101
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Li L, Ma J, Xu J, Zheng Y, Xie Q, Rong L, Liang Z. Brain functional changes in patients with Crohn's disease: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2243. [PMID: 34124857 PMCID: PMC8413760 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease, often accompanied by poor adaptation and excessive stress response. However, the potential neurological mechanisms of these symptoms have not yet been studied in-depth. OBJECTIVE To investigate alterations in brain activity in patients with Crohn's disease and study the relationship between altered regions and clinical indices. METHODS A total of 15 CD patients and 26 matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants underwent fMRI scans. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) assessed differences in spontaneous regional brain activity. Differences between the groups were selected as seeds for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Correlations between disease duration and ALFF/ReHo/FC values in abnormal regions were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with CD had significantly higher ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area, and lower values in the left hippocampus. They also had higher ReHo values in the left anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, putamen, and the bilateral superior frontal gyri. FC strength in the left precentral and middle temporal gyri was found to be increased when the left superior frontal gyrus was used as the seed point. FC strength was also observed to be increased in the left postcentral, middle frontal gyri, inferior frontal orbital cortex, and right rolandic operculum when the left anterior cingulate cortex was used as the seed point. CONCLUSION CD demonstrated abnormal neural activity and FC in various regions primarily associated with emotional, pain and cognitive-related functions, which provides more information to further understand the neural mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yan‐Ling Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lan Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zong‐Hui Liang
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of ShanghaiFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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102
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King-Robson J, Wilson H, Politis M. Associations Between Amyloid and Tau Pathology, and Connectome Alterations, in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:541-560. [PMID: 34057079 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of amyloid-β and tau in the degenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain uncertain. [18F]AV-45 and [18F]AV-1451 PET quantify amyloid-β and tau pathology, respectively, while diffusion tractography enables detection of their microstructural consequences. OBJECTIVE Examine the impact of amyloid-β and tau pathology on the structural connectome and cognition, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. METHODS Combined [18F]AV-45 and [18F]AV-1451 PET, diffusion tractography, and cognitive assessment in 28 controls, 32 MCI, and 26 AD patients. RESULTS Hippocampal connectivity was reduced to the thalami, right lateral orbitofrontal, and right amygdala in MCI; alongside the insula, posterior cingulate, right entorhinal, and numerous cortical regions in AD (all p < 0.05). Hippocampal strength inversely correlated with [18F]AV-1451 SUVr in MCI (r = -0.55, p = 0.049) and AD (r = -0.57, p = 0.046), while reductions in hippocampal connectivity to ipsilateral brain regions correlated with increased [18F]AV-45 SUVr in those same regions in MCI (r = -0.33, p = 0.003) and AD (r = -0.31, p = 0.006). Cognitive scores correlated with connectivity of the right temporal pole in MCI (r = -0.60, p = 0.035) and left hippocampus in AD (r = 0.69, p = 0.024). Clinical Dementia Rating Scale scores correlated with [18F]AV-1451 SUVr in multiple areas reflecting Braak stages I-IV, including the right (r = 0.65, p = 0.004) entorhinal cortex in MCI; and Braak stages III-VI, including the right (r = 0.062, p = 0.009) parahippocampal gyrus in AD. CONCLUSION Reductions in hippocampal connectivity predominate in the AD connectome, correlating with hippocampal tau in MCI and AD, and with amyloid-β in the target regions of those connections. Cognitive scores correlate with microstructural changes and reflect the accumulation of tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh King-Robson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, University of Exeter Medical School, London, UK
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103
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Dean EA, Sola CL. Psychiatric Sequelae of Anti-Dipeptidyl Peptidase-Like Protein-6 Encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 2021; 62:449-455. [PMID: 34210404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Christopher L Sola
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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104
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Pastötter B, Moeller B, Frings C. Watching the Brain as It (Un)Binds: Beta Synchronization Relates to Distractor-Response Binding. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1581-1594. [PMID: 34496371 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Human action control relies on event files, that is, short-term stimulus-response bindings that result from the integration of perception and action. The present EEG study examined oscillatory brain activities related to the integration and disintegration of event files in the distractor-response binding (DRB) task, which relies on a sequential prime-probe structure with orthogonal variation of distractor and response relations between prime and probe. Behavioral results indicated a DRB effect in RTs, which was moderated by the duration of the response-stimulus interval (RSI) between prime response and probe stimulus onset. Indeed, a DRB effect was observed for a short RSI of 500 msec but not for a longer RSI of 2000 msec, indicating disintegration of event files over time. EEG results revealed a positive correlation between individual DRB in the RSI-2000 condition and postmovement beta synchronization after both prime and probe responses. Beamformer analysis localized this correlation effect to the middle occipital gyrus, which also showed highest coherency with precentral and inferior parietal brain regions. Together, these findings suggest that postmovement beta synchronization is a marker of event file disintegration, with the left middle occipital gyrus being a hub region for stimulus-response bindings in the visual DRB task.
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105
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Corticosterone in the dorsolateral striatum facilitates the extinction of stimulus-response memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107481. [PMID: 34166790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are crucially involved in modulating mnemonic processing of stressful or emotionally arousing experiences. They are known to enhance the consolidation of new memories, including those that extinguish older memories. In this study, we investigated whether glucocorticoids facilitate the extinction of a striatum-dependent, and behaviorally more rigid, stimulus-response memory. For this, male rats were initially trained for six days on a stimulus-response task in a T-maze to obtain a reward after making an egocentric right-turn body response, regardless of the starting position in this maze. This training phase was followed by three extinction sessions in which right-turn body responses were not reinforced. Corticosterone administration into the dorsolateral region of the striatum after the first extinction session dose-dependently enhanced the consolidation of extinction memory: Rats administered the higher dose of corticosterone (30 ng), but not lower doses (5 or 10 ng), exhibited significantly fewer right-turn body responses and had longer latencies compared to vehicle-treated animals on the second and third extinction sessions. Co-administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486 (10 ng) prevented the corticosterone effect, indicating that glucocorticoids enhance the extinction of stimulus-response memory via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Corticosterone administration into the dorsomedial striatum did not affect extinction memory. These findings indicate that stress-response mechanisms involving corticosterone actions in the dorsolateral striatum facilitate the extinction of stimulus-response memory that might allow for the development of an opportune behavioral strategy.
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106
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Bukacova K, Mana J, Klempíř J, Lišková I, Brožová H, Poláková K, Žák I, Pelclová D, Zakharov S, Růžička E, Bezdicek O. Cognitive changes after methanol exposure: Longitudinal perspective. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:101-108. [PMID: 34147607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2012 to 2013, there was a mass methanol poisoning outbreak in the Czech Republic. Methanol metabolites can cause specific lesions in the basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and optic nerve. However, long-term sequelae of methanol poisoning on cognitive functioning have not yet been explored. The current study aimed to delineate the cognitive changes observed in methanol poisoning survivors in the seven years since 2012. METHODS We conducted longitudinal research with repeated measurements in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the development of cognitive changes after acute methanol poisoning. A complex neuropsychological battery consisted of tests of global cognitive performance, auditory and visual attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, working memory and language. Motor performance measures and depression scale were also included. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA of four measurements with post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in the Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.007); however, other parameters were not significantly decreasing. In comparison to normative values, the z-scores for each test measure, in the memory domain, in particular, ranged from 43 to 60 % of participants below 1.5 SD. Mild to severe depression levels from the onset of poisoning improved during the seven years, returning to normal in up to 27 % of participants. CONCLUSION In the longitudinal perspective, methanol poisoning survivors manifest progressive global cognitive decline and overall persistent below-average cognitive performance with some improvements in the frequency of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Bukacova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Mana
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Klempíř
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Lišková
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brožová
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Poláková
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Žák
- Toxicological Information Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pelclová
- Toxicological Information Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey Zakharov
- Toxicological Information Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Bezdicek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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107
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Teghil A, Bonavita A, Guariglia C, Boccia M. Commonalities and specificities between environmental navigation and autobiographical memory: A synthesis and a theoretical perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:928-945. [PMID: 34102149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that declarative memory evolved from spatial navigation, with episodic memory having its roots in mechanisms of egocentric navigation and semantic memory in those of allocentric navigation; however, whether these brain networks actually overlap is still unclear. Using Activation Likelihood Estimation, we assessed the correspondence between brain correlates of spatial navigation (SN) and autobiographical memory (AM), further testing whether neural substrates of episodic memory (EAM) and egocentric navigation, and those of semantic memory (SAM) and map-like navigation, coincide. SN and AM commonly activated the parahippocampal gyrus and middle hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex and right angular gyrus, but also involved distinct brain regions. Similarly, EAM and egocentric navigation, besides sharing a network involving the right angular gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus, activated distinct brain regions; no region was commonly activated by SAM and allocentric navigation. We discuss findings in the light of theories on the relation between navigation and memory, and propose a new theoretical perspective, which takes into account the dynamic nature of navigational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Bonavita
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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108
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Russo C, Veronelli L, Casati C, Monti A, Perucca L, Ferraro F, Corbo M, Vallar G, Bolognini N. Explicit motor sequence learning after stroke: a neuropsychological study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2303-2316. [PMID: 34091696 PMCID: PMC8282572 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning interacts with and shapes experience-dependent cerebral plasticity. In stroke patients with paresis of the upper limb, motor recovery was proposed to reflect a process of re-learning the lost/impaired skill, which interacts with rehabilitation. However, to what extent stroke patients with hemiparesis may retain the ability of learning with their affected limb remains an unsolved issue, that was addressed by this study. Nineteen patients, with a cerebrovascular lesion affecting the right or the left hemisphere, underwent an explicit motor learning task (finger tapping task, FTT), which was performed with the paretic hand. Eighteen age-matched healthy participants served as controls. Motor performance was assessed during the learning phase (i.e., online learning), as well as immediately at the end of practice, and after 90 min and 24 h (i.e., retention). Results show that overall, as compared to the control group, stroke patients, regardless of the side (left/right) of the hemispheric lesion, do not show a reliable practice-dependent improvement; consequently, no retention could be detected in the long-term (after 90 min and 24 h). The motor learning impairment was associated with subcortical damage, predominantly affecting the basal ganglia; conversely, it was not associated with age, time elapsed from stroke, severity of upper-limb motor and sensory deficits, and the general neurological condition. This evidence expands our understanding regarding the potential of post-stroke motor recovery through motor practice, suggesting a potential key role of basal ganglia, not only in implicit motor learning as previously pointed out, but also in explicit finger tapping motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Department of Psychology and Milan Center for Neuroscience-NeuroMi, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Veronelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Casati
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Monti
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Perucca
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferraro
- Riabilitazione Specialistica Neuromotoria - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, ASST "Carlo Poma" di Mantova - Presidio di Riabilitazione Multifunzionale di Bozzolo, Mantua, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa di Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology and Milan Center for Neuroscience-NeuroMi, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology and Milan Center for Neuroscience-NeuroMi, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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109
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Lasley SM, Fornal CA, Mandal S, Strupp BJ, Beaudin SA, Smith DR. Early Postnatal Manganese Exposure Reduces Rat Cortical and Striatal Biogenic Amine Activity in Adulthood. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:144-155. [PMID: 31560393 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from studies with children and animal models suggests that elevated levels of manganese during early development lead to lasting cognitive and fine motor deficits. This study was performed to assess presynaptic biogenic amine function in forebrain of adult Long-Evans rats exposed orally to 0, 25, or 50 mg Mn/kg/day over postnatal day 1-21 or continuously from birth to the end of the study (approximately postnatal day 500). Intracerebral microdialysis in awake rats quantified evoked outflow of biogenic amines in the right medial prefrontal cortex and left striatum. Results indicated that brain manganese levels in the early life exposed groups (postnatal day 24) largely returned to control levels by postnatal day 66, whereas levels in the lifelong exposed groups remained elevated 10%-20% compared with controls at the same ages. Manganese exposure restricted to the early postnatal period caused lasting reductions in cortical potassium-stimulated extracellular norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and reductions in striatal extracellular dopamine. Lifelong manganese exposure produced similar effects with the addition of significant decreases in cortical dopamine that were not evident in the early postnatal exposed groups. These results indicate that early postnatal manganese exposure produces persistent deficits in cortical and striatal biogenic amine function. Given that these same animals exhibited lasting impairments in attention and fine motor function, these findings suggest that reductions in catecholaminergic activity are a primary factor underlying the behavioral effects caused by manganese, and indicate that children exposed to elevated levels of manganese during early development are at the greatest risk for neuronal deficiencies that persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Lasley
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61605
| | - Casimir A Fornal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61605
| | - Shyamali Mandal
- Business Development, BioVision Inc, Milpitas, California 95035
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Stephane A Beaudin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95340
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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110
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Corticostriatal Regulation of Language Functions. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:472-494. [PMID: 33982264 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of corticostriatal circuits in language functions is unclear. In this review, we consider evidence from language learning, syntax, and controlled language production and comprehension tasks that implicate various corticostriatal circuits. Converging evidence from neuroimaging in healthy individuals, studies in populations with subcortical dysfunction, pharmacological studies, and brain stimulation suggests a domain-general regulatory role of corticostriatal systems in language operations. The role of corticostriatal systems in language operations identified in this review is likely to reflect a broader function of the striatum in responding to uncertainty and conflict which demands selection, sequencing, and cognitive control. We argue that this role is dynamic and varies depending on the degree and form of cognitive control required, which in turn will recruit particular corticostriatal circuits and components organised in a cognitive hierarchy.
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111
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Gotts SJ, Milleville SC, Martin A. Enhanced inter-regional coupling of neural responses and repetition suppression provide separate contributions to long-term behavioral priming. Commun Biol 2021; 4:487. [PMID: 33879819 PMCID: PMC8058068 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus identification commonly improves with repetition over long delays ("repetition priming"), whereas neural activity commonly decreases ("repetition suppression"). Multiple models have been proposed to explain this brain-behavior relationship, predicting alterations in functional and/or effective connectivity (Synchrony and Predictive Coding models), in the latency of neural responses (Facilitation model), and in the relative similarity of neural representations (Sharpening model). Here, we test these predictions with fMRI during overt and covert naming of repeated and novel objects. While we find partial support for predictions of the Facilitation and Sharpening models in the left fusiform gyrus and left frontal cortex, the data were most consistent with the Synchrony model, with increased coupling between right temporoparietal and anterior cingulate cortex for repeated objects that correlated with priming magnitude across participants. Increased coupling and repetition suppression varied independently, each explaining unique variance in priming and requiring modifications of all current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gotts
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Shawn C Milleville
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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112
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Huang CS, Wang GH, Chuang HH, Chuang AY, Yeh JY, Lai YC, Yang YC. Conveyance of cortical pacing for parkinsonian tremor-like hyperkinetic behavior by subthalamic dysrhythmia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109007. [PMID: 33882305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic symptoms. While increased subthalamic burst discharges have a direct causal relationship with the hypokinetic manifestations (e.g., rigidity and bradykinesia), the origin of the hyperkinetic symptoms (e.g., resting tremor and propulsive gait) has remained obscure. Neuronal burst discharges are presumed to be autonomous or less responsive to synaptic input, thereby interrupting the information flow. We, however, demonstrate that subthalamic burst discharges are dependent on cortical glutamatergic synaptic input, which is enhanced by A-type K+ channel inhibition. Excessive top-down-triggered subthalamic burst discharges then drive highly correlative activities bottom-up in the motor cortices and skeletal muscles. This leads to hyperkinetic behaviors such as tremors, which are effectively ameliorated by inhibition of cortico-subthalamic AMPAergic synaptic transmission. We conclude that subthalamic burst discharges play an imperative role in cortico-subcortical information relay, and they critically contribute to the pathogenesis of both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic parkinsonian symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Syuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hsun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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113
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Er81 Transcription Factor Fine-Tunes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Activity and Drives Habit Formation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4392-4409. [PMID: 33849945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0967-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms tuning cholinergic interneuron (CIN) activity, although crucial for striatal function and behavior, remain largely unexplored. Previous studies report that the Etv1/Er81 transcription factor is vital for regulating neuronal maturation and activity. While Er81 is known to be expressed in the striatum during development, its specific role in defining CIN properties and the resulting consequences on striatal function is unknown. We report here that Er81 is expressed in CINs and its specific ablation leads to prominent changes in their molecular, morphologic, and electrophysiological features. In particular, the lack of Er81 amplifies intrinsic delayed-rectifier and hyperpolarization-activated currents, which subsequently alters the tonic and phasic activity of CINs. We further reveal that Er81 expression is required for normal CIN pause and time-locked responses to sensorimotor inputs in awake mice. Overall, this study uncovers a new cell type-specific control of CIN function in the striatum which drives habit formation in adult male mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although previous studies have shown that cholinergic interneurons drive striatal activity and habit formation, the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling their function are unknown. Here we reveal that key cholinergic interneuron physiological properties are controlled by Er81, a transcription factor regulating neuronal activity and development in a cell-specific manner. Moreover, our findings uncover a link between the Er81-dependent molecular control of cholinergic interneuron function and habit formation in mice. These insights will contribute to the future enhancement of our understanding of disorders that involve behavioral inflexibility, such as autism and addiction.
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114
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Ullrich D, Butz A, Diefenbach S. The Development of Overtrust: An Empirical Simulation and Psychological Analysis in the Context of Human-Robot Interaction. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:554578. [PMID: 33928129 PMCID: PMC8076673 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.554578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With impressive developments in human–robot interaction it may seem that technology can do anything. Especially in the domain of social robots which suggest to be much more than programmed machines because of their anthropomorphic shape, people may overtrust the robot's actual capabilities and its reliability. This presents a serious problem, especially when personal well-being might be at stake. Hence, insights about the development and influencing factors of overtrust in robots may form an important basis for countermeasures and sensible design decisions. An empirical study [N = 110] explored the development of overtrust using the example of a pet feeding robot. A 2 × 2 experimental design and repeated measurements contrasted the effect of one's own experience, skill demonstration, and reputation through experience reports of others. The experiment was realized in a video environment where the participants had to imagine they were going on a four-week safari trip and leaving their beloved cat at home, making use of a pet feeding robot. Every day, the participants had to make a choice: go to a day safari without calling options (risk and reward) or make a boring car trip to another village to check if the feeding was successful and activate an emergency call if not (safe and no reward). In parallel to cases of overtrust in other domains (e.g., autopilot), the feeding robot performed flawlessly most of the time until in the fourth week; it performed faultily on three consecutive days, resulting in the cat's death if the participants had decided to go for the day safari on these days. As expected, with repeated positive experience about the robot's reliability on feeding the cat, trust levels rapidly increased and the number of control calls decreased. Compared to one's own experience, skill demonstration and reputation were largely neglected or only had a temporary effect. We integrate these findings in a conceptual model of (over)trust over time and connect these to related psychological concepts such as positivism, instant rewards, inappropriate generalization, wishful thinking, dissonance theory, and social concepts from human–human interaction. Limitations of the present study as well as implications for robot design and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ullrich
- Department of Computer Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Butz
- Department of Computer Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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115
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Joseph JE, Sekar S, Kannath SK, Menon RN, Thomas B. Impaired intrinsic functional connectivity among medial temporal lobe and sub-regions related to memory deficits in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:1679-1687. [PMID: 33837804 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The functional changes concerning memory deficits in dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) brain are inadequately understood. This study aimed to understand the functional connectivity alterations of brain regions widely affirmed for explicit and implicit memory functions in dAVF patients (DP) and look into the frequency effects of the altered functional networks. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) analysis was done in the memory-associated regions of 30 DP and 30 healthy controls (HC). Frequency decomposition was used to determine potential frequency-dependent functional connectivity changes. They underwent neuropsychological tests and were correlated with changes in memory networks compared with HC. RESULTS The results showed weaker functional connectivity among the medial temporal lobe and sub-regions in DP suggestive of dysfunction of explicit and implicit memory functions, which corroborated with the positive correlation between memory scores and hippocampal-parahippocampal connectivity of DP, along with a significant group difference of lower memory and cognitive performance in DP assessed by neuropsychological tests. A frequency-dependent study of the altered rsFC revealed lower functional connectivity strength and impaired neural coupling manifested at some sub-band frequencies indicative of disturbed cortical rhythm in DP. CONCLUSION This pilot study gives insights into significant intrinsic functional connectivity changes in the memory regions of the dAVF brain. The results may have clinical implications in the choice of interventional management of dAVF and can impact clinical decision making for realizable prevention of progressive memory impairment and irreversible brain damage in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josline Elsa Joseph
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Sabarish Sekar
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Kannath
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Ramshekhar N Menon
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Bejoy Thomas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India.
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116
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Deantoni M, Villemonteix T, Balteau E, Schmidt C, Peigneux P. Post-Training Sleep Modulates Topographical Relearning-Dependent Resting State Activity. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040476. [PMID: 33918574 PMCID: PMC8069225 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuation of experience-dependent neural activity during offline sleep and wakefulness episodes is a critical component of memory consolidation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offline consolidation effects have been evidenced probing behavioural and neurophysiological changes during memory retrieval, i.e., in the context of task practice. Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) further allows investigating the offline evolution of recently learned information without the confounds of online task-related effects. We used rsfMRI to investigate sleep-related changes in seed-based resting functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) after spatial navigation learning and relearning. On Day 1, offline resting state activity was measured immediately before and after topographical learning in a virtual town. On Day 4, it was measured again before and after relearning in an extended version of the town. Navigation-related activity was also recorded during target retrieval, i.e., online. Participants spent the first post-training night under regular sleep (RS) or sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. Results evidence FC and ALFF changes in task-related neural networks, indicating the continuation of navigation-related activity in the resting state. Although post-training sleep did not modulate behavioural performance, connectivity analyses evidenced increased FC after post-training SD between navigation-related brain structures during relearning in the extended environment. These results suggest that memory traces were less efficiently consolidated after post-learning SD, eventually resulting in the use of compensatory brain resources to link previously stored spatial elements with the newly presented information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Deantoni
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Villemonteix
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Lab, Paris 8 University, Rue de la Liberté 2, 93,526 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Evelyne Balteau
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Schmidt
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition (PsyNCog), Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, Place des Orateurs, 3, Bâtiment B33, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Gong J, Jiang S, Li Z, Pei H, Li Q, Yao D, Luo C. Distinct effects of the basal ganglia and cerebellum on the thalamocortical pathway in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3440-3449. [PMID: 33830581 PMCID: PMC8249897 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant thalamocortical pathways of epilepsy have been detected recently, while its underlying effects on epilepsy are still not well understood. Exploring pathoglytic changes in two important thalamocortical pathways, that is, the basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical and the cerebellum-thalamocortical pathways, in people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), could deepen our understanding on the pathological mechanism of this disease. These two pathways were reconstructed and investigated in this study by combining diffusion and functional MRI. Both pathways showed connectivity changes with the perception and cognition systems in patients. Consistent functional connectivity (FC) changes were observed mainly in perception regions, revealing the aberrant integration of sensorimotor and visual information in IGE. The pathway-specific FC alterations in high-order regions give neuroimaging evidence of the neural mechanisms of cognitive impairment and epileptic activities in IGE. Abnormal functional and structural integration of cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus could result in an imbalance of inhibition and excitability in brain systems of IGE. This study located the regulated cortical regions of BG and cerebellum which been affected in IGE, established possible links between the neuroimaging findings and epileptic symptoms, and enriched the understanding of the regulatory effects of BG and cerebellum on epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Gong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Computer Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haonan Pei
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
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118
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Davatolhagh MF, Fuccillo MV. Neurexin1⍺ differentially regulates synaptic efficacy within striatal circuits. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108773. [PMID: 33626349 PMCID: PMC8071350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes essential for synaptic function, such as the presynaptic adhesion molecule Neurexin1α (Nrxn1α), are strongly implicated in neuropsychiatric pathophysiology. As the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum integrates diverse excitatory projections governing cognitive and motor control, and its impairment may represent a recurrent pathway to disease. Here, we test the functional relevance of Nrxn1α in striatal circuits by employing optogenetic-mediated afferent recruitment of dorsal prefrontal cortical (dPFC) and parafascicular thalamic connections onto dorsomedial striatal (DMS) spiny projection neurons (SPNs). For dPFC-DMS circuits, we find decreased synaptic strength specifically onto indirect pathway SPNs in both Nrxn1α+/- and Nrxn1α-/- mice, driven by reductions in neurotransmitter release. In contrast, thalamic excitatory inputs to DMS exhibit relatively normal excitatory synaptic strength despite changes in synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) content. These findings suggest that dysregulation of Nrxn1α modulates striatal function in an input- and target-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Felicia Davatolhagh
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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119
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Alegre-Cortés J, Sáez M, Montanari R, Reig R. Medium spiny neurons activity reveals the discrete segregation of mouse dorsal striatum. eLife 2021; 10:e60580. [PMID: 33599609 PMCID: PMC7924950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies differentiate the rodent dorsal striatum (DS) into lateral and medial regions; however, anatomical evidence suggests that it is a unified structure. To understand striatal dynamics and basal ganglia functions, it is essential to clarify the circuitry that supports this behavioral-based segregation. Here, we show that the mouse DS is made of two non-overlapping functional circuits divided by a boundary. Combining in vivo optopatch-clamp and extracellular recordings of spontaneous and evoked sensory activity, we demonstrate different coupling of lateral and medial striatum to the cortex together with an independent integration of the spontaneous activity, due to particular corticostriatal connectivity and local attributes of each region. Additionally, we show differences in slow and fast oscillations and in the electrophysiological properties between striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. In summary, these results demonstrate that the rodent DS is segregated in two neuronal circuits, in homology with the caudate and putamen nuclei of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
| | | | - Ramon Reig
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
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120
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Alexandre F. A global framework for a systemic view of brain modeling. Brain Inform 2021; 8:3. [PMID: 33591440 PMCID: PMC7886931 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-021-00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex system, due to the heterogeneity of its structure, the diversity of the functions in which it participates and to its reciprocal relationships with the body and the environment. A systemic description of the brain is presented here, as a contribution to developing a brain theory and as a general framework where specific models in computational neuroscience can be integrated and associated with global information flows and cognitive functions. In an enactive view, this framework integrates the fundamental organization of the brain in sensorimotor loops with the internal and the external worlds, answering four fundamental questions (what, why, where and how). Our survival-oriented definition of behavior gives a prominent role to pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, augmented during phylogeny by the specific contribution of other kinds of learning, related to semantic memory in the posterior cortex, episodic memory in the hippocampus and working memory in the frontal cortex. This framework highlights that responses can be prepared in different ways, from pavlovian reflexes and habitual behavior to deliberations for goal-directed planning and reasoning, and explains that these different kinds of responses coexist, collaborate and compete for the control of behavior. It also lays emphasis on the fact that cognition can be described as a dynamical system of interacting memories, some acting to provide information to others, to replace them when they are not efficient enough, or to help for their improvement. Describing the brain as an architecture of learning systems has also strong implications in Machine Learning. Our biologically informed view of pavlovian and instrumental conditioning can be very precious to revisit classical Reinforcement Learning and provide a basis to ensure really autonomous learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Alexandre
- INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence, France. .,Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5293, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France. .,LaBRI, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5800, Talence, France.
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121
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Stanley AT, Lippiello P, Sulzer D, Miniaci MC. Roles for the Dorsal Striatum in Aversive Behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:634493. [PMID: 33664651 PMCID: PMC7920955 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.634493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify and avoid environmental stimuli that signal danger is essential to survival. Our understanding of how the brain encodes aversive behaviors has been primarily focused on roles for the amygdala, hippocampus (HIPP), prefrontal cortex, ventral midbrain, and ventral striatum. Relatively little attention has been paid to contributions from the dorsal striatum (DS) to aversive learning, despite its well-established role in stimulus-response learning. Here, we review studies exploring the role of DS in aversive learning, including different roles for the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum in Pavlovian fear conditioning as well as innate and inhibitory avoidance (IA) behaviors. We outline how future investigation might determine specific contributions from DS subregions, cell types, and connections that contribute to aversive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien T Stanley
- Departments of Biology and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pellegrino Lippiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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122
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Amaya KA, Smith KS. Spatially restricted inhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsolateral striatum encourages behavioral exploration. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2567-2579. [PMID: 33462844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When pursuing desirable outcomes, one must make the decision between exploring possible actions to obtain those outcomes and exploiting known strategies to maximize efficiency. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been extensively studied with respect to how actions can develop into habits and has also been implicated as an area involved in governing exploitative behavior. Surprisingly, prior work has shown that DLS cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are not involved in the canonical habit formation function ascribed to the DLS but are instead modulators of behavioral flexibility after initial learning. To further probe this, we evaluated the role of DLS ChIs in behavioral exploration during a brief instrumental training experiment. Through designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in ChAT-Cre rats, ChIs in the DLS were inhibited during specific phases of the experiment: instrumental training, free-reward delivery, at both times, or never. Without ChI activity during instrumental training, animals biased their responding toward an "optimal" strategy while continuing to work efficiently. This effect was observed again when contingencies were removed as animals with ChIs offline during that phase, regardless of ChI inhibition previously, decreased responding more than animals with ChIs intact. These findings build upon a growing body of literature implicating ChIs in the striatum as gate-keepers of behavioral flexibility and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Amaya
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Schöberl F, Pradhan C, Grosch M, Brendel M, Jostes F, Obermaier K, Sowa C, Jahn K, Bartenstein P, Brandt T, Dieterich M, Zwergal A. Bilateral vestibulopathy causes selective deficits in recombining novel routes in real space. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2695. [PMID: 33514827 PMCID: PMC7846808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential impact of complete and incomplete bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) on spatial orientation, visual exploration, and navigation-induced brain network activations is still under debate. In this study, 14 BVP patients (6 complete, 8 incomplete) and 14 age-matched healthy controls performed a navigation task requiring them to retrace familiar routes and recombine novel routes to find five items in real space. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET was used to determine navigation-induced brain activations. Participants wore a gaze-controlled, head-fixed camera that recorded their visual exploration behaviour. Patients performed worse, when recombining novel routes (p < 0.001), whereas retracing of familiar routes was normal (p = 0.82). These deficits correlated with the severity of BVP. Patients exhibited higher gait fluctuations, spent less time at crossroads, and used a possible shortcut less often (p < 0.05). The right hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were less active and the bilateral parahippocampal place area more active during navigation in patients. Complete BVP showed reduced activations in the pontine brainstem, anterior thalamus, posterior insular, and retrosplenial cortex compared to incomplete BVP. The navigation-induced brain activation pattern in BVP is compatible with deficits in creating a mental representation of a novel environment. Residual vestibular function allows recruitment of brain areas involved in head direction signalling to support navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schöberl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Cauchy Pradhan
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grosch
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Jostes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Obermaier
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chantal Sowa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Jahn
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Neurological Hospital, Schön Klinik Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandt
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zwergal
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Zokaei N, Gillebert CR, Chauvin JJ, Gresch D, Board AG, Rolinski M, Hu MT, Nobre AC. Temporal orienting in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2713-2725. [PMID: 33450082 PMCID: PMC8290223 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal orienting of attention can affect multiple stages of processing to guide adaptive behaviour. We tested whether temporal expectation in different task contexts is compromised in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). In Experiment 1 two temporal-orienting tasks were used: a speeded task emphasizing motor preparation and a non-speeded task emphasizing perceptual discrimination using rapid serial visual presentation. In both tasks, auditory cues indicated the likelihood of a target appearing after a short or long interval. In the speeded-response task, participants used the cues to anticipate an easily detectable target stimulus. In the non-speeded perceptual-discrimination task, participants used the cues to help discriminate a target letter embedded in a stream of letters. Relative to healthy participants, participants with PD did not show altered temporal orienting effects in the speeded-response task. However, they were impaired in using temporal cues to improve perceptual discrimination. In Experiment 2, we tested whether the temporal-orienting deficits in the perceptual-discrimination task depended on the requirement to ignore temporally distracting stimuli. We replicated the impaired temporal orienting for perceptual discrimination in an independent group of individuals with PD, and showed the impairment was abolished when individuals were on their dopaminergic medication. In a task without any distracting letters, however, patients off or on medication benefited normally from temporal orienting cues. Our findings suggest that deficits in temporal orienting in individuals with PD interact with specific task demands, such as the requirement to select target from temporally competing distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zokaei
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celine R Gillebert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joshua J Chauvin
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Gresch
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander G Board
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michal Rolinski
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Christina Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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125
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Zürcher NR, Walsh EC, Phillips RD, Cernasov PM, Tseng CEJ, Dharanikota A, Smith E, Li Z, Kinard JL, Bizzell JC, Greene RK, Dillon D, Pizzagalli DA, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Truong K, Lalush D, Hooker JM, Dichter GS. A simultaneous [ 11C]raclopride positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of striatal dopamine binding in autism. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33431841 PMCID: PMC7801430 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The social motivation hypothesis of autism posits that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired motivation to seek out social experience early in life that interferes with the development of social functioning. This framework suggests that impaired mesolimbic dopamine function underlies compromised responses to social rewards in ASD. Although this hypothesis is supported by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, no molecular imaging study has evaluated striatal dopamine functioning in response to rewards in ASD. Here, we examined striatal functioning during monetary incentive processing in ASD and controls using simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI. Using a bolus + infusion protocol with the D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist [11C]raclopride, voxel-wise binding potential (BPND) was compared between groups (controls = 12, ASD = 10) in the striatum. Striatal clusters showing significant between-group BPND differences were used as seeds in whole-brain fMRI general functional connectivity analyses. Relative to controls, the ASD group demonstrated decreased phasic dopamine release to incentives in the bilateral putamen and left caudate, as well as increased functional connectivity between a PET-derived right putamen seed and the precuneus and insula. Within the ASD group, decreased phasic dopamine release in the putamen was related to poorer theory-of-mind skills. Our findings that ASD is characterized by impaired striatal phasic dopamine release to incentives provide support for the social motivation hypothesis of autism. PET-fMRI may be a suitable tool to evaluate novel ASD therapeutics targeting the striatal dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Erin C. Walsh
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Rachel D. Phillips
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Paul M. Cernasov
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Chieh-En J. Tseng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Ayarah Dharanikota
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Eric Smith
- grid.10698.360000000122483208UNC-Chapel Hill Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Zibo Li
- grid.10698.360000000122483208UNC-Chapel Hill Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Jessica L. Kinard
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27510 USA
| | - Joshua C. Bizzell
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Rachel K. Greene
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Daniel Dillon
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XCenter for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XCenter for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - David Izquierdo-Garcia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Kinh Truong
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - David Lalush
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Gabriel S. Dichter
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27510 USA
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126
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Rieker JA, Reales JM, Ballesteros S. The Effect of Bilingualism on Cue-Based vs. Memory-Based Task Switching in Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:610548. [PMID: 33390921 PMCID: PMC7775305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.610548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings suggest a positive impact of bilingualism on cognition, including the later onset of dementia. However, it is not clear to what extent these effects are influenced by variations in attentional control demands in response to specific task requirements. In this study, 20 bilingual and 20 monolingual older adults performed a task-switching task under explicit task-cuing vs. memory-based switching conditions. In the cued condition, task switches occurred in random order and a visual cue signaled the next task to be performed. In the memory-based condition, the task alternated after every second trial in a predictable sequence without presenting a cue. The performance of bilinguals did not vary across experimental conditions, whereas monolinguals experienced a pronounced increase in response latencies and error rates in the cued condition. Both groups produced similar switch costs (difference in performance on switch trials as opposed to repeating trials within the mixed-task block) and mixing costs (difference in performance on repeat trials of a mixed-task block as opposed to trials of a single-task block), but bilinguals produced them with lower response latencies. The cognitive benefits of bilingualism seem not to apply to executive functions per se but to affect specific cognitive processes that involve task-relevant context processing. The present results suggest that lifelong bilingualism could promote in older adults a flexible adjustment to environmental cues, but only with increased task demands. However, due to the small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rieker
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic Psychology II, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Reales
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Department Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Ballesteros
- Studies on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic Psychology II, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional, Madrid, Spain
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127
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Chataigner M, Mortessagne P, Lucas C, Pallet V, Layé S, Mehaignerie A, Bouvret E, Dinel AL, Joffre C. Dietary fish hydrolysate supplementation containing n-3 LC-PUFAs and peptides prevents short-term memory and stress response deficits in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:716-730. [PMID: 32976934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by a decline in cognitive functions, which can lead to the development of neurodegenerative pathologies. Age-related spatial learning and memory deficits are associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation. Anxiety disorders and stress response alterations, occurring for a part of the elderly, have also been linked to an increased neuroinflammation and thus, an accelerated cognitive decline. Nutrition is an innovative strategy to prevent age-related cognitive impairments. Among the nutrients, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and low molecular weight peptides from proteins, especially those from marine resources, are good candidates for their immunomodulatory, anxiolytic and neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study is to determine the combined effect of n-3 LC-PUFAs and low molecular weight peptides on cognitive functions, and their mechanism of action. We are the first to show that a dietary supplementation with a fish hydrolysate containing n-3 LC-PUFAs and low molecular weight peptides prevented the age-related spatial short-term memory deficits and modulated navigation strategies adopted during spatial learning. In addition, the fish hydrolysate displayed anxiolytic activities with the reduction of anxiety-like behaviour in aged mice, restored the plasmatic corticosterone levels similar to adult animals following an acute stress and modulated the hypothalamic stress response. These effects on behaviour can be explained by the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties of the fish hydrolysate that limited microgliosis in vivo, decreased LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of growth factors such as BDNF and NGF in vitro. Thus, n-3 LC-PUFAs and low molecular weight peptides contained in the fish hydrolysate can play an important role in the limitation of neuroinflammation and stress response alterations during aging and represent a potential strategy for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chataigner
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Abyss Ingredients, 56850 Caudan, France
| | - P Mortessagne
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Lucas
- NutriBrain Research and Technology Transfer, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - V Pallet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - E Bouvret
- Abyss Ingredients, 56850 Caudan, France
| | - A L Dinel
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; NutriBrain Research and Technology Transfer, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Joffre
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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128
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Conti E, Retico A, Palumbo L, Spera G, Bosco P, Biagi L, Fiori S, Tosetti M, Cipriani P, Cioni G, Muratori F, Chilosi A, Calderoni S. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Early Language-Related Hallmarks across Structural MRI Study. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E275. [PMID: 33322765 PMCID: PMC7768516 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) are developmental disorders with distinct diagnostic criteria and different epidemiology. However, a common genetic background as well as overlapping clinical features between ASD and CAS have been recently reported. To date, brain structural language-related abnormalities have been detected in both the conditions, but no study directly compared young children with ASD, CAS and typical development (TD). In the current work, we aim: (i) to test the hypothesis that ASD and CAS display neurostructural differences in comparison with TD through morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based measures (ASD vs. TD and CAS vs. TD); (ii) to investigate early possible disease-specific brain structural patterns in the two clinical groups (ASD vs. CAS); (iii) to evaluate predictive power of machine-learning (ML) techniques in differentiating the three samples (ASD, CAS, TD). We retrospectively analyzed the T1-weighted brain MRI scans of 68 children (age range: 34-74 months) grouped into three cohorts: (1) 26 children with ASD (mean age ± standard deviation: 56 ± 11 months); (2) 24 children with CAS (57 ± 10 months); (3) 18 children with TD (55 ± 13 months). Furthermore, a ML analysis based on a linear-kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM) was performed. All but one brain structures displayed significant higher volumes in both ASD and CAS children than TD peers. Specifically, ASD alterations involved fronto-temporal regions together with basal ganglia and cerebellum, while CAS alterations are more focused and shifted to frontal regions, suggesting a possible speech-related anomalies distribution. Caudate, superior temporal and hippocampus volumes directly distinguished the two conditions in terms of greater values in ASD compared to CAS. The ML analysis identified significant differences in brain features between ASD and TD children, whereas only some trends in the ML classification capability were detected in CAS as compared to TD peers. Similarly, the MRI structural underpinnings of two clinical groups were not significantly different when evaluated with linear-kernel SVM. Our results may represent the first step towards understanding shared and specific neural substrate in ASD and CAS conditions, which subsequently may contribute to early differential diagnosis and tailoring specific early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Conti
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandra Retico
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.R.); (L.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Letizia Palumbo
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.R.); (L.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanna Spera
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Division, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.R.); (L.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Paolo Bosco
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Biagi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Simona Fiori
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Michela Tosetti
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Paola Cipriani
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Muratori
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Chilosi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Sara Calderoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (S.F.); (M.T.); (P.C.); (G.C.); (F.M.); (A.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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129
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Effects of long-term cocaine self-administration on brain resting-state functional connectivity in nonhuman primates. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:420. [PMID: 33268770 PMCID: PMC7710734 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term cocaine use is associated with a variety of neural and behavioral deficits that impact daily function. This study was conducted to examine the effects of chronic cocaine self-administration on resting-state functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and putamen-two brain regions involved in cognitive function and motoric behavior-identified in a whole brain analysis. Six adult male squirrel monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/inj) over 140 sessions. Six additional monkeys that had not received any drug treatment for ~1.5 years served as drug-free controls. Resting-state fMRI imaging sessions at 9.4 Tesla were conducted under isoflurane anesthesia. Functional connectivity maps were derived using seed regions placed in the left dACC or putamen. Results show that cocaine maintained robust self-administration with an average total intake of 367 mg/kg (range: 299-424 mg/kg). In the cocaine group, functional connectivity between the dACC seed and regions primarily involved in motoric behavior was weaker, whereas connectivity between the dACC seed and areas implicated in reward and cognitive processing was stronger. In the putamen seed, weaker widespread connectivity was found between the putamen and other motor regions as well as with prefrontal areas that regulate higher-order executive function; stronger connectivity was found with reward-related regions. dACC connectivity was associated with total cocaine intake. These data indicate that functional connectivity between regions involved in motor, reward, and cognitive processing differed between subjects with recent histories of cocaine self-administration and controls; in dACC, connectivity appears to be related to cumulative cocaine dosage during chronic exposure.
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130
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Stepler KE, Mahoney ER, Kofler J, Hohman TJ, Lopez OL, Robinson RAS. Inclusion of African American/Black adults in a pilot brain proteomics study of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105129. [PMID: 33049317 PMCID: PMC7990397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects certain racial and ethnic subgroups, such as African American/Black and Hispanic adults. Genetic, comorbid, and socioeconomic risk factors contribute to this disparity; however, the molecular contributions have been largely unexplored. Herein, we conducted a pilot proteomics study of postmortem brains from African American/Black and non-Hispanic White adults neuropathologically diagnosed with AD compared to closely-matched cognitively normal individuals. Examination of hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, and globus pallidus regions using quantitative proteomics resulted in 568 differentially-expressed proteins in AD. These proteins were consistent with the literature and included glial fibrillary acidic protein, peroxiredoxin-1, and annexin A5. In addition, 351 novel proteins in AD were identified, which could partially be due to cohort diversity. From linear regression analyses, we identified 185 proteins with significant race x diagnosis interactions across various brain regions. These differences generally were reflective of differential expression of proteins in AD that occurred in only a single racial/ethnic group. Overall, this pilot study suggests that disease understanding can be furthered by including diversity in racial/ethnic groups; however, this must be done on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Stepler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
| | - Emily R Mahoney
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America; Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America.
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131
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Clinical and Striatal Dopamine Transporter Predictors of Mild Behavioral Impairment in Drug-Naive Parkinson Disease. Clin Nucl Med 2020; 45:e463-e468. [PMID: 32956117 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuropsychiatric symptoms are important and frequent nonmotor features in Parkinson disease (PD). We explored mild behavioral impairment (MBI) in drug-naive patients with PD and its clinical and dopamine transporter (DAT) correlates. METHODS We recruited 275 drug-naive patients with PD who had undergone Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, a neuropsychological battery, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and N-(3-[F]fluoropropyl)-2β-carbon ethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) PET within 6 months. Patients with PD were divided into groups without MBI (PD-MBI-, n = 186) and with MBI (PD-MBI+, n = 89) according to the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. We performed comparative analysis of DAT availability, cognitive function, and motor deficits between the groups. RESULTS Mild behavioral impairment was found in 32.4% of PD patients at the time of diagnosis, and affective dysregulation and decreased motivation were the 2 most common neuropsychiatric domains. Dopamine transporter availability in the anterior caudate (odds ratio, 0.60; P = 0.016) and anterior putamen (odds ratio, 0.58; P = 0.008) was associated with the development of MBI in PD. PD-MBI+ group had a lower z-score in memory-related tests and Stroop color reading test than PD-MBI- group. PD-MBI+ group had a higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score after controlling for DAT availability in the posterior putamen than PD-MBI- group (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that early behavioral impairment is associated with more pathological involvement in the anterior striatum, memory and frontal dysfunction, and motor deficits, which could be regarded as a different phenotype in PD.
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132
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Vakil E, Schwizer Ashkenazi S, Nevet-Perez M, Hassin-Baer S. Implicit sequence learning in individuals with Parkinson's disease: The added value of using an ocular version of the serial reaction time (O-SRT) task. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105654. [PMID: 33246230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though the majority of studies reported impaired sequence learning in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) tested with the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task, findings are inconclusive. To elucidate this point, we used an eye tracker in an ocular SRT task version (O-SRT) that in addition to RT, enables extraction of two measures reflecting different cognitive processes, namely, Correct Anticipation (CA) and number of Stucks. METHODS Individuals with PD (n = 29) and matched controls (n = 31) were tested with the O-SRT task, consisting of a repeated sequence of six blocks, then a block with an interference sequence followed by an original sequence block. RESULTS Unlike controls, patients with PD did not improve in CA rate across learning trials, did not show an increase in RT when presented with the interference sequence, and showed a significantly higher rate of Stucks. CONCLUSIONS Low CA rate and high Stucks rate emerge as the cardinal deficits leading to impaired sequence learning following PD. These are viewed as reflecting difficulty in exploration for an efficient learning strategy. This study highlights the advantage in using the O-SRT task, which enables the generation of several informative measures of learning, allowing better characterization of the PD effect on sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Simone Schwizer Ashkenazi
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mishael Nevet-Perez
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Movement Disorders Institute and Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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133
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Cholesteryl ester levels are elevated in the caudate and putamen of Huntington's disease patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20314. [PMID: 33219259 PMCID: PMC7680097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative illness caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene (HTT) and subsequent protein (mhtt), to which the brain shows a region-specific vulnerability. Disturbances in neural cholesterol metabolism are established in HD human, murine and cell studies; however, cholesteryl esters (CE), which store and transport cholesterol in the brain, have not been investigated in human studies. This study aimed to identify region-specific alterations in the concentrations of CE in HD. The Victorian Brain Bank provided post-mortem tissue from 13 HD subjects and 13 age and sex-matched controls. Lipids were extracted from the caudate, putamen and cerebellum, and CE were quantified using targeted mass spectrometry. ACAT 1 protein expression was measured by western blot. CE concentrations were elevated in HD caudate and putamen compared to controls, with the elevation more pronounced in the caudate. No differences in the expression of ACAT1 were identified in the striatum. No remarkable differences in CE were detected in HD cerebellum. The striatal region-specific differences in CE profiles indicate functional subareas of lipid disturbance in HD. The increased CE concentration may have been induced as a compensatory mechanism to reduce cholesterol accumulation.
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134
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Ladda AM, Wallwork SB, Lotze M. Multimodal Sensory-Spatial Integration and Retrieval of Trained Motor Patterns for Body Coordination in Musicians and Dancers. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576120. [PMID: 33312150 PMCID: PMC7704436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dancers and musicians are experts in spatial and temporal processing, which allows them to coordinate movement with music. This high-level processing has been associated with structural and functional adaptation of the brain for high performance sensorimotor integration. For these integration processes, adaptation does not only take place in primary and secondary sensory and motor areas but also in tertiary brain areas, such as the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), providing vital resources for highly specialized performance. Here, we review evidence for the role of these brain areas in multimodal training protocols and integrate these findings into a new model of sensorimotor processing in complex motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Marie Ladda
- Functional Imaging Unit, Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah B. Wallwork
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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135
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Neudecker V, Perez-Zoghbi JF, Coleman K, Neuringer M, Robertson N, Bemis A, Glickman B, Schenning KJ, Fair DA, Martin LD, Dissen GA, Brambrink AM. Infant isoflurane exposure affects social behaviours, but does not impair specific cognitive domains in juvenile non-human primates. Br J Anaesth 2020; 126:486-499. [PMID: 33198945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies show that children exposed to anaesthetics for short times at young age perform normally on intelligence tests, but display altered social behaviours. In non-human primates (NHPs), infant anaesthesia exposure for several hours causes neurobehavioural impairments, including delayed motor reflex development and increased anxiety-related behaviours assessed by provoked response testing. However, the effects of anaesthesia on spontaneous social behaviours in juvenile NHPs have not been investigated. We hypothesised that multiple, but not single, 5 h isoflurane exposures in infant NHPs are associated with impairments in specific cognitive domains and altered social behaviours at juvenile age. METHODS Eight Rhesus macaques per group were anaesthetised for 5 h using isoflurane one (1×) or three (3×) times between postnatal days 6 and 12 or were exposed to room air (control). Cognitive testing, behavioural assessments in the home environment, and provoked response testing were performed during the first 2 yr of life. RESULTS The cognitive functions tested did not differ amongst groups. However, compared to controls, NHPs in the 3× group showed less close social behaviour (P=0.016), and NHPs in the 1× group displayed increased anxiety-related behaviours (P=0.038) and were more inhibited towards novel objects (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS 5 h exposures of NHPs to isoflurane during infancy are associated with decreased close social behaviour after multiple exposures and more anxiety-related behaviours and increased behavioural inhibition after single exposure, but they do not affect the cognitive domains tested. Our findings are consistent with behavioural alterations in social settings reported in clinical studies, which may guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Neudecker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose F Perez-Zoghbi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristine Coleman
- Division of Neuroscience, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Nicola Robertson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Ansgar M Brambrink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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136
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Neural substrate of a cognitive intervention program using Go game: a positron emission tomography study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2349-2355. [PMID: 31953630 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influence of cognitive intervention programs on brain activity has not been enough explored. AIMS The aims of the present study were to clarify changes in brain activity from a cognitive intervention program utilizing the board game "Go" and to examine the relationship between brain activity and the acquisition of Go skills. METHODS Eighteen community-dwelling older adults were randomly assigned either to an intervention group (IG), in which members attended 12 Go lessons either in groups or individually using tablet computers, or a control group (CG), in which members attended health education lectures unrelated to Go. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), cognitive assessments, and Go tests were performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS The results showed different patterns of regional FDG uptake in both groups: regional cerebral glucose metabolism was significantly increased in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and bilateral putamen (p < 0.01; cluster level) in the IG, and in the left superior frontal gyrus in the CG, (p < 0.01; cluster level). Furthermore, Go test scores were significantly improved in the IG (p < 0.05), and a significant association was observed between changes in Go test scores and glucose metabolism in the left MTG (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION This study indicates that a cognitive intervention program using Go may enhance brain activity. Further studies with larger populations and longer observation periods are needed to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying our Go intervention program.
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137
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Augustin SM, Loewinger GC, O'Neal TJ, Kravitz AV, Lovinger DM. Dopamine D2 receptor signaling on iMSNs is required for initiation and vigor of learned actions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2087-2097. [PMID: 32811899 PMCID: PMC7547091 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) are important for motor output. Selective deletion of D2Rs from indirect pathway-projecting medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) impairs locomotor activities in a task-specific manner. However, the role of D2Rs in the initiation of motor actions in reward seeking and taking is not fully understood, and there is little information about how receptors contribute under different task demands and with different outcome types. The iMSN-D2Rs modulate neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, exerting control on circuit functions that may play distinct roles in action learning and performance. Selective deletion of D2Rs on iMSNs resulted in slower action initiation and response rate in an instrumental conditioning task, but only when performance demand was increased. The iMSN-Drd2KO mice were also slower to initiate swimming in a T-maze procedural learning task but were unimpaired in cognitive function and behavioral flexibility. In contrast, in a Pavlovian discrimination learning task, iMSN-Drd2KO mice exhibited normal acquisition and extinction of rewarded responding. The iMSN-Drd2KO mice showed performance deficits at all phases of rotarod skill learning. These findings reveal that dopamine modulation through iMSN-D2Rs influences the ability to self-initiate actions, as well as the willingness and/or vigor with which these responses are performed. However, these receptors seem to have little influence on simple associative learning or on stimulus-driven responding. The loss of normal D2R roles may contribute to disorders in which impaired dopamine signaling leads to hypokinesia or impaired initiation of specific voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M Augustin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Gabriel C Loewinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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138
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Zhou F, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Huang M, Jiang J, He L, Huang S, Zeng X, Gong H. Altered long- and short-range functional connectivity density associated with poor sleep quality in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: A resting-state fMRI study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01844. [PMID: 32935924 PMCID: PMC7667361 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that brain functional impairment and hyperarousal occur during the daytime among patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID); however, alterations to the brain's intrinsic functional architecture and their association with sleep quality have not yet been documented. METHODS In this study, our aim was to investigate the insomnia-related alterations to the intrinsic connectome in patients with CID (n = 27) at resting state, with a data-driven approach based on graph theory assessment and functional connectivity density (FCD), which can be interpreted as short-range (intraregional) or long-range (interregional) mapping. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls with good sleep, CID patients showed significantly decreased long-range FCD in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and the putamen. These patients also showed decreased short-range FCD in their multimodal-processing regions, executive control network, and supplementary motor-related areas. Furthermore, several regions showed increased short-range FCD in patients with CID, implying hyper-homogeneity of local activity. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that insufficient sleep during chronic insomnia widely affects cortical functional activities, including disrupted FCD and increased short-range FCD, which is associated with poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqing Zhou
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Department of RespiratoryThe People’s Hospital of Yichun CityYichunChina
| | - Muhua Huang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Laichang He
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Suhua Huang
- Department of RadiologyJiangxi Province Children's HospitalNanchangChina
| | - Xianjun Zeng
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
| | - Honghan Gong
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated HospitalNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Neuroimaging LaboratoryJiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research InstituteNanchangChina
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139
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Watanuki S, Akama H. Neural Substrates of Brand Love: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:534671. [PMID: 33100955 PMCID: PMC7546895 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.534671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brand love is a critical concept for building a relationship between brands and consumers because falling in love with a brand can lead to strong brand loyalty. Despite the importance of marketing strategies, however, the underlying neural mechanisms of brand love remain unclear. The present study used an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis method to investigate the neural correlates of brand love and compared it with those of maternal and romantic love. In total, 47 experiments investigating brand, maternal, and romantic love were examined, and the neural systems involved for the three loves were compared and contrasted. Results revealed that the putamen and insula were commonly activated in the three loves. Moreover, activated brain regions in brand love were detected in the dorsal striatum. Activated regions for maternal love were detected in the cortical area and globus pallidus and were associated with pair bonds, empathy, and altruism. Finally, those for romantic love were detected in the hedonic, strong passionate, and intimate-related regions, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Thus, the common regions of brain activation between brand and romantic love were in the dorsal striatum. Meanwhile, no common activated regions were observed between brand and maternal love except for the regions shared among the three love types. Although brand love shared little with the two interpersonal (maternal and romantic) loves and relatively resembled aspects of romantic rather than maternal love, our results demonstrated that brand love may have intrinsically different dispositions from the two interpersonal loves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanuki
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Commerce, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akama
- Institute of Liberal Arts/School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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140
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Albizu A, Fang R, Indahlastari A, O'Shea A, Stolte SE, See KB, Boutzoukas EM, Kraft JN, Nissim NR, Woods AJ. Machine learning and individual variability in electric field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1753-1764. [PMID: 33049412 PMCID: PMC7731513 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely investigated as a therapeutic tool to enhance cognitive function in older adults with and without neurodegenerative disease. Prior research demonstrates that electric current delivery to the brain can vary significantly across individuals. Quantification of this variability could enable person-specific optimization of tDCS outcomes. This pilot study used machine learning and MRI-derived electric field models to predict working memory improvements as a proof of concept for precision cognitive intervention. METHODS Fourteen healthy older adults received 20 minutes of 2 mA tDCS stimulation (F3/F4) during a two-week cognitive training intervention. Participants performed an N-back working memory task pre-/post-intervention. MRI-derived current models were passed through a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning algorithm to characterize crucial tDCS current components (intensity and direction) that induced working memory improvements in tDCS responders versus non-responders. MAIN RESULTS SVM models of tDCS current components had 86% overall accuracy in classifying treatment responders vs. non-responders, with current intensity producing the best overall model differentiating changes in working memory performance. Median current intensity and direction in brain regions near the electrodes were positively related to intervention responses (r=0.811,p<0.001 and r=0.774,p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that pattern recognition analyses of MRI-derived tDCS current models can provide individual prognostic classification of tDCS treatment response with 86% accuracy. Individual differences in current intensity and direction play important roles in determining treatment response to tDCS. These findings provide important insights into mechanisms of tDCS response as well as proof of concept for future precision dosing models of tDCS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Albizu
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Ruogu Fang
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Aprinda Indahlastari
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Andrew O'Shea
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Skylar E Stolte
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kyle B See
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Emanuel M Boutzoukas
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Jessica N Kraft
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Nicole R Nissim
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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141
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Bergstrom HC, Lieberman AG, Graybeal C, Lipkin AM, Holmes A. Dorsolateral striatum engagement during reversal learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:418-422. [PMID: 32934094 PMCID: PMC7497112 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051714.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most experimental preparations demonstrate a role for dorsolateral striatum (DLS) in stimulus-response, but not outcome-based, learning. Here, we assessed DLS involvement in a touchscreen-based reversal task requiring mice to update choice following a change in stimulus-reward contingencies. In vivo single-unit recordings in the DLS showed reversal produced a population-level shift from excited to inhibited neuronal activity prior to choices being made. The larger the shift, the faster mice reversed. Furthermore, optogenetic photosilencing DLS neurons during choice increased early reversal errors. These findings suggest dynamic DLS engagement may facilitate reversal, possibly by signaling a change in contingencies to other striatal and cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley C Bergstrom
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Abby G Lieberman
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Carolyn Graybeal
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Anna M Lipkin
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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142
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van de Vijver I, Ligneul R. Relevance of working memory for reinforcement learning in older adults varies with timescale of learning. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 27:654-676. [PMID: 31544587 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1664389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In young adults, individual differences in working memory (WM) contribute to reinforcement learning (RL). Age-related RL changes, however, are mostly attributed to decreased reward prediction-error (RPE) signaling. Here, we investigated the contribution of WM to RL in young (18-35) and older (≥65) adults. Because WM supports maintenance across a limited timescale, we only expected a relation between RL and WM with short delays between stimulus repetitions. Our results demonstrated better learning with short than long delays. A week later, however, long-delay associations were remembered better. Computational modeling corroborated that during learning, WM was more engaged by young adults in the short-delay condition than in any other age-condition combination. Crucially, both model-derived and neuropsychological assessments of WM predicted short-delay learning in older adults, who further benefitted from using self-conceived learning strategies. Thus, depending on the timescale of learning, age-related RL changes may not only reflect decreased RPE signaling but also WM decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van de Vijver
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romain Ligneul
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Foundation , Lisboa, Portugal
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143
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Yuan JP, Connolly CG, Henje E, Sugrue LP, Yang TT, Xu D, Tymofiyeva O. Gray Matter Changes in Adolescents Participating in a Meditation Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:319. [PMID: 32922278 PMCID: PMC7456888 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation has shown to benefit a wide range of conditions and symptoms, but the neural mechanisms underlying the practice remain unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have investigated the structural brain changes due to the practice by examining volume, density, or cortical thickness changes. However, these studies have focused on adults; meditation’s structural effects on the adolescent brain remain understudied. In this study, we investigated how meditation training affects the structure of the adolescent brain by scanning a group of 38 adolescents (16.48 ± 1.29 years) before and after participating in a 12-week meditation training. Subjects underwent Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action (TARA), a program that mainly incorporates elements from mindfulness meditation and yoga-based practices. A subset of the adolescents also received an additional control scan 12 weeks before TARA. We conducted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess gray matter volume changes pre- to post-training and during the control period. Subjects showed significant gray matter (GM) volume decreases in the left posterior insula and to a lesser extent in the left thalamus and left putamen after meditation training. There were no significant changes during the control period. Our results support previous findings that meditation affects regions associated with physical and emotional awareness. However, our results are different from previous morphometric studies in which meditation was associated with structural increases. We posit that this discrepancy may be due to the differences between the adolescent brain and the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Yuan
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Eva Henje
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Clinical Science/Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leo P Sugrue
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Olga Tymofiyeva
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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144
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Allene C, Kalalou K, Durand F, Thomas F, Januel D. Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A biased nervous system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:23-38. [PMID: 32800536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are generally triggered by an exceptionally intense threat. The consequences of this traumatogenic situation are explored here in chronological order, from exposure to the threat to development of symptoms. Such a situation may disrupt the equilibrium between two fundamental brain circuits, referred to as the "defensive" and "cognitive". The defensive circuit triggers the stress response as well as the formation of implicit memory. The cognitive circuit triggers the voluntary response and the formation of explicit autobiographical memory. During a traumatogenic situation, the defensive circuit could be over-activated while cognitive circuit is under-activated. In the most severe cases, overactivation of the defensive circuit may cause its brutal deactivation, resulting in dissociation. Here, we address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms at every scale: from neurons to behaviors, providing a detailed explanatory model of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allene
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - K Kalalou
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Durand
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France; Centre de psychothérapie, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - F Thomas
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
| | - D Januel
- Unité de recherche clinique, établissement public de santé Ville-Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93332 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
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145
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Sun W, Che H, Li J, Tang D, Liu X, Liu W, An L. Dorsolateral Striatal proBDNF Improves Reversal Learning by Enhancing Coordination of Neural Activity in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4642-4656. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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146
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Urits I, Callan J, Moore WC, Fuller MC, Renschler JS, Fisher P, Jung JW, Hasoon J, Eskander J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2020; 34:409-426. [PMID: 33004156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women is defined as noncyclical and persistent pain lasting more than six months perceived to be related to the pelvis. There are many etiologies that can cause CPP, including gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurologic, and psychosocial. There is a strong association between psychological factors and CPP. It has been noted that almost half of women being treated for CPP report a history of sexual, physical, or emotional trauma. Women with CPP have been noted to have higher rates of psychological disorders in comparison to their peers. For men, the most common etiology for CPP is chronic prostatitis and there are also correlations with psychological disorders. There are many different treatment options for CPP: surgical, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological (alternative therapies). Cognitive-behavioral therapy may be another option when treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome and should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Jessica Callan
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Warner C Moore
- Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Jordan S Renschler
- Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Paul Fisher
- Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jai Won Jung
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jamal Hasoon
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Eskander
- Portsmouth Anesthesia Associates, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Department of Anesthesiology, Shreveport, LA, USA; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE, USA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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147
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Swinton E, Shymansky T, Swinton C, Lukowiak K. Stress before training alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in Lymnaea. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb223727. [PMID: 32601118 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress alters both memory formation and its retrieval. Here, we show that a combination of stressors before an associative learning event alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in an invertebrate model system. Previously, two combinations of stressors were purported to prevent long-term memory (LTM) formation in 'smart' Lymnaea and this inability to form LTM was considered to be a cost of being smart. Here, we show that is not the case. The specific combinations of stressors used here cause emotional memory formation. Previously, it was shown that propranolol, a synthetic beta-blocker, altered emotional memory in Lymnaea. We show here that when propranolol but not saline is injected into smart snails before they perceive the combination of stressors, these snails form LTM. We then show that the injection of propranolol but not saline before a memory activation session allowed the memory to be recalled. That is, LTM formed but was not retrievable unless propranolol was injected pre-retrieval. Thus, the smart snails formed LTM in the face of the stressors but could not retrieve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Tamila Shymansky
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Cayley Swinton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
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148
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Conrad BN, Wilkey ED, Yeo DJ, Price GR. Network topology of symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:714-745. [PMID: 32885123 PMCID: PMC7462424 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of brain activity during number processing suggest symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical stimuli (e.g., Arabic digits and dot arrays) engage both shared and distinct neural mechanisms. However, the extent to which number format influences large-scale functional network organization is unknown. In this study, using 7 Tesla MRI, we adopted a network neuroscience approach to characterize the whole-brain functional architecture supporting symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison in 33 adults. Results showed the degree of global modularity was similar for both formats. The symbolic format, however, elicited stronger community membership among auditory regions, whereas for nonsymbolic, stronger membership was observed within and between cingulo-opercular/salience network and basal ganglia communities. The right posterior inferior temporal gyrus, left intraparietal sulcus, and two regions in the right ventromedial occipital cortex demonstrated robust differences between formats in terms of their community membership, supporting prior findings that these areas are differentially engaged based on number format. Furthermore, a unified fronto-parietal/dorsal attention community in the nonsymbolic condition was fractionated into two components in the symbolic condition. Taken together, these results reveal a pattern of overlapping and distinct network architectures for symbolic and nonsymbolic number processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Conrad
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric D. Wilkey
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Darren J. Yeo
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Gavin R. Price
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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149
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Klöbl M, Michenthaler P, Godbersen GM, Robinson S, Hahn A, Lanzenberger R. Reinforcement and Punishment Shape the Learning Dynamics in fMRI Neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:304. [PMID: 32792929 PMCID: PMC7393482 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurofeedback (NF) using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has proven to be a valuable neuroscientific tool for probing cognition and promising therapeutic approach for several psychiatric disorders. Even though learning constitutes an elementary aspect of NF, the question whether certain training schemes might positively influence its dynamics has largely been neglected. Methods To address this issue, participants were trained to exert control on their subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal, receiving either exclusively positive reinforcement (PR, “positive feedback”) or also positive punishment (PP, “negative feedback”). The temporal dynamics of the learning process were investigated by individually modeling the feedback periods and trends, offering the possibility to assess activation changes within and across blocks, runs and sessions. Results The results show faster initial learning of the PR + PP group by significantly lower deactivations of the sgACC in the first session and stronger regulation trends during the first runs. Independent of the group, significant control over the sgACC could further be shown with but not without feedback. Conclusion The beneficial effect of PP is supported by previous findings of multiple research domains suggesting that error avoidance represents an important motivational factor of learning, which complements the reward spectrum. This hypothesis warrants further investigation with respect to NF, as it could offer a way to generally facilitate the process of gaining volitional control over brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Michenthaler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Simon Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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150
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Morelli N, Hoch M. A Proposed Postural Control Theory Synthesizing Optimal Feedback Control Theory, Postural Motor Learning, and Cerebellar Supervision Learning. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:1118-1133. [PMID: 32580643 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520930868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple theories regarding motor learning and postural control development aim to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) acquires, adjusts, and learns postural behaviors. However, few theories of postural motor development and learning propose possible neurophysiologic correlates to support their assumptions. Evidence from behavioral and computational models support the cerebellum's role in supervising motor learning through the production of forward internal models, corrected by sensory prediction errors. Optimal Feedback Control Theory (OFCT) states that the CNS learns new behaviors by minimizing the cost of multi-joint movements that attain a task goal. By synthesizing principles of the OFCT, postural sway characteristics, and cerebellar anatomy and its internal models, we propose an integrated learning model in which cerebellar supervision of postural control is governed by movement cost functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Morelli
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, 4530University of Kentucky
| | - Matthew Hoch
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, 4530University of Kentucky
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