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Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, Jackson AU, Lim N, Scheet P, Soranzo N, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Chambers JC, Drong A, Luan J, Lyon HN, Rivadeneira F, Sanna S, Timpson NJ, Zillikens MC, Zhao JH, Almgren P, Bandinelli S, Bennett AJ, Bergman RN, Bonnycastle LL, Bumpstead SJ, Chanock SJ, Cherkas L, Chines P, Coin L, Cooper C, Crawford G, Doering A, Dominiczak A, Doney ASF, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Ferrucci L, Fischer G, Forouhi NG, Gieger C, Grallert H, Groves CJ, Grundy S, Guiducci C, Hadley D, Hamsten A, Havulinna AS, Hofman A, Holle R, Holloway JW, Illig T, Isomaa B, Jacobs LC, Jameson K, Jousilahti P, Karpe F, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lathrop GM, Lawlor DA, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Meitinger T, Morken MA, Morris AP, Munroe P, Narisu N, Nordström A, Nordström P, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Payne F, Peden JF, Prokopenko I, Renström F, Ruokonen A, Salomaa V, Sandhu MS, Scott LJ, Scuteri A, Silander K, Song K, Yuan X, Stringham HM, Swift AJ, Tuomi T, Uda M, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wallace C, Walters GB, Weedon MN, Witteman JCM, Zhang C, Zhang W, Caulfield MJ, Collins FS, Davey Smith G, Day INM, Franks PW, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Jarvelin MR, Kong A, Kooner JS, Laakso M, Lakatta E, Mooser V, Morris AD, Peltonen L, Samani NJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Tanaka T, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Wareham NJ, Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia H, Waterworth DM, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Groop L, Hunter DJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Schlessinger D, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Abecasis GR, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF, Stefansson K, Mohlke KL, Barroso I, McCarthy for the GIANT consortium MI. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000508. [PMID: 19557161 PMCID: PMC2695778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic loci influencing central obesity and fat distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 16 genome-wide association studies (GWAS, N = 38,580) informative for adult waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). We selected 26 SNPs for follow-up, for which the evidence of association with measures of central adiposity (WC and/or WHR) was strong and disproportionate to that for overall adiposity or height. Follow-up studies in a maximum of 70,689 individuals identified two loci strongly associated with measures of central adiposity; these map near TFAP2B (WC, P = 1.9x10(-11)) and MSRA (WC, P = 8.9x10(-9)). A third locus, near LYPLAL1, was associated with WHR in women only (P = 2.6x10(-8)). The variants near TFAP2B appear to influence central adiposity through an effect on overall obesity/fat-mass, whereas LYPLAL1 displays a strong female-only association with fat distribution. By focusing on anthropometric measures of central obesity and fat distribution, we have identified three loci implicated in the regulation of human adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blanca M. Herrera
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Noha Lim
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen N. Lyon
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Amanda J. Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Crawford
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Fischer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Grundy
- Centre for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Holle
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John W. Holloway
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Malmska Municipal Health Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Leonie C. Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Jameson
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mario A. Morken
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Munroe
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Peden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Unita' Operativa Geriatrica, Instituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani (INRCA) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kijoung Song
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Yuan
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Swift
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Wallace
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cuilin Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Ealing Hospital, Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southall, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Davey Smith
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N. M. Day
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research (Umeå Medical Biobank), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward Lakatta
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn M. Waterworth
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy for the GIANT consortium
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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