveal the potential importance of PSFs at the seed stage. Although plant species developed specialized fungal communities in rhizosphere soil, pathogens were not strictly host-specific and varied not just between plant species, but according to the identity of plant partner. These results illustrate the complexity of microbe-mediated interactions between plants at different life stages that next-generation sequencing can begin to unravel.
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130
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Wassermann B, Cernava T, Müller H, Berg C, Berg G. Seeds of native alpine plants host unique microbial communities embedded in cross-kingdom networks. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:108. [PMID: 31340847 PMCID: PMC6651914 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant microbiota is crucial for plant health and growth. Recently, vertical transmission of a beneficial core microbiota was identified for crop seeds, but for native plants, complementary mechanisms are almost completely unknown. METHODS We studied the seeds of eight native plant species growing together for centuries under the same environmental conditions in Alpine meadows (Austria) by qPCR, FISH-CLSM, and amplicon sequencing targeting bacteria, archaea, and fungi. RESULTS Bacteria and fungi were determined with approx. 1010 gene copy numbers g-1 seed as abundant inhabitants. Archaea, which were newly discovered as seed endophytes, are less and represent only 1.1% of the signatures. The seed microbiome was highly diversified, and all seeds showed a species-specific, highly unique microbial signature, sharing an exceptionally small core microbiome. The plant genotype (species) was clearly identified as the main driver, while different life cycles (annual/perennial) had less impact on the microbiota composition, and fruit morphology (capsule/achene) had no significant impact. A network analysis revealed significant co-occurrence patterns for bacteria and archaea, contrasting with an independent fungal network that was dominated by mutual exclusions. CONCLUSIONS These novel insights into the native seed microbiome contribute to a deeper understanding of seed microbial diversity and phytopathological processes for plant health, and beyond that for ecosystem plasticity and diversification within plant-specific microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wassermann
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Henry Müller
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Berg
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
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131
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Germany MS, Bruelheide H, Erfmeier A. Janzen‐Connell effects in a forest BEF experiment: Strong distance‐dependent seedling establishment of multiple species. Ecology 2019; 100:e02736. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus S. Germany
- Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Olshausenstrasse 75 24118 Kiel Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Olshausenstrasse 75 24118 Kiel Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
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132
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Wróbel A, Crone EE, Zwolak R. Differential impacts of soil microbes on native and co‐occurring invasive tree species. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wróbel
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | | | - Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
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133
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Bennett AE, Preedy K, Golubski A, Umbanhowar J, Borrett SR, Byrne L, Apostol K, Bever JD, Biederman L, Classen AT, Cuddington K, Graaff M, Garrett KA, Gross L, Hastings A, Hoeksema JD, Hrynkiv V, Karst J, Kummel M, Lee CT, Liang C, Liao W, Mack K, Miller L, Ownley B, Rojas C, Simms EL, Walsh VK, Warren M, Zhu J. Beyond the black box: promoting mathematical collaborations for elucidating interactions in soil ecology. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Bennett
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Katharine Preedy
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA UK
| | - Antonio Golubski
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Kennesaw State University Kennesaw Georgia 30144 USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599‐3280 USA
| | - Stuart R. Borrett
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina‐Wilmington Wilmington North Carolina 28403‐5915 USA
| | - Loren Byrne
- Roger Williams University One Old Ferry Road Bristol Rhode Island 02809 USA
| | - Kent Apostol
- Environmental Review 925N. Fairgrounds Road Goldendale Washington 98620 USA
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA
| | | | - Aimée T. Classen
- The Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | | | | | - Karen A. Garrett
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Plant Pathology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Lou Gross
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996‐1610 USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Jason D. Hoeksema
- Department of Biology University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | | | - Justine Karst
- Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Miro Kummel
- Colorado College Colorado Springs Colorado 80903 USA
| | - Charlotte T. Lee
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Wei Liao
- University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Keenan Mack
- Department of Biology Illinois College Jacksonville Illinois 62650 USA
| | - Laura Miller
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599‐3280 USA
| | - Bonnie Ownley
- The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Claudia Rojas
- Institute of Agronomic Sciences University of O'Higgins Rancagua Chile
| | - Ellen L. Simms
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720‐3140 USA
| | - Vonda K. Walsh
- Virginia Military Institute Lexington Virginia 24450‐0304 USA
| | - Matthew Warren
- Northern Research Station United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706‐1598 USA
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134
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The relative importance of plant-soil feedbacks for plant-species performance increases with decreasing intensity of herbivory. Oecologia 2019; 190:651-664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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135
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Wang P, Chen Y, Sun Y, Tan S, Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang G, Shu W, Luo C, Kuang J. Distinct Biogeography of Different Fungal Guilds and Their Associations With Plant Species Richness in Forest Ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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136
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Dickie IA, Wakelin AM, Martínez-García LB, Richardson SJ, Makiola A, Tylianakis JM. Oomycetes along a 120,000 year temperate rainforest ecosystem development chronosequence. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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137
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Crawford KM, Bauer JT, Comita LS, Eppinga MB, Johnson DJ, Mangan SA, Queenborough SA, Strand AE, Suding KN, Umbanhowar J, Bever JD. When and where plant-soil feedback may promote plant coexistence: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1274-1284. [PMID: 31149765 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) theory provides a powerful framework for understanding plant dynamics by integrating growth assays into predictions of whether soil communities stabilise plant-plant interactions. However, we lack a comprehensive view of the likelihood of feedback-driven coexistence, partly because of a failure to analyse pairwise PSF, the metric directly linked to plant species coexistence. Here, we determine the relative importance of plant evolutionary history, traits, and environmental factors for coexistence through PSF using a meta-analysis of 1038 pairwise PSF measures. Consistent with eco-evolutionary predictions, feedback is more likely to mediate coexistence for pairs of plant species (1) associating with similar guilds of mycorrhizal fungi, (2) of increasing phylogenetic distance, and (3) interacting with native microbes. We also found evidence for a primary role of pathogens in feedback-mediated coexistence. By combining results over several independent studies, our results confirm that PSF may play a key role in plant species coexistence, species invasion, and the phylogenetic diversification of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bauer
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Environmental Science, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Allan E Strand
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and The Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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138
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Wang G, Schultz P, Tipton A, Zhang J, Zhang F, Bever JD. Soil microbiome mediates positive plant diversity-productivity relationships in late successional grassland species. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1221-1232. [PMID: 31131969 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Which processes drive the productivity benefits of biodiversity remain a critical, but unanswered question in ecology. We tested whether the soil microbiome mediates the diversity-productivity relationships among late successional plant species. We found that productivity increased with plant richness in diverse soil communities, but not with low-diversity mixtures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or in pasteurised soils. Diversity-interaction modelling revealed that pairwise interactions among species best explained the positive diversity-productivity relationships, and that transgressive overyielding resulting from positive complementarity was only observed with the late successional soil microbiome, which was both the most diverse and exhibited the strongest community differentiation among plant species. We found evidence that both dilution/suppression from host-specific pathogens and microbiome-mediated resource partitioning contributed to positive diversity-productivity relationships and overyielding. Our results suggest that re-establishment of a diverse, late successional soil microbiome may be critical to the restoration of the functional benefits of plant diversity following anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Wang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Peggy Schultz
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Alice Tipton
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Department of Science, Technology & Mathematics, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA
| | - Junling Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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139
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Kandlikar GS, Johnson CA, Yan X, Kraft NJB, Levine JM. Winning and losing with microbes: how microbially mediated fitness differences influence plant diversity. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1178-1191. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav S. Kandlikar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | - Xinyi Yan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
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140
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Snyder AE, Harmon-Threatt AN. Reduced water-availability lowers the strength of negative plant–soil feedbacks of two Asclepias species. Oecologia 2019; 190:425-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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141
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Liu Y, He F. Incorporating the disease triangle framework for testing the effect of soil‐borne pathogens on tree species diversity. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai China
| | - Fangliang He
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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142
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He Y, Pantigoso HA, Wu Z, Vivanco JM. Co-inoculation of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas putida at different development stages acts as a biostimulant to promote growth, yield and nutrient uptake of tomato. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:196-207. [PMID: 30955229 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study builds upon the premise that roots culture distinct bacteria at specific stages of plant growth to benefit of specific microbial services needed at that particular growth stage. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the co-inoculation of beneficial microbes with distinct properties at specific stages of plant development would enhance plant performance. METHODS AND RESULTS The chosen microbes were Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mojavensis and Pseudomonas putida. These microbes were selected based on their specific services ranging from nutrient solubilization, root growth promotion and disease resistance, and were applied to the roots of tomato plants at specific time points when those services were needed the most by the plant. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation at specific stages of development compared to single microbial applications. CONCLUSION In general, the combination of three microbes gave the highest biomass and yield without the presence of disease. Applications of three microbes showed the highest root/shoot ratio, and applications of four microbes the lowest ratio. Pseudomonas putida significantly increased fruit macronutrient and micronutrient contents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our studies suggest that co-inoculation of three or four microbes is a good strategy for healthy crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Lab for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, PR China.,Center for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H A Pantigoso
- Center for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Z Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Lab for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, PR China
| | - J M Vivanco
- Center for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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143
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Thakur MP, Quast V, van Dam NM, Eisenhauer N, Roscher C, Biere A, Martinez‐Medina A. Interactions between functionally diverse fungal mutualists inconsistently affect plant performance and competition. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P. Thakur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen the Netherlands
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ Leipzig Germany
| | - Vera Quast
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ Leipzig Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ Leipzig Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Physiological Diversity Leipzig Germany
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martinez‐Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC) Salamanca Spain
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144
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Ramirez KS, Snoek LB, Koorem K, Geisen S, Bloem LJ, Ten Hooven F, Kostenko O, Krigas N, Manrubia M, Caković D, van Raaij D, Tsiafouli MA, Vreš B, Čelik T, Weser C, Wilschut RA, van der Putten WH. Range-expansion effects on the belowground plant microbiome. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:604-611. [PMID: 30911144 PMCID: PMC6443080 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant range expansion is occurring at a rapid pace, largely in response to human-induced climate warming. Although the movement of plants along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients is well-documented, effects on belowground microbial communities remain largely unknown. Furthermore, for range expansion, not all plant species are equal: in a new range, the relatedness between range-expanding plant species and native flora can influence plant-microorganism interactions. Here we use a latitudinal gradient spanning 3,000 km across Europe to examine bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and surrounding soils of range-expanding plant species. We selected range-expanding plants with and without congeneric native species in the new range and, as a control, the congeneric native species, totalling 382 plant individuals collected across Europe. In general, the status of a plant as a range-expanding plant was a weak predictor of the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. However, microbial communities of range-expanding plant species became more similar to each other further from their original range. Range-expanding plants that were unrelated to the native community also experienced a decrease in the ratio of plant pathogens to symbionts, giving weak support to the enemy release hypothesis. Even at a continental scale, the effects of plant range expansion on the belowground microbiome are detectable, although changes to specific taxa remain difficult to decipher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Ramirez
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L Basten Snoek
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Janneke Bloem
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Olga Kostenko
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marta Manrubia
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Danka Caković
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | - Maria A Tsiafouli
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Branko Vreš
- Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Čelik
- Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carolin Weser
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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145
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Teste FP, Kardol P, Turner BL, Wardle DA, Zemunik G, Renton M, Laliberté E. Toward more robust plant–soil feedback research: Comment. Ecology 2019; 100:e02590. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François P. Teste
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales IMASL‐CONICET & Universidad Nacional de San Luis Avenida Ejercito de los Andes 950 (5700) San Luis Argentina
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐901 83 Sweden
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐901 83 Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Graham Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Centre sur la Biodiversité Département de Sciences Biologiques Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Université de Montréal 4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal Quebec H1X 2B2 Canada
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146
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Liu X, Ma Z, Cadotte MW, Chen F, He JS, Zhou S. Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1574-1584. [PMID: 30325035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of global change on semi-natural and agro-ecosystem functioning have been studied extensively. However, less well understood is how global change will influence fungal diseases, especially in a natural ecosystem. We use data from a 6-yr factorial experiment with warming (simulated using infrared heaters) and altered precipitation treatments in a natural Tibetan alpine meadow ecosystem, from which we tested global change effects on foliar fungal diseases at the population and community levels, and evaluated the importance of direct effects of the treatments and community-mediated (indirect) effects (through changes in plant community composition and competence) of global change on community pathogen load. At the population level, we found warming significantly increased fungal diseases for nine plant species. At the community level, we found that warming significantly increased pathogen load of entire host communities, whereas no significant effect of altered precipitation on community pathogen load was detected. We concluded that warming influences fungal disease prevalence more than precipitation does in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Moreover, our study provides new experimental evidence that increases in disease burden on some plant species and for entire host communities is primarily the direct effects of warming, rather than community-mediated (indirect) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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147
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Viswanathan A, Ghazoul J, Honwad G, Kumar NA, Bagchi R. The effects of rainforest fragment area on the strength of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180493. [PMID: 30958209 PMCID: PMC6371897 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic interactions between fungi and plants facilitate plant species coexistence and tropical rainforest diversity. Such interactions, however, may be affected by forest fragmentation as fungi are susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance. To examine how fragmentation affects fungus-induced seed and seedling mortality, we sowed seeds of six plant species in soils collected from 21 forest fragments. We compared seedling establishment in unmanipulated soils to soils treated with fungicides. Fungicides increased germination of Toona ciliata seeds and decreased mortality of Syzygium rubicundum and Olea dioica seedlings. The fungus-induced mortality of one of these species, S. rubicundum, decreased with decreasing fragment size, indicating that its interactions with pathogenic fungi may weaken as fragments become smaller. We provide evidence that a potential diversity-maintaining plant-fungus interaction weakens in small forest fragments and suggest that such disruptions may have important long-term consequences for plant diversity. However, we emphasize the need for further research across rainforest plant communities to better understand the future of diversity in fragmented rainforest landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Viswanathan
- Chair of Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Chair of Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ganesh Honwad
- Center for Innovation Research and Consultancy, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - N. Arun Kumar
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006, India
| | - Robert Bagchi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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148
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Susi H, Filloux D, Frilander MJ, Roumagnac P, Laine AL. Diverse and variable virus communities in wild plant populations revealed by metagenomic tools. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6140. [PMID: 30648011 PMCID: PMC6330959 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild plant populations may harbour a myriad of unknown viruses. As the majority of research efforts have targeted economically important plant species, the diversity and prevalence of viruses in the wild has remained largely unknown. However, the recent shift towards metagenomics-based sequencing methodologies, especially those targeting small RNAs, is finally enabling virus discovery from wild hosts. Understanding this diversity of potentially pathogenic microbes in the wild can offer insights into the components of natural biodiversity that promotes long-term coexistence between hosts and parasites in nature, and help predict when and where risks of disease emergence are highest. Here, we used small RNA deep sequencing to identify viruses in Plantago lanceolata populations, and to understand the variation in their prevalence and distribution across the Åland Islands, South-West Finland. By subsequent design of PCR primers, we screened the five most common viruses from two sets of P. lanceolata plants: 164 plants collected from 12 populations irrespective of symptoms, and 90 plants collected from five populations showing conspicuous viral symptoms. In addition to the previously reported species Plantago lanceolata latent virus (PlLV), we found four potentially novel virus species belonging to Caulimovirus, Betapartitivirus, Enamovirus, and Closterovirus genera. Our results show that virus prevalence and diversity varied among the sampled host populations. In six of the virus infected populations only a single virus species was detected, while five of the populations supported between two to five of the studied virus species. In 20% of the infected plants, viruses occurred as coinfections. When the relationship between conspicuous viral symptoms and virus infection was investigated, we found that plants showing symptoms were usually infected (84%), but virus infections were also detected from asymptomatic plants (44%). Jointly, these results reveal a diverse virus community with newly developed tools and protocols that offer exciting opportunities for future studies on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of viruses infecting plants in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mikko J Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, Genome Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Finland
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149
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Makiola A, Dickie IA, Holdaway RJ, Wood JR, Orwin KH, Lee CK, Glare TR. Biases in the metabarcoding of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00780. [PMID: 30585441 PMCID: PMC6612544 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens such as rust fungi (Pucciniales) are of global economic and ecological importance. This means there is a critical need to reliably and cost-effectively detect, identify, and monitor these fungi at large scales. We investigated and analyzed the causes of differences between next-generation sequencing (NGS) metabarcoding approaches and traditional DNA cloning in the detection and quantification of recognized species of rust fungi from environmental samples. We found significant differences between observed and expected numbers of shared rust fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among different methods. However, there was no significant difference in relative abundance of OTUs that all methods were capable of detecting. Differences among the methods were mainly driven by the method's ability to detect specific OTUs, likely caused by mismatches with the NGS metabarcoding primers to some Puccinia species. Furthermore, detection ability did not seem to be influenced by differences in sequence lengths among methods, the most appropriate bioinformatic pipeline used for each method, or the ability to detect rare species. Our findings are important to future metabarcoding studies, because they highlight the main sources of difference among methods, and rule out several mechanisms that could drive these differences. Furthermore, strong congruity among three fundamentally different and independent methods demonstrates the promising potential of NGS metabarcoding for tracking important taxa such as rust fungi from within larger NGS metabarcoding communities. Our results support the use of NGS metabarcoding for the large-scale detection and quantification of rust fungi, but not for confirming the absence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Makiola
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAUniversité Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance,Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln UniversityLincolnNew Zealand
| | - Ian A. Dickie
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyNew Zealand
| | | | - Jamie R. Wood
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare ResearchLincolnNew Zealand
| | - Kate H. Orwin
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare ResearchLincolnNew Zealand
| | - Charles K. Lee
- Waikato DNA Sequencing Facility, School of ScienceUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Travis R. Glare
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln UniversityLincolnNew Zealand
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150
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Abstract
Explaining the maintenance of tropical forest diversity under the countervailing forces of drift and competition poses a major challenge to ecological theory. Janzen-Connell effects, in which host-specific natural enemies restrict the recruitment of juveniles near conspecific adults, provide a potential mechanism. Janzen-Connell is strongly supported empirically, but existing theory does not address the stable coexistence of hundreds of species. Here we use high-performance computing and analytical models to demonstrate that tropical forest diversity can be maintained nearly indefinitely in a prolonged state of transient dynamics due to distance-responsive natural enemies. Further, we show that Janzen-Connell effects lead to community regulation of diversity by imposing a diversity-dependent cost to commonness and benefit to rarity. The resulting species-area and rank-abundance relationships are consistent with empirical results. Diversity maintenance over long time spans does not require dispersal from an external metacommunity, speciation, or resource niche partitioning, only a small zone around conspecific adults in which saplings fail to recruit. We conclude that the Janzen-Connell mechanism can explain the maintenance of tropical tree diversity while not precluding the operation of other niche-based mechanisms such as resource partitioning.
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