101
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Romagnoli A, Petruccioli E, Palucci I, Camassa S, Carata E, Petrone L, Mariano S, Sali M, Dini L, Girardi E, Delogu G, Goletti D, Fimia GM. Clinical isolates of the modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 evade host defense in human macrophages through eluding IL-1β-induced autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:624. [PMID: 29795378 PMCID: PMC5967325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has infected over 1.7 billion people worldwide and causes 1.4 million deaths annually. Recently, genome sequence analysis has allowed the reconstruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) evolution, with the identification of seven phylogeographic lineages: four referred to as evolutionarily “ancient”, and three “modern”. The MTBC strains belonging to “modern” lineages appear to show enhanced virulence that may have warranted improved transmission in humans over ancient lineages through molecular mechanisms that remain to be fully characterized. To evaluate the impact of MTBC genetic diversity on the innate immune response, we analyzed intracellular bacterial replication, inflammatory cytokine levels, and autophagy response in human primary macrophages infected with MTBC clinical isolates belonging to the ancient lineages 1 and 5, and the modern lineage 4. We show that, when compared to ancient lineage 1 and 5, MTBC strains belonging to modern lineage 4 show a higher rate of replication, associated to a significant production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and induction of a functional autophagy process. Interestingly, we found that the increased autophagic flux observed in macrophages infected with modern MTBC is due to an autocrine activity of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, since autophagosome maturation is blocked by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Unexpectedly, IL-1β-induced autophagy is not disadvantageous for the survival of modern Mtb strains, which reside within Rab5-positive phagosomal vesicles and avoid autophagosome engulfment. Altogether, these results suggest that autophagy triggered by inflammatory cytokines is compatible with a high rate of intracellular bacilli replication and may therefore contribute to the increased pathogenicity of the modern MTBC lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Romagnoli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Serena Camassa
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy.
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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102
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Moracin M inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in nucleus pulposus cells via regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR phosphorylation. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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103
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Cho JH, Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Yoon BI, Choe J, Kim KC, Hahn TW, Han JA, Choi SS, Jung YM, Lee KH, Lee YS, Jung YJ. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod induces anti-cancer effects via autophagic cell death and enhances anti-tumoral and systemic immunity during radiotherapy for melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24932-24948. [PMID: 28212561 PMCID: PMC5421900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are strongly considered immune-adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy and have been shown to exert direct anti-cancer effects. This study was performed to evaluate the synergistic anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) during radiotherapy for melanoma. The pretreatment of B16F10 or B16F1 cells with IMQ combined with γ-ionizing radiation (IR) led to enhanced cell death via autophagy, as demonstrated by increased expression levels of autophagy-related genes, and an increased number of autophagosomes in both cell lines. The results also confirmed that the autophagy process was accelerated via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the cells pretreated with IMQ combined with IR. Mice subcutaneously injected with melanoma cells showed a reduced tumor growth rate after treatment with IMQ and IR. Treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ameliorated the anti-cancer effect of IMQ combined with IR. Additionally, the combination therapy enhanced anti-cancer immunity, as demonstrated by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor lesions. Moreover, the combination therapy decreased the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs of mice that were injected with B16F10 cells via the tail vein. In addition, the combination therapy enhanced systemic anti-cancer immunity by increasing the abundances of T cell populations expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Therefore, these findings suggest that IMQ could serve as a radiosensitizer and immune booster during radiotherapy for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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104
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RostamiRad A, Ebrahimi SSS, Sadeghi A, Taghikhani M, Meshkani R. Palmitate-induced impairment of autophagy turnover leads to increased apoptosis and inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunobiology 2018; 223:269-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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105
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Alizadeh J, Glogowska A, Thliveris J, Kalantari F, Shojaei S, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Autophagy modulates transforming growth factor beta 1 induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:749-768. [PMID: 29481833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancer cases. Autophagy is a cellular process responsible for the recycling of damaged organelles and protein aggregates. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) is involved in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and autophagy induction in different cancer models and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. It is not clear how autophagy can regulate EMT in NSCLC cells. In the present study, we have investigated the regulatory role of autophagy in EMT induction in NSCLC and show that TGFβ1 can simultaneously induce both autophagy and EMT in the NSCL lines A549 and H1975. Upon chemical inhibition of autophagy using Bafilomycin-A1, the expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and N-cadherin was reduced. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed that the mesenchymal marker vimentin was significantly downregulated upon TGFβ1 treatment in ATG7 knockdown cells when compared to corresponding cells treated with scramble shRNA (negative control), while E-cadherin was unchanged. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition (Bafilomycin A1 and ATG7 knockdown) decreased two important mesenchymal functions, migration and contraction, of NSCLC cells upon TGFβ1 treatment. This study identified a crucial role of autophagy as a potential positive regulator of TGFβ1-induced EMT in NSCLC cells and identifies inhibitors of autophagy as promising new drugs in antagonizing the role of EMT inducers, like TGFβ1, in the clinical progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Forouh Kalantari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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106
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Mishra SK, Gao YG, Deng Y, Chalfant CE, Hinchcliffe EH, Brown RE. CPTP: A sphingolipid transfer protein that regulates autophagy and inflammasome activation. Autophagy 2018; 14:862-879. [PMID: 29164996 PMCID: PMC6070007 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1393129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The macroautophagy/autophagy and inflammasome pathways are linked through their roles in innate immunity and chronic inflammatory disease. Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production. Whether C1P also regulates autophagy and inflammasome assembly/activation is not known. Here we show that CPTP (a protein that traffics C1P from its site of phosphorylation in the trans-Golgi to target membranes) regulates both autophagy and inflammasome activation. In human epithelial cells, knockdown of CPTP (but not GLTP [glycolipid transfer protein]) or expression of C1P binding-site point mutants, stimulated an 8- to 10-fold increase in autophagosomes and altered endogenous LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 protein expression levels. CPTP depletion-induced autophagy elevated early markers of autophagosome formation (Golgi-derived ATG9A-vesicles, WIPI1), required key phagophore assembly and elongation factors (ATG5, ATG7, ULK1), and suppressed MTOR phosphorylation and that of its downstream target, RPS6KB1/p70S6K. Wild-type CPTP overexpression exerted a protective effect against starvation-induced autophagy. In THP-1 macrophage-like surveillance cells, CPTP knockdown induced not only autophagy but also elevated CASP1/caspase-1 levels, and strongly increased IL1B/interleukin-1β and IL18 release via a NLRP3 (but not NLRC4) inflammasome-based mechanism, while only moderately increasing inflammatory (pyroptotic) cell death. Inflammasome assembly and activation stimulated by CPTP depletion were autophagy dependent. Elevation of intracellular C1P by exogenous C1P treatment (instead of CPTP inhibition) also induced autophagy and IL1B release. Our findings identify human CPTP as an endogenous regulator of early-stage autophagosome assembly and inflammasome-driven, pro-inflammatory cytokine generation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN USA
| | - Yibin Deng
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN USA
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, VCU Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Johnson Center for Critical Care and Pulmonary Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA USA
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107
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He Y, Jing Y, Wei F, Tang Y, Yang L, Luo J, Yang P, Ni Q, Pang J, Liao Q, Xiong F, Guo C, Xiang B, Li X, Zhou M, Li Y, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Li G. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 predicts poor prognosis and induces radioresistance by regulating DNA repair and cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 29445147 PMCID: PMC5833381 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA, plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, and is believed to be a potential oncogene. However, the role and mechanism of action of PVT1 in the carcinogenesis and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) remains unclear. In this study, for the first time, we have discovered that PVT1 shows higher expression in NPCs than in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue, and patients with NPCs who show higher expression of PVT1 have worse progression-free and overall survivals. Additionally, we observed that the proliferation of NPC cells decreased, and their rate of apoptosis increased; these results indicated that the knockdown of PVT1 expression in the NPC cells induced radiosensitivity. Further, we have shown that the knockdown of PVT1 expression can induce apoptosis in the NPC cells by influencing the DNA damage repair pathway after radiotherapy. In general, our study shows that PVT1 may be a novel biomarker for prognosis and a new target for the treatment of NPCs. Additionally, targeting PVT1 may be a potential strategy for the clinical management of NPC and for the improvement of the curative effect of radiation in NPCs.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Repair
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gamma Rays/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/mortality
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/therapy
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yizhou Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liting Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianxi Ni
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinmeng Pang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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108
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Wang Y, Jiang K, Zhang Q, Meng S, Ding C. Autophagy in Negative-Strand RNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29487586 PMCID: PMC5816943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homoeostatic process by which cytoplasmic material is targeted for degradation by the cell. Viruses have learned to manipulate the autophagic pathway to ensure their own replication and survival. Although much progress has been achieved in dissecting the interplay between viruses and cellular autophagic machinery, it is not well understood how the cellular autophagic pathway is utilized by viruses and manipulated to their own advantage. In this review, we briefly introduce autophagy, viral xenophagy and the interaction among autophagy, virus and immune response, then focus on the interplay between NS-RNA viruses and autophagy during virus infection. We have selected some exemplary NS-RNA viruses and will describe how these NS-RNA viruses regulate autophagy and the role of autophagy in NS-RNA viral replication and in immune responses to virus infection. We also review recent advances in understanding how NS-RNA viral proteins perturb autophagy and how autophagy-related proteins contribute to NS-RNA virus replication, pathogenesis and antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Songshu Meng
- Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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109
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Abstract
There is a clear link between defects in autophagy and the development of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, raising interest in better understanding the roles of autophagy within the immune system. In addition, autophagy has been implicated in the immune response to infection by pathogenic microbes. As such, there are efforts currently underway to develop modulators of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the numerous roles for autophagy in immunity and how these activities are linked to disease. We highlight how autophagy affects pathogen clearance, phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptor signaling, inflammation, antigen presentation, cell death, and immune cell development and maintenance. With these diverse and extensive immune-related functions for autophagy in mind, we finish by considering the possible implications of targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Eric M Nehls
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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110
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Zheng T, Xu C, Mao C, Mou X, Wu F, Wang X, Bu L, Zhou Y, Luo X, Lu Q, Liu H, Yuan G, Wang S, Chen D, Xiao Y. Increased Interleukin-23 in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Disease Induces Autophagy Suppression and Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:96. [PMID: 29434604 PMCID: PMC5796905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) represents the most common organ-specific autoimmune disease. Inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play detrimental roles during the pathogenesis of HT. In this study, we found that thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) from HT patients expressed an elevated level of interleukin-23 (IL-23), which contributed to autophagy suppression and ROS accumulation. Additionally, IL-23-induced autophagy suppression and ROS accumulation in human TFCs was attributed to AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Inhibition of either IL-23 by a specific neutralization antibody, or mTOR by rapamycin, or NF-κB by IKK-16, significantly reversed the autophagy suppression and ROS accumulation. These results demonstrate a key role for IL-23 in HT pathogenesis and provide a potential therapeutic strategy against IL-23 or its signaling pathway in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ling Bu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingyan Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Immunology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Moura-Martiniano NO, Machado-Ferreira E, Gazêta GS, Soares CAG. Relative transcription of autophagy-related genes in Amblyomma sculptum and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:401-428. [PMID: 29181673 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks endure stressful off-host periods and perform as vectors of a diversity of infectious agents, thus engaging pathways that expectedly demand for autophagy. Little is known of ticks' autophagy, a conserved eukaryotic machinery assisting in homeostasis processes that also participates in tissue-dependent metabolic functions. Here, the autophagy-related ATG4 (autophagin-1), ATG6 (beclin-1) and ATG8 (LC3) mRNAs from the human diseases vector Amblyomma sculptum and the cattle-tick Rhipicephalus microplus were identified. Comparative qPCR quantifications evidenced different transcriptional status for the ATG genes in the salivary glands (SG), ovaries and intestines of actively feeding ticks. These ATGs had increased relative transcription under nutrient-deprivation, as determined by validation tests with R. microplus embryo-derivative cells BME26 and A. sculptum SG explants incubations in HBSS. Starvation lead to 4-31.8× and ~ 60-500× increments on the ATGs mRNA loads in BME26 and A. sculptum SG explants, respectively. PI3K inhibitor 3MA treatment also affected ATGs expression in BME26. Some ATGs were more transcribed in the SGs than in the ovaries of cattle-ticks. Amblyomma sculptum/R. microplus interspecific comparisons showed that ATG4 and ATG6 were 0.18× less expressed in A. sculptum SGs, but ~ 10-100× more expressed in their ovaries when compared to R. microplus organs. ATG4 and ATG8a transcript loads were ~ 120× and ~ 40× higher, respectively, in A. sculptum intestines when compared to cattle-ticks of similar weight category. ATGs expression in A. sculptum intestines increased with tick weight, indicating Atgs contribution to intracellular blood digestion. Possible roles of the autophagy machinery and their organ-specific expression profile on vector biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O Moura-Martiniano
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Eucariontes e Simbiontes, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erik Machado-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Eucariontes e Simbiontes, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto S Gazêta
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Vetores das Riquetsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Soares
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Eucariontes e Simbiontes, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- , Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Bloco A, Lab. A2-120. Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco S/N, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil.
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Sandoval H, Kodali S, Wang J. Regulation of B cell fate, survival, and function by mitochondria and autophagy. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:58-65. [PMID: 29175010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells are responsible for protective antibody production after differentiation into antibody-secreting cells during humoral immune responses. From early B cell development in the bone marrow, to their maturation in the periphery, activation in the germinal center, and differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells, B cells display ever-changing functions and properties. Autophagy and mitochondria play important roles in B cell development, activation, and differentiation to accommodate the phenotypic and environmental changes encountered over the lifetime of the cell. Among their many functions, mitochondria and autophagy generate energy, mediate cell survival, and produce/eliminate reactive oxygen species that can serve as signal molecules to regulate differentiation. As B cells mature and differentiate into plasma or memory cells, both autophagic and mitochondrial functions undergo significant changes. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the role of the autophagosome and mitochondria in regulating B cell fate, survival, and function. Moreover, we will discuss the interplay between these two highly metabolic organelles during B cell development, maturation, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sandoval
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srikanth Kodali
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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113
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The alternation of autophagy/apoptosis in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs on the developmental stages of atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1053-1060. [PMID: 29136784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses in atherosclerosis. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying Tregs upon long-term development of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, atherosclerotic model was induced in ApoE-/- mice by feeding fat-diet for 10 weeks. Quantification of atherosclerotic lesions was done by calculating the lesion size in the aortic sinus every 2 weeks. The lipid levels and inflammatory mediators were detected in serum sample. The populations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were compared between ApoE-/- mice (ApoE-/-) and wild type C57BL/6 littermates (WT). The expression levels of autophagy and apoptosis signaling related regulators were determined by flow cytomery, RT-qPCR, and western blot assays in the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs isolated from ApoE-/- and WT. We found that the sizes of plaque lesions in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice were larger than those in WT group during 10 weeks' detection (all P<0.05); Whereas, flow cytometry assay showed that the populations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were significantly reduced in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice compared with those in corresponding WT group from the 4th weeks' detection (all P<0.05). The lipid accumulation and increased pro-inflammatory mediators were correlated with the developmental progression of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, compared to WT group, the functional properties of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs from ApoE-/- mice showed a gradually decreased autophagic activity with aberrant expressions of LC3, Beclin1, ATG5, ATG7, p62 (all P<0.05), and a gradually increased apoptotic activity with abnormal expressions of cleaved caspase 3, Bim, Bcl-2 (all P<0.05) during the 10 weeks' detection period. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the population of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs was reversely correlated with plaque forming in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice during atherosclerosis development. And the autophagy/apoptosis-dependent Tregs might play a crucial role for the maintenance of CD4 9+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs survival during atherosclerosis progression.
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Van Kaer L, Parekh VV, Postoak JL, Wu L. Role of autophagy in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2017; 113:2-5. [PMID: 29126597 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptide antigens to MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes. The peptides loaded onto MHC class I molecules are typically derived from cytosolic antigens, which includes both self and foreign proteins. In addition to this classical MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, some cell types, especially dendritic cells can present antigens from exogenous sources to MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells, in a process called cross-presentation. A variety of cellular processes, including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy, play critical roles in these antigen presentation pathways. In this review article, we discuss the role of autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes, in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. A mechanistic understanding of the role of autophagy-related proteins in MHC class I restricted antigen presentation may guide future efforts in manipulating autophagy to prevent or treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Vrajesh V Parekh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Luke Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Hua Y, Shen M, McDonald C, Yao Q. Autophagy dysfunction in autoinflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 88:11-20. [PMID: 29108670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases (AUIDs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of rheumatic diseases characterized by episodic inflammation linked with dysregulated innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms altered by disease-associated variants in several AUIDs, including NOD2-associated diseases, TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), and highlight the roles dysregulated autophagy plays in disease pathogenesis. Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic pathway for the elimination of cellular stressors, such as misfolded proteins, damaged organelles, or intracellular microorganisms. It is now recognized that autophagy also functions to control inflammation through regulatory interactions with innate immune signaling pathways. AUID-associated genetic variants are known to directly activate inflammatory signaling pathways. Recent evidence also indicates that these variants may also cause impairment of autophagy, thus augmenting inflammatory responses indirectly. Intriguingly, these variants can impair autophagy by different mechanisms, further implicating the autophagic response pathway in AUIDs. These discoveries provide evidence that autophagy could be investigated as a new therapeutic target for AUIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Hua
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Qingping Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Bhandari M, Wiechert SA, Gilbertie J, Jones DE, Sponseller BA. Induction of Reactive Intermediates and Autophagy-Related Proteins upon Infection of Macrophages with Rhodococcus equi. SCIENTIFICA 2017; 2017:8135737. [PMID: 29230347 PMCID: PMC5688232 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8135737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) is an intracellular macrophage-tropic pathogen with potential for causing fatal pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals between 1 and 6 months of age. In this study, we sought to determine whether infection of macrophages with R. equi could lead to the induction of autophagy. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected with R. equi for various time intervals and analyzed for upregulation of autophagy proteins and accumulation of autophagosomes relative to uninfected controls. Western blot analysis showed a progressive increase in LC3-II and Beclin1 levels in a time-dependent manner. The functional accumulation of autophagosomes detected with monodansylcadaverine further supported the enhanced induction of autophagy in BMDM infected with R. equi. In addition, infection of BMDM with R. equi induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. These data are consistent with reports documenting the role of ROS in induction of autophagy and indicate that the infection of macrophages by R. equi elicits innate host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Chandramani-Shivalingappa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mahesh Bhandari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sarah A. Wiechert
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jessica Gilbertie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Douglas E. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brett A. Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Wang J, Song D, Liu Y, Lu G, Yang S, Liu L, Gao Z, Ma L, Guo Z, Zhang C, Wang H, Yang B. HLA-DMB restricts human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) protein expression via regulation of ATG7 acetylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14416. [PMID: 29089548 PMCID: PMC5663917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of autophagy in viral infection are complicated. While autophagy has been shown to function in host antiviral defense by eliminating intracellular viruses and regulating adaptive immunity, several viruses have evolved molecular mechanisms to get benefits from it. The deltaretrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) has been reported to profit its replication from enhancing autophagosome accumulation. Here, we reported that HLA-DMB (generally referred to here as DMB), the beta chain of the non-classical MHC-II protein HLA-DM, had strong expression in HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines and could be induced in Hela, PMA-differentiated THP1 (PMA-THP1) or primary human monocytes by HTLV-1 infection. Immunoblot and real-time PCR assays demonstrated that overexpression of DMB decreased HTLV-1 protein expression while the knockdown of DMB increased HTLV-1 protein expression. Immunoblot and confocal microscopy assays indicated that overexpression of DMB decreased HTLV-1 induced autophagosome accumulation while the knockdown of DMB yielded the opposite effects. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoprecipitation experiments suggested DMB interacted with autophagy-related gene (ATG) 7 and increased the acetylation of ATG7. Taken together, these results suggested DMB modulated HTLV-1 protein expression through regulation of autophagosome accumulation and our findings suggested a new mechanism by which the host cells defended against HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of immunology and targeted drugs, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
- Xinxiang assegai medical laboratory institute, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Di Song
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of immunology and targeted drugs, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
- Xinxiang assegai medical laboratory institute, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yanzi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Guangjian Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhitao Gao
- Department of Immunology/Department of Bio-therapeutic, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lingling Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Guo
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of immunology and targeted drugs, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of immunology and targeted drugs, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
- Xinxiang assegai medical laboratory institute, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Zhou Y, Ren Y, Cong Y, Mu Y, Yin R, Ding Z. Autophagy induced by bovine viral diarrhea virus infection counteracts apoptosis and innate immune activation. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3103-3118. [PMID: 28702931 PMCID: PMC7086613 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that plays a complex role in disease. There are two biotypes of BVDV: non-cytopathic (NCP) and cytopathic (CP). One strategy that has been used to treat or prevent virus-associated diseases is the modulation of autophagy, which is used by the innate immune system to defend against viral infection; however, at present, the interplay between autophagy and BVDV remains unclear. Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells stably expressing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (GFP-LC3-MDBK cells) and autophagy-deficient MDBKs (shBCN1-MDBK cells) were constructed. Then MDBK, GFP-LC3-MDBK and shBCN1-MDBK cells were infected with CP or NCP BVDV strains. The LC3-II turnover rate was estimated by western blot, autophagosomes were visualized by confocal microscopy, and ultrastructural analysis was performed using electron microscopy. Autophagy flux was observed using chloroquine as an inhibitor of the autophagic process. The influence of autophagy on BVDV replication and release was investigated using virus titration, and its effect on cell viability was also studied. The effect of BVDV-induced autophagy on the survival of BVDV-infected host cell, cell apoptosis, and interferon (IFN) signalling was studied by flow cytometric analysis and quantitative RT-(q)PCR using shBCN1-MDBK cells. we found that infection with either CP or NCP BVDV strains induced steady-state autophagy in MDBK cells, as evident by the increased number of double- or single-membrane vesicles, the accumulation of GFP- microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) dots, and the conversion of LC3-I (cytosolic) to LC3-II (membrane-bound) forms. The complete autophagic process was verified by monitoring the LC3-II turnover ratio, lysosomal delivery, and proteolysis. In addition, we found that CP and NCP BVDV growth was inhibited in MDBK cells treated with high levels of an autophagy inducer or inhibitor, or in autophagy deficient-MDBK cells. Furthermore, our studies also suggested that CP and NCP BVDV infection in autophagy-knockdown MDBK cells increased apoptotic cell death and enhanced the expression of the mRNAs for IFN-α, Mx1, IFN-β, and OAS-1 as compared with control MDBK cells. Our study provides strong evidence that BVDV infection induces autophagy, which facilitates BVDV replication in MDBK cells and impairs the innate immune response. These findings might help to illustrate the pathogenesis of persistent infection caused by BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 Jilin China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Yachao Ren
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Yanlong Cong
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 Jilin China
| | - Yu Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 Jilin China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 Jilin China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 Jilin China
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Chang H, Wang Y, Yin X, Liu X, Xuan H. Ethanol extract of propolis and its constituent caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibit breast cancer cells proliferation in inflammatory microenvironment by inhibiting TLR4 signal pathway and inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:471. [PMID: 28950845 PMCID: PMC5615448 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Propolis and its major constituent – caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) have good abilities on antitumor and anti-inflammation. However, little is known about the actions of propolis and CAPE on tumor in inflammatory microenvironment, and inflammatory responses play decisive roles at different stages of tumor development. To understand the effects and mechanisms of ethanol-extracted Chinese propolis (EECP) and its major constituent - CAPE in inflammation-stimulated tumor, we investigated their effects on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway which plays a crucial role in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. Methods 80% confluent breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Then the cells were divided for treatment by CAPE (25 μg/mL) and EECP (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL), respectively. Cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell migration were measured by sulforhodamine B assay, chemical method and scratch assay. The levels of TLR4, MyD88, IRAK4, TRIF, caspase 3, PARP, LC3B and p62 were investigated through western blotting. The expression of TLR4, LC3B and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) were tested by immunofluorescence microscopy assay. Results Treatment of different concentrations of EECP (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) and CAPE (25 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cell line proliferation, migration and NO production. Furthermore, EECP and CAPE activated caspase3 and PARP to induce cell apoptosis, and also upregulated LC3-II and decreased p62 level to induce autophagy during the process. TLR4 signaling pathway molecules such as TLR4, MyD88, IRAK4, TRIF and NF-κB p65 were all down-regulated after EECP and CAPE treatment in LPS-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions These findings indicated that EECP and its major constituent - CAPE inhibited breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation in inflammatory microenvironment through activating apoptosis, autophagy and inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway. EECP and CAPE may hold promising prospects in treating inflammation-induced tumor.
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Bacteroides fragilis Enterotoxin Induces Formation of Autophagosomes in Endothelial Cells but Interferes with Fusion with Lysosomes for Complete Autophagic Flux through a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-, AP-1-, and C/EBP Homologous Protein-Dependent Pathway. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00420-17. [PMID: 28694294 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00420-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin (BFT), a virulence factor of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF), plays an essential role in mucosal inflammation. Although autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse infectious diseases, little is known about autophagy in ETBF infection. This study was conducted to investigate the role of BFT in the autophagic process in endothelial cells (ECs). Stimulation of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) with BFT increased light chain 3 protein II (LC3-II) conversion from LC3-I and protein expression of p62, Atg5, and Atg12. In addition, BFT-exposed ECs showed increased indices of autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes such as LC3-lysosome-associated protein 2 (LAMP2) colocalization and the percentage of red vesicles monitored by the expression of dual-tagged LC3B. BFT also upregulated expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and inhibition of CHOP significantly increased indices of autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes. BFT activated an AP-1 transcription factor, in which suppression of AP-1 activity significantly downregulated CHOP and augmented autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes. Furthermore, suppression of Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) significantly inhibited the AP-1 and CHOP signals, leading to an increase in autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes in BFT-stimulated ECs. These results suggest that BFT induced accumulation of autophagosomes in ECs, but activation of a signaling pathway involving JNK, AP-1, and CHOP may interfere with complete autophagy.
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Kubori T, Bui XT, Hubber A, Nagai H. Legionella RavZ Plays a Role in Preventing Ubiquitin Recruitment to Bacteria-Containing Vacuoles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:384. [PMID: 28971069 PMCID: PMC5609559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens like Salmonella and Legionella establish intracellular niches in host cells known as bacteria-containing vacuoles. In these vacuoles, bacteria can survive and replicate. Ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy is a host defense mechanism to counteract infection by invading pathogens. The Legionella effector protein RavZ interferes with autophagy by irreversibly deconjugating LC3, an autophagy-related ubiquitin-like protein, from a phosphoglycolipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Using a co-infection system with Salmonella, we show here that Legionella RavZ interferes with ubiquitin recruitment to the Salmonella-containing vacuoles. The inhibitory activity is dependent on the same catalytic residue of RavZ that is involved in LC3 deconjugation. In semi-permeabilized cells infected with Salmonella, external addition of purified RavZ protein, but not of its catalytic mutant, induced removal of ubiquitin associated with Salmonella-containing vacuoles. The RavZ-mediated restriction of ubiquitin recruitment to Salmonella-containing vacuoles took place in the absence of the host system required for LC3 conjugation. These observations suggest the possibility that the targets of RavZ deconjugation activity include not only LC3, but also ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kubori
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Xuan T Bui
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Andree Hubber
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
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122
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Effect of decreased BCAA synthesis through disruption of ilvC gene on the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:921-932. [PMID: 28735462 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It causes a variety of life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. In bacterial physiology, the metabolic pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) plays an important role in virulence. Nonetheless, the function of IlvC, one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of BCAAs, in S. pneumoniae remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that downregulation of BCAA biosynthesis by ilvC ablation can diminish BCAA concentration and expression of pneumolysin (Ply) and LytA, and subsequently attenuate virulence. Infection with an ilvC mutant showed significantly reduced mortality and colonization in comparison with strain D39 (serotype 2, wild type), suggesting that ilvC can potentiate S. pneumoniae virulence due to adequate BCAA synthesis. Taken together, these results suggest that the function of ilvC in BCAA synthesis is essential for virulence factor and could play an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections.
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123
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Shu X, Chen F, Peng Q, Lu X, Tian X, Wang Y, Wang G. Potential role of autophagy in T‑cell survival in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1180-1188. [PMID: 28586060 PMCID: PMC5562052 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood T lymphocytopenia has previously been identified in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the potential role of autophagy in peripheral blood T cell survival in PM/DM patients. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the formation of autophagosomes of peripheral blood cluster of differentiation (CD)3+ T cells obtained from 24 patients with PM/DM and 21 healthy controls. Protein and mRNA expression levels of autophagy‑related molecules were examined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The number of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells decreased significantly in PM/DM patients. The median percentage of apoptosis of CD3+ T cells in PM/DM patients was significantly increased compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the number of autophagosomes and the expression of the autophagy markers microtubule‑associated protein 1A/1B‑light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin‑1 were significantly reduced in the circulating CD3+ T cells of PM/DM patients compared with those of healthy controls. LC3 and Beclin‑1 protein levels correlated negatively with apoptosis rates in circulating CD3+ T cells in patients with PM/DM. CD3+ T cells from PM/DM patients treated with rapamycin increased autophagy and decreased apoptosis compared with untreated cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that autophagy may serve a potential protective role in the peripheral blood T cells of patients with PM/DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Guochun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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124
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Wang JY, Yao WX, Wang Y, Fan YL, Wu JB. Network analysis reveals crosstalk between autophagy genes and disease genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44391. [PMID: 28295050 PMCID: PMC5353691 DOI: 10.1038/srep44391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protective and life-sustaining process in which cytoplasmic components are packaged into double-membrane vesicles and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Accumulating evidence supports that autophagy is associated with several pathological conditions. However, research on the functional cross-links between autophagy and disease genes remains in its early stages. In this study, we constructed a disease-autophagy network (DAN) by integrating known disease genes, known autophagy genes and protein-protein interactions (PPI). Dissecting the topological properties of the DAN suggested that nodes that both autophagy and disease genes (inter-genes), are topologically important in the DAN structure. Next, a core network from the DAN was extracted to analyze the functional links between disease and autophagy genes. The genes in the core network were significantly enriched in multiple disease-related pathways, suggesting that autophagy genes may function in various disease processes. Of 17 disease classes, 11 significantly overlapped with autophagy genes, including cancer diseases, metabolic diseases and hematological diseases, a finding that is supported by the literatures. We also found that autophagy genes have a bridging role in the connections between pairs of disease classes. Altogether, our study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases and the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Wang
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xuan Yao
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- The department of gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lei Fan
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bing Wu
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause a huge burden of morbidity worldwide with recurrent UTIs becoming increasingly frequent owing to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Interactions between the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens colonizing the urinary tract have been the focus of much research. Inflammasomes are part of the innate immune defence and can respond rapidly to infectious insult. Assembly of the multiprotein inflammasome complex activates caspase-1, processes proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis. These effector pathways, in turn, act at different levels to either prevent or resolve infection, or eliminate the infectious agent itself. In certain instances, inflammasome activation promotes tissue pathology; however, the precise functions of inflammasomes in UTIs remain unexplored. An improved understanding of inflammasomes could provide novel approaches for the design of diagnostics and therapeutics for complicated UTIs, enabling us to overcome the challenge of drug resistance.
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126
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HMGB1-induced autophagy: a new pathway to maintain Treg function during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:381-394. [PMID: 28082516 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, as one of the well-known damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), is enriched in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and has a context-dependent role in autophagy, a highly conserved self-digestive process in response to environmental stress. Recent mouse studies indicate that autophagy is highly active in regulatory T (Treg)-cells. In the present study, we evaluated spontaneous and induced autophagy of peripheral Treg cells from 98 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), by measuring levels of lipidated form of microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3-II, marker for closed autophagosomes) and observing autophagic vacuoles (AV) with transmission electron microscope. No significant difference was found in spontaneous autophagy of either Treg or CD4+ naive cells when comparing CHB patients with healthy subjects, apart from CHB-Treg showed significantly higher autophagic activity after activation by anti-CD3–CD28 beads. Besides, incubation of CHB-Treg cells with CHB-serum greatly maintained their autophagic behaviour, which could be significantly diminished by blocking HMGB1 with the neutralizing antibody. Further, we characterized time- and dose-dependent effects by recombinant HMGB1 protein on autophagy of CHB-Treg cells. We also documented a significant up-regulation of HMGB1 and its receptors [toll-like receptor (TLR4), receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE)] in both peripheral and intra-hepatic microenvironments of CHB patients. Moreover, the RAGE–extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) axis and rapamycin-sensitive components of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were demonstrated in vitro to be involved in HMGB1-induced autophagy of Treg cells. Additionally, HMGB1-induced autophagy could maintain cell survival and functional stability of CHB-Treg cells. Our findings could open new perspectives in developing therapeutic strategies to activate specific anti-HBV immunity by diminishing Treg autophagy.
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127
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Anderson JJ, Li T, Sharrow DJ. Insights into mortality patterns and causes of death through a process point of view model. Biogerontology 2017; 18:149-170. [PMID: 27885527 PMCID: PMC5290203 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Process point of view (POV) models of mortality, such as the Strehler-Mildvan and stochastic vitality models, represent death in terms of the loss of survival capacity through challenges and dissipation. Drawing on hallmarks of aging, we link these concepts to candidate biological mechanisms through a framework that defines death as challenges to vitality where distal factors defined the age-evolution of vitality and proximal factors define the probability distribution of challenges. To illustrate the process POV, we hypothesize that the immune system is a mortality nexus, characterized by two vitality streams: increasing vitality representing immune system development and immunosenescence representing vitality dissipation. Proximal challenges define three mortality partitions: juvenile and adult extrinsic mortalities and intrinsic adult mortality. Model parameters, generated from Swedish mortality data (1751-2010), exhibit biologically meaningful correspondences to economic, health and cause-of-death patterns. The model characterizes the twentieth century epidemiological transition mainly as a reduction in extrinsic mortality resulting from a shift from high magnitude disease challenges on individuals at all vitality levels to low magnitude stress challenges on low vitality individuals. Of secondary importance, intrinsic mortality was described by a gradual reduction in the rate of loss of vitality presumably resulting from reduction in the rate of immunosenescence. Extensions and limitations of a distal/proximal framework for characterizing more explicit causes of death, e.g. the young adult mortality hump or cancer in old age are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Li
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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128
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Cui JH, Xie X. UCH-L1 Expressed by Podocytes: a Potentially Therapeutic Target for Lupus Nephritis? Inflammation 2017; 40:657-665. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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129
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GVHD prevents NK-cell-dependent leukemia and virus-specific innate immunity. Blood 2016; 129:630-642. [PMID: 27927647 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-734020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) is a curative therapy for hematological malignancies, but is associated with significant complications, principally graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and opportunistic infections. Natural killer (NK) cells mediate important innate immunity that provides a temporal bridge until the reconstruction of adaptive immunity. Here, we show that the development of GVHD after allo-BMT prevented NK-cell reconstitution, particularly within the maturing M1 and M2 NK-cell subsets in association with exaggerated activation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Donor T cells were critical in this process by limiting the availability of interleukin 15 (IL-15), and administration of IL-15/IL-15Rα or immune suppression with rapamycin could restore NK-cell reconstitution. Importantly, the NK-cell defect induced by GVHD resulted in the failure of NK-cell-dependent in vivo cytotoxicity and graft-versus-leukemia effects. Control of cytomegalovirus infection after allo-BMT was also impaired during GVHD. Thus, during GVHD, donor T cells compete with NK cells for IL-15 thereby inducing profound defects in NK-cell reconstitution that compromise both leukemia and pathogen-specific immunity.
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130
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Qin L, Wang X, Zhang S, Feng S, Yin L, Zhou H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced autophagy participates in the control of pro-inflammatory cytokine release in grass carp head kidney leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:389-397. [PMID: 27826112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) is a known marker of autophagy in mammals. In the present study, we isolated and identified grass carp LC3B (gcLC3B) cDNA and found its inductive expression in response to bacterial infection in vivo. To assess the occurrence of autophagy in immune response, the role of gcLC3B as an autophagy marker in grass carp was characterized. Accordingly, grass carp kidney cells (CIKs) with stable expression of GFP-gcLC3B were established and GFP-gcLC3B puncta were counted under a confocal fluorescence microscope. Results showed that starvation, a conventional inducer of autophagy, significantly enhanced GFP-gcLC3B puncta number, indicating the existence of gcLC3B-linked autophagy in fish cells. Moreover, a commercial antibody recognizing gcLC3B and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were validated in grass carp CIKs, and used to evaluate autophagy in grass carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in response to LPS. Western blotting assay showed that LPS significantly induced the conversion of gcLC3B protein, providing the evidence for autophagy induced by LPS in fish immune cells. Importantly, autophagy inhibition by 3-MA enhanced grass carp IL-1β and TNF-α secretion, indicating the involvement of autophagy in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Besides, 3-MA could amplify LPS-induced IL-1β and TNF-α release, implying that autophagic induction may drive a mechanism for controlling inflammatory response in fish. Thus, our data highlight the role of autophagy in fish immunity and provide new insight into the mechanism for the regulation of inflammation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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131
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Kimmey JM, Stallings CL. Bacterial Pathogens versus Autophagy: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1060-1076. [PMID: 27866924 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research in recent years has focused significantly on the role of selective macroautophagy in targeting intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation, a process termed xenophagy. In this review we evaluate the proposed roles for xenophagy in controlling bacterial infection, highlighting the concept that successful pathogens have evolved ways to subvert or exploit this defense, minimizing the actual effectiveness of xenophagy in innate immunity. Instead, studies in animal models have revealed that autophagy-associated proteins often function outside of xenophagy to influence bacterial pathogenesis. In light of current efforts to manipulate autophagy and the development of host-directed therapies to fight bacterial infections, we also discuss the implications stemming from the complicated relationship that exists between autophagy and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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132
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'tHart BA, Kap YS, Morandi E, Laman JD, Gran B. EBV Infection and Multiple Sclerosis: Lessons from a Marmoset Model. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1012-1024. [PMID: 27836419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be initiated by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, eliciting an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the strongest infectious risk factor, but an explanation for the paradox between high infection prevalence and low MS incidence remains elusive. We discuss new data using marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) - a valid primate model of MS. The findings may help to explain how a common infection can contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. We propose that EBV infection induces citrullination of peptides in conjunction with autophagy during antigen processing, endowing B cells with the capacity to cross-present autoantigen to CD8+CD56+ T cells, thereby leading to MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 'tHart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jon D Laman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK; Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Nottingham, UK
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133
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Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I. The STX6-VTI1B-VAMP3 complex facilitates xenophagy by regulating the fusion between recycling endosomes and autophagosomes. Autophagy 2016; 13:57-69. [PMID: 27791468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1241924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays a critical role in immunity by directly degrading invading pathogens such as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), through a process that has been named xenophagy. We previously demonstrated that autophagic vacuoles directed against GAS, termed GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs), use recycling endosomes (REs) as a membrane source. However, the precise molecular mechanism that facilitates the fusion between GcAVs and REs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that STX6 (syntaxin 6) is recruited to GcAVs and forms a complex with VTI1B and VAMP3 to regulate the GcAV-RE fusion that is required for xenophagy. STX6 targets the GcAV membrane through its tyrosine-based sorting motif and transmembrane domain, and localizes to TFRC (transferrin receptor)-positive punctate structures on GcAVs through its H2 SNARE domain. Knockdown and knockout experiments revealed that STX6 is required for the fusion between GcAVs and REs to promote clearance of intracellular GAS by autophagy. Moreover, VAMP3 and VTI1B interact with STX6 and localize on the TFRC-positive puncta on GcAVs, and are also involved in the RE-GcAV fusion. Furthermore, knockout of RABGEF1 impairs the RE-GcAV fusion and STX6-VAMP3 interaction. These findings demonstrate that RABGEF1 mediates RE fusion with GcAVs through the STX6-VAMP3-VTI1B complex, and reveal the SNARE dynamics involved in autophagosome formation in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- a Department of Microbiology , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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134
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Lim JS, Kim HS, Nguyen KCT, Cho KA. The role of TLR9 in stress-dependent autophagy formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:219-226. [PMID: 27793667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation process that is important for balancing energy sources at critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress. Recently, it was report that autophagy is controlled by recognizing conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, the molecular mechanism of TLRs in autophagy is not well understood. In this study, we found that serum starvation-dependent autophagy was associated with TLR9 activation in the absence of CpG-ODN, which is a specific TLR9 ligand. TLR9 was not only elevated but also colocalized with LC3 during autophagy by serum starvation or CPG-ODN treatment; however, these events did not occur simultaneously during autophagosome accumulation. Autophagy was even induced upon TLR9 activation after inhibiting recruitment of initial autophagy components by 3-MA, a specific inhibitor of class III PI3-kinase. Our data suggested that TLR9 may be promptly induced and recruit autophagy components from the endosome to autophagosome in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 160 Ilsim-Ri, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam 519-809, South Korea
| | - Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea; Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, South Korea.
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135
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Grierson AJ, De Vos KJ. C9orf72 plays a central role in Rab GTPase-dependent regulation of autophagy. Small GTPases 2016; 9:399-408. [PMID: 27768524 PMCID: PMC5997165 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1240495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic defect associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (C9ALS/FTD). Haploinsufficiency and a resulting loss of C9orf72 protein function has been suggested as a possible pathogenic mechanism in C9ALS/FTD. C9ALS/FTD patients exhibit specific ubiquitin and p62/sequestosome-1 positive but TDP-43 negative inclusions in the cerebellum and hippocampus, indicating possible autophagy deficits in these patients. In a recent study, we investigated this possibility by reducing expression of C9orf72 in cell lines and primary neurons and found that C9orf72 regulates the initiation of autophagy. C9orf72 interacts with Rab1a, preferentially in its GTP-bound state, as well as the ULK1 autophagy initiation complex. As an effector of Rab1a, C9orf72 controls the Rab1a-dependent trafficking of the ULK1 initiation complex prior to autophagosome formation. In line with this function, C9orf72 depletion in cell lines and primary neurons caused the accumulation of p62/sequestosome-1-positive inclusions. In support of a role in disease pathogenesis, C9ALS/FTD patient-derived iNeurons showed markedly reduced levels of autophagy. In this Commentary we summarise recent findings supporting the key role of C9orf72 in Rab GTPase-dependent regulation of autophagy and discuss autophagy dysregulation as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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Giorgi VS, Witkin SS, Bannwart-Castro CF, Sartori MS, Romão-Veiga M, Borges VTM, Peraçoli JC, Peraçoli MT. Elevated circulatingadenosine deaminase activity in women with preeclampsia: association with pro-inflammatory cytokine production and uric acid levels. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:400-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Retta SF, Glading AJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:254-270. [PMID: 27639680 PMCID: PMC5155701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCM proteins play pleiotropic roles in various redox-sensitive signaling pathways. CCM proteins modulate the crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses. Oxidative stress and inflammation are emerging as key focal determinants of CCM lesion formation, progression and severity. The pleiotropic functions of CCM proteins may prevent vascular dysfunctions triggered by local oxidative stress and inflammatory events. The distinct therapeutic compounds proposed so far for CCM disease share the ability to modulate redox signaling and autophagy.
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a vascular disease of proven genetic origin, which may arise sporadically or is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. CCM lesions exhibit a range of different phenotypes, including wide inter-individual differences in lesion number, size, and susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lesions may remain asymptomatic or result in pathological conditions of various type and severity at any age, with symptoms ranging from recurrent headaches to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and stroke. To date there are no direct therapeutic approaches for CCM disease besides the surgical removal of accessible lesions. Novel pharmacological strategies are particularly needed to limit disease progression and severity and prevent de novo formation of CCM lesions in susceptible individuals. Useful insights into innovative approaches for CCM disease prevention and treatment are emerging from a growing understanding of the biological functions of the three known CCM proteins, CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2 and CCM3/PDCD10. In particular, accumulating evidence indicates that these proteins play major roles in distinct signaling pathways, including those involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis, pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms whereby the function of CCM proteins may be relevant in preventing vascular dysfunctions triggered by these events. Indeed, emerging findings demonstrate that the pleiotropic roles of CCM proteins reflect their critical capacity to modulate the fine-tuned crosstalk between redox signaling and autophagy that govern cell homeostasis and stress responses, providing a novel mechanistic scenario that reconciles both the multiple signaling pathways linked to CCM proteins and the distinct therapeutic approaches proposed so far. In addition, recent studies in CCM patient cohorts suggest that genetic susceptibility factors related to differences in vascular sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to inter-individual differences in CCM disease susceptibility and severity. This review discusses recent progress into the understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms of CCM disease pathogenesis, with specific emphasis on the potential contribution of altered cell responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory events occurring locally in the microvascular environment, and consequent implications for the development of novel, safe, and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network(1).
| | - Angela J Glading
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA.
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138
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Yin JJ, Xie G, Zhang N, Li Y. Inhibiting autophagy promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress and the ROS‑induced nod‑like receptor 3‑dependent proinflammatory response in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3999-4007. [PMID: 27600251 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are key contributors to insulin resistance and metabolic disease, and interleukin (IL)‑1β is involved in insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigated the role of autophagy in LPS‑induced ER stress and inflammation, which may provide evidence for controlling metabolic disease associated with inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the activation of ER stress and the nod‑like receptor 3‑dependent expression of IL‑1β and caspase‑1, as shown by western blotting, which contributed to HepG2 cell death. This also involved the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and the autophagy signaling response, which are derived from the ER stress pathway. The percentage of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry with fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Reactive oxygen species formation was detected by flow cytometry using the peroxide sensitive fluorescent probe 2',7'‑dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Autophagy activation was measured by western blotting and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy promoted ER stress and the proinflammatory response in addition to cell death. These findings provide insights into the protective role of autophagy in LPS‑induced cell death and ER stress, and further identified the association of autophagy, ER stress and inflammation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jing Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guangying Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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139
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Immune tolerance to an intestine-adapted bacteria, Chryseobacterium sp., injected into the hemocoel of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31722. [PMID: 27530146 PMCID: PMC4987663 DOI: 10.1038/srep31722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the interaction of gut microbes and the host immune system, bacteria were isolated from the gut of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae. Chryseobacterium sp., Bacillus subtilis, Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus megaterium, and Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus were cultured in vitro, identified, and injected in the hemocoel of P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae, respectively. There were no significant changes in phagocytosis-associated lysosomal formation or pathogen-related autophagosome in immune cells (granulocytes) from Chryseobacterium sp.-challenged larvae. Next, we examined changes in the transcription of innate immune genes such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins and antimicrobial peptides following infection with Chryseobacterium sp. PGRP-1 and -2 transcripts, which may be associated with melanization generated by prophenoloxidase (PPO), were either highly or moderately expressed at 24 h post-infection with Chryseobacterium sp. However, PGRP-SC2 transcripts, which code for bactericidal amidases, were expressed at low levels. With respect to antimicrobial peptides, only coleoptericin was moderately expressed in Chryseobacterium sp.-challenged larvae, suggesting maintenance of an optimum number of Chryseobacterium sp. All examined genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in larvae challenged with a pathogenic bacterium. Our data demonstrated that gut-inhabiting bacteria, the Chryseobacterium sp., induced a weaker immune response than other pathogenic bacteria, E. coli K12.
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140
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Wang Y, Chen N, Hegazy AM, Liu X, Wu Z, Liu X, Zhao L, Qin Q, Lan J, Lin L. Autophagy induced by snakehead fish vesiculovirus inhibited its replication in SSN-1 cell line. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:415-422. [PMID: 27311436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in host protection against pathogen infection through activating innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, we observed that the infection of snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV) could induce apparent autophagy in striped snakehead fish cell line (SSN-1), including clear double-membrane vesicles, fluorescent punctate pattern of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (SSN-LC3B) and the conversion of SSN-LC3B-Ⅰ to SSN-LC3B-Ⅱ. Furthermore, we verified that autophagy inhibited the replication of SHVV by assessing mRNA and protein level of nucleoprotein as well as virus titer in the supernatant. These results will shed a new light on the prevention of the infection of SHVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Abeer M Hegazy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC), Cairo, 13621, Egypt
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Research Center for Marine Biology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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141
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DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 regulates the DNA damage-induced apoptosis to maintain T-cell genomic integrity. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2316. [PMID: 27468692 PMCID: PMC4973345 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase whose functions in stem cells and tumor cells are well established. Accumulating evidence shows that EZH2 has critical roles in T cells and could be a promising therapeutic target for several immune diseases. To further reveal the novel functions of EZH2 in human T cells, protein co-immunoprecipitation combined mass spectrometry was conducted and several previous unknown EZH2-interacting proteins were identified. Of them, we focused on a DNA damage responsive protein, Ku80, because of the limited knowledge regarding EZH2 in the DNA damage response. Then, we demonstrated that instead of being methylated by EZH2, Ku80 bridges the interaction between the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex and EZH2, thus facilitating EZH2 phosphorylation. Moreover, EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity was enhanced when Ku80 was knocked down or DNA-PK activity was inhibited, suggesting DNA-PK-mediated EZH2 phosphorylation impairs EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. On the other hand, EZH2 inhibition increased the DNA damage level at the late phase of T-cell activation, suggesting EZH2 involved in genomic integrity maintenance. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that EZH2 is phosphorylated by the DNA damage responsive complex DNA-PK and regulates DNA damage-mediated T-cell apoptosis, which reveals a novel functional crosstalk between epigenetic regulation and genomic integrity.
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142
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Gao L, Cen S, Wang P, Xie Z, Liu Z, Deng W, Su H, Wu X, Wang S, Li J, Ouyang Y, Wu Y, Shen H. Autophagy Improves the Immunosuppression of CD4+ T Cells by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Transforming Growth Factor-β1. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1496-1505. [PMID: 27400793 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated as a promising approach to treat many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The stress condition would affect the therapeutic efficacy and induce autophagy of MSCs. However, whether autophagy would affect the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs is largely unknown. The present study aimed to assess whether autophagy plays an important role in regulating the immunomodulation of MSCs and the undermechanisms. We successfully inhibited and induced autophagy of MSCs using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin, respectively. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin strengthened the capacity of MSCs to inhibit CD4+ T-cell proliferation, whereas 3-MA weakened the inhibitory ability of MSCs. Mechanistically, 3-MA-pretreated MSCs secreted less, whereas rapamycin-pretreated MSCs secreted more transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) compared with the control cells. Furthermore, exogenous TGF-β1 addition recovered the immunosuppressive capacity of 3-MA-pretreated MSCs, whereas exogenous anti-TGF-β1 antibody addition reduced the immunosuppressive capacity of rapamycin-pretreated MSCs. These results indicated that the autophagy level regulates the immunosuppression of CD4+ T cells by MSCs through affecting TGF-β1 secretion and provides a novel method for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs by activating autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is a promising tool to treat many diseases. Autophagy occurred in MSCs during their application, especially in those exposed to stress conditions. However, whether autophagy will affect the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs is largely unknown. This study makes a significant contribution to demonstrate that autophagy could improve the immunosuppression of CD4+ T cells by mesenchymal stem cells through transforming growth factor-β1. Therefore, regulation of autophagy in MSCs would provide a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuizhong Cen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Deng
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Su
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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143
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Lv S, Xu Q, Sun E, Zhang J, Wu D. Impaired cellular energy metabolism contributes to bluetongue-virus-induced autophagy. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2807-11. [PMID: 27379971 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) has been found to trigger autophagy to favor its replication, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Here, we show that cellular energy metabolism is involved in BTV-induced autophagy. Cellular ATP synthesis was impaired by BTV1 infection, causing metabolic stress, which was responsible for activation of autophagy, since the conversion of LC3 and aggregation of GFP-LC3 (autophagy markers) were suppressed when infection-caused energy depletion was reversed via MP (metabolic substrate) treatment. The reduced virus yields with MP further supported this view. Overall, our findings suggest that BTV1-induced disruption of cellular energy metabolism contributes to autophagy, and this provides new insights into BTV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Donglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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144
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Thurston TL, Boyle KB, Allen M, Ravenhill BJ, Karpiyevich M, Bloor S, Kaul A, Noad J, Foeglein A, Matthews SA, Komander D, Bycroft M, Randow F. Recruitment of TBK1 to cytosol-invading Salmonella induces WIPI2-dependent antibacterial autophagy. EMBO J 2016; 35:1779-92. [PMID: 27370208 PMCID: PMC5010046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells deploy autophagy to defend their cytosol against bacterial invaders. Anti‐bacterial autophagy relies on the core autophagy machinery, cargo receptors, and “eat‐me” signals such as galectin‐8 and ubiquitin that label bacteria as autophagy cargo. Anti‐bacterial autophagy also requires the kinase TBK1, whose role in autophagy has remained enigmatic. Here we show that recruitment of WIPI2, itself essential for anti‐bacterial autophagy, is dependent on the localization of catalytically active TBK1 to the vicinity of cytosolic bacteria. Experimental manipulation of TBK1 recruitment revealed that engagement of TBK1 with any of a variety of Salmonella‐associated “eat‐me” signals, including host‐derived glycans and K48‐ and K63‐linked ubiquitin chains, suffices to restrict bacterial proliferation. Promiscuity in recruiting TBK1 via independent signals may buffer TBK1 functionality from potential bacterial antagonism and thus be of evolutionary advantage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lm Thurston
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Keith B Boyle
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Allen
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Ravenhill
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maryia Karpiyevich
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annie Kaul
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Noad
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnes Foeglein
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie A Matthews
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Komander
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Bycroft
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix Randow
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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145
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Advances in Autophagy Regulatory Mechanisms. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020024. [PMID: 27187479 PMCID: PMC4931673 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in cell metabolism by degrading and recycling internal components when challenged with limited nutrients. This fundamental and conserved mechanism is based on a membrane trafficking pathway in which nascent autophagosomes engulf cytoplasmic cargo to form vesicles that transport their content to the lysosome for degradation. Based on this simple scheme, autophagy modulates cellular metabolism and cytoplasmic quality control to influence an unexpectedly wide range of normal mammalian physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we summarise recent advancements in three broad areas of autophagy regulation. We discuss current models on how autophagosomes are initiated from endogenous membranes. We detail how the uncoordinated 51-like kinase (ULK) complex becomes activated downstream of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1). Finally, we summarise the upstream signalling mechanisms that can sense amino acid availability leading to activation of MTORC1.
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146
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Jin S, Tian S, Chen Y, Zhang C, Xie W, Xia X, Cui J, Wang RF. USP19 modulates autophagy and antiviral immune responses by deubiquitinating Beclin-1. EMBO J 2016; 35:866-80. [PMID: 26988033 PMCID: PMC4972138 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, mediated by a number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, plays an important role in the bulk degradation of cellular constituents. Beclin-1 (also known as Atg6 in yeast) is a core protein essential for autophagic initiation and other biological processes. The activity of Beclin-1 is tightly regulated by multiple post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, yet the molecular mechanism underpinning its reversible deubiquitination remains poorly defined. Here, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 19 (USP19) as a positive regulator of autophagy, but a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN) signaling.USP19 stabilizes Beclin-1 by removing the K11-linked ubiquitin chains of Beclin-1 at lysine 437. Moreover, we foundthat USP19 negatively regulates type IIFNsignaling pathway, by blockingRIG-I-MAVSinteraction in a Beclin-1-dependent manner. Depletion of eitherUSP19 or Beclin-1 inhibits autophagic flux and promotes type IIFNsignaling as well as cellular antiviral immunity. Our findings reveal novel dual functions of theUSP19-Beclin-1 axis by balancing autophagy and the production of type IIFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanxia Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Department of Experimental Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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147
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Hypoxia Induces Autophagy through Translational Up-Regulation of Lysosomal Proteins in Human Colon Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153627. [PMID: 27078027 PMCID: PMC4831676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis. Tumor cells have to adapt to hypoxia by altering their gene expression and protein synthesis. Here, we showed that hypoxia inhibits translation through activation of PERK and inactivation of mTOR in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Prolonged hypoxia (1% O2, 16 h) dramatically inhibits general translation in HCT116 cells, yet selected mRNAs remain efficiently translated under such a condition. Using microarray analysis of polysome- associated mRNAs, we identified a large number of hypoxia-regulated genes at the translational level. Efficiently translated mRNAs during hypoxia were validated by polysome profiling and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that many of the up-regulated genes are involved in lysosome, glycan and lipid metabolism, antigen presentation, cell adhesion, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton. The majority of down-regulated genes are involved in apoptosis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Further investigation showed that hypoxia induces lysosomal autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction through translational regulation in HCT116 cells. The abundance of several translation factors and the mTOR kinase activity are involved in hypoxia-induced mitochondrial autophagy in HCT116 cells. Our studies highlight the importance of translational regulation for tumor cell adaptation to hypoxia.
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148
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Synthesis of a Novel Viral Factor Mediates Efficient Replication of Genotype-1 Hepatitis E Virus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005521. [PMID: 27035822 PMCID: PMC4817972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis in many parts of the world including Asia, Africa and Latin America. Though self-limiting in normal individuals, it results in ~30% mortality in infected pregnant women. It has also been reported to cause acute and chronic hepatitis in organ transplant patients. Of the seven viral genotypes, genotype-1 virus infects humans and is a major public health concern in South Asian countries. Sporadic cases of genotype-3 and 4 infection in human and animals such as pigs, deer, mongeese have been reported primarily from industrialized countries. Genotype-5, 6 and 7 viruses are known to infect animals such as wild boar and camel, respectively. Genotype-3 and 4 viruses have been successfully propagated in the laboratory in mammalian cell culture. However, genotype-1 virus replicates poorly in mammalian cell culture and no other efficient model exists to study its life cycle. Here, we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes genotype-1 HEV replication by inducing cap-independent, internal initiation mediated translation of a novel viral protein (named ORF4). Importantly, ORF4 expression and stimulatory effect of ER stress inducers on viral replication is specific to genotype-1. ORF4 protein sequence is mostly conserved among genotype-1 HEV isolates and ORF4 specific antibodies were detected in genotype-1 HEV patient serum. ORF4 interacted with multiple viral and host proteins and assembled a protein complex consisting of viral helicase, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), X, host eEF1α1 (eukaryotic elongation factor 1 isoform-1) and tubulinβ. In association with eEF1α1, ORF4 stimulated viral RdRp activity. Furthermore, human hepatoma cells that stably express ORF4 or engineered proteasome resistant ORF4 mutant genome permitted enhanced viral replication. These findings reveal a positive role of ER stress in promoting genotype-1 HEV replication and pave the way towards development of an efficient model of the virus. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute and sporadic viral hepatitis. It is a small positive strand RNA virus, which is transmitted through the feco-oral route. Owing to lack of sanitation and unavailibility of safe drinking water, populations of developing and resource starved countries are prone towards HEV infection. Recent reports also indicate HEV induced acute and chronic hepatitis in organ transplant patients. Another peculiar characteristic of HEV is attributed to its ability to cause high mortality (~30%) in infected pregnant women. Even after 30 years of discovery of the virus, little information exists regarding viral life cycle and replication machinery. HEV is divided into seven genotypes. Genotype-3 and 4 viruses infect humans and a few animals (such as pigs, deer, mongeese) and have been reported from industrialized countries. Genotype-3 and 4 viruses have been successfully propagated in the laboratory in mammalian cell culture. However, genotype-1 virus, which is known to infect human and is a major public health concern in south Asian countries, replicates poorly in mammalian cell culture and no other efficient model exists to investigate the viral life cycle. With the goal of developing an efficient laboratory model of genotype-1 HEV, we attempted to identify a permissive cellular condition that would allow efficient viral replication in human hepatoma cells. Here, we report that endoplasmic reticulum stress inducing agents promote genotype-1 HEV replication by initiating cap-independent, internal translation mediated synthesis of a novel viral factor, which we have named ORF4. Further investigations revealed that ORF4 is expressed only in genotype-1 and it acts by interacting with multiple viral and host proteins and cooperates with host eEF1α1 (eukaryotic elongation factor 1 isoform 1) to control the activity of viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Moreover, a proteasome resistant ORF4 mutant significantly enhanced viral replication. Thus, our study identifies an optimal condition required for efficient replication of genotype-1 HEV and dissects out the molecular mechanism governing that. Data presented here will be instrumental in developing an efficient model of the virus.
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149
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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150
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Kanayama M, Shinohara ML. Roles of Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Proteins in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 26925060 PMCID: PMC4757664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy was initially characterized as a process to digest cellular components, including damaged cell organelles or unused proteins. However, later studies showed that autophagy plays an important role to protect hosts from microbial infections. Accumulating evidences showed the contribution of autophagy itself and autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) in the clearance of bacteria, virus, and parasites. A number of studies also revealed the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy is initiated and developed. Furthermore, it is now understood that some ATGs are shared between two distinct processes; autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Thus, our understanding on autophagy has been greatly enhanced in the last decade. By contrast, roles of autophagy and ATGs in fungal infections are still elusive relative to those in bacterial and viral infections. Based on limited numbers of reports, ATG-mediated host responses appear to significantly vary depending on invading fungal species. In this review, we discuss how autophagy and ATGs are involved in antifungal immune responses based on recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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