101
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Chauhan P, Hu S, Prasad S, Sheng WS, Lokensgard JR. Programmed death ligand-1 induction restrains the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against microglia. Glia 2020; 69:858-871. [PMID: 33128485 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the main reservoir for HIV-1 within the brain and potential exists for negative immune checkpoint blockade therapies to purge this viral reservoir. Here, we investigated cytolytic responses of CD8+ T lymphocytes against microglia loaded with peptide epitopes. Initially, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated efficient killing of HIV-1 p24 AI9 or YI9 peptide-loaded splenocytes in MHC-matched recipients. Cytolytic killing of microglia was first demonstrated using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen for in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays. Peptide-loaded primary microglia obtained from programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 knockout (KO) animals showed significantly more killing than cells from wild-type (WT) animals when co-cultured with activated CD8+ T-cells isolated from rAd5-OVA primed animals. Moreover, when peptide loaded-microglial cells from WT animals were treated with neutralizing α-PD-L1 Ab, significantly more killing was observed compared to either untreated or IgG isotype-treated cells. Most importantly, significantly increased in vivo killing of HIV-1 p24 YI9 peptide-loaded microglia from PD-L1 KO animals, as well as AI9 peptide-loaded BALB/c microglial cells treated with α-PD-L1, was observed within brains of rAd5-p24 primed-CNS boosted C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice, respectively. Finally, ex vivo responses of brain CD8+ T-cells in response to AI9 stimulation showed significantly increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production when treated with α-PD-1 Abs. Greater proliferation of CD8+ T-cells from the brain was also observed following blockade. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that PD-L1 induction on microglia restrains CTL responses and indicate that immune checkpoint blockade targeting this pathway may be beneficial in clearing viral brain reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chauhan
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sujata Prasad
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wen S Sheng
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Lokensgard
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Nguyen A, Ramesh A, Kumar S, Nandi D, Brouillard A, Wells A, Pobezinsky L, Osborne B, Kulkarni AA. Granzyme B nanoreporter for early monitoring of tumor response to immunotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/40/eabc2777. [PMID: 33008894 PMCID: PMC7852386 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, accurate monitoring of its efficacy is challenging due to heterogeneous immune responses. Conventional imaging techniques lack the sensitivity and specificity for early response assessment. In this study, we designed a granzyme B (GrB) nanoreporter (GNR) that can deliver an immune checkpoint inhibitor to the tumor and track time-sensitive GrB activity as a direct way to monitor initiation of effective immune responses. Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody-conjugated GNRs inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 interactions efficiently and induced T cell-mediated GrB release that can be imaged using activatable imaging probe. GNRs enabled real-time immunotherapy response monitoring in a tumor-bearing mice model and distinguished between highly responsive and poorly responsive tumors. Furthermore, increasing doses resulted in a better response and enhanced sensitivity in poorly responsive tumors. These findings indicate that GNR has the potential to serve as a tool for sensitive and noninvasive evaluation of immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Anujan Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Sahana Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Dipika Nandi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Brouillard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alexandria Wells
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Leonid Pobezinsky
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ashish A Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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103
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Osojnik A, Gaffney EA, Davies M, Yates JWT, Byrne HM. Identifying and characterising the impact of excitability in a mathematical model of tumour-immune interactions. J Theor Biol 2020; 501:110250. [PMID: 32199856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We study a five-compartment mathematical model originally proposed by Kuznetsov et al. (1994) to investigate the effect of nonlinear interactions between tumour and immune cells in the tumour microenvironment, whereby immune cells may induce tumour cell death, and tumour cells may inactivate immune cells. Exploiting a separation of timescales in the model, we use the method of matched asymptotics to derive a new two-dimensional, long-timescale, approximation of the full model, which differs from the quasi-steady-state approximation introduced by Kuznetsov et al. (1994), but is validated against numerical solutions of the full model. Through a phase-plane analysis, we show that our reduced model is excitable, a feature not traditionally associated with tumour-immune dynamics. Through a systematic parameter sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate that excitability generates complex bifurcating dynamics in the model. These are consistent with a variety of clinically observed phenomena, and suggest that excitability may underpin tumour-immune interactions. The model exhibits the three stages of immunoediting - elimination, equilibrium, and escape, via stable steady states with different tumour cell concentrations. Such heterogeneity in tumour cell numbers can stem from variability in initial conditions and/or model parameters that control the properties of the immune system and its response to the tumour. We identify different biophysical parameter targets that could be manipulated with immunotherapy in order to control tumour size, and we find that preferred strategies may differ between patients depending on the strength of their immune systems, as determined by patient-specific values of associated model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Osojnik
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Eamonn A Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- DMPK, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - James W T Yates
- DMPK, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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104
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SAM50, a side door to the mitochondria: The case of cytotoxic proteases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105196. [PMID: 32919042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SAM50, a 7-8 nm diameter β-barrel channel of the mitochondrial outer membrane, is the central channel of the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) complex involved in the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins. Interestingly, SAM50 is not known to have channel translocase activity; however, we have recently found that this channel is necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial entry of cytotoxic proteases. Cytotoxic lymphocytes eliminate cells that pose potential hazards, such as virus- and bacteria-infected cells as well as cancer cells. They induce cell death following the delivery of granzyme cytotoxic proteases into the cytosol of the target cell. Although granzyme A and granzyme B (GA and GB), the best characterized of the five human granzymes, trigger very distinct apoptotic cascades, they share the ability to directly target the mitochondria. GA and GB do not have a mitochondrial targeting signal, yet they enter the target cell mitochondria to disrupt respiratory chain complex I and induce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death. We found that granzyme mitochondrial entry requires SAM50 and the translocase of the inner membrane 22 (TIM22). Preventing granzymes' mitochondrial entry compromises their cytotoxicity, indicating that this event is unexpectedly an important step for cell death. Although mitochondria are best known for their roles in cell metabolism and energy conversion, these double-membrane organelles are also involved in Ca2+ homeostasis, metabolite transport, cell cycle regulation, cell signaling, differentiation, stress response, redox homeostasis, aging, and cell death. This multiplicity of functions is matched with the complexity and plasticity of the mitochondrial proteome as well as the organelle's morphological and structural versatility. Indeed, mitochondria are extremely dynamic and undergo fusion and fission events in response to diverse cellular cues. In humans, there are 1500 different mitochondrial proteins, the vast majority of which are encoded in the nuclear genome and translated by cytosolic ribosomes, after which they must be imported and properly addressed to the right mitochondrial compartment. To this end, mitochondria are equipped with a very sophisticated and highly specific protein import machinery. The latter is centered on translocase complexes embedded in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes working along five different import pathways. We will briefly describe these import pathways to put into perspective our finding regarding the ability of granzymes to enter the mitochondria.
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105
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Moderate static magnetic fields enhance antitumor CD8 + T cell function by promoting mitochondrial respiration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14519. [PMID: 32884074 PMCID: PMC7471296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of magnetoreceptor mechanisms in animals, it materialized the novel applications of controlling cell and animal behaviors using magnetic fields. T cells have shown to be sensitive to magnetic fields. Here, we reported that exposure to moderate SMFs (static magnetic fields) led to increased granule and cytokine secretion as well as ATP production and mitochondrial respiration from CD8+ T cells. These effects were inhibited by knocking down the Uqcrb and Ndufs6 genes of mitochondrial respiratory chain, whose transcriptions were regulated by candidate magnetoreceptor genes Isca1 and Cry1/Cry2. SMF exposure also promoted CD8+ T cell granule and cytokine secretion and repressed tumor growth in vivo. SMFs enhanced CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, and the adoptive transfer into tumor-bearing mice resulted in enhanced antitumor effects. Collectively, our study suggests that moderate SMFs enhance CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity by promoting mitochondrial respiration and promoted the antitumor function of CD8+ T cells.
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106
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Lopez CE, Legge KL. Influenza A Virus Vaccination: Immunity, Protection, and Recent Advances Toward A Universal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E434. [PMID: 32756443 PMCID: PMC7565301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health threat and account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Despite being an important countermeasure to combat influenza virus and being highly efficacious when matched to circulating influenza viruses, current preventative strategies of vaccination against influenza virus often provide incomplete protection due the continuous antigenic drift/shift of circulating strains of influenza virus. Prevention and control of influenza virus infection with vaccines is dependent on the host immune response induced by vaccination and the various vaccine platforms induce different components of the local and systemic immune response. This review focuses on the immune basis of current (inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)) as well as novel vaccine platforms against influenza virus. Particular emphasis will be placed on how each platform induces cross-protection against heterologous influenza viruses, as well as how this immunity compares to and contrasts from the "gold standard" of immunity generated by natural influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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107
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Kouhestani D, Geis M, Alsouri S, Bumm TGP, Einsele H, Sauer M, Stuhler G. Variant signaling topology at the cancer cell-T-cell interface induced by a two-component T-cell engager. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1568-1570. [PMID: 32709925 PMCID: PMC8166904 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Kouhestani
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Geis
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saed Alsouri
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Bumm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Stuhler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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108
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Rus Bakarurraini NAA, Ab Mutalib NS, Jamal R, Abu N. The Landscape of Tumor-Specific Antigens in Colorectal Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E371. [PMID: 32664247 PMCID: PMC7565947 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, major efforts in cancer research and treatment have intensified. Apart from standard chemotherapy approaches, immunotherapy has gained substantial traction. Personalized immunotherapy has become an important tool for cancer therapy with the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Traditionally, tumor-associated antigens are used in immunotherapy-based treatments. Nevertheless, these antigens lack specificity and may have increased toxicity. With the advent of next-generation technologies, the identification of new tumor-specific antigens is becoming more important. In colorectal cancer, several tumor-specific antigens were identified and functionally validated. Multiple clinical trials from vaccine-based and adoptive cell therapy utilizing tumor-specific antigens have commenced. Herein, we will summarize the current landscape of tumor-specific antigens particularly in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.R.B.); (N.S.A.M.)
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (N.A.A.R.B.); (N.S.A.M.)
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109
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The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:807-821. [PMID: 32612154 PMCID: PMC7395159 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 279.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology. Several types of immunotherapy, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have obtained durable clinical responses, but their efficacies vary, and only subsets of cancer patients can benefit from them. Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been shown to play a key role in tumor development and will affect the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Comprehensive profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer-immune evasion, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. However, the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME impedes the precise dissection of intratumoral immune cells. With recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry, systematic interrogation of the TME is feasible and will provide insights into the functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we outline the recent progress in cancer immunotherapy, particularly by focusing on landmark studies and the recent single-cell characterization of tumor-associated immune cells, and we summarize the phenotypic diversities of intratumoral immune cells and their connections with cancer immunotherapy. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in cancer immunotherapy, facilitate the elucidation of immune cell modulation in tumor progression, and thus guide the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
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110
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Wang Z, Liu Q, Risu N, Fu J, Zou Y, Tang J, Li L, Liu H, Zhou G, Zhu X. Galunisertib enhances chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell function. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 32705856 PMCID: PMC7388644 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy still faces the challenge of immunosuppression when treating solid tumors. TGF-β is one of the critical factors in the tumor microenvironment to help tumors escape surveillance by the immune system. Here we tried using the combination of a small molecule inhibitor of TGF-β receptor I, Galunisertib, and CAR T cells to explore whether Galunisertib could enhance CAR T cell function against solid tumor cells. In vitro experiments showed Galunisertib could significantly enhance the specific cytotoxicity of both CD133- and HER2-specific CAR T cells. However, Galunisertib had no direct killing effect on target cells. Galunisertib significantly increased the cytokine secretion of CAR T cells and T cells that do not express CAR (Nontransfected T cells). Galunisertib did not affect the proliferation of T cells, the antigen expression on target cells and CD69 on CAR T cells. We found that TGF-β was secreted by T cells themselves upon activation, and Galunisertib could reduce TGF-β signaling in CAR T cells. Our findings can provide the basis for further preclinical and clinical studies of the combination of Galunisertib and CAR T cells in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai.
| | - Na Risu
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka.
| | - Jiayu Fu
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka.
| | - Yan Zou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai.
| | - Jiaxing Tang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai.
| | - Long Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai.
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai.
| | - Guomin Zhou
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai.
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111
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Teng CF, Wang T, Wu TH, Lin JH, Shih FY, Shyu WC, Jeng LB. Combination therapy with dendritic cell vaccine and programmed death ligand 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma in an orthotopic mouse model. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920922034. [PMID: 32565925 PMCID: PMC7288802 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920922034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common and lethal human cancers worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatment, high mortality in HCC patients remains a big challenge. To develop novel therapeutic strategies for HCC is thus urgently needed to improve patient survival. Dendritic cells (DC)-based vaccines can induce tumor-specific immunity and have emerged as a promising approach for treating HCC patients; however, its effectiveness needs to be improved. Recently, blockade of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway has been shown to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and exhibited great potential in HCC therapy. Methods In this study, we generated DC vaccine by pulsing the C57BL/6J mouse bone marrow-derived DC with mouse hepatoma Hep-55.1C cell lysate. We developed a therapeutic strategy combining DC vaccine and PD-L1 inhibitor for HCC and evaluated its efficacy in an orthotopic HCC mouse model in which Hep-55.1C cells were directly injected into left liver lobe of C57BL/6J mouse. Results Compared with a control group of mice, groups of mice treated with DC vaccine or PD-L1 inhibitor had significantly improved overall survival, reduced tumor volume, and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Remarkably, combination treatment with DC vaccine and PD-L1 inhibitor led to considerably longer overall survival, smaller tumor volume, and higher tumor cell apoptosis of mice than either treatment alone in a dose-dependent manner through inducing a stronger anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response. Conclusion Our data suggested that combination therapy with DC vaccine and PD-L1 inhibitor might have great promise as a novel treatment strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Fang Teng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Northern Dist., Taichung City 404Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Ting Wang
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Tzu-Hua Wu
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Jia-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Fu-Ying Shih
- Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Northern Dist., Taichung City 404 Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, No.2, Yude Rd., Northern Dist., Taichung City 404
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112
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Guo L, Wang C, Qiu X, Pu X, Chang P. Colorectal Cancer Immune Infiltrates: Significance in Patient Prognosis and Immunotherapeutic Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1052. [PMID: 32547556 PMCID: PMC7270196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer occurrence and progression involve multiple aspects of host immune deficiencies. In these events, immune cells vary their phenotypes and functions over time, thus enabling the immune microenvironment to be “tumor-inhibiting” as well as “tumor-promoting” as a whole. Because of the association of tumoricidal T cell infiltration with favorable survival in cancer patients, the Immunoscore system was established. Critically, the tumoral Immunoscore serves as an indicator of CRC patient prognosis independent of patient TNM stage and suggests that patients with high Immunoscores in their tumors have prolonged survival in general. Accordingly, stratifications according to tumoral Immunoscores provide new insights into CRC in terms of comparing disease severity, forecasting disease progression, and making treatment decisions. An important application of this system will be to shed light on candidate selection in immunotherapy for CRC, because the T cells responsible for determining the Immunoscore serve as responders to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the Immunoscore system merely provides a standard procedure for identifying the tumoral infiltration of cytotoxic and memory T cells, while information concerning the survival and function of these cells is still absent. Moreover, other infiltrates, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, can still influence CRC prognosis, implying that those might also influence the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. On these bases, this review is designed to introduce the Immunoscore system by presenting its clinical significance and application in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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113
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Davenport BJ, Bullock C, McCarthy MK, Hawman DW, Murphy KM, Kedl RM, Diamond MS, Morrison TE. Chikungunya Virus Evades Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses To Establish Persistent Infection in Joint-Associated Tissues. J Virol 2020; 94:e02036-19. [PMID: 32102875 PMCID: PMC7163133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02036-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes explosive epidemics of a febrile illness characterized by debilitating arthralgia and arthritis that can endure for months to years following infection. In mouse models, CHIKV persists in joint tissues for weeks to months and is associated with chronic synovitis. Using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a CD8+ T cell receptor epitope from ovalbumin, as well as a viral peptide-specific major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer, we interrogated CD8+ T cell responses during CHIKV infection. Epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, which were reduced in Batf3-/- and Wdfy4-/- mice with known defects in antigen cross-presentation, accumulated in joint tissue and the spleen. Antigen-specific ex vivo restimulation assays and in vivo killing assays demonstrated that CD8+ T cells produce cytokine and have cytolytic activity. Despite the induction of a virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, the CHIKV burden in joint-associated tissues and the spleen were equivalent in wild-type (WT) and CD8α-/- mice during both the acute and the chronic phases of infection. In comparison, CD8+ T cells were essential for the control of acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in the joint and spleen. Moreover, adoptive transfer of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells or immunization with a vaccine that induces virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells prior to infection enhanced the clearance of CHIKV infection in the spleen but had a minimal impact on CHIKV infection in the joint. Collectively, these data suggest that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part by evading CD8+ T cell immunity.IMPORTANCE CHIKV is a reemerging mosquito-transmitted virus that in the last decade has spread into Europe, Asia, the Pacific Region, and the Americas. Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness can endure for months to years after CHIKV infection, and epidemics have a severe economic impact. Elucidating the mechanisms by which CHIKV subverts antiviral immunity to establish and maintain a persistent infection may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies against chronic CHIKV disease. In this study, we found that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part by evading antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity. Thus, immunomodulatory therapies that improve CD8+ T cell immune surveillance and clearance of CHIKV infection could be a strategy for mitigating chronic CHIKV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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114
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Zhou Z, He H, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Su Y, Wang Y, Li D, Liu W, Zhang Y, Shen L, Han W, Shen L, Ding J, Shao F. Granzyme A from cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger pyroptosis in target cells. Science 2020; 368:science.aaz7548. [PMID: 32299851 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated immunity relies on granzymes. Granzymes are thought to kill target cells by inducing apoptosis, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill gasdermin B (GSDMB)-positive cells through pyroptosis, a form of proinflammatory cell death executed by the gasdermin family of pore-forming proteins. Killing results from the cleavage of GSDMB by lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA), which unleashes its pore-forming activity. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) up-regulates GSDMB expression and promotes pyroptosis. GSDMB is highly expressed in certain tissues, particularly digestive tract epithelia, including derived tumors. Introducing GZMA-cleavable GSDMB into mouse cancer cells promotes tumor clearance in mice. This study establishes gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis as a cytotoxic lymphocyte-killing mechanism, which may enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huabin He
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuyan Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ya Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Da Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | | | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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115
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Prinz D, Klein K, List J, Knab VM, Menzl I, Leidenfrost N, Heller G, Polić B, Putz EM, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Sexl V, Gotthardt D. Loss of NKG2D in murine NK cells leads to increased perforin production upon long-term stimulation with IL-2. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:880-890. [PMID: 32052406 PMCID: PMC7318224 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes responsible for lysis of pathogen-infected and transformed cells. One of the major activating receptors required for target cell recognition is the NK group 2D (NKG2D) receptor. Numerous reports show the necessity of NKG2D for effective tumor immune surveillance. Further studies identified NKG2D as a key element allowing tumor immune escape. We here use a mouse model with restricted deletion of NKG2D in mature NKp46+ cells (NKG2DΔNK ). NKG2DΔNK NK cells develop normally, have an unaltered IFN-γ production but kill tumor cell lines expressing NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) less efficiently. However, upon long-term stimulation with IL-2, NKG2D-deficient NK cells show increased levels of the lytic molecule perforin. Thus, our findings demonstrate a dual function of NKG2D for NK cell cytotoxicity; while NKG2D is a crucial trigger for cytotoxicity of tumor cells expressing activating ligands it is also capable to limit perforin production in IL-2 activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Prinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia List
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa M Knab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Menzl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicoletta Leidenfrost
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Institute of Internal Medicine I, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eva Maria Putz
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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116
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Happ K, Cattalani F, Wallimann A, Blanchard M, Fellay I, Scolari B, Lannes N, Mbagwu S, Fellay B, Filgueira L, Mantel PY, Walch M. γδ T Cells Kill Plasmodium falciparum in a Granzyme- and Granulysin-Dependent Mechanism during the Late Blood Stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1798-1809. [PMID: 32066596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, have a complex life cycle. The exponential growth of the parasites during the blood stage is responsible for almost all malaria-associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, tight immune control of the intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite is essential to prevent clinical malaria. Despite evidence that the particular lymphocyte subset of γδ T cells contributes to protective immunity during the blood stage in naive hosts, their precise inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Using human PBMCs, we confirmed in this study that γδ T cells specifically and massively expanded upon activation with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. We also demonstrate that these activated cells gain cytolytic potential by upregulating cytotoxic effector proteins and IFN-γ. The killer cells bound to infected RBCs and killed intracellular P. falciparum via the transfer of the granzymes, which was mediated by granulysin in a stage-specific manner. Several vital plasmodial proteins were efficiently destroyed by granzyme B, suggesting proteolytic degradation of these proteins as essential in the lymphocyte-mediated death pathway. Overall, these data establish a granzyme- and granulysin-mediated innate immune mechanism exerted by γδ T cells to kill late-stage blood-residing P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Katharina Happ
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Filippo Cattalani
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Brigitte Scolari
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Smart Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Benoît Fellay
- Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
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117
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Chen PM, Pan WY, Wu CY, Yeh CY, Korupalli C, Luo PK, Chou CJ, Chia WT, Sung HW. Modulation of tumor microenvironment using a TLR-7/8 agonist-loaded nanoparticle system that exerts low-temperature hyperthermia and immunotherapy for in situ cancer vaccination. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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118
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Do HTT, Lee CH, Cho J. Chemokines and their Receptors: Multifaceted Roles in Cancer Progression and Potential Value as Cancer Prognostic Markers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020287. [PMID: 31991604 PMCID: PMC7072521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that mediate immune cell chemotaxis and lymphoid tissue development. Recent advances have indicated that chemokines and their cognate receptors play critical roles in cancer-related inflammation and cancer progression. On the basis of these findings, the chemokine system has become a new potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of the complex network of chemokines and their receptors in cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the potential value of the chemokine system as a cancer prognostic marker. The chemokine system regulates the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment, which induces both pro- and anti-immunity and promotes or suppresses tumor growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates the promising prognostic value of the chemokine system in cancer patients. While CCL2, CXCL10, and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 can serve as favorable or unfavorable prognostic factors depending on the cancer types, CCL14 and XCL1 possess good prognostic value. Other chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL8, and CXCL12 are poor prognostic markers. Despite vast advances in our understanding of the complex nature of the chemokine system in tumor biology, knowledge about the multifaceted roles of the chemokine system in different types of cancers is still limited. Further studies are necessary to decipher distinct roles within the chemokine system in terms of cancer progression and to validate their potential value in cancer prognosis.
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119
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Burgess B, Levine B, Taylor RN, Kelly MG. Preoperative Circulating Lymphocyte and Monocyte Counts Correlate with Patient Outcomes in Type I and Type II Endometrial Cancer. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:194-203. [PMID: 32046381 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with survival in solid malignancies. Given the physiological link to peripheral immune cell counts, we evaluated if peripheral immune cell counts were predictors of outcomes in endometrial cancer. A retrospective study was completed for endometrial cancer cases between 2000 and 2010. Kaplan-Meier, bivariate, and multivariable Cox proportion hazard analyses were performed examining the relations between survival and peripheral immune cell counts. Three hundred ten patients were identified. In bivariate analyses, high monocyte counts (> 0.7 × 109 cells/L) trended with decreased progression free survival (PFS) (p = 0.10) and poorer overall survival (OS) (p = 0.16). By contrast, high lymphocyte level (> 1.5 × 109 cells/L) was associated with improved PFS (p = 0.008) and OS (p = 0.006). These findings were consistent for type I and type II endometrial cancers. In a multivariable Cox model, high monocyte level was associated with a greater risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.63, p < 0.035). Other significant predictors of recurrence were age, non-endometrioid histology, and the presence of lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI). In a multivariable Cox model, high lymphocyte count trended with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.66, p = 0.07). Age, surgical stage, non-endometrioid histology, and LVSI were also associated with death in this model. In this sample of endometrial cancer patients, we found that high preoperative lymphocyte counts were associated with improved overall improved survival. High monocyte counts were associated with poorer disease-free survival outcomes. Further studies that focused on understanding tumor-antagonizing and pro-tumoral effects of lymphocytes and monocytes, respectively, in endometrial cancer are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Burgess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Beverly Levine
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michael G Kelly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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120
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Nguyen S, Deleage C, Darko S, Ransier A, Truong DP, Agarwal D, Japp AS, Wu VH, Kuri-Cervantes L, Abdel-Mohsen M, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Gostick E, Hoxie JA, Zhang NR, Naji A, Reyes-Terán G, Estes JD, Price DA, Douek DC, Deeks SG, Buggert M, Betts MR. Elite control of HIV is associated with distinct functional and transcriptional signatures in lymphoid tissue CD8 + T cells. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax4077. [PMID: 31852798 PMCID: PMC7265335 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The functional properties of circulating CD8+ T cells have been associated with immune control of HIV. However, viral replication occurs predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs). We used an integrated single-cell approach to characterize effective HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the LNs of elite controllers (ECs), defined as individuals who suppress viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Higher frequencies of total memory and follicle-homing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in the LNs of ECs compared with the LNs of chronic progressors (CPs) who were not receiving ART. Moreover, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells potently suppressed viral replication without demonstrable cytolytic activity in the LNs of ECs, which harbored substantially lower amounts of CD4+ T cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA compared with the LNs of CPs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses further revealed a distinct transcriptional signature among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from the LNs of ECs, typified by the down-regulation of inhibitory receptors and cytolytic molecules and the up-regulation of multiple cytokines, predicted secreted factors, and components of the protein translation machinery. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic framework to expedite the identification of novel antiviral factors, highlighting a potential role for the localized deployment of noncytolytic functions as a determinant of immune efficacy against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duc P Truong
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vincent H Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Saba Aslam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liudi Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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122
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Torres-Ruesta A, Teo TH, Chan YH, Rénia L, Ng LFP. Pathogenic Th1 responses in CHIKV-induced inflammation and their modulation upon Plasmodium parasites co-infection. Immunol Rev 2019; 294:80-91. [PMID: 31773780 PMCID: PMC7064921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The induction of polyarthritis and polyarthralgia is a hallmark of arthritogenic alphavirus infections, with an exceptionally higher morbidity observed with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). While the mechanisms underlying these incapacitating acute symptoms remain partially understood, the progression to chronic conditions in some cases remains unanswered. The highly pro‐inflammatory nature of alphavirus disease has suggested the involvement of virus‐specific, joint‐infiltrating Th1 cells as one of the main pathogenic mediators of CHIKV‐induced joint pathologies. This review summarizes the role of cell‐mediated immune responses in CHIKV pathogenesis, with a specific focus on pro‐inflammatory Th1 responses in the development of CHIKV joint inflammation. Furthermore, due to the explosive nature of arthritogenic alphavirus outbreaks and their recent expansion across the world, co‐infections with other highly prevalent pathogens such as malaria are likely to occur but the pathological outcomes of such interactions in humans are unknown. This review will also discuss the potential impact of malaria co‐infections on CHIKV pathogenesis and their relevance in alphavirus control programs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore.,Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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123
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Zhang J, Hu X, Wang J, Sahu AD, Cohen D, Song L, Ouyang Z, Fan J, Wang B, Fu J, Gu S, Sade-Feldman M, Hacohen N, Li W, Ying X, Li B, Liu XS. Immune receptor repertoires in pediatric and adult acute myeloid leukemia. Genome Med 2019; 11:73. [PMID: 31771646 PMCID: PMC6880565 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), caused by the abnormal proliferation of immature myeloid cells in the blood or bone marrow, is one of the most common hematologic malignancies. Currently, the interactions between malignant myeloid cells and the immune microenvironment, especially T cells and B cells, remain poorly characterized. Methods In this study, we systematically analyzed the T cell receptor and B cell receptor (TCR and BCR) repertoires from the RNA-seq data of 145 pediatric and 151 adult AML samples as well as 73 non-tumor peripheral blood samples. Results We inferred over 225,000 complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences in TCR α, β, γ, and δ chains and 1,210,000 CDR3 sequences in B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chains. We found higher clonal expansion of both T cells and B cells in the AML microenvironment and observed many differences between pediatric and adult AML. Most notably, adult AML samples have significantly higher level of B cell activation and more secondary Ig class switch events than pediatric AML or non-tumor samples. Furthermore, adult AML with highly expanded IgA2 B cells, which might represent an immunosuppressive microenvironment, are associated with regulatory T cells and worse overall survival. Conclusions Our comprehensive characterization of the AML immune receptor repertoires improved our understanding of T cell and B cell immunity in AML, which may provide insights into immunotherapies in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xihao Hu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Avinash Das Sahu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Song
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhangyi Ouyang
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyu Fan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Gu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wuju Li
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Ying
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cellular Immune Response against Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Infecting the Preinflamed Middle Ear of the Junbo Mouse. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00689-19. [PMID: 31548315 PMCID: PMC6867859 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00689-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The pathology of AOM increases during long-term infection in the middle ear (ME), but the host cellular immune response to bacterial infection in this inflamed environment is poorly understood. Using the Junbo mouse, a characterized NTHi infection model, we analyzed the cellular response to NTHi infection in the Junbo mouse middle ear fluid (MEF). NTHi infection increased the total cell number and significantly decreased the proportion of live cells in the MEF at day 1, and this further decreased gradually on each day up to day 7. Flow cytometry analysis showed that neutrophils were the dominant immune cell population in the MEF and that NTHi infection significantly increased their proportion whereas it decreased the monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell proportions. Neutrophil and macrophage numbers increased in blood and spleen after NTHi infection. The T-cell population was dominated by T-helper (Th) cells in noninoculated MEF, and the effector Th (CD44+) cell population increased at day 2 of NTHi infection with an increase in IL-12p40 levels. Sustained NTHi infection up to 3 days increased the transforming growth factor β levels, decreasing the effector cell population and increasing the T-regulatory (T-reg) cell population. In the preinflamed ME environment of the Junbo mouse, neutrophils are the first responder to NTHi infection followed by T-reg immune suppressive cells. These data indicate that sustained NTHi infection in the ME induces the immune suppressive response by inducing the T-reg cell population and reducing immune cell infiltration, thus promoting longer-term infection.
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125
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Gil M, Kim KE. Interleukin-18 Is a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated with CD8 + T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Infiltration in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111993. [PMID: 31731729 PMCID: PMC6912818 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a cytokine that enhances innate and adaptive immune responses. Although there are conflicting reports about the roles of IL-18 in melanoma progression, the clinical relevance of IL-18 expression has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we investigated IL-18 expression and its correlation with patient survival and immune cell infiltration in melanoma using cancer gene expression data publicly available through various databases. IL18 mRNA expression was found to be significantly lower in melanoma tissues than normal tissues. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that IL18 expression was positively correlated with patient survival. To investigate the possible mechanisms by which IL18 expression increased patient survival, we then assessed the correlation between IL18 expression and immune cell infiltration levels. Infiltration of various immune cells, especially CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells, which are cytolytic effector cells, was significantly increased by IL18 expression. Additionally, the expression levels of two cytolytic molecules including perforin and granzyme B were significantly positively correlated with IL18 expression. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that IL18 expression has prognostic value for melanoma patient survival and is strongly correlated with CD8+ T and NK cell infiltration, suggesting the role of IL-18 as a biomarker for predicting melanoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Department of Cosmetic Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Cosmetic Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Nano-Bio Resources Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-710-9211
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126
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Yeow YL, Kotamraju VR, Wang X, Chopra M, Azme N, Wu J, Schoep TD, Delaney DS, Feindel K, Li J, Kennedy KM, Allen WM, Kennedy BF, Larma I, Sampson DD, Mahakian LM, Fite BZ, Zhang H, Friman T, Mann AP, Aziz FA, Kumarasinghe MP, Johansson M, Ee HC, Yeoh G, Mou L, Ferrara KW, Billiran H, Ganss R, Ruoslahti E, Hamzah J. Immune-mediated ECM depletion improves tumour perfusion and payload delivery. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10923. [PMID: 31709774 PMCID: PMC6895610 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High extracellular matrix (ECM) content in solid cancers impairs tumour perfusion and thus access of imaging and therapeutic agents. We have devised a new approach to degrade tumour ECM, which improves uptake of circulating compounds. We target the immune‐modulating cytokine, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), to tumours using a newly discovered peptide ligand referred to as CSG. This peptide binds to laminin–nidogen complexes in the ECM of mouse and human carcinomas with little or no peptide detected in normal tissues, and it selectively delivers a recombinant TNFα‐CSG fusion protein to tumour ECM in tumour‐bearing mice. Intravenously injected TNFα‐CSG triggered robust immune cell infiltration in mouse tumours, particularly in the ECM‐rich zones. The immune cell influx was accompanied by extensive ECM degradation, reduction in tumour stiffness, dilation of tumour blood vessels, improved perfusion and greater intratumoral uptake of the contrast agents gadoteridol and iron oxide nanoparticles. Suppressed tumour growth and prolonged survival of tumour‐bearing mice were observed. These effects were attainable without the usually severe toxic side effects of TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ling Yeow
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Xiao Wang
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meenu Chopra
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nasibah Azme
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiansha Wu
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Derek S Delaney
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kirk Feindel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ji Li
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kelsey M Kennedy
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wes M Allen
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Irma Larma
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Mahakian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Z Fite
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Friman
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aman P Mann
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Farah A Aziz
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Hooi C Ee
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - George Yeoh
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lingjun Mou
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine W Ferrara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hector Billiran
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliana Hamzah
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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127
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Wang C, Li Z, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Wu Y, Yuan Z, Chang Z, Wang Z, Zhang M. Allogeneic dendritic cells induce potent antitumor immunity by activating KLRG1 +CD8 T cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15527. [PMID: 31664180 PMCID: PMC6820535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia effect reminds us to observe the allogeneic cell elicited anti-tumor immune responses. Here we immunized recipient B6 mice with different types of allogenic leukocytes and found that vaccination with allogenic dendritic cells (alloDC) elicited the most efficient protection against broad-spectrum tumors. The recipient lymphocytes were analyzed and the data showed that CD8 T cells increased significantly after immunization and expressed effector memory T cell marker KLRG1. Functional evaluation demonstrated that these KLRG1+CD8 T cells could kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in Granzyme B- and Fas/FasL-dependent manners with no tumor antigen specificity, and tend to migrate into tumor sites by high expression of heparanase. Adoptive transfer of these cells could provide antitumor protection against tumors. AlloDC could also treat mice with residual tumors and combination of anti-PD1 antibody could enhance this effects. Together, our study showed that alloDC-immunization could induce potent antitumor effect through the expansion of KLRG1+CD8 T cells, which can work as both preventive and therapeutic tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yijie Chai
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenglong Yuan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Minghui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,The Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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128
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Hicks KC, Knudson KM, Lee KL, Hamilton DH, Hodge JW, Figg WD, Ordentlich P, Jones FR, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Cooperative Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of the HDAC Inhibitor Entinostat, an IL15 Superagonist, and a Cancer Vaccine Effectively Synergize as a Novel Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:704-716. [PMID: 31645354 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical efficacy in subsets of patients with solid carcinomas. Multimodal therapies using agents that can affect different arms of the immune system and/or tumor microenvironment (TME) might increase clinical responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We demonstrate that entinostat, a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances the antitumor efficacy of the IL15 superagonist N-803 plus vaccine in 4T1 triple-negative breast and MC38-CEA colon murine carcinoma models. A comprehensive immune and gene-expression analysis was performed in the periphery and/or TME of MC38-CEA tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Although N-803 plus vaccine induced peripheral CD8+ T-cell activation and cytokine production, there was no reduction in tumor burden and poor tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells with minimal levels of granzyme B. For the first time, we demonstrate that the addition of entinostat to N-803 plus vaccine promoted significant tumor control, correlating with increased expression of genes associated with tumor inflammation, enhanced infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells with maximal granzyme B, T-cell responses to multiple tumor-associated antigens, increased serum IFNγ, reduction of regulatory T cells in the TME, and decreased expression of the checkpoint V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) on multiple immune subsets. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that the synergistic combination of entinostat, N-803, and vaccine elicits potent antitumor activity by generating a more inflamed TME. These findings thus form the rationale for the use of this combination of agents for patients harboring poorly or noninflamed solid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin L Lee
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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129
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Li Y, Li J, Gong Z, Pan XH, Ma ZH, Ma SY, Wang HM, Dong HL, Gong FY, Gao XM. M860, a Monoclonal Antibody against Human Lactoferrin, Enhances Tumoricidal Activity of Low Dosage Lactoferrin via Granzyme B Induction. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203640. [PMID: 31600968 PMCID: PMC6832554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a soluble glycoprotein of the transferring family found in most biological fluids, functioning as a major first line defense molecule against infection in mammals. It also shows certain anti-tumor activity, but its clinical application in tumor therapy is limited because high dosage is required. In this study, we demonstrate that M860, a monoclonal antibody against human LF (hLF), could significantly increase the anti-tumor potential of low dosage hLF by forming LF-containing immune complex (IC). Human monocytes primed with LF-IC, but not hLF or M860 alone, or control ICs, showed strong tumoricidal activity on leukemia cell lines Jurkat and Raji through induction of secreted Granzyme B (GzB). LF-IC is able to colligate membrane-bound CD14 (a TLR4 co-receptor) and FcγRIIa (a low affinity activating Fcγ receptor) on the surface of human monocytes, thereby triggering the Syk-PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway leading to GzB production. Our work identifies a novel pathway for LF-mediated tumoricidal activity and may extend the clinical application of LF in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jie Li
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Pan
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi-Han Ma
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shu-Yan Ma
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Min Wang
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Liang Dong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Gong
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- The Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Biomedicine of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, China.
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130
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Wang Y, Li JJ, Ba HJ, Wang KF, Wen XZ, Li DD, Zhu XF, Zhang XS. Down Regulation of c-FLIP L Enhance PD-1 Blockade Efficacy in B16 Melanoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:857. [PMID: 31552181 PMCID: PMC6738195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) had an impressive long-lasting effect in a portion of advanced-stage melanoma patients, however, this therapy failed to induce responses in several patients; how to increase the objective response rate is very important. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) could inhibit apoptosis directly at the death-inducing signaling complex of death receptors and is also considered to be the main cause of immune escape. The overexpression of c-FLIPL occurs frequently in melanoma and its expression is associated with the prognosis. We found that the level of c-FLIPL expression was associated with the PD-1 blockade response rate in melanoma patients. Thus, we performed this research to investigate how c-FLIPL regulates immunotherapy in melanoma. We demonstrate that down regulation of c-FLIPL enhances the PD-1 blockade efficacy in B16 melanoma tumor model. Down regulation of c-FLIPL could increase the tumor apoptosis and enhance the antitumor response of T cells in the lymphocyte tumor cells co-culture system. Moreover, knockdown of c-FLIPL could decrease the expression of PD-L1 and recruit more effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Our results may provide a new combined therapeutic target for further improving the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jun Ba
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Feng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Wen
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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131
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Kirby L, Jin J, Cardona JG, Smith MD, Martin KA, Wang J, Strasburger H, Herbst L, Alexis M, Karnell J, Davidson T, Dutta R, Goverman J, Bergles D, Calabresi PA. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3887. [PMID: 31467299 PMCID: PMC6715717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are abundant in the adult central nervous system, and have the capacity to regenerate oligodendrocytes and myelin. However, in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remyelination is often incomplete. To investigate how neuroinflammation influences OPCs, we perform in vivo fate-tracing in an inflammatory demyelinating mouse model. Here we report that OPC differentiation is inhibited by both effector T cells and IFNγ overexpression by astrocytes. IFNγ also reduces the absolute number of OPCs and alters remaining OPCs by inducing the immunoproteasome and MHC class I. In vitro, OPCs exposed to IFNγ cross-present antigen to cytotoxic CD8 T cells, resulting in OPC death. In human demyelinated MS brain lesions, but not normal appearing white matter, oligodendroglia exhibit enhanced expression of the immunoproteasome subunit PSMB8. Therefore, OPCs may be co-opted by the immune system in MS to perpetuate the autoimmune response, suggesting that inhibiting immune activation of OPCs may facilitate remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kirby
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle A Martin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Hayley Strasburger
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leyla Herbst
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maya Alexis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joan Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dwight Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Marone G, Modestino L, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, de Paulis A, Antonelli A, Galdiero MR. The Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancer in the Context of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3934. [PMID: 31412566 PMCID: PMC6720642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play critical roles in tumor prevention as well as initiation and progression. However, immune-resistant cancer cells can evade the immune system and proceed to form tumors. The normal microenvironment (immune cells, fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic vessels, and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM)) maintains tissue homeostasis and prevents tumor initiation. Inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and chemokines from an altered microenvironment promote tumor growth. During the last decade, thyroid cancer, the most frequent cancer of the endocrine system, has emerged as the fifth most incident cancer in the United States (USA), and its incidence is steadily growing. Inflammation has long been associated with thyroid cancer, raising critical questions about the role of immune cells in its pathogenesis. A plethora of immune cells and their mediators are present in the thyroid cancer ecosystem. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoints, such as mAbs anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1), have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies, but they induce thyroid dysfunction in up to 10% of patients, presumably by enhancing autoimmunity. Combination strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with tyrosine kinase (TK) or serine/threonine protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) inhibitors are showing considerable promise in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. This review illustrates how different immune cells contribute to thyroid cancer development and the rationale for the antitumor effects of ICIs in combination with BRAF/TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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133
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Tomé M, Pappalardo A, Soulet F, López JJ, Olaizola J, Leger Y, Dubreuil M, Mouchard A, Fessart D, Delom F, Pitard V, Bechade D, Fonck M, Rosado JA, Ghiringhelli F, Déchanet-Merville J, Soubeyran I, Siegfried G, Evrard S, Khatib AM. Inactivation of Proprotein Convertases in T Cells Inhibits PD-1 Expression and Creates a Favorable Immune Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5008-5021. [PMID: 31358531 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PC) activate precursor proteins that play crucial roles in various cancers. In this study, we investigated whether PC enzyme activity is required for expression of the checkpoint protein programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in colon cancer. Although altered expression of the PC secretory pathway was observed in human colon cancers, only furin showed highly diffuse expression throughout the tumors. Inhibition of PCs in T cells using the general protein-based inhibitor α1-PDX or the pharmacologic inhibitor Decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethylketone repressed PD-1 and exhausted CTLs via induction of T-cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition, which improved CTL efficacy against microsatellite instable and microsatellite stable colon cancer cells. In vivo, inhibition of PCs enhanced CTL infiltration in colorectal tumors and increased tumor clearance in syngeneic mice compared with immunodeficient mice. Inhibition of PCs repressed PD-1 expression by blocking proteolytic maturation of the Notch precursor, inhibiting calcium/NFAT and NF-κB signaling, and enhancing ERK activation. These findings define a key role for PCs in regulating PD-1 expression and suggest targeting PCs as an adjunct approach to colorectal tumor immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Protein convertase enzymatic activity is required for PD-1 expression on T cells, and inhibition of protein convertase improves T-cell targeting of microsatellite instable and stable colorectal cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/19/5008/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Tomé
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM UMR1029, Pessac, France
| | - Angela Pappalardo
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabienne Soulet
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1029, Pessac, France
| | - José Javier López
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jone Olaizola
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1029, Pessac, France
| | - Yannick Leger
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1029, Pessac, France
| | | | - Amandine Mouchard
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Fessart
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1218, ACTION, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Delom
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1218, ACTION, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Juan Antonio Rosado
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Serge Evrard
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1029, Pessac, France
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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134
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Mitochondrial Entry of Cytotoxic Proteases: A New Insight into the Granzyme B Cell Death Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9165214. [PMID: 31249651 PMCID: PMC6556269 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9165214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria represent an integration and amplification hub for various death pathways including that mediated by granzyme B (GB), a granule enzyme expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. GB activates the proapoptotic B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family member BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) to switch on the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway, leading to Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer- (Bak-) dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). GB can also induce mitochondrial damage in the absence of BID, Bax, and Bak, critical for MOMP, indicating that GB targets the mitochondria in other ways. Interestingly, granzyme A (GA), GB, and caspase 3 can all directly target the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I for ROS-dependent cell death. Studies of ROS biogenesis have revealed that GB must enter the mitochondria for ROS production, making the mitochondrial entry of cytotoxic proteases (MECP) an unexpected critical step in the granzyme death pathway. MECP requires an intact ΔΨm and is mediated though Sam50 and Tim22 channels in a mtHSP70-dependent manner. Preventing MECP severely compromises GB cytotoxicity. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the canonical mitochondrial death pathway in order to put into perspective this new insight into the GB action on the mitochondria to trigger ROS-dependent cell death.
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135
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Pokharel K, Weldenegodguad M, Popov R, Honkatukia M, Huuki H, Lindeberg H, Peippo J, Reilas T, Zarovnyaev S, Kantanen J. Whole blood transcriptome analysis reveals footprints of cattle adaptation to sub-arctic conditions. Anim Genet 2019; 50:217-227. [PMID: 30957254 PMCID: PMC6593690 DOI: 10.1111/age.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous cattle breeds in northern Eurasia have adapted to harsh climate conditions. The local breeds are important genetic resources with cultural and historical heritages, and therefore, their preservation and genetic characterization are important. In this study, we profiled the whole‐blood transcriptome of two native breeds (Northern Finncattle and Yakutian cattle) and one commercial breed (Holstein) using high‐throughput RNA sequencing. More than 15 000 genes were identified, of which two, 89 and 162 genes were significantly upregulated exclusively in Northern Finncattle, Yakutian cattle and Holstein cattle respectively. The functional classification of these significantly differentially expressed genes identified several biological processes and pathways related to signalling mechanisms, cell differentiation and host–pathogen interactions that, in general, point towards immunity and disease resistance mechanisms. The gene expression pattern observed in Northern Finncattle was more similar to that of Yakutian cattle, despite sharing similar living conditions with the Holstein cattle included in our study. In conclusion, our study identified unique biological processes in these breeds that may have helped them to adapt and survive in northern and sub‐arctic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pokharel
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - M Weldenegodguad
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, FI-70311, Finland
| | - R Popov
- Yakutian Research Institute of Agriculture (FGBNU Yakutskij NIISH), ul. Bestyzhevo-Marlinskogo 23/1, Yakutsk, 67001, The Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - M Honkatukia
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland.,The Nordic Genetic Resources Center (Nordgen), P.O. Box 115, Ås, NO-1431, Norway
| | - H Huuki
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - H Lindeberg
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31A, Maaninka, FI-71750, Finland
| | - J Peippo
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - T Reilas
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
| | - S Zarovnyaev
- GBU Saha Agroplem, ul. Ordzhonkidze 20/204, Yakutsk, 67700, The Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia
| | - J Kantanen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, Jokioinen, FI-31600, Finland
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136
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Yoshida K, Okamoto M, Sasaki J, Kuroda C, Ishida H, Ueda K, Okano S, Ideta H, Kamanaka T, Sobajima A, Takizawa T, Kito M, Aoki K, Uemura T, Haniu H, Kato H, Saito N. Clinical outcome of osteosarcoma and its correlation with programmed death-ligand 1 and T cell activation markers. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2513-2518. [PMID: 31040694 PMCID: PMC6452806 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s198421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although both anti-PD-1 antibody and treatments using anti-PD-L1 antibody are currently in clinical use, their therapeutic effects vary according to cancer type. One of the factors accounting for this variability is the expression level of the immune checkpoint molecule that differs between cancer types; thus, it is important to clarify the relationship between clinical outcomes and immune checkpoint molecules for all types of human cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of osteosarcoma in relation to PD-L1, PRF, GZMB, and IFNγ expression. Methods Using 19 clinical specimens of osteosarcoma, we examined the expression of PD-L1, PRF, GZMB, and IFNγ in relation to their clinical outcomes. Results PD-L1 expression correlated with early metastatic formation in clinical specimens of osteosarcoma, and the group with highly expressed functional markers for T cells such as PRF and GZMB resulted in a long overall survival time. Conclusion This is the first study to elucidate the clinical outcomes of osteosarcoma in relation to PD-L1, PRF, GZMB, and IFNγ expression. This study provides valuable information regarding the clinical indication and prediction of effect for anti-PD-1 antibody in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Chika Kuroda
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Haruka Ishida
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Katsuya Ueda
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Satomi Okano
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Hirokazu Ideta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Takayuki Kamanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Atsushi Sobajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Takashi Takizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Munehisa Kito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Physical Therapy Division, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan,
| | - Naoto Saito
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan,
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137
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Manukian G, Bar-Ad V, Lu B, Argiris A, Johnson JM. Combining Radiation and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 30895168 PMCID: PMC6414812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatment options, even though potentially curative, have many limitations including a high rate of complications. Over the past few years immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have changed treatment paradigms in many malignancies and are currently under investigation in HNSCC as well. Despite improvements in treatment outcomes and the implementation of combined modality approaches long-term survival rates in patients with locally advanced HNSCC remain suboptimal. Accumulating evidence suggests that under certain conditions, radiation may be delivered in conjunction with ICI to augment efficacy. In this review, we will discuss the immune modulating mechanisms of ICI and radiation, how changing the dose, fractionation, and field of radiation may alter the tumor microenvironment (TME), and how these two treatment modalities may work in concert to generate durable treatment responses against HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Manukian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Voichita Bar-Ad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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138
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Rajani KR, Carlstrom LP, Parney IF, Johnson AJ, Warrington AE, Burns TC. Harnessing Radiation Biology to Augment Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 8:656. [PMID: 30854331 PMCID: PMC6395389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common adult primary brain tumor and carries a dismal prognosis. Radiation is a standard first-line therapy, typically deployed following maximal safe surgical debulking, when possible, in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. For other systemic cancers, standard of care is being transformed by immunotherapies, including checkpoint-blocking antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, with potential for long-term remission. Ongoing studies are evaluating the role of immunotherapies for GBM. Despite dramatic responses in some cases, randomized trials to date have not met primary outcomes. Challenges have been attributed in part to the immunologically "cold" nature of glioblastoma relative to other malignancies successfully treated with immunotherapy. Radiation may serve as a mechanism to improve tumor immunogenicity. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence regarding radiation as a synergistic facilitator of immunotherapies through modulation of both the innate and adaptive immune milieu. Although current preclinical data encourage efforts to harness synergistic biology between radiation and immunotherapy, several practical and scientific challenges remain. Moreover, insights from radiation biology may unveil additional novel opportunities to help mobilize immunity against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma R. Rajani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lucas P. Carlstrom
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian F. Parney
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Terry C. Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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139
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He M, Huang L, Hou X, Zhong C, Bachir ZA, Lan M, Chen R, Gao F. Efficient ovalbumin delivery using a novel multifunctional micellar platform for targeted melanoma immunotherapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:1-10. [PMID: 30677484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is considered to be one of the alternatives to traditional chemotherapy. It's known that foreign antigen, such as ovalbumin (OVA), can label tumor cells, leading to neoantigen recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Herein, a novel multifunctional micelle coated with PEGylated hyaluronic acid (HA) was prepared through self-assembly and electrostatic interaction. The OVA-loaded micelle with uniform size (132.1 ± 0.2 nm in diameter) exhibited favorable stability and sustained release profiles. The HA-coated micelle could target CD44-overexpressed cells and enhance the cellular uptake of OVA by 11.9 fold compared to free OVA. In vitro studies revealed that the cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine, could facilitate endosomal escape of OVA to label a tumor cell. After treatment with the OVA-loaded micelle, tumor growth in mice was significantly inhibited by 70% compared to the group treated with free OVA. All these results suggest the potential application of the immunotherapeutic micellar platform for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muye He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zaina Ait Bachir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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140
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Lu C, Yang D, Klement JD, Oh IK, Savage NM, Waller JL, Colby AH, Grinstaff MW, Oberlies NH, Pearce CJ, Xie Z, Kulp SK, Coss CC, Phelps MA, Albers T, Lebedyeva IO, Liu K. SUV39H1 Represses the Expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Effector Genes to Promote Colon Tumor Immune Evasion. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:414-427. [PMID: 30610059 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the presence of CTLs in the tumor microenvironment, the majority of immunogenic human colon cancer does not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, and microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors are not naturally eliminated. The molecular mechanism underlying the inactivity of tumor-infiltrating CTLs is unknown. We report here that CTLs were present in both MSI and microsatellite stable colon tumors. The expression of the H3K9me3-specific histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 was significantly elevated in human colon carcinoma compared with normal colon tissues. Using a mouse colon carcinoma model, we further determined that tumor-infiltrating CTLs in the colon tumor microenvironment have high expression of SUV39H1. To target SUV39H1 in the tumor microenvironment, a virtual chemical library was screened on the basis of the SET (suppressor of variegation 3-9, enhancer of zeste and trithorax) domain structure of the human SUV39H1 protein. Functional enzymatic activity assays identified a small molecule that inhibits SUV39H1 enzymatic activity. On the basis of the structure of this small molecule, we modified it and chemically synthesized a small molecule, termed F5446, which has an EC50 of 0.496 μmol/L for SUV39H1 enzymatic activity. H3K9me3 was enriched in the promoters of GZMB, PRF1, FASLG, and IFNG in quiescent T cells. F5446 inhibited H3K9me3, thereby upregulating expression of these effectors in tumor-infiltrating CTLs and suppressing colon carcinoma growth in a CD8+ CTL-dependent manner in vivo Our data indicate that SUV39H1 represses CTL effector gene expression and, in doing so, confers colon cancer immune escape.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Methyltransferases/immunology
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Repressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Il Kyu Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Natasha M Savage
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Aaron H Colby
- Ionic Pharmaceuticals, Brookline, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Ionic Pharmaceuticals, Brookline, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | | | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samuel K Kulp
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher C Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Albers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Iryna O Lebedyeva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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141
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Du W, Cao X. Cytotoxic Pathways in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2979. [PMID: 30631325 PMCID: PMC6315278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for hematologic malignancies, and other hematologic and immunologic diseases. Donor-derived immune cells identify and attack cancer cells in the patient producing a unique graft-vs.-tumor (GVT) effect. This beneficial response renders allo-HCT one of the most effective forms of tumor immunotherapy. However, alloreactive donor T cells can damage normal host cells thereby causing graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), which results in substantial morbidity and mortality. To date, GVHD remains as the major obstacle for more successful application of allo-HCT. Of special significance in this context are a number of cytotoxic pathways that are involved in GVHD and GVT response as well as donor cell engraftment. In this review, we summarize progress in the investigation of these cytotoxic pathways, including Fas/Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme, and cytokine pathways. Many studies have delineated their distinct operating mechanisms and how they are involved in the complex cellular interactions amongst donor, host, tumor, and infectious pathogens. Driven by progressing elucidation of their contributions in immune reconstitution and regulation, various interventional strategies targeting these pathways have entered translational stages with aims to improve the effectiveness of allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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142
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Adams HC, Stevenaert F, Krejcik J, Van der Borght K, Smets T, Bald J, Abraham Y, Ceulemans H, Chiu C, Vanhoof G, Usmani SZ, Plesner T, Lonial S, Nijhof I, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ, Sasser AK, Casneuf T. High-Parameter Mass Cytometry Evaluation of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Daratumumab Demonstrates Immune Modulation as a Novel Mechanism of Action. Cytometry A 2018; 95:279-289. [PMID: 30536810 PMCID: PMC6590645 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Daratumumab is a CD38‐targeted human monoclonal antibody with direct anti‐myeloma cell mechanisms of action. Flow cytometry in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients treated with daratumumab revealed cytotoxic T‐cell expansion and reduction of immune‐suppressive populations, suggesting immune modulation as an additional mechanism of action. Here, we performed an in‐depth analysis of the effects of daratumumab on immune‐cell subpopulations using high‐dimensional mass cytometry. Whole‐blood and bone‐marrow baseline and on‐treatment samples from RRMM patients who participated in daratumumab monotherapy studies (SIRIUS and GEN501) were evaluated with high‐throughput immunophenotyping. In daratumumab‐treated patients, the intensity of CD38 marker expression decreased on many immune cells in SIRIUS whole‐blood samples. Natural killer (NK) cells were depleted with daratumumab, with remaining NK cells showing increased CD69 and CD127, decreased CD45RA, and trends for increased CD25, CD27, and CD137 and decreased granzyme B. Immune‐suppressive population depletion paralleled previous findings, and a newly observed reduction in CD38+ basophils was seen in patients who received monotherapy. After 2 months of daratumumab, the T‐cell population in whole‐blood samples from responders shifted to a CD8 prevalence with higher granzyme B positivity (P = 0.017), suggesting increased killing capacity and supporting monotherapy‐induced CD8+ T‐cell activation. High‐throughput cytometry immune profiling confirms and builds upon previous flow cytometry data, including comparable CD38 marker intensity on plasma cells, NK cells, monocytes, and B/T cells. Interestingly, a shift toward cytolytic granzyme B+ T cells was also observed and supports adaptive responses in patients that may contribute to depth of response. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer C Adams
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jakub Krejcik
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Vejle Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Tina Smets
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jaime Bald
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Saad Z Usmani
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Torben Plesner
- Department of Hematology, Vejle Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Inger Nijhof
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M Lokhorst
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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143
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Gao CY, Yao Y, Li L, Yang SH, Chu H, Tsuneyama K, Li XM, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells Acting as Mediators of Salivary Gland Damage in a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 71:121-132. [PMID: 30035379 DOI: 10.1002/art.40676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a role for CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has been documented, the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD8+ T cells in the development of SS. METHODS Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses were utilized to detect T cell infiltration within the labial salivary glands of patients with primary SS. In parallel, p40-/- CD25-/- mice were used as a murine model of SS. In addition, mice with genetic knockout of CD4, CD8a, or interferon-γ (IFNγ) were crossed with p40-/- CD25-/- mice to study the pathogenic significance of specific lineage subpopulations, including functional salivary gland tests as well as histopathologic and serologic data. A CD8+ T cell-specific depletion antibody was used in this murine SS model to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic strategy. RESULTS CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident memory phenotype outnumbered CD4+ T cells in the labial salivary glands of patients with SS, and were primarily colocalized with salivary duct epithelial cells and acinar cells. Furthermore, infiltrating CD8+ T cells with a CD69+CD103+/- tissue-resident phenotype and with a significant elevation of IFNγ production were dominant in the submandibular glands of mice in this murine SS model. CD8a knockout abrogated the development of SS in these mice. Knockout of IFNγ decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and gland destruction. More importantly, depletion of CD8+ T cells fully protected mice against the pathologic manifestations of SS, even after the onset of disease. CONCLUSION These data reveal the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells in the development and progression of SS in the salivary glands. Treatment directed against CD8+ T cells may be a rational therapy for the management of SS in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yue Gao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Han Yang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Institute of Health Biosciences and University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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144
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Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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145
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Decrease in Intracellular Perforin Levels and IFN- γ Production in Human CD8 + T Cell Line following Long-Term Exposure to Asbestos Fibers. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4391731. [PMID: 30426024 PMCID: PMC6218727 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4391731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the tumorigenicity of asbestos, which is thought to cause mesothelioma, has been clarified, its effect on antitumor immunity requires further investigation. We previously reported a decrease in the percentage of perforin+ cells of stimulated CD8+ lymphocytes derived from patients with malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, we examined the effects of long-term exposure to asbestos on CD8+ T cell functions by comparing long-term cultures of the human CD8+ T cell line EBT-8 with and without exposure to chrysotile (CH) asbestos as an in vitro model. Exposure to CH asbestos at 5 μg/ml or 30 μg/ml did not result in a decrease in intracellular granzyme B in EBT-8 cells. In contrast, the percentage of perforin+ cells decreased at both doses of CH exposure. CH exposure at 30 μg/ml did not suppress degranulation following stimulation with antibodies to CD3. Secreted production of IFN-γ stimulated via CD3 decreased by CH exposure at 30 μg/ml, although the percentage of IFN-γ+ cells induced by PMA/ionomycin did not decrease. These results indicate that long-term exposure to asbestos can potentially suppress perforin levels and the production of IFN-γ in human CD8+ T cells.
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146
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Eshima K, Misawa K, Ohashi C, Iwabuchi K. Role of T-bet, the master regulator of Th1 cells, in the cytotoxicity of murine CD4 + T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:348-356. [PMID: 29577371 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells are generally regarded as helper T cells, some activated CD4+ T cells have cytotoxic properties. Given that CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) often secrete IFN-γ, CTL activity among CD4+ T cells may be attributable to Th1 cells, where a T-box family molecule, T-bet serves as the "master regulator". However, although the essential contribution of T-bet to expression of IFN-γ has been well-documented, it remains unclear whether T-bet is involved in CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, to investigate the ability of T-bet to confer cytolytic activity on CD4+ T cells, the T-bet gene (Tbx21) was introduced into non-cytocidal CD4+ T cell lines and their cytolytic function analyzed. Up-regulation of FasL (CD178), which provided the transfectant with cytotoxicity, was observed in Tbx21transfected CD4+ T cells but not in untransfected parental cells. In one cell line, T-bet transduction also induced perforin gene (Prf1) expression and Tbx21 transfectants efficiently killed Fas- target cells. Although T-bet was found to repress up-regulation of CD40L (CD154), which controls FasL-mediated cytolysis, the extent of CD40L up-regulation on in vitro-differentiated Th1 cells was similar to that on Th2 cells, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism. These results collectively indicate that T-bet may be involved in the expression of genes, such as FasL and Prf1, which confer cytotoxicity on Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kana Misawa
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ohashi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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147
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Yang C, Shen C, Feng T, Li H. Noncoding RNA in NK cells. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:63-71. [PMID: 30265761 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru0518-197rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) are important regulators that modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, the cell cycle, and DNA methylation. NK cells mediate the immune response via the secretion of various cytokines and are important innate immune cells in the human immune system. Recent studies have found that ncRNA plays an important role in NK cell development and function. With recent advances in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing, novel ncRNAs have been identified, allowing us to more fully appreciate its functions in NK cell biology. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest studies on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA in NK cells from the viewpoint of epigenetic mechanisms to help us clearly understand ncRNA in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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148
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Wang D, Sun S, Heidari M. Marek's disease vaccine activates chicken macrophages. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:375-383. [PMID: 29366301 PMCID: PMC5974519 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide insights into the role of innate immune responses in vaccine-mediated protection, we investigated the effect of Marek's disease (MD) vaccine, CVI988/Rispens, on the expression patterns of selected genes associated with activation of macrophages in MD-resistant and MD-susceptible chicken lines. Upregulation of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-12 at different days post-inoculation (dpi) revealed activation of macrophages in both chicken lines. A strong immune response was induced in cecal tonsils of the susceptible line at 5 dpi. The highest transcriptional activities were observed in spleen tissues of the resistant line at 3 dpi. No increase in the population of CD3⁺ T cells was observed in duodenum of vaccinated birds at 5 dpi indicating a lack of involvement of the adaptive immune system in the transcriptional profiling of the tested genes. There was, however, an increase in the number of macrophages in the duodenum of vaccinated birds. The CVI988/Rispens antigen was detected in the duodenum and cecal tonsils of the susceptible line at 5 dpi but not in the resistant line. This study sheds light on the role of macrophages in vaccine-mediated protection against MD and on the possible development of new recombinant vaccines with enhanced innate immune system activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Mohammad Heidari
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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149
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Notch signaling pathway suppresses CD8 + T cells activity in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:129-136. [PMID: 30086535 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolution and progression of cancer always leads to CD8+ T cells dysfunction/exhaustion. Controversy remains as to the role of Notch signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells regulation in tumorigenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of Notch signaling pathway to peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Forty-eight lung adenocarcinoma patients and twenty healthy individuals were enrolled in the current study, and CD8+ T cells were purified from both peripheral bloods and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Notch receptor mRNA expression was semi-quantified by real-time PCR. Cytolytic and noncytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells evaluated in direct and indirect contact co-culture with A549 cells in response to Notch signaling inhibition by measuring of lactate dehydrogenase release and cytokines production. Expression of Fas ligand (FasL), perforin, and granzyme B were also assessed by flow cytometry. Notch2 mRNA expression was elevated in both peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells in lung adenocarcinoma patients, however, did not correlated with tumor stages or epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Peripheral CD8+ T cells from healthy individuals exhibited stronger cytotoxicity in direct contact co-culture system, which was not influenced by Notch signaling inhibition. Moreover, suppression of Notch signaling augmented cytotoxicity of peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells from lung adenocarcinoma patients in direct contact co-culture system, and promoted interferon-γ production in both systems. This process was accompanied by increased expression of FasL and perforin within CD8+ T cells. The current data revealed a potential immunosuppressive property of Notch signaling pathway to CD8+ T cells probably via inhibition of FasL and perforin in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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150
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Liu Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Wu Y, Xiong X. Crucial biological functions of CCL7 in cancer. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4928. [PMID: 29915688 PMCID: PMC6004300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7), a CC chemokine, is a chemotactic factor and attractant for various kinds of leukocytes, including monocytes and neutrophils. CCL7 is widely expressed in multiple cell types and can participate in anti-inflammatory responses through binding to its receptors to mediate the recruitment of immune cells. Abnormal CCL7 expression is associated with certain immune diseases. Furthermore, CCL7 plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. CCL7 promotes tumor progression by supporting the formation of the tumor microenvironment and facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, although some studies have suggested that CCL7 has tumor suppressor effects. In this review, we summarize the currently available information regarding the influence of CCL7 on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Cai
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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