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Jain S, Coulter JA, Hounsell AR, Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Hyland WB, Muir MF, Dickson GR, Prise KM, Currell FJ, O'Sullivan JM, Hirst DG. Cell-specific radiosensitization by gold nanoparticles at megavoltage radiation energies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 79:531-9. [PMID: 21095075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to cause sensitization with kilovoltage (kV) radiation. Differences in the absorption coefficient between gold and soft tissue, as a function of photon energy, predict that maximum enhancement should occur in the kilovoltage (kV) range, with almost no enhancement at megavoltage (MV) energies. Recent studies have shown that GNPs are not biologically inert, causing oxidative stress and even cell death, suggesting a possible biological mechanism for sensitization. The purpose of this study was to assess GNP radiosensitization at clinically relevant MV X-ray energies. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cellular uptake, intracellular localization, and cytotoxicity of GNPs were assessed in normal L132, prostate cancer DU145, and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Radiosensitization was measured by clonogenic survival at kV and MV photon energies and MV electron energies. Intracellular DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and DNA repair were determined and GNP chemosensitization was assessed using the radiomimetic agent bleomycin. RESULTS GNP uptake occurred in all cell lines and was greatest in MDA-MB-231 cells with nanoparticles accumulating in cytoplasmic lysosomes. In MDA-MB-231 cells, radiation sensitizer enhancement ratios (SERs) of 1.41, 1.29, and 1.16 were achieved using 160 kVp, 6 MV, and 15 MV X-ray energies, respectively. No significant effect was observed in L132 or DU145 cells at kV or MV energies (SER 0.97-1.08). GNP exposure did not increase radiation-induced DSB formation or inhibit DNA repair; however, GNP chemosensitization was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with bleomycin (SER 1.38). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated radiosensitization in MDA-MB-231 cells at MV X-ray energies. The sensitization was cell-specific with comparable effects at kV and MV energies, no increase in DSB formation, and GNP chemopotentiation with bleomycin, suggesting a possible biological mechanism of radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneil Jain
- Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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102
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Jin Y, Lee SJ, Minshall RD, Choi AMK. Caveolin-1: a critical regulator of lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L151-60. [PMID: 21097526 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (cav-1), a 22-kDa transmembrane scaffolding protein, is the principal structural component of caveolae. Cav-1 regulates critical cell functions including proliferation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and transcytosis via diverse signaling pathways. Abundant in almost every cell type in the lung, including type I epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and neutrophils, cav-1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). ALI and its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in intensive care units, despite improvement in ventilation strategies. The pathogenesis of ARDS is still poorly understood, and therapeutic options remain limited. In this article, we summarize recent data regarding the regulation and function of cav-1 in lung biology and pathology, in particular as it relates to ALI. We further discuss the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cav-1 expression contributes to ALI. Investigating the cellular functions of cav-1 may provide new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of ALI and provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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103
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You BR, Park WH. Enhancement of gallic acid-induced human pulmonary fibroblast cell death by N-acetyl cysteine and L-buthionine sulfoximine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:992-9. [PMID: 20921063 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110384528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) has various biological properties including anti-cancer effect. However, little is known about the toxicological effect of GA in primary normal cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of GA on human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). GA inhibited the growth of HPF cells at 24 hours in a dose-dependent manner. GA also induced HPF cell death, which was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨ(m)). GA increased ROS levels including O(2)(•-) and GSH-depleted cell numbers in HPF cells at 24 hours. Treatment with 2 mM N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) intensified growth inhibition and death in GA-treated HPF cells. NAC decreased ROS levels and increased GSH depletion in these cells. Treatment with 10 μM L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) also enhanced growth inhibition and death in GA-treated HPF cells. BSO increased ROS levels and GSH depletion in these cells. In conclusion, GA-induced HPF cell death was accompanied by ROS increase and GSH depletion. The changes of ROS and GSH levels by NAC and BSO appeared to affect cell growth and death in GA-treated HPF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ra You
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, Republic of Korea
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104
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Suberoyl bishydroxamic acid inhibits the growth of A549 lung cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 344:203-10. [PMID: 20652372 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Suberoyl bishydroxamic acid (SBHA) as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has various cellular effects such as cell growth and apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of SBHA on the growth and death of A549 lung cancer cells. SBHA inhibited the growth of A549 cells with an IC(50) of approximately 50 μM at 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that SBHA induced a G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. This agent also induced apoptosis, as evidenced by sub-G1 cells and annexin V-FITC staining cells. SBHA-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨ(m)), Bcl-2 decrease, Bax increase, and the activation of caspase-3. All of the tested caspase inhibitors significantly rescued some cells from SBHA-induced A549 cell death. However, none of the caspase inhibitors prevented the loss of MMP (ΔΨ(m)) induced by SBHA. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels including O(2)(•-) were increased in 50 μM SBHA-treated A549 cells. None of the caspase inhibitors attenuated ROS levels in these cells. SBHA also elevated the number of glutathione (GSH)-depleted cells in A549 cells, which was reduced by treatment with caspase inhibitors. In conclusion, this is the first report that SBHA inhibited the growth of A549 lung cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis, which was related to GSH depletion rather than changes in ROS level.
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105
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Treatment with p38 inhibitor intensifies the death of MG132-treated As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells via the enhancement of GSH depletion. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:367-76. [PMID: 20545600 DOI: 10.3109/01480540903483458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MG132, as a proteasome inhibitor, has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we investigated the effects of MG132 and/or MAPK inhibitors on As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells in relation to cell growth, cell death, ROS, and glutathione (GSH) levels. MG132 inhibited the growth of As4.1 cells and induced cell death, accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; DeltaPsi(m)) and activation of caspase-3 and -8. MG132 increased ROS levels, and GSH depleted cell numbers. The MEK inhibitor slightly reduced cell growth and caspase-3 activity in MG132-treated As4.1 cells and mildly increased MMP (DeltaPsi(m)) loss and O(2)(*-) level. However, it did not increase apoptosis and GSH depletion. The JNK inhibitor did not strongly influence cell growth, cell death, and GSH depletion by MG132, but increased caspase-3 activity, MMP (DeltaPsi(m)) loss, and O(2)(*-) level. Treatment with the p38 inhibitor magnified cell-growth inhibition and apoptosis by MG132. This agent also strongly increased caspase-8 activity, MMP (DeltaPsi(m)) loss, O(2)(*-) level, and GSH depletion. Conclusively, the p38 inhibitor strongly intensified cell death in MG132-treated As4.1 cells. The changes of GSH content by MG132 and/or MAPK inhibitors were closely related to the death of As4.1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Centers for Healthcare Technology Development, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, Republic of Korea
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106
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Piotrowski WJ, Kurmanowska Z, Antczak A, Marczak J, Ciebiada M, Górski P. Exhaled 8-isoprostane in sarcoidosis: relation to superoxide anion production by bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:1027-32. [PMID: 20521080 PMCID: PMC2978317 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to examine the mutual relationship between 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and superoxide anion generation by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in patients with sarcoidosis. Design About 29 patients with sarcoidosis, 34 healthy never smokers (control group for EBC) and 15 healthy never smokers (control group for BAL) were examined. EBC was collected directly before bronchoscopy. 8-Isoprostane was measured by ELISA, and superoxide anion by colorimetry. Results Exhaled breath condensate 8-isoprostane is increased in sarcoidosis (median, 25–75 percentile): 2.50; 2.50–3.90 versus 6.20; 2.50–16.95 pg/ml, p ≤ 0.05). Spontaneous superoxide anion release from BALF cells was significantly elevated only in patients with a high percentage of lymphocytes in BALF (6.42 ± 1.24 vs. 23.52 ± 4.30 nmol/106 cells, p ≤ 0.01). There were no correlations between 8-isoprostane and spontaneous or stimulated superoxide anion release. Conclusions We confirmed higher concentrations of EBC 8-isoprostane in sarcoidosis and higher spontaneous release of superoxide anion from BALF cells in patients with sarcoidosis. The increase of EBC 8-isoprostane is not directly related to superoxide anion released from BALF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego Str 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
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107
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You BR, Park WH. The effects of antimycin A on endothelial cells in cell death, reactive oxygen species and GSH levels. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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108
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Han YH, Park WH. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 reduces growth of As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells via caspase-independent apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:689-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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109
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Gallic acid-induced lung cancer cell death is related to glutathione depletion as well as reactive oxygen species increase. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1356-62. [PMID: 20417267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) widely distributed in plants and foods has its various biological effects. Here, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of GA on Calu-6 and A549 lung cancer cells in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH). GA dose-dependently decreased the growth of Calu-6 and A549 cells with an IC(50) of approximately 10-50 microM and 100-200 microM GA at 24h, respectively. GA also induced cell death in lung cancer cells, which was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; DeltaPsi(m)). The percents of MMP (DeltaPsi(m)) loss and death cells were lower in A549 cells than Calu-6 cells. GA increased ROS levels including O(2)(-) in lung cancer cells at 24h and also GSH depleted cell numbers at this time. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC; a well-known antioxidant) intensified growth inhibition and death in GA-treated lung cancer cells. NAC changed ROS levels and increased GSH depletion in these cells. Vitamin C significantly attenuated cell death, ROS levels and GSH depletion in GA-treated lung cancer cells. L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; an inhibitor of GSH synthesis) slightly enhanced growth inhibition and death in GA-treated lung cancer cells and also mildly increased ROS levels and GSH depletion in these cells. In conclusion, GA inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells. GA-induced lung cancer cell death was related to GSH depletion as well as ROS level changes.
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110
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The changes of reactive oxygen species and glutathione by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor affect As4.1 juxtaglomerular cell growth and death. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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111
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Han YH, Park WH. Pyrogallol-induced As4.1 juxtaglomerular cell death is attenuated by MAPK inhibitors via preventing GSH depletion. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:631-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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112
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Mungunsukh O, Griffin AJ, Lee YH, Day RM. Bleomycin induces the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L696-703. [PMID: 20154224 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00322.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic agent, can cause pulmonary fibrosis in humans and is commonly used to induce experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rodents. In cell culture, bleomycin causes single- and double-stranded DNA breaks and produces reactive oxidative species, both of which require iron (Fe(2+)) and O(2). The mechanism of bleomycin-induced apoptosis is controversial due to its complexity. We investigated bleomycin apoptotic signaling events in primary pulmonary endothelial cells. Time course experiments revealed that bleomycin induced apoptosis within 4 h. Caspase-8, the initiator caspase for the extrinsic pathway, was activated within 2 h and preceded activation of the effector caspases-3 and -6 (4 h). Caspase-9, the initiator of the intrinsic pathway and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria were not detected at these time points. Bleomycin induced the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), Bcl-2 family member proteins that protect cells from the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR results demonstrated that, at 4-8 h, bleomycin induced expression of TNF and TNF receptor family genes known to induce the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Silencing of the death receptor adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain by short interfering RNA significantly reduced bleomycin-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was also abrogated by caspase-8 inhibition, but only slightly reduced by caspase-3 inhibition. Together, these data suggest that bleomycin initiates apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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113
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Han YH, Park WH. MG132, a proteasome inhibitor decreased the growth of Calu-6 lung cancer cells via apoptosis and GSH depletion. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1237-42. [PMID: 20149858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of proteasome function has emerged as a useful strategy to maneuver apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of MG132 as a proteasome inhibitor on the growth of Calu-6 lung cancer cells in relation to the cell cycle, cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels. MG132 dose-dependently inhibited the growth of Calu-6 cells at 24h. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that 1-30 microM MG132 induced an S phase arrest in Calu-6 cells. MG132 also induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; Deltapsi(m)). The pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD) significantly rescued Calu-6 cells from MG132-induced cell death. The intracellular ROS levels including O(2)(-) were increased in MG132-treated Calu-6 cells. MG132 also increased GSH-depleted cell numbers in Calu-6 cells. Z-VAD significantly decreased O(2)(-) levels and GSH-depleted cell numbers in MG132-treated Calu-6 cells. In conclusion, MG132 inhibited the growth of Calu-6 cells via apoptosis and GSH depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-180, Republic of Korea
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114
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Han YH, Park WH. Pyrogallol-induced calf pulmonary arterial endothelial cell death via caspase-dependent apoptosis and GSH depletion. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:558-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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115
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Disulfiram induces copper-dependent stimulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in melanoma. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:11-20. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328334131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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116
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[Derivative of bleomycin generates less of ROS? Less of fibrosis? Alternative in the development of an efficacy anticancer therapy but less toxic]. Bull Cancer 2010; 97:527-34. [PMID: 20100681 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2009.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deglycobleomycin (DBLM), the aglycon of the glycopeptide antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM), was first used since 1980 during comparative studies between BLM and DBLM in order to elucidate the role of the sugar component in the mechanism of action of BLM. In fact, the deglycosylation of BLM reduce the toxicity of this molecule and fails to produce reactive oxygen species, responsible for pulmonary fibrosis, and for anti-neoplastic activity of BLM. This causes toxic DNA lesions and ultimately leads to cell death. The therapeutic use of BLM is limited by a dose-dependent lung toxicity that eventually leads to fibrosis. Testing BLM-derivative molecules and defining their molecular mechanisms involved in tumor cell death may help to design new therapeutic approach with limited toxicity profile while maintaining anti-tumoral properties. The present review was undertaken to determine the effect of carbohydrate moiety in the mechanism of BLM induced cytotoxicity behind a comparative studies between BLM and DBLM.
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117
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The effects of MAPK inhibitors on pyrogallol-treated Calu-6 lung cancer cells in relation to cell growth, reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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118
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Song JS, Kang CM, Rhee CK, Yoon HK, Kim YK, Moon HS, Park SH. EFFECTS OF ELASTASE INHIBITOR ON THE EPITHELIAL CELL APOPTOSIS IN BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:817-29. [DOI: 10.3109/01902140902912527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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119
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Fujibayashi T, Hashimoto N, Jijiwa M, Hasegawa Y, Kojima T, Ishiguro N. Protective effect of geranylgeranylacetone, an inducer of heat shock protein 70, against drug-induced lung injury/fibrosis in an animal model. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9:45. [PMID: 19758434 PMCID: PMC2749802 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), a nontoxic anti-ulcer drug that is an inducer of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, protects against drug-induced lung injury/fibrosis in vivo. METHODS We used a bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis model in which mice were treated with oral 600 mg/kg of GGA before and after BLM administration. Inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by histological scoring, hydroxyproline content in the lung and inflammatory cell count, and quantification by ELISA of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL method. The induction of HSP70 in the lung was examined with western blot analysis and its localization was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We confirmed the presence of inflammation and fibrosis in the BLM-induced lung injury model and induction of HSP70 by oral administration of GGA. GGA prevented apoptosis of cellular constituents of lung tissue, such as epithelial cells, most likely related to the de novo induction of HSP70 in the lungs. GGA-treated mice also showed less fibrosis of the lungs, associated with the findings of suppression of both production of MIP-2 and inflammatory cell accumulation in the injured lung, compared with vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION GGA had a protective effect on drug-induced lung injury/fibrosis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate, which are indispensable for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, often cause interstitial lung diseases, an adverse event that currently cannot be prevented. Clinical use of GGA for drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis might be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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120
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Fantozzi F, Arturoni E, Barbucci R. The effects of the electric fields on hydrogels to achieve antitumoral drug release. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 78:191-5. [PMID: 19783227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The achievement of electrochemotherapy was obtained using electrodes covered with guar gum (GG) hydrogel swollen in a sulfate bleomycin solution. The bleomycin delivery into the plasma membranes of cancer cells occurs only when field strength (V/cm) was applied, decreasing the drug contact with healthy tissues. The effect of the delivered bleomycin at different concentrations was examined on tumoral mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3) and human coronary artery endothelial cells. The GG hydrogel released the drug only when the field strength was applied and the amount depended on the electromotive force. Consequently, cellular survival depended on the field strength. Moreover in vitro results showed a bigger cellular mortality of the NIH3T3 compared with endothelial cells. The best parameters to be utilized in electrochemotherapy were ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fantozzi
- C.R.I.S.M.A., University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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121
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Protective Effect of Saffron Extract and Crocin on Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated High Glucose-Induced Toxicity in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:185-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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122
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Han YH, Park WH. Growth inhibition in antimycin A treated-lung cancer Calu-6 cells via inducing a G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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123
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Han YH, Kim SH, Kim SZ, Park WH. Pyrogallol inhibits the growth of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 cells by arresting cell cycle and triggering apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:36-42. [PMID: 19202562 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogallol (PG) is a polyphenol compound and has been known to be an O(2)(*-) generator. We evaluated the effects of PG on the growth of human pulmonary A549 cells in relation to the cell cycle and apoptosis. Treatment with 50 or 100 microM PG significantly inhibited the cell growth of A549 for 72 h. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that PG slightly induced a G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle at 24 or 48 h, but did not induce the specific cell cycle arrest at 72 h. Intracellular GSH depletion was observed in PG-treated cells. PG induced apoptosis in A549 cells, as evidenced by sub-G1 cells, annexin V staining cells, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). The intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) level including O(2)(*-) increased in PG-treated A549 cells at 24 and 48 h, and persisted at 72 h. The changes in GSH as well as ROS levels by PG affected the cell viability in A549 cells. In conclusion, PG inhibited the growth of human pulmonary A549 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest as well as triggering apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Centers for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, Republic of Korea
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The anti-apoptotic effects of caspase inhibitors on propyl gallate-treated HeLa cells in relation to reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:825-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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125
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Ma Y, Wang M, Li N, Wu R, Wang X. Bleomycin-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells involves the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:194-200. [PMID: 19429264 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a central role in the development of bleomycin (BLM) lung toxicity, but the regulatory mechanisms are still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of BLM on cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) and first confirmed that BLM induced the transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs. We also found that BLM activated Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) and increased the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). GSK3beta is known to be a key downstream target of Akt, and LY294002, the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt inhibitor, which promoted the dephosphorylation of GSK3beta, significantly attenuated BLM-induced NF-kappaB activation. Next, we further observed that constitutively active GSK3beta stabilized the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha), inhibited p65 nuclear translocation and partially blocked BLM-induced NF-kappaB activation. Importantly, a co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that GSK3beta formed a complex with IkappaBalpha, while GSK3beta phosphorylation caused by BLM led to their dissociation. These results suggest that BLM can induce the activation of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs and this process is tightly associated with the phosphorylation status of GSK3beta, implying a possible regulatory mechanism of NF-kappaB signaling in BECs during the toxic lung injury induced by BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Disease of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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126
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Vuga LJ, Ben-Yehudah A, Kovkarova-Naumovski E, Oriss T, Gibson KF, Feghali-Bostwick C, Kaminski N. WNT5A is a regulator of fibroblast proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:583-9. [PMID: 19251946 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a specific histopathologic pattern of interstitial lung fibrosis that may be idiopathic or secondary to autoimmune diseases and environmental exposures. In this study, we compared gene expression patterns in primary fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with UIP histology and fibroblasts isolated from lung tissues with normal histology using expression microarrays. We found that WNT5A was significantly increased in fibroblasts obtained from UIP lung tissues compared with normal lung fibroblasts, an observation verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Because the role of WNT5A in UIP is unknown, we treated normal lung fibroblasts or UIP lung fibroblasts with WNT5A, and found that WNT5A increased proliferation as well as relative resistance to H2O2-induced apoptosis. This effect was not mediated through the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway, as WNT5A induced a decrease in beta-catenin levels in the same cells. In addition, WNT5A induced increases in fibronectin and alpha(5)-integrin in normal lung fibroblasts. Collectively, our data suggest that WNT5A may play a role in fibroblast expansion and survival characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases that exhibit UIP histological patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Vuga
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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127
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Pyrogallol inhibits the growth of lung cancer Calu-6 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 177:107-14. [PMID: 19000662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogallol (PG) is a polyphenol compound and a known O2- generator. We evaluated the effects of PG on the growth and apoptosis of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma Calu-6 cells. PG decreased the viability of Calu-6 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis by PG was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. All tested caspase inhibitors, especially the pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD), markedly rescued Calu-6 cells from PG-induced cell death. Rescue was accompanied by inhibition of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Treatment with Z-VAD also prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). In conclusion, PG inhibits the growth of Calu-6 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Centers for Healthcare Technology Development, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, san 2-20 Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, JeonJu 561-180, Republic of Korea
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128
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Fujita M, Mizuta Y, Ikegame S, Ouchi H, Ye Q, Harada E, Inoshima I, Yoshimi M, Watanabe K, Nakanishi Y. Biphasic effects of free radical scavengers against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:805-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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129
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Han YH, Kim SH, Kim SZ, Park WH. Apoptosis in arsenic trioxide-treated Calu-6 lung cells is correlated with the depletion of GSH levels rather than the changes of ROS levels. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:862-78. [PMID: 18393359 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) can regulate many biological functions such as apoptosis and differentiation in various cells. We investigated an involvement of ROS such as H(2)O(2) and O(2)(*-), and GSH in ATO-treated Calu-6 cell death. The levels of intracellular H(2)O(2) were decreased in ATO-treated Calu-6 cells at 72 h. However, the levels of O(2)(*-) were significantly increased. ATO reduced the intracellular GSH content. Many of the cells having depleted GSH contents were dead, as evidenced by the propidium iodine staining. The activity of CuZn-SOD was strongly down-regulated by ATO at 72 h while the activity of Mn-SOD was weakly up-regulated. The activity of catalase was decreased by ATO. ROS scavengers, Tiron and Trimetazidine did not reduce levels of apoptosis and intracellular O(2)(*-) in ATO-treated Calu-6 cells. Tempol showing a decrease in intracellular O(2)(*-) levels reduced the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). Treatment with NAC showing the recovery of GSH depletion and the decreased effect on O(2)(*-) levels in ATO-treated cells significantly inhibited apoptosis. In addition, BSO significantly increased the depletion of GSH content and apoptosis in ATO-treated cells. Treatment with SOD and catalase significantly reduced the levels of O(2)(*-) levels in ATO-treated cells, but did not inhibit apoptosis along with non-effect on the recovery of GSH depletion. Taken together, our results suggest that ATO induces apoptosis in Calu-6 cells via the depletion of the intracellular GSH contents rather than the changes of ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Centers for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 561-180, Republic of Korea
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130
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Pyrogallol inhibits the growth of human lung cancer Calu-6 cells via arresting the cell cycle arrest. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1605-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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131
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Newland N, Richter A. Agents associated with lung inflammation induce similar responses in NCI-H292 lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1782-8. [PMID: 18684396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate an in vitro lung epithelial model for assessment of potential inhalation toxicity. The selected NCI-H292 lung carcinoma cell line is sensitive to cigarette smoke, responds in a similar manner to primary human lung epithelial cells and produces airway mucins. The following agents associated with inhalation toxicity were tested in the model: cigarette smoke total particulate matter, fly ash, bleomycin, lipopolysaccharide, vanadyl sulphate, diesel exhaust particles and carbon black. Polystyrene, poly-methylmethacrylate and dimethyl sulphoxide were used as negative controls. Response markers were chosen on the basis of reported injurious effects of lung toxicants in humans, and included pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloprotease-1, the airway mucin MUC5AC and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor. Markers were quantified at the mRNA and/or protein level in control and treated cells. Many of the selected markers were regulated in a similar manner by cigarette smoke and the other toxic substances in the H292 cell model. By comparison, the negative control agents were largely ineffective. We conclude that, with further validation, this assay may form part of a tiered strategy for toxicological assessment of inhaled agents prior to more complex primary cell models and animal inhalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Newland
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL Hants, UK
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132
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Han YH, Kim SH, Kim SZ, Park WH. Carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) as an O2(*-) generator induces apoptosis via the depletion of intracellular GSH contents in Calu-6 cells. Lung Cancer 2008; 63:201-9. [PMID: 18585819 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) is an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells. Here, we investigated an involvement of O(2)(*-) and GSH in FCCP-induced Calu-6 cell death and examined whether ROS scavengers rescue cells from FCCP-induced cell death. Levels of intracellular O(2)(*-) were markedly increased depending on the concentrations (5-100 microM) of FCCP. A depletion of intracellular GSH content was also observed after exposing cells to FCCP. Stable SOD mimetics, Tempol and Tiron did not change the levels of intracellular O(2)(*-), apoptosis and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). Treatment with thiol antioxidants, NAC and DTT, showed the recovery of GSH depletion and the reduction of O(2)(*-) levels in FCCP-treated cells, which were accompanied by the inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, BSO, a well-known inhibitor of GSH synthesis, aggravated GSH depletion, oxidative stress of O(2)(*-) and cell death in FCCP-treated cells. Taken together, our data suggested that FCCP as an O(2)(*-) generator, induces apoptosis via the depletion of intracellular GSH contents in Calu-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
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133
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Hoyles RK, Khan K, Shiwen X, Howat SL, Lindahl GE, Leoni P, du Bois RM, Wells AU, Black CM, Abraham DJ, Denton CP. Fibroblast-specific perturbation of transforming growth factor β signaling provides insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms of scleroderma-associated lung fibrosis: Exaggerated response to alveolar epithelial injury in a novel mouse model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1175-88. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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134
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Abstract
Interstitial lung disease encompasses a large group of chronic lung disorders associated with excessive tissue remodeling, scarring, and fibrosis. The evidence of a redox imbalance in lung fibrosis is substantial, and the rationale for testing antioxidants as potential new therapeutics for lung fibrosis is appealing. Current animal models of lung fibrosis have clear involvement of ROS in their pathogenesis. New classes of antioxidant agents divided into catalytic antioxidant mimetics and antioxidant scavengers are being developed. The catalytic antioxidant class is based on endogenous antioxidant enzymes and includes the manganese-containing macrocyclics, porphyrins, salens, and the non-metal-containing nitroxides. The antioxidant scavenging class is based on endogenous antioxidant molecules and includes the vitamin E analogues, thiols, lazaroids, and polyphenolic agents. Numerous studies have shown oxidative stress to be associated with many interstitial lung diseases and that these agents are effective in attenuating fibroproliferative responses in the lung of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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135
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Almeida B, Silva A, Mesquita A, Sampaio-Marques B, Rodrigues F, Ludovico P. Drug-induced apoptosis in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1436-48. [PMID: 18252203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to alter the impact of diseases on human society, drug development has been one of the most invested research fields. Nowadays, cancer and infectious diseases are leading targets for the design of effective drugs, in which the primary mechanism of action relies on the modulation of programmed cell death (PCD). Due to the high degree of conservation of basic cellular processes between yeast and higher eukaryotes, and to the existence of an ancestral PCD machinery in yeast, yeasts are an attractive tool for the study of affected pathways that give insights into the mode of action of both antitumour and antifungal drugs. Therefore, we covered some of the leading reports on drug-induced apoptosis in yeast, revealing that in common with mammalian cells, antitumour drugs induce apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and altered mitochondrial functions. The evidence presented suggests that yeasts may be a powerful model for the screening/development of PCD-directed drugs, overcoming the problem of cellular specificity in the design of antitumour drugs, but also enabling the design of efficient antifungal drugs, targeted to fungal-specific apoptotic regulators that do not have major consequences for human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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136
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Okamura H, Yoshida K, Amorim BR, Haneji T. Histone H1.2 is translocated to mitochondria and associates with bak in bleomycin-induced apoptotic cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1488-96. [PMID: 17879944 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin induces single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA, with consequent mitochondrial membrane aberrations that lead to the apoptotic cell death. It is poorly understood how DNA damage-inducing apoptotic signals are transmitted to mitochondria, from which apoptotic factors are released into the cytoplasm. Here, we investigated the localization of histone H1.2 in the bleomycin-treated human squamous carcinoma SCCTF cells. The presence of DNA double-strand breaks in the bleomycin-treated cells was examined by Western analysis using antibody against phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX). Incubation of SCCTF cells for 48 h with 10 microM bleomycin induced apoptosis, as determined by cleavage of lamin B1 to 28 kDa fragment and DNA ladder formation. The mitochondrial permeabilization causing apoptotic feature was also detected with MitoCapture in the bleomycin-treated cells. Histone H1.2 was translocated from the nucleus to the mitochondria after treatment with bleomycin and co-localized with Bak in mitochondria. Our present results suggest that histone H1.2 plays an important role in transmitting apoptotic signals from the nucleus to the mitochondria following double-stranded breaks of DNA by bleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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137
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Intracellular GSH level is a factor in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cell death by arsenic trioxide. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:995-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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138
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Wallach-Dayan SB, Golan-Gerstl R, Breuer R. Evasion of myofibroblasts from immune surveillance: a mechanism for tissue fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20460-5. [PMID: 18077384 PMCID: PMC2154453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705582104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis evolving from impaired tissue remodeling after injury is characterized by myofibroblast accumulation. We propose that during the development of fibrosis myofibroblasts acquire an immune-privileged cell phenotype, allowing their uninterrupted accumulation. Using the murine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice, we show that myofibroblasts that accumulate in lungs with fibrosis, but not in normal lungs, kill Fas(+) lymphocytes, resist Fas-induced apoptosis, and survive longer when grafted into allogeneic mice. In contrast, bleomycin-treated FasLigand (FasL)-deficient (gld) chimeric mice did not accumulate myofibroblasts or collagen in their lungs, and their FasL(-) myofibroblasts did not survive after alloengraftment. This finding indicates that myofibroblasts possess Fas/FasL-pathway-dependent characteristics that allow them to escape from immune surveillance and resulting organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit B Wallach-Dayan
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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139
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Park WH, Han YW, Kim SH, Kim SZ. An ROS generator, antimycin A, inhibits the growth of HeLa cells via apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:98-109. [PMID: 17372917 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimycin A (AMA), an inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondria, has been used as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator in biological systems. Here, we investigated the in vitro effect of AMA on apoptosis in HeLa cells. AMA inhibited the growth of HeLa cells with an IC(50) of about 50 microM. AMA efficiently induced apoptosis, as evidenced by flow cytometric detection of sub-G1 DNA content, annexin V binding assay, and DAPI staining. This apoptotic process was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), Bcl-2 down-regulation, Bax up-regulation, and PARP degradation. All caspase inhibitors used in this experiment, especially pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD), could rescue some HeLa cells from AMA-induced cell death. When we examined the changes of the ROS, H(2)O(2) or O(2) (.-), in AMA-treated cells, H(2)O(2) and O(2) (.-) were markedly increased. In addition, we detected the depletion of GSH content in AMA-treated cells. Pan-caspase inhibitor showing the efficient anti-apoptotic effect significantly reduced GSH depletion by AMA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase did not reduce intracellular ROS, but these could strongly rescue the cells from apoptosis. However, these anti-apoptotic effects were not accompanied by the recovery of GSH depletion. Interestingly, catalase significantly decreased the CMF negative (GSH depletion) and propidium iodide (PI) positive cells, indicating that catalase strongly maintained the integrity of the cell membrane in CMF negative cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AMA potently generates ROS, induces the depletion of GSH content in HeLa cells, and strongly inhibits the growth of HeLa cells throughout apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Centers for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, 561-180, Republic of Korea.
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140
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Souhir B, Laurent P, Sonia Y, Delphine M, Marion C, Cédric R, Olivier M, Abderraouf K, Ali B. Deglycosylated bleomycin induces apoptosis in lymphoma cell via c-jun NH2-terminal kinase but not reactive oxygen species. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1445-55. [PMID: 17825263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin (BLM) has demonstrated potent activity in treating malignant lymphomas but its therapeutic efficacy is hampered by induction of lung fibrosis. This side effect is related to the ability of the drug to generate reactive oxygen species in lung cells. In the present study, we evaluated the consequences of deglycosylation of BLM in term of cytotoxic activity and generation of reactive oxygen species. When tested on U937 human lymphoma cells, both compounds generated a typical apoptotic phenotype. Cell death induction was associated with Bax oligomerization, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, chromatin condensation and internucleosomal degradation. Whereas both reactive oxygen species and c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors prevented BLM-induced U937 cell death, only JNK inhibition prevented deglycosylated BLM-mediated cell death. Both compounds induced clustering of TRAIL receptors (DR4 and DR5) and Fas at the cell surface but neither a chimeric soluble DR5 receptor that inhibits TRAIL-induced cell death nor a dominant negative version of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain prevented BLM-induced cytotoxicity. These observations indicate that deglycosylation of BLM does not impair the ability of the drug to trigger cell death through activation of the intrinsic pathway but prevents induction of reactive oxygen species. This observation suggests that deglycosylated BLM could exhibit less toxic side effects and could warrant its use in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Souhir
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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141
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Chiosi E, Spina A, Sorrentino A, Romano M, Sorvillo L, Senatore G, D'Auria R, Abbruzzese A, Caraglia M, Naviglio S, Illiano G. Change in TNF-alpha receptor expression is a relevant event in doxorubicin-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell death. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:589-97. [PMID: 17651020 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Doxo) is a widely used anticancer drug given for the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. Despite its potent antitumor effects, the cardiotoxicity of this drug limits its clinical use. The biochemical mechanisms of Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Doxo has been shown to induce apoptosis in cardiomyocytes that seems to be responsible, at least in part, for Doxo cardiotoxicity. In this study, we investigated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor-mediated signaling to better understand the causes of Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we report that Doxo is a potent inducer of apoptosis in both H9c2 cardiomyocytes and U2OS osteosarcoma tumor cells, with significant differences in terms of kinetics and caspase activation between the two cell lines. Interestingly, Doxo-induced apoptosis is accompanied by relevant changes in TNF-alpha receptor levels in H9c2 cardiomyocytes but not in U2OS cells. Moreover, treatment with exogenous TNF-alpha strongly potentiates the apoptotic effect of Doxo in H9c2 cardiomyocytes but not in U2OS cells. Our findings show that the function of TNF receptors I and II is affected by Doxo to ultimately modulate apoptosis and cell survival in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, reinforcing the recent evidence of the relevant role of TNF-alpha receptor-mediated signaling in cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Chiosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Medical School, 80138 Naples, Italy
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142
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Han YH, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park WH. Arsenic trioxide inhibits growth of As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells via cell cycle arrest and caspase-independent apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F511-20. [PMID: 17507598 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro effects of arsenic trioxide on cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells. Arsenic trioxide inhibited the growth of As4.1 cells with an IC50of ∼5 μM. Arsenic trioxide induced S phase arrest of the cell cycle and very efficiently stimulated apoptosis in As4.1 cells, as evidenced by flow cytometric detection of sub-G1DNA content, annexin V binding assay, and 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. This apoptotic process was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), a decrease in Bcl-2, the activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, all of the caspase inhibitors tested in this experiment failed to rescue As4.1 cells from arsenic trioxide-induced cell death in view of sub-G1cells and annexin V positive-staining cells. However, a caspase-8 inhibitor (Z-IETD-FMK) noticeably decreased the loss of ΔΨmin arsenic trioxide-treated cells. When we examined the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, or O2•−in arsenic trioxide-treated cells, H2O2was significantly decreased and O2•−was increased. In addition, we detected a decreased GSH content in arsenic trioxide-treated cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that arsenic trioxide as a ROS generator potently inhibited the growth of As4.1 JG cells through S phase arrest of the cell cycle and caspase-independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Han
- Dept. of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, Republic of Korea
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143
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Horowitz JC, Thannickal VJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 27:600-12. [PMID: 17195137 PMCID: PMC2225581 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis represents the sequelae of a variety of acute and chronic lung injuries of known and unknown etiologies. Tissue specimens obtained from patients with pulmonary fibrosis, regardless of the etiology, consistently show evidence of an ongoing wound-repair response. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions have critical roles in normal lung development, tissue repair processes, and fibrosis. Current hypotheses propose that dysregulated function of, and impaired communication between, epithelial and mesenchymal cells prevent resolution of the wound-repair response and contribute to the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. This hypothesis is supported by abundant evidence from patients, animal models, and cell-culture studies demonstrating abnormalities in epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell activities including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This article reviews the aberrant epithelial and mesenchymal cellular phenotypes found in the context of pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the mechanisms that perpetuate these cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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144
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A superoxide anion generator, pyrogallol induces apoptosis in As4.1 cells through the depletion of intracellular GSH content. Mutat Res 2007; 619:81-92. [PMID: 17382355 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of ROS such as H2O2 and O2*-, and GSH in As4.1 cell death induced by pyrogallol. The intracellular H2O2 levels were decreased or increased depending on the concentration and incubation time of pyrogallol. The levels of O2*- were significantly increased. Pyrogallol reduced the intracellular GSH content. And ROS scavengers, Tempol, Tiron, Trimetazidine and NAC could not significantly down-regulate the production of H2O2 and O2*-. However, these ROS scavengers slightly inhibited apoptosis. Interestingly, Tempol showing the recovery of GSH depletion induced by pyrogallol significantly decreased apoptosis without the significant reduction of intracellular O2*- levels. SOD and catalase did not change the level of H2O2 but decreased the level of O2*-. The inhibition of GSH depletion by these was accompanied with the decrease of apoptosis, as evidenced by sub-G1 DNA content, annexin V staining, mitochondria membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and Western data. In addition, ROS scavengers and SOD did not alter a G2 phase accumulation of the cell cycle induced by pyrogallol. However, catalase changed the cell cycle distributions of pyrogallol-treated cells to those of pyrogallol-untreated cells. In summary, we have demonstrated that pyrogallol potently generates ROS, especially O2*-, in As4.1 JG cells, and Tempol, SOD and catalase could rescue to a lesser or greater extent cells from pyrogallol-induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of intracellular GSH content.
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145
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Dhillon NK, Pinson D, Dhillon S, Tawfik O, Danley M, Davis M, Nemon O, Mayo M, Kumar A, Tsai YJ, Kumar A, Buch S. Bleomycin treatment causes enhancement of virus replication in the lungs of SHIV-infected macaques. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1233-40. [PMID: 17220371 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00293.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a major complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis but it develops only after prolonged infection. We used the macaque model to explore a hypothesis that the disease is a two-stage process, the first stage being establishment of the viral infection in the lung and the second being amplification of virus replication by host factors induced by chemical agents or opportunistic pathogens in the lung. Bleomycin, a chemical known to induce diffuse alveolar damage and pulmonary fibrosis with accumulation of macrophages and a rich T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine environment, was inoculated intratracheally into five of eight SHIV 89.6P-infected macaques and into one uninfected macaque. Three additional simian HIV (SHIV)-infected macaques without bleomycin treatment served as untreated virus controls. Although none of the animals became clinically ill, bleomycin induced classical host responses in the lungs of all the treated, virus-infected macaques. There was enhanced production of the chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), that had previously been shown to cause enhanced replication of the virus. Four of the five treated animals developed more productive SHIV infection in the lungs compared with the infected untreated animals. Enhanced virus replication was found primarily in infiltrating macrophages. Enhanced replication of the virus in the lungs was associated with host factors induced by the drug and supported the hypothesis for a two-stage process of pulmonary pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur Dhillon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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146
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Kang HR, Cho SJ, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 stimulates pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation via a Bax-dependent, bid-activated pathway that involves matrix metalloproteinase-12. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7723-32. [PMID: 17209037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610764200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, apoptosis, and the exaggerated production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) are juxtaposed in a variety of pulmonary diseases including the interstitial lung diseases and asthma. In these disorders, the relationships between these responses are not well defined. In addition, the apoptosis pathways that contribute to these responses and the mechanism(s) of their contribution have not been described. We hypothesized that BH3 domain-only protein-induced apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TGF-beta(1)-induced pulmonary responses. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the effects of transgenic TGF-beta(1) in mice with wild type (WT) and null Bax loci. To investigate the mechanisms of Bax activation and its effector functions, we also compared the effects of TGF-beta(1) in mice with WT and null Bid and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 loci, respectively. These studies demonstrate that TGF-beta(1) is a potent stimulator of Bax, Bid, and MMP-12. The studies also demonstrate that Bax and Bid play key roles in the pathogenesis of TGF-beta(1)-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis; that TGF-beta(1) stimulates MMP-12, TIMP-1, and cathepsins and inhibits MMP-9 and p21 via Bax- and Bid-dependent mechanisms; and that TGF-beta(1)-stimulated pulmonary fibrosis is ameliorated in MMP-12-deficient animals. Finally, they demonstrate that Bax, Bid, and MMP-12 play similar roles in bleomycin-induced fibrosis, thereby highlighting the importance of this Bid-activated, Bax-mediated pathway and downstream MMP-12 in a variety of fibrogenic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryun Kang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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147
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Jagetia A, Jagetia GC, Jha S. Naringin, a grapefruit flavanone, protects V79 cells against the bleomycin-induced genotoxicity and decline in survival. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:122-32. [PMID: 17177233 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of naringin, a grapefruit flavonone was studied on bleomycin-induced genomic damage and alteration in the survival of cultured V79 cells. Exposure of V79 cells to bleomycin induced a concentration dependent elevation in the frequency of binucleate cells bearing micronuclei (MNBNC) and a maximum number of MNBNCs were observed in the cells treated with 50 microg ml(-1) bleomycin, the highest concentration evaluated. This genotoxic effect of bleomycin was reflected in the cell survival, where a concentration dependent decline was observed in the cells treated with different concentrations of bleomycin. Treatment of cells with 1 mm naringin before exposure to different concentrations of bleomycin arrested the bleomycin-induced decline in the cell survival accompanied by a significant reduction in the frequency of micronuclei when compared with bleomycin treatment alone. The cell survival and micronuclei induction were found to be inversely correlated. The repair kinetics of DNA damage induced by bleomycin was evaluated by exposing the cells to 10 microg ml(-1) bleomycin using single cell gel electrophoresis. Treatment of V79 cells with bleomycin resulted in a continuous increase in DNA damage up to 6 h post-bleomycin treatment as evident by migration of more DNA into the tails (% tail DNA) of the comets and a subsequent increase in olive tail moment (OTM), an index of DNA damage. Treatment of V79 cells with 1 mm naringin reduced bleomycin-induced DNA damage and accelerated DNA repair as indicated by a reduction in % tail DNA and OTM with increasing assessment time. A maximum reduction in the DNA damage was observed at 6 h post-bleomycin treatment, where it was 5 times lower than bleomycin alone. Our study, which was conducted on the basis of antioxidant, free radical scavenging and metal chelating properties of naringin demonstrates that naringin reduced the genotoxic effects of bleomycin and consequently increased the cell survival and therefore may act as a chemoprotective agent in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Jagetia
- Department of Metallurgy, Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017, India
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148
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Park WH, Han YW, Kim SW, Kim SH, Cho KW, Kim SZ. Antimycin A induces apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 251:68-77. [PMID: 17189668 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimycin A, an inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondria, has been used as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator in the biological system. Here, we investigated the in vitro effect of antimycin A on apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells. Antimycin A efficiently induced apoptosis in As4.1 cells as evidenced by flow cytometric detection of sub-G(1) DNA content, annexin V binding assay and DAPI staining. This apoptotic process was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), Bcl-2 decrease, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. All of caspase inhibitors tested in this experiment failed to rescue As4.1 cells from antimycin A-induced cell death at the time of 48 h in view of sub-G(1) cells and annexin V positive staining cells. However, with regard to the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), pan caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK) at the concentration of 25 microM noticeably decreased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) in antimycin A-treated cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that antimycin A as an inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondria potently induces apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu, Republic of Korea
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149
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Thannickal VJ, Horowitz JC. Evolving concepts of apoptosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:350-6. [PMID: 16738200 PMCID: PMC2231523 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200601-001tk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, relentlessly progressive fibrosing disease of the lung of unknown etiology. Significant progress has been made in recent years in elucidating key aspects of the pathobiology of IPF. Insights into disease pathogenesis have come from studies of cell biology, growth factor/cytokine signaling, animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, and human IPF cells and tissue. A consistent finding in the ultrastructural pathology of IPF is alveolar epithelial cell injury and apoptosis. Another consistent finding in the histopathology of human IPF, described as usual interstitial pneumonia, is the accumulation of aggregates of myofibroblasts in fibroblastic foci. The extent or profusion of fibroblastic foci in lung biopsies is strongly correlated with increased mortality in patients with IPF. There is emerging evidence that myofibroblasts in IPF/usual interstitial pneumonia, both in the in vivo microenvironment and during the process of differentiation in vitro, acquire resistance to apoptosis. Here, we review the current evidence and mechanisms for this apparent "apoptosis paradox" in the pathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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150
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Golan-Gerstl R, Wallach-Dayan SB, Amir G, Breuer R. Epithelial cell apoptosis by fas ligand-positive myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:270-5. [PMID: 16990614 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0133oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) apoptotic pathway has been shown to be involved in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. We examined the hypothesis that myofibroblasts from fibrotic lungs possess a cytotoxic phenotype that causes apoptosis of epithelial cells via the Fas/FasL pathway. We show in vivo epithelial cell apoptosis and associated upregulation of Fas and apoptotic Fas pathway genes in epithelial cells of lungs with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. In addition, we show that FasL surface molecules are overexpressed on alpha-SMA-positive cells in mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis, and in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This enables the molecules to kill Fas-positive epithelial cells. In contrast, FasL-deficient myofibroblasts lose this myofibroblast cytotoxic phenotype, both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, there was no bleomycin-induced epithelial cell apoptosis, as assessed by specific M30 staining in chimeric FasL-deficient mice that lacked FasL-positive myofibroblasts. In vitro, FasL-positive, but not FasL-negative myofibroblasts, induce mouse lung epithelial cell apoptosis. Thus myofibroblast cytotoxicity may underlie the absence of re-epithelialization, resulting in persistent lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Golan-Gerstl
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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