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Nicholls SM, Clare A, Randall JC. Goldilocks: a tool for identifying genomic regions that are 'just right'. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:2047-9. [PMID: 27153673 PMCID: PMC4920124 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary: We present Goldilocks: a Python package providing functionality for collecting summary statistics, identifying shifts in variation, discovering outlier regions and locating and extracting interesting regions from one or more arbitrary genomes for further analysis, for a user-provided definition of interesting. Availability and implementation: Goldilocks is freely available open-source software distributed under the MIT licence. Source code is hosted publicly at https://github.com/SamStudio8/goldilocks and the package may also be installed using pip install goldilocks. Documentation can be found at https://goldilocks.readthedocs.org. Contact: msn@aber.ac.uk Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Nicholls
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK Department of Human Genetics Informatics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Clare
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Joshua C Randall
- Department of Human Genetics Informatics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Shungin D, Winkler TW, Croteau-Chonka DC, Ferreira T, Locke AE, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Pers TH, Fischer K, Justice AE, Workalemahu T, Wu JMW, Buchkovich ML, Heard-Costa NL, Roman TS, Drong AW, Song C, Gustafsson S, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Chen J, Fehrmann R, Karjalainen J, Kahali B, Liu CT, Schmidt EM, Absher D, Amin N, Anderson D, Beekman M, Bragg-Gresham JL, Buyske S, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Peters MJ, Prokopenko I, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Yengo L, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Ärnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Böhringer S, Bonnet F, Böttcher Y, Bruinenberg M, Carba DB, Caspersen IH, Clarke R, Warwick Daw E, Deelen J, Deelman E, Delgado G, Doney ASF, Eklund N, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Eury E, Friedrich N, Garcia ME, Giedraitis V, Gigante B, Go AS, Golay A, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Groves CJ, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Herzig KH, Helmer Q, Hillege HL, Holmen O, Hunt SC, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, James AL, Johansson I, Juliusdottir T, Kalafati IP, Kinnunen L, Koenig W, Kooner IK, Kratzer W, Lamina C, Leander K, Lee NR, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Mach F, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Mooijaart SP, Mühleisen TW, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nagaraja R, Nalls MA, Narisu N, Glorioso N, Nolte IM, Olden M, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Ried JS, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Sitlani CM, Vernon Smith A, Stirrups K, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tomaschitz A, Troffa C, van Oort FVA, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Wennauer R, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Zhang Q, Hua Zhao J, Brennan EP, Choi M, Eriksson P, Folkersen L, Franco-Cereceda A, Gharavi AG, Hedman ÅK, Hivert MF, Huang J, Kanoni S, Karpe F, Keildson S, Kiryluk K, Liang L, Lifton RP, Ma B, McKnight AJ, McPherson R, Metspalu A, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Nicholson G, Nyholt DR, Olsson C, Perry JRB, Reinmaa E, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Schadt EE, Scott RA, Stolk L, Vallejo EE, Westra HJ, Zondervan KT, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Blangero J, Brown MJ, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Danesh J, de Faire U, de Geus EJC, Dörr M, Erbel R, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Franco OH, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heliövaara M, Hicks AA, Hingorani AD, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Homuth G, Humphries SE, Hyppönen E, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Johansen B, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Marette A, Matise TC, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Musk AW, Möhlenkamp S, Morris AD, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Palmer LJ, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ridker PM, Ritchie MD, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Staessen JA, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Vohl MC, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Witteman JC, Adair LS, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Bornstein SR, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cooper RS, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Froguel P, Grabe HJ, Hamsten A, Hui J, Hveem K, Jöckel KH, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, März W, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Rivadeneira F, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Sinisalo J, Eline Slagboom P, Snieder H, Spector TD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Veronesi G, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Franke L, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, O’Connell JR, Qi L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Willer CJ, Visscher PM, Yang J, Hirschhorn JN, Carola Zillikens M, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Fox CS, Barroso I, Franks PW, Ingelsson E, Heid IM, Loos RJF, Cupples LA, Morris AP, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. Nature 2015; 518:187-196. [PMID: 25673412 PMCID: PMC4338562 DOI: 10.1038/nature14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, we conducted genome-wide association meta-analyses of waist and hip circumference-related traits in up to 224,459 individuals. We identified 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI) and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P<5×10−8). Twenty of the 49 WHRadjBMI loci showed significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which displayed a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Luan J, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Duan Y, Fall T, Fehrmann R, Ferreira T, Jackson AU, Karjalainen J, Lo KS, Locke AE, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Winkler TW, Workalemahu T, Zhao JH, Absher D, Albrecht E, Anderson D, Baron J, Beekman M, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Fraser RM, Goel A, Gong J, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Lui JC, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Nalls MA, Nyholt DR, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Prokopenko I, Ried JS, Ripke S, Shungin D, Stancáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Afzal U, Arnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Bolton JL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Caspersen IH, Chines PS, Clarke R, Claudi-Boehm S, Cooper M, Daw EW, De Jong PA, Deelen J, Delgado G, Denny JC, Dhonukshe-Rutten R, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Dörr M, Eklund N, Eury E, Folkersen L, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Go AS, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, de Groot LCPGM, Groves CJ, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hannemann A, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hemani G, Henders AK, Hillege HL, Hlatky MA, Hoffmann W, Hoffmann P, Holmen O, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Illig T, Isaacs A, James AL, Jeff J, Johansen B, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Junttila J, Kho AN, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kocher T, Kratzer W, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Lu Y, Lyssenko V, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Maillard M, McArdle WL, McKenzie CA, McLachlan S, McLaren PJ, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Nöthen MM, Oozageer L, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Roussel R, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Schunkert H, Scott RA, Sehmi J, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Silventoinen K, Smit JH, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Stirrups K, Stott DJ, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, van Dijk S, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, van Heemst D, van Oort FVA, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Waldenberger M, Wennauer R, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Brambilla P, Brown MJ, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Collins R, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Golay A, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Haas DW, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hypponen E, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Kayser M, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männistö S, Manunta P, Marette A, Matise TC, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Moll FL, Montgomery GW, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Pasterkamp G, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ritchie M, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Sebert S, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Tardif JC, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hayes MG, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Jukema JW, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Powell JE, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Reinmaa E, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Völzke H, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Deloukas P, Heid IM, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL, Speliotes EK, Thorsteinsdottir U, Barroso I, Fox CS, North KE, Strachan DP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Franke L, Willer CJ, Price AL, Lettre G, Loos RJF, Weedon MN, Ingelsson E, O'Connell JR, Abecasis GR, Chasman DI, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN, Frayling TM. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1173-86. [PMID: 25282103 PMCID: PMC4250049 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1192] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joshua C Randall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georg B Ehret
- 1] Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [2] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [3] Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [3] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [4] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Arnlöv
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Arscott
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Buyske
- 1] Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ida H Caspersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pim A De Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Eury
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan S Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [3] German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Unit of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quinta Helmer
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans L Hillege
- 1] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [3] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan L James
- 1] Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina Jeff
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Abel N Kho
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman Klopp
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yingchang Lu
- 1] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin A McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J McLaren
- 1] Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Keri L Monda
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [3] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany. [4] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laticia Oozageer
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stefan Pilz
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Neil R Robertson
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronan Roussel
- 1] Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. [2] INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. [3] Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joban Sehmi
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Smit
- 1] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanna Smolonska
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floor V A van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay L Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Willenborg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- 1] Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [2] National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alain Golay
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elina Hypponen
- 1] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [2] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [3] South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland. [3] MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [4] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. [5] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [6] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Antti M Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [2] Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. [3] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. [3] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Lupoli
- 1] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. [2] Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. [2] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - André Marette
- 1] Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Frans L Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K Ong
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- 1] Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany). [2] Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D C Rao
- 1] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- 1] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- 1] Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. [2] Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- 1] Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [2] Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anke Tönjes
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- 1] Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. [2] Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany. [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - John C Chambers
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [3] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- 1] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. [2] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [4] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Leif C Groop
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [3] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Belfer, New York, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ben A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Perola
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph E Powell
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- 1] Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland. [2] Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- 1] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain. [3] Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4] Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [2] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Inês Barroso
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [3] NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari E North
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [4] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- 1] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Goddard
- 1] Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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4
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Rahmioglu N, Macgregor S, Drong AW, Hedman ÅK, Harris HR, Randall JC, Prokopenko I, Nyholt DR, Morris AP, Montgomery GW, Missmer SA, Lindgren CM, Zondervan KT. Genome-wide enrichment analysis between endometriosis and obesity-related traits reveals novel susceptibility loci. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1185-99. [PMID: 25296917 PMCID: PMC4576730 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition in women that results in pelvic
pain and subfertility, and has been associated with decreased body mass index (BMI).
Genetic variants contributing to the heritable component have started to emerge from
genome-wide association studies (GWAS), although the majority remain unknown.
Unexpectedly, we observed an intergenic locus on 7p15.2 that was genome-wide
significantly associated with both endometriosis and fat distribution (waist-to-hip
ratio adjusted for BMI; WHRadjBMI) in an independent meta-GWAS of European ancestry
individuals. This led us to investigate the potential overlap in genetic variants
underlying the aetiology of endometriosis, WHRadjBMI and BMI using GWAS data. Our
analyses demonstrated significant enrichment of common variants between fat
distribution and endometriosis (P = 3.7 ×
10−3), which was stronger when we restricted the investigation
to more severe (Stage B) cases (P = 4.5 ×
10−4). However, no genetic enrichment was observed between
endometriosis and BMI (P = 0.79). In addition to 7p15.2, we
identify four more variants with statistically significant evidence of involvement in
both endometriosis and WHRadjBMI (in/near KIFAP3,
CAB39L, WNT4, GRB14); two of
these, KIFAP3 and CAB39L, are novel associations
for both traits. KIFAP3, WNT4 and 7p15.2 are
associated with the WNT signalling pathway; formal pathway analysis
confirmed a statistically significant (P = 6.41 ×
10−4) overrepresentation of shared associations in developmental
processes/WNT signalling between the two traits. Our results
demonstrate an example of potential biological pleiotropy that was hitherto unknown,
and represent an opportunity for functional follow-up of loci and further
cross-phenotype comparisons to assess how fat distribution and endometriosis
pathogenesis research fields can inform each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holly R Harris
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua C Randall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge 02142 MA, USA and
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology & Endometriosis CaRe Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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5
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Winkler TW, Day FR, Croteau-Chonka DC, Wood AR, Locke AE, Mägi R, Ferreira T, Fall T, Graff M, Justice AE, Luan J, Gustafsson S, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Workalemahu T, Kilpeläinen TO, Scherag A, Esko T, Kutalik Z, Heid IM, Loos RJF. Quality control and conduct of genome-wide association meta-analyses. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1192-212. [PMID: 24762786 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous organization and quality control (QC) are necessary to facilitate successful genome-wide association meta-analyses (GWAMAs) of statistics aggregated across multiple genome-wide association studies. This protocol provides guidelines for (i) organizational aspects of GWAMAs, and for (ii) QC at the study file level, the meta-level across studies and the meta-analysis output level. Real-world examples highlight issues experienced and solutions developed by the GIANT Consortium that has conducted meta-analyses including data from 125 studies comprising more than 330,000 individuals. We provide a general protocol for conducting GWAMAs and carrying out QC to minimize errors and to guarantee maximum use of the data. We also include details for the use of a powerful and flexible software package called EasyQC. Precise timings will be greatly influenced by consortium size. For consortia of comparable size to the GIANT Consortium, this protocol takes a minimum of about 10 months to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam E Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2]
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4]
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6
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Randall JC, Winkler TW, Kutalik Z, Berndt SI, Jackson AU, Monda KL, Kilpeläinen TO, Esko T, Mägi R, Li S, Workalemahu T, Feitosa MF, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gustafsson S, Locke AE, Mathieson I, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Liang L, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Dermitzakis ET, Dimas AS, Karpe F, Min JL, Nicholson G, Clegg DJ, Person T, Krohn JP, Bauer S, Buechler C, Eisinger K, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Hottenga JJ, Prokopenko I, Waite LL, Harris TB, Smith AV, Shuldiner AR, McArdle WL, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB, Grönberg H, Chen YDI, Li G, Beckmann JS, Johnson T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Teder-Laving M, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Zhao JH, Amin N, Oostra BA, Kraja AT, Province MA, Cupples LA, Heard-Costa NL, Kaprio J, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Collins FS, Saramies J, Tuomilehto J, Jula A, Salomaa V, Erdmann J, Hengstenberg C, Loley C, Schunkert H, Lamina C, Wichmann HE, Albrecht E, Gieger C, Hicks AA, Johansson Å, Pramstaller PP, Kathiresan S, Speliotes EK, Penninx B, Hartikainen AL, Jarvelin MR, Gyllensten U, Boomsma DI, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Chanock SJ, Farrall M, Goel A, Medina-Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, Estrada K, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Zillikens MC, den Heijer M, Kiemeney LA, Maschio A, Hall P, Tyrer J, Teumer A, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Tönjes A, Mangino M, Spector TD, Hayward C, Rudan I, Hall AS, Samani NJ, Attwood AP, Sambrook JG, Hung J, Palmer LJ, Lokki ML, Sinisalo J, Boucher G, Huikuri H, Lorentzon M, Ohlsson C, Eklund N, Eriksson JG, Barlassina C, Rivolta C, Nolte IM, Snieder H, Van der Klauw MM, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Gejman PV, Shi J, Jacobs KB, Wang Z, Bakker SJL, Mateo Leach I, Navis G, van der Harst P, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Yang J, Chasman DI, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Absher D, Iribarren C, Basart H, Hovingh KG, Hyppönen E, Power C, Anderson D, Beilby JP, Hui J, Jolley J, Sager H, Bornstein SR, Schwarz PEH, Kristiansson K, Perola M, Lindström J, Swift AJ, Uusitupa M, Atalay M, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Bolton JL, Fowkes G, Fraser RM, Price JF, Fischer K, KrjutÅ¡kov K, Metspalu A, Mihailov E, Langenberg C, Luan J, Ong KK, Chines PS, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Saaristo TE, Edkins S, Franks PW, Hallmans G, Shungin D, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Erbel R, Moebus S, Nöthen MM, Pechlivanis S, Hveem K, Narisu N, Hamsten A, Humphries SE, Strawbridge RJ, Tremoli E, Grallert H, Thorand B, Illig T, Koenig W, Müller-Nurasyid M, Peters A, Boehm BO, Kleber ME, März W, Winkelmann BR, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Arveiler D, Cesana G, Kuulasmaa K, Virtamo J, Yarnell JWG, Kuh D, Wong A, Lind L, de Faire U, Gigante B, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dedoussis G, Dimitriou M, Kolovou G, Kanoni S, Stirrups K, Bonnycastle LL, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Ganna A, Rehnberg E, Hingorani A, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Frayling T, Groop LC, Haritunians T, Hunter D, Ingelsson E, Kaplan R, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Abecasis GR, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Qi L, Loos RJF, Lindgren CM, North KE, Heid IM. Sex-stratified genome-wide association studies including 270,000 individuals show sexual dimorphism in genetic loci for anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003500. [PMID: 23754948 PMCID: PMC3674993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the anthropometric differences between men and women and previous evidence of sex-difference in genetic effects, we conducted a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic associations with height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip-ratio (133,723 individuals) and took forward 348 SNPs into follow-up (additional 137,052 individuals) in a total of 94 studies. Seven loci displayed significant sex-difference (FDR<5%), including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were genome-wide significant in women (P<5×10(-8)), but not in men. Sex-differences were apparent only for waist phenotypes, not for height, weight, BMI, or hip circumference. Moreover, we found no evidence for genetic effects with opposite directions in men versus women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its role in diabetes genetics and therapy. Our results demonstrate the value of sex-specific GWAS to unravel the sexually dimorphic genetic underpinning of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shengxu Li
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Damien C. Croteau-Chonka
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antigone S. Dimas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Nicholson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Harwell, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Person
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon P. Krohn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Bauer
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of OB/GYN and Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toby Johnson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aldi T. Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario, La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinajoki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research (NCCR), Lübeck, Germany
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Loley
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H. Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin Farrall
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia del CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Paul Attwood
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer G. Sambrook
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Austrailia, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Huikuri
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niina Eklund
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie M. Van der Klauw
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northshore University Healthsystem, Evanston, Ilinois, United States of America
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- The Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Hanneke Basart
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees G. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John P. Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Austrailia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Sager
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jennifer L. Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Fowkes
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross M. Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie F. Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo E. Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Andrew David Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Monzino Cardiology Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald Grallert
- Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Berndt SI, Gustafsson S, Mägi R, Ganna A, Wheeler E, Feitosa MF, Justice AE, Monda KL, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gentilini D, Jackson AU, Luan J, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Willer CJ, Winkler TW, Wood AR, Workalemahu T, Hu YJ, Lee SH, Liang L, Lin DY, Min JL, Neale BM, Thorleifsson G, Yang J, Albrecht E, Amin N, Bragg-Gresham JL, Cadby G, den Heijer M, Eklund N, Fischer K, Goel A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jarick I, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, König IR, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lamina C, Lecoeur C, Li G, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Medina-Gomez C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ngwa JS, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Pechlivanis S, Perola M, Peters MJ, Preuss M, Rose LM, Shi J, Shungin D, Smith AV, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Teumer A, Trip MD, Tyrer J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Waite LL, Zhao JH, Absher D, Asselbergs FW, Atalay M, Attwood AP, Balmforth AJ, Basart H, Beilby J, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chasman DI, Chines PS, Collins FS, Connell JM, Cookson W, de Faire U, de Vegt F, Dei M, Dimitriou M, Edkins S, Estrada K, Evans DM, Farrall M, Ferrario MM, Ferrières J, Franke L, Frau F, Gejman PV, Grallert H, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall AS, Hall P, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Heath AC, Hebebrand J, Homuth G, Hu FB, Hunt SE, Hyppönen E, Iribarren C, Jacobs KB, Jansson JO, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Khaw KT, Kivimaki M, Koenig W, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laitinen JH, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lind L, Lindström J, Liu J, Liuzzi A, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Manunta P, Marek D, März W, Mateo Leach I, McKnight B, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Mooser V, Mühleisen TW, Munroe PB, Musk AW, Narisu N, Navis G, Nicholson G, Nohr EA, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Palmer CN, Palotie A, Peden JF, Pedersen N, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Pütter C, Radhakrishnan A, Raitakari O, Rendon A, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Saaristo TE, Sambrook JG, Sanders AR, Sanna S, Saramies J, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Shin SY, Signorini S, Sinisalo J, Skrobek B, Soranzo N, Stančáková A, Stark K, Stephens JC, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stumvoll M, Swift AJ, Theodoraki EV, Thorand B, Tregouet DA, Tremoli E, Van der Klauw MM, van Meurs JB, Vermeulen SH, Viikari J, Virtamo J, Vitart V, Waeber G, Wang Z, Widén E, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Winkelmann BR, Witteman JC, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wong A, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, Amouyel P, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Cupples LA, Cusi D, Dedoussis GV, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gieger C, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hinney A, Hofman A, Hovingh KG, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Levinson DF, Martin NG, Metspalu A, Morris AD, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ouwehand WH, Palmer LJ, Penninx B, Power C, Province MA, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Snieder H, Sørensen TI, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Tönjes A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Vollenweider P, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Frayling T, Groop LC, Haritunian T, Heid IM, Hunter D, Kaplan RC, Karpe F, Moffatt M, Mohlke KL, O’Connell JR, Pawitan Y, Schadt EE, Schlessinger D, Steinthorsdottir V, Strachan DP, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Di Blasio AM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Meyre D, Scherag A, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture. Nat Genet 2013; 45:501-12. [PMID: 23563607 PMCID: PMC3973018 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousands Oaks, CA, 91320
| | | | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Molecular Biology Department, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dan-Yu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josine L. Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Jian Yang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Anuj Goel
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ivonne Jarick
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala university hospital, Sweden
| | - Toby Johnson
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjolein J. Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Michael Preuss
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mieke D. Trip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Heart Failure Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | | | - Anthony J. Balmforth
- Division of Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hanneke Basart
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, J Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale. Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M. Connell
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - William Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femmie de Vegt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Martin Farrall
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marco M. Ferrario
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Lude Franke
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Frau
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E. Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612, USA
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, 20720 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI) Queens University, Belfast
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aldi T. Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Antonio Liuzzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology and Dialysis, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Marek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | | | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - George Nicholson
- MRC Harwell, Harwell, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nancy Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Carolin Pütter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aparna Radhakrishnan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- The Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Augusto Rendon
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Timo E. Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, 33680, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer G. Sambrook
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jouko Saramies
- South Karelia Central Hospital, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boris Skrobek
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan C. Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | | | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eirini V. Theodoraki
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Melanie M. Van der Klauw
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline C.M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Kees G. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center East, 6501 BG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinajoki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 OQQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Talin Haritunian
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David Meyre
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMasterUniversity, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - André Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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Voight BF, Kang HM, Ding J, Palmer CD, Sidore C, Chines PS, Burtt NP, Fuchsberger C, Li Y, Erdmann J, Frayling TM, Heid IM, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Prokopenko I, Randall JC, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Teslovich TM, Wheeler E, Maguire J, Parkin M, Potter S, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Stirrups K, Winckler W, Sanna S, Mulas A, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Barroso I, Deloukas P, Loos RJF, Kathiresan S, Munroe PB, Newton-Cheh C, Pfeufer A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D, McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M. The metabochip, a custom genotyping array for genetic studies of metabolic, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002793. [PMID: 22876189 PMCID: PMC3410907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, as well as for related traits such as body mass index, glucose and insulin levels, lipid levels, and blood pressure. These studies also have pointed to thousands of loci with promising but not yet compelling association evidence. To establish association at additional loci and to characterize the genome-wide significant loci by fine-mapping, we designed the "Metabochip," a custom genotyping array that assays nearly 200,000 SNP markers. Here, we describe the Metabochip and its component SNP sets, evaluate its performance in capturing variation across the allele-frequency spectrum, describe solutions to methodological challenges commonly encountered in its analysis, and evaluate its performance as a platform for genotype imputation. The metabochip achieves dramatic cost efficiencies compared to designing single-trait follow-up reagents, and provides the opportunity to compare results across a range of related traits. The metabochip and similar custom genotyping arrays offer a powerful and cost-effective approach to follow-up large-scale genotyping and sequencing studies and advance our understanding of the genetic basis of complex human diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Voight
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, and Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and the London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richa Saxena
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jared Maguire
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa Parkin
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Potter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wendy Winckler
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and the London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arne Pfeufer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
- EURAC Center of Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Coronary Artery Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, and Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Altshuler
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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9
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Heid IM, Jackson AU, Randall JC, Winkler TW, Qi L, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Zillikens MC, Speliotes EK, Mägi R, Workalemahu T, White CC, Bouatia-Naji N, Harris TB, Berndt SI, Ingelsson E, Willer CJ, Weedon MN, Luan J, Vedantam S, Esko T, Kilpeläinen TO, Kutalik Z, Li S, Monda KL, Dixon AL, Holmes CC, Kaplan LM, Liang L, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Molony C, Nicholson G, Schadt EE, Zondervan KT, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Allen HL, Weyant RJ, Wheeler E, Wood AR, Estrada K, Goddard ME, Lettre G, Mangino M, Nyholt DR, Purcell S, Vernon Smith A, Visscher PM, Yang J, McCarroll SA, Nemesh J, Voight BF, Absher D, Amin N, Aspelund T, Coin L, Glazer NL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Hottenga JJ, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kapur K, Ketkar S, Knowles JW, Kraft P, Kraja AT, Lamina C, Leitzmann MF, McKnight B, Morris AP, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Peters MJ, Polasek O, Prokopenko I, Rayner NW, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Robertson NR, Sanna S, Sovio U, Surakka I, Teumer A, van Wingerden S, Vitart V, Zhao JH, Cavalcanti-Proença C, Chines PS, Fisher E, Kulzer JR, Lecoeur C, Narisu N, Sandholt C, Scott LJ, Silander K, Stark K, Tammesoo ML, Teslovich TM, Timpson NJ, Watanabe RM, Welch R, Chasman DI, Cooper MN, Jansson JO, Kettunen J, Lawrence RW, Pellikka N, Perola M, Vandenput L, Alavere H, Almgren P, Atwood LD, Bennett AJ, Biffar R, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Buchanan TA, Campbell H, Day INM, Dei M, Dörr M, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Eriksson JG, Freimer NB, Fu M, Gaget S, Geus EJC, Gjesing AP, Grallert H, Gräßler J, Groves CJ, Guiducci C, Hartikainen AL, Hassanali N, Havulinna AS, Herzig KH, Hicks AA, Hui J, Igl W, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Kajantie E, Kinnunen L, Kolcic I, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kroemer HK, Krzelj V, Kuusisto J, Kvaloy K, Laitinen J, Lantieri O, Lathrop GM, Lokki ML, Luben RN, Ludwig B, McArdle WL, McCarthy A, Morken MA, Nelis M, Neville MJ, Paré G, Parker AN, Peden JF, Pichler I, Pietiläinen KH, Platou CGP, Pouta A, Ridderstråle M, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sinisalo J, Smit JH, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Swift AJ, Teder-Laving M, Thomson B, Usala G, van Meurs JBJ, van Ommen GJ, Vatin V, Volpato CB, Wallaschofski H, Walters GB, Widen E, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Witte DR, Zgaga L, Zitting P, Beilby JP, James AL, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Nieminen MS, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Raitakari O, Ridker PM, Stumvoll M, Tönjes A, Viikari J, Balkau B, Ben-Shlomo Y, Bergman RN, Boeing H, Smith GD, Ebrahim S, Froguel P, Hansen T, Hengstenberg C, Hveem K, Isomaa B, Jørgensen T, Karpe F, Khaw KT, Laakso M, Lawlor DA, Marre M, Meitinger T, Metspalu A, Midthjell K, Pedersen O, Salomaa V, Schwarz PEH, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Valle TT, Wareham NJ, Arnold AM, Beckmann JS, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Collins FS, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Hattersley AT, Hofman A, Hu FB, Illig T, Iribarren C, Jarvelin MR, Kao WHL, Kaprio J, Launer LJ, Munroe PB, Oostra B, Penninx BW, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Quertermous T, Rissanen A, Rudan I, Shuldiner AR, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Syvanen AC, Uda M, Uitterlinden A, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Witteman JC, Wright AF, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Haritunians T, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, North KE, O'Connell JR, Peltonen L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Hirschhorn JN, Assimes TL, Wichmann HE, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Stefansson K, Cupples LA, Loos RJF, Barroso I, McCarthy MI, Fox CS, Mohlke KL, Lindgren CM. Erratum: Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/ng1111-1164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which produce huge volumes of data, are now being carried out by many groups around the world, creating a need for user-friendly tools for data quality control (QC) and analysis. One critical aspect of GWAS QC is evaluating genotype cluster plots to verify sensible genotype calling in putatively associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evoker is a tool for visualizing genotype cluster plots, and provides a solution to the computational and storage problems related to working with such large datasets. AVAILABILITY http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/software/evoker/
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Morris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
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11
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Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, Jackson AU, Lim N, Scheet P, Soranzo N, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Chambers JC, Drong A, Luan J, Lyon HN, Rivadeneira F, Sanna S, Timpson NJ, Zillikens MC, Zhao JH, Almgren P, Bandinelli S, Bennett AJ, Bergman RN, Bonnycastle LL, Bumpstead SJ, Chanock SJ, Cherkas L, Chines P, Coin L, Cooper C, Crawford G, Doering A, Dominiczak A, Doney ASF, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Ferrucci L, Fischer G, Forouhi NG, Gieger C, Grallert H, Groves CJ, Grundy S, Guiducci C, Hadley D, Hamsten A, Havulinna AS, Hofman A, Holle R, Holloway JW, Illig T, Isomaa B, Jacobs LC, Jameson K, Jousilahti P, Karpe F, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lathrop GM, Lawlor DA, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Meitinger T, Morken MA, Morris AP, Munroe P, Narisu N, Nordström A, Nordström P, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Payne F, Peden JF, Prokopenko I, Renström F, Ruokonen A, Salomaa V, Sandhu MS, Scott LJ, Scuteri A, Silander K, Song K, Yuan X, Stringham HM, Swift AJ, Tuomi T, Uda M, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wallace C, Walters GB, Weedon MN, Witteman JCM, Zhang C, Zhang W, Caulfield MJ, Collins FS, Davey Smith G, Day INM, Franks PW, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Jarvelin MR, Kong A, Kooner JS, Laakso M, Lakatta E, Mooser V, Morris AD, Peltonen L, Samani NJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Tanaka T, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Wareham NJ, Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia H, Waterworth DM, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Groop L, Hunter DJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Schlessinger D, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Abecasis GR, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF, Stefansson K, Mohlke KL, Barroso I, McCarthy for the GIANT consortium MI. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000508. [PMID: 19557161 PMCID: PMC2695778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic loci influencing central obesity and fat distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 16 genome-wide association studies (GWAS, N = 38,580) informative for adult waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). We selected 26 SNPs for follow-up, for which the evidence of association with measures of central adiposity (WC and/or WHR) was strong and disproportionate to that for overall adiposity or height. Follow-up studies in a maximum of 70,689 individuals identified two loci strongly associated with measures of central adiposity; these map near TFAP2B (WC, P = 1.9x10(-11)) and MSRA (WC, P = 8.9x10(-9)). A third locus, near LYPLAL1, was associated with WHR in women only (P = 2.6x10(-8)). The variants near TFAP2B appear to influence central adiposity through an effect on overall obesity/fat-mass, whereas LYPLAL1 displays a strong female-only association with fat distribution. By focusing on anthropometric measures of central obesity and fat distribution, we have identified three loci implicated in the regulation of human adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blanca M. Herrera
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Noha Lim
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen N. Lyon
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Amanda J. Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Crawford
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Fischer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Grundy
- Centre for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Holle
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John W. Holloway
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Malmska Municipal Health Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Leonie C. Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Jameson
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mario A. Morken
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Munroe
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Peden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Unita' Operativa Geriatrica, Instituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani (INRCA) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kijoung Song
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Yuan
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Swift
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Wallace
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cuilin Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Ealing Hospital, Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southall, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Davey Smith
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N. M. Day
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research (Umeå Medical Biobank), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward Lakatta
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn M. Waterworth
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy for the GIANT consortium
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Loos RJF, Lindgren CM, Li S, Wheeler E, Zhao JH, Prokopenko I, Inouye M, Freathy RM, Attwood AP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Jacobs KB, Chanock SJ, Hayes RB, Bergmann S, Bennett AJ, Bingham SA, Bochud M, Brown M, Cauchi S, Connell JM, Cooper C, Smith GD, Day I, Dina C, De S, Dermitzakis ET, Doney ASF, Elliott KS, Elliott P, Evans DM, Sadaf Farooqi I, Froguel P, Ghori J, Groves CJ, Gwilliam R, Hadley D, Hall AS, Hattersley AT, Hebebrand J, Heid IM, Lamina C, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Herrera B, Hinney A, Hunt SE, Jarvelin MR, Johnson T, Jolley JDM, Karpe F, Keniry A, Khaw KT, Luben RN, Mangino M, Marchini J, McArdle WL, McGinnis R, Meyre D, Munroe PB, Morris AD, Ness AR, Neville MJ, Nica AC, Ong KK, O'Rahilly S, Owen KR, Palmer CNA, Papadakis K, Potter S, Pouta A, Qi L, Randall JC, Rayner NW, Ring SM, Sandhu MS, Scherag A, Sims MA, Song K, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Syddall HE, Teichmann SA, Timpson NJ, Tobias JH, Uda M, Vogel CIG, Wallace C, Waterworth DM, Weedon MN, Willer CJ, Wraight, Yuan X, Zeggini E, Hirschhorn JN, Strachan DP, Ouwehand WH, Caulfield MJ, Samani NJ, Frayling TM, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Mooser V, Deloukas P, McCarthy MI, Wareham NJ, Barroso I, Jacobs KB, Chanock SJ, Hayes RB, Lamina C, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Kraft P, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Hu FB, Lyon HN, Voight BF, Ridderstrale M, Groop L, Scheet P, Sanna S, Abecasis GR, Albai G, Nagaraja R, Schlessinger D, Jackson AU, Tuomilehto J, Collins FS, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL. Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat Genet 2008; 40:768-75. [PMID: 18454148 DOI: 10.1038/ng.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 927] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To identify common variants influencing body mass index (BMI), we analyzed genome-wide association data from 16,876 individuals of European descent. After previously reported variants in FTO, the strongest association signal (rs17782313, P = 2.9 x 10(-6)) mapped 188 kb downstream of MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor), mutations of which are the leading cause of monogenic severe childhood-onset obesity. We confirmed the BMI association in 60,352 adults (per-allele effect = 0.05 Z-score units; P = 2.8 x 10(-15)) and 5,988 children aged 7-11 (0.13 Z-score units; P = 1.5 x 10(-8)). In case-control analyses (n = 10,583), the odds for severe childhood obesity reached 1.30 (P = 8.0 x 10(-11)). Furthermore, we observed overtransmission of the risk allele to obese offspring in 660 families (P (pedigree disequilibrium test average; PDT-avg) = 2.4 x 10(-4)). The SNP location and patterns of phenotypic associations are consistent with effects mediated through altered MC4R function. Our findings establish that common variants near MC4R influence fat mass, weight and obesity risk at the population level and reinforce the need for large-scale data integration to identify variants influencing continuous biomedical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Randall JC, Yano BL, Richardson RJ. Potentiation of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in the central and peripheral nervous system of the adult hen: distribution of axonal lesions. J Toxicol Environ Health 1997; 51:571-90. [PMID: 9242229 DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of mild organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) produced by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) in adult hens are potentiated by posttreatment with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The purpose of this study was to assess whether potentiation of mild OPIDN produces a pattern of axonal lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system similar to that seen in severe OPIDN. Groups of 6 hens each were given the following priming/challenge doses sc at 0 and 4 h, respectively: 0.20 ml/kg corn oil/0.50 ml/kg glycerol formal (GF) (control); 0.50 mg/kg DFP/GF (low-dose DFP); 0.50 mg/kg DFP/60 mg/kg PMSF (potentiated DFP); 60 mg/kg PMSF/GF (PMSF alone); 60 mg/kg PMSF/1.5 mg/kg DFP (protected DFP); and 1.5 mg/kg DFP/GF (high-dose DFP). Two hens from each group were used to assay brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) 24 h after the challenge dose, and the remaining hens were scored for deficits in walking, standing, and perching ability on d 18. Three hens from each group were perfusion-fixed on d 22 and neural tissues were prepared for histologic evaluation. DFP and/or PMSF caused > 88% brain NTE inhibition in all treated groups, compared to control. Protected DFP yielded no clinical deficits and a distribution and frequency of axonal lesions similar to control. PMSF alone produced a small increase in the frequency of lesions in the cervical spinal cord and peripheral nerves compared to control. Low-dose DFP caused minimal ataxia and increased frequency of axonal lesions in dorsal and lateral cervical spinal cord, ventral lumbar spinal cord, and inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICP) compared to control. Potentiated DFP and high-dose DFP produced maximal ataxia and essentially identical increases in the frequency of lesions in dorsal and ventral thoracic spinal cord, lateral lumbar spinal cord, and peripheral nerves compared to low-dose DFP. The results indicate that PMSF potentiation of mild OPIDN induced in adult hens by low-dose DFP results in an overall pattern of axonal degeneration like that produced by a threefold higher dose of DFP alone, and support the hypothesis that potentiation causes an increase in the frequency of axonal lesions in central and peripheral loci normally affected by OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Randall
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA
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14
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Abstract
Carbamyl sulfonate (CS) compounds are a novel class of carbamates derived from amino acid methyl esters. They have the general structure RCH(COOCH3)NH(CO)SO-3K+, where R is the sidechain of the parent amino acid. These compounds were developed as active site-directed inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase (HLE). The purpose of this study was to characterize the inhibition of hen brain neurotoxic esterase (neuropathy target esterase, NTE), horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by CS analogs derived from the methyl esters of L-ala, D-norval, L-norval, L-phe, L-val, L-norleu, D-met, and L-met. Bimolecular rate constants of inhibition (ki) for NTE ranged from 0.571 for L-ala-CS to 17.7 mM-1 min-1 for L-norleu-CS (10-min I50 values of 123 and 3.92 microM, respectively). Potency against NTE increased with chain length for straight-chain R-groups of L-CS compounds. Unlike HLE, NTE was only weakly stereoselective for CS compound enantiomers. The L-isomers were weaker inhibitors of BuChE than NTE (10-min I50 range of 742 to 35.6 microM). In contrast to the L-enantiomers, the I50 plots of D-met-CS and D-norval-CS were not linear for BuChE, suggesting a possible stereospecific mechanistic shift for inhibition of this enzyme, AChE was not effectively inhibited by any of the CS compounds (I50 values > 750 microM). The specificity and charged nature of CS compounds give these unusual NTE inhibitors potential advantages for mechanistic studies of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) and its protection or potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Randall
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Bose WJ, Gearen PF, Randall JC, Petty W. Long-term outcome of 42 knees with chronic infection after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995:285-96. [PMID: 7554642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of treatment in 40 patients (42 knees) with chronic infections after total knee arthroplasty was reviewed. Eighteen knees were treated with a 2-stage reimplantation. Sixteen of these 18 knees were treated with antibiotic-containing beads between debridement and reimplantation, and 7 of these were also treated with antibiotics in the cement at reimplantation. Infection did not recur in any of these 18 knees. Clinically, the 2-stage reimplantation group averaged a score of 90 points on the Knee Society Clinical Rating System. Average function score was 86.5 points, with average range of motion from 2 degrees to 109 degrees. Sixteen knees were treated with an arthrodesis: 9 with a 1-stage technique with a uniplanar external fixator and 7 with a 2-stage technique with intramedullary nail internal fixation. Infection did not recur in 6 of 9 knees treated with the 1-stage technique, but only 2 had a solid arthrodesis. All 7 treated with the 2-stage intramedullary nail technique had no recurrence of infection and achieved a solid fusion. Reimplantation or arthrodesis was not attempted in 8 other knees because of recalcitrant infection, vascular complications, or medical infirmity. Of the 42 knees, 11 (26%) had a severely morbid outcome. The infection could not be eradicated in 7 knees: 6 required amputation and 1 had a solid fusion but chronic drainage. In 3 knees, the infection was cured but resection arthroplasties were required, and in 1 patient an amputation was needed as a result of an intraoperative vascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Bose
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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Richardson RJ, Moore TB, Kayyali US, Randall JC. Chlorpyrifos: assessment of potential for delayed neurotoxicity by repeated dosing in adult hens with monitoring of brain acetylcholinesterase, brain and lymphocyte neurotoxic esterase, and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activities. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1993; 21:89-96. [PMID: 7689993 DOI: 10.1006/faat.1993.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that acute exposures to chlorpyrifos (CPS; diethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate) cannot produce > 70% inhibition of brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) and cause organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) unless the dose is well in excess of the LD50, necessitating aggressive therapy for cholinergic toxicity. The present study was carried out to determine if repeated doses of CPS at the maximum tolerated daily dose without prophylaxis against cholinergic toxicity could cause cumulative inhibition of NTE and OPIDN. Adult hens were dosed daily for 20 days with CPS (10 mg/kg/day po in 2 ml/kg corn oil) or corn oil (vehicle control) (2 ml/kg/day po) and observed for an additional 4 weeks. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), brain and lymphocyte NTE, and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were assayed on Days 0 (control only), 4, 10, 15, 20, and 48. During Days 4-20, brain AChE and plasma BuChE activities from CPS-treated hens were inhibited 58-70% and 49-80% of contemporaneous controls, respectively. At 4 weeks after the end of dosing, brain AChE activity in treated birds had recovered to 86% of control and plasma BuChE activity was 134% of control. Brain and lymphocyte NTE activities of treated animals throughout the study were 82-99% and 85-128% of control, respectively. Neither brain nor lymphocyte NTE activities in treated hens exhibited cumulative inhibition. The 18% inhibition of brain NTE seen on days 10 and 20 was significant, but substantially below the putative threshold for OPIDN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Richardson
- Department of Environmental & Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Richardson RJ, Moore TB, Kayyali US, Fowke JH, Randall JC. Inhibition of hen brain acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase by chlorpyrifos in vivo and kinetics of inhibition by chlorpyrifos oxon in vitro: application to assessment of neuropathic risk. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1993; 20:273-9. [PMID: 7684990 DOI: 10.1006/faat.1993.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPS; O,O-diethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate; Dursban) is a widely used broad-spectrum organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Because some OP compounds can cause a sensory-motor distal axonopathy called OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), CPS has been evaluated for this paralytic effect. Early studies of the neurotoxicity of CPS in young and adult hens reported reversible leg weakness but failed to detect OPIDN. More recently, a human case of mild OPIDN was reported to result from ingestion of a massive dose (about 300 mg/kg) in a suicide attempt. Subsequent experiments in adult hens (the currently accepted animal model of choice for studies of OPIDN) showed that doses of CPS in excess of the LD50 in atropine-treated animals inhibited brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) and produced mild to moderate ataxia. Considering the extensive use of CPS and its demonstrated potential for causing OPIDN at supralethal doses, additional data are needed to enable quantitative estimates to be made of the neuropathic risk of this compound. Previous work has shown that the ability of OP insecticides to cause acute cholinergic toxicity versus OPIDN can be predicted from their relative tendency to inhibit the intended target, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), versus the putative neuropathic target, NTE, in brain tissue. The present study was designed to clarify the magnitude of neuropathic risk associated with CPS exposures by measuring hen brain AChE and NTE inhibition following dosing in vivo and determining the bimolecular rate constant of inhibition (ki) for each enzyme by the active metabolite, CPS oxon (CPO), in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Kayyali US, Moore TB, Randall JC, Richardson RJ. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) assay: optimized conditions based on detergent-induced shifts in the phenol/4-aminoantipyrine chromophore spectrum. J Anal Toxicol 1991; 15:86-9. [PMID: 2051750 DOI: 10.1093/jat/15.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An assay for neurotoxic esterase (neuropathy target esterase, NTE) was developed by Johnson (1,2) to assess the delayed neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus compounds. NTE activity is calculated from the rate of phenyl valerate hydrolysis resistant to paraoxon and sensitive to mipafox inhibition under specified conditions of inhibitor concentrations, pH, temperature, and incubation times with inhibitors and substrate. The amount of phenol produced is measured colorimetrically after its oxidative coupling with 4-aminoantipyrine to yield 4-N-(1,4-benzoquinoneimine)-antipyrine, a chromophore with a wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambda m) 510 nm and corresponding molar absorptivity (molar extinction coefficient, epsilon) equal to 13,900 M-1cm-1. The assay was improved and simplified later by Johnson (3) without any change in the lambda m or epsilon, even though the chromophore solvent was altered by adding the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The present work demonstrates that when the NTE assay is performed according to the improved procedure, with a final [SDS] of 3.0 mg/mL, the lambda m of the chromophore in the assay mixture is shifted from 510 to 490 nm. The same shift in the chromophore lambda m is observed when phenol standards are coupled with 4-aminoantipyrine in solutions containing 3.0 mg/mL SDS. A systematic investigation of the dependence of the lambda m of the chromophore on [SDS] in the assay mixture revealed that the spectral shift increases rapidly at an [SDS] greater than the apparent critical micelle concentration (CMC; estimated to be 0.53 mg/mL under these conditions) and begins to plateau at [SDS] greater than 10 mg/mL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Kayyali
- Department of Environmental & Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Morris DC, Randall JC, Stechschulte DJ, Zeiger S, Mansur DB, Anderson HC. Enzyme cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase in cultures of chondrocytes derived from normal and rachitic rats. Bone 1990; 11:345-52. [PMID: 2252811 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(90)90090-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epiphyseal growth plate cartilages were removed from rats which had been maintained on normal laboratory chow or a rachitogenic diet. Chondrocytes were released from the growth plates by collagenase digestion and cultured in tissue chamber slides. After 7, 10 and 12 days of culture, the chondrocytes were removed as intact multilayers and processed for electron microscopical enzyme cytochemical studies. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the cultures was visualized by means of a cerium based capture method. Electron-dense cerium phosphate deposits were localized on the membrane of matrix vesicles and plasma membranes of chondrocytes derived from normal and rachitic animals. The appearance of first crystals within matrix vesicles was characterized by a concomitant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in the membrane of these structures. Calcification was initiated at approximately the same time in cultures of chondrocytes derived from normal or rachitic animals. The results suggest that rickets has no serious effects on the capacity of chondrocytes to support matrix calcification in vitro. Additionally, the evidence indicates that alkaline phosphatase-positive matrix vesicles play a significant role in the initiation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Morris
- Bone Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oncology, Kansas City, Kansas 66103
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Randall JC, Morris DC, Zeiger S, Masuhara K, Tsuda T, Anderson HC. Presence and activity of alkaline phosphatase in two human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Histochem Cytochem 1989; 37:1069-74. [PMID: 2659662 DOI: 10.1177/37.7.2659662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and activity of alkaline phosphatase in SAOS-2 and TE-85 human osteosarcoma cells grown in culture were examined at the ultrastructural level. A monoclonal antibody raised against purified human bone osteosarcoma alkaline phosphatase was used to localize the enzyme in cultures of the osteosarcoma cells. Similar cultures were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase activity using an enzyme cytochemical method with cerium as the capture agent. Alkaline phosphatase was immunolocalized at the light microscopic level in an osteogenic sarcoma and ultrastructurally on the SAOS-2 cell membrane and the enclosing membrane of extracellular vesicular structures close to the cells. In contrast, the TE-85 cells were characterized by the absence of all but a few traces of immunolabeling at the cell surface. Enzyme cytochemical studies revealed strong alkaline phosphatase activity on the outer surface of the SAOS-2 cell membrane. Much lower enzyme activity was observed in the TE-85 cells. The results support biochemical data from previous studies and confirm that SAOS-2 cells have a significantly greater concentration of alkaline phosphatase at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Randall
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103
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Abstract
This report describes the case of a 69-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon who developed heterotopic ossification in a metastatic axillary lymph node. The areas of pathologic bone formation were characterized by the appearance of osteoblast-like cells at the surfaces of the mineral deposits. Immunostaining for alkaline phosphatase revealed a significant concentration of this enzyme in these cells and, to a lesser degree, on the apical membrane of the glandular cells of the adenocarcinoma adjacent to the ossification centers. Proliferating mesenchymal cells in close proximity to the areas of osteogenesis also showed significant immunolabeling. We conclude that metastatic colonic carcinoma can promote heterotopic ossification, and that alkaline phosphatase is intimately associated with bone formation under these pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Randall
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103
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Morris DC, Randall JC, Anderson HC. Light microscopic localization of alkaline phosphatase in fetal bovine bone using immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver staining procedures. J Histochem Cytochem 1988; 36:323-7. [PMID: 3278058 DOI: 10.1177/36.3.3278058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We localized alkaline phosphatase in the metaphyses of fetal bovine tibial bone by use of avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver staining procedures. Low melting-point, paraffin-embedded sections of periodate lysine-paraformaldehyde-fixed undecalcified bone were used for immunostaining. We suggest that the combination of intact embryonic bone with this fixative and the immunohistochemical procedures used in this study may have helped to preserve antigenicity and thus to improve the efficiency of immunolabeling. Similar patterns of alkaline phosphatase localization were produced by the immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver staining methods. The latter, although free of immunoreagents such as diaminobenzidine, must be monitored closely to avoid nonspecific staining during the silver enhancement procedure. Both methods revealed a concentration of the enzyme in osteoblasts and in areas of osteoid that lined the bone trabeculae. The results support the findings of earlier enzyme cytochemical studies in which osteoblasts were shown to have significant alkaline phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Morris
- Department of Pathology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City 66103
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Abstract
One hundred fifty-two children were enrolled in a randomized, controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of phenylephrine hydrochloride nose drops or nasal spray in hastening the resolution of middle ear effusion. Children with persistent effusion were recruited for the study during a return visit two weeks after an episode of acute otitis media. Forty-six patients (30%) dropped out of the study, many because they failed to tolerate the medication, especially the nose drops. Another 27 (18%) had to be excluded because of intercurrent illness or systemic drug therapy. Among those children completing the study, rates of clinical and tympanometric cure during the following four weeks were similar in the drug and placebo groups. In view of the absence of documented clinical efficacy and the practical difficulties inherent in their administration, topical decongestants appear to have a limited role, if any, in treating children with persistent effusion.
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