Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediators Inflamm. 2007;2007:45673. [PMID: 18274639 PMCID: PMC2220047 DOI: 10.1155/2007/45673]

Effects of isoflavone derivatives on the production of inflammatory cytokines by synovial cells

The present study investigated the effects of isoflavone derivatives (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) on the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) by IL-1β-stimulated synovial cells. Synovial MH7A cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of isoflavone derivatives, and IL-6 and IL-8 production was measured by ELISA. The results of the present study indicated that daidzein significantly inhibited the production of IL-6, but not IL-8. Conversely, neither genistein nor glycitein exerted any inhibitory effects on the production of IL-6 or IL-8 by IL-1β-stimulated synovial cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the daidzein-mediated inhibition of IL-6 production, the present study examined the effects of daidzein on the phosphorylation (activation) of NF-κB p65, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Daidzein significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK in IL-1β-stimulated MH7A cells. The present study revealed that among the isoflavone derivatives examined (daidzein, genistein and glycitein), daidzein inhibited the production of IL-6, but not IL-8, by IL-1β-stimulated synovial MH7A cells via the suppression of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2 activation. Collectively, these results suggested that daidzein may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of arthritic disorders through its anti-inflammatory effects via the inhibition of IL-6 production.

Cissus subtetragona Planch. Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-induced Macrophages, HCl/EtOH-induced Gastritis, and LPS-induced Lung Injury via Attenuation of Src and TAK1

Several Cissus species have been used and reported to possess medicinal benefits. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Cissus subtetragona have not been described. In this study, we examined the potential anti-inflammatory effects of C. subtetragona ethanol extract (Cs-EE) in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its molecular mechanism as well as its flavonoid content. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages as well as LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis mouse models were utilized. Luciferase assays, immunoblotting analyses, overexpression strategies, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were performed to identify the molecular mechanisms and targets of Cs-EE. Cs-EE concentration-dependently reduced the secretion of NO and PGE₂, inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, and decreased NF-κB- and AP-1-luciferase activity. Subsequently, we determined that Cs-EE decreased the phosphorylation events of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. Cs-EE treatment also significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms of HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis and LPS-induced ALI mouse models. Overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1 along with CETSA experiments validated that inhibited inflammatory responses are the outcome of attenuation of Src and TAK1 activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cs-EE could be utilized as an anti-inflammatory remedy especially targeting against gastritis and acute lung injury by attenuating the activities of Src and TAK1.

Marantodes pumilum Var Alata (Kacip Fatimah) ameliorates derangement in RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the bone of estrogen-deficient female rats with type-2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

M. pumilum has been claimed to protect the bone against the adverse effect of estrogen deficiency. Additionally, it also exhibits anti-diabetic activity. In view of these, this study aims to identify the mechanisms underlying the bone protective effect of M. pumilum in the presence of both estrogen deficiency and diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

Ovariectomized, diabetic female rats were given M. pumilum leave aqueous extract (MPLA) (50 and 100 mg/kg/day), estrogen, glibenclamide and estrogen plus glibenclamide for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, Ca²⁺, PO₄^3- and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels were measured. Rats were sacrificed and femur bones were harvested for determination of expression level and distribution of RANK, RANKL, OPG and oxidative stress and inflammatory proteins by molecular biological techniques.

RESULTS

100 mg/kg/day MPLA treatment decreased the FBG and BALP levels but increased the serum insulin, Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3- levels in estrogen deficient, diabetic rats. Expression and distribution of RANKL, NF-κB p65, IKKβ, IL-6, IL-1β and Keap-1 decreased however expression and distribution of RANK, OPG, BMP-2, Type-1 collagen, Runx2, TRAF6, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, SOD and CAT increased in the bone of estrogen deficient, diabetic rats which received 100 mg/kg/day MPLA with greater effects than estrogen-only, glibenclamide-only and estrogen plus glibenclamide treatments.

CONCLUSION

MPLA helps to overcome the adverse effect of estrogen deficiency and DM on the bone and thus this herb could potentially be used for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with diabetes.

Recent Advances in Metal-Phenolic Networks for Cancer Theranostics

Nanomedicine integrates different functional materials to realize the customization of carriers, aiming at increasing the cancer therapeutic efficacy and reducing the off-target toxicity. However, efforts on developing new drug carriers that combine precise diagnosis and accurate treatment have met challenges of uneasy synthesis, poor stability, difficult metabolism, and high cytotoxicity. Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs), making use of the coordination between phenolic ligands and metal ions, have emerged as promising candidates for nanomedicine, most notably through the service as multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms. MPNs present unique properties, such as rapid preparation, negligible cytotoxicity, and pH responsiveness. Additionally, MPNs can be further modified and functionalized to meet specific application requirements. Here, the classification of polyphenols is first summarized, followed by the introduction of the properties and preparation strategies of MPNs. Then, their recent advances in biomedical sciences including bioimaging and anti-tumor therapies are highlighted. Finally, the main limitations, challenges, and outlooks regarding MPNs are raised and discussed.

Polyphenols-loaded electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration

Bone is a complex structure with unique cellular and molecular process in its formation. Bone tissue regeneration is a well-organized and routine process at the cellular and molecular level in humans through the activation of biochemical pathways and protein expression. Though many forms of biomaterials have been applied for bone tissue regeneration, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted more attention among researchers with their physicochemical properties such as tensile strength, porosity, and biocompatibility. When drugs, antibiotics, or functional nanoparticles are taken as additives to the nanofiber, its efficacy towards the application gets increased. Polyphenol is a versatile green/phytochemical small molecule playing a vital role in several biomedical applications, including bone tissue regeneration. When polyphenols are incorporated as additives to the nanofibrous scaffold, their combined properties enhance cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone tissue defect. The present review describes bone biology encompassing the composition and function of bone tissue cells and exemplifies the series of biological processes associated with bone tissue regeneration. We have highlighted the molecular mechanism of bioactive polyphenols involved in bone tissue regeneration and specified the advantage of electrospun nanofiber as a wound healing scaffold. As the polyphenols contribute to wound healing with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, we have compiled a list of polyphenols studied, thus far, for bone tissue regeneration along with their in vitro and in vivo experimental biological results and salient observations. Finally, we have elaborated on the importance of polyphenol-loaded electrospun nanofiber in bone tissue regeneration and discussed the possible challenges and future directions in this field.

Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Shennao Fuyuan Tang for Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

METHODS

Screen the biologically active components and potential targets of SNFYT through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP), Traditional Chinese Medicines Integrated Database (TCMID), and related literature. In addition, DrugBank, OMIM, DisGeNET, and the Therapeutic Target Database were searched to explore the therapeutic targets of IS. The cross-targets of SNFYT potential targets and IS treatment targets were taken as candidate gene targets, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the candidate targets. On this basis, the SNFYT-component-target network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2. Finally, AutoDock was used to verify the molecular docking of core components and core targets.

RESULTS

We screened out 95 potentially active components and 143 candidate targets. SNFYT-component-target network, PPI network, and Cytoscape analysis identified four core active ingredients and 14 core targets. GO enrichment analyzed 2333 biological processes, 79 cell components, and 149 molecular functions. There are 170 KEGG-related signal pathways (P < 0.05), including the IL-17 signal pathway, TNF signal pathway, and HIF-1 signal pathway. The molecular docking results of the core components and the core targets showed good binding power.

CONCLUSIONS

SNFYT may achieve the effect of treating ischemic stroke through its anti-inflammatory effect through a signal pathway with core targets as the core.

Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenol Phytochemicals on the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a common pathway of many cytokine signal transductions, closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and inflammatory response. It is essential for inhibiting the inflammatory response, initiating innate immunity, and coordinating adaptive immune mechanisms. Owing to the nature of this pathway and its potential cross-epitopes with multiple alternative pathways, the long-term efficacy of monotherapy-based adaptive targeting therapy is limited, and the majority of drugs targeting STATs are still in the preclinical phase. Meanwhile, curcumin, quercetin, and several kinds of plant polyphenol chemicals play roles in multiple sites of the JAK-STAT pathway to suppress abnormal activation. Polyphenol compounds have shown remarkable effects by acting on the JAK-STAT pathway in anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular disease control. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of more than 20 kinds of phytochemicals on JAK-STAT signaling pathway according to the chemical structure of polyphenolic phytochemicals.

Intake of Products Containing Anthocyanins, Flavanols, and Flavanones, and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review

The purpose of this review is to examine human research studies published within the past 6 years which evaluate the role of anthocyanin, flavanol, and flavanone consumption in cognitive function, and to discuss potential mechanisms of action underlying any observed benefits. Evidence to date suggests the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods, such as berries and cocoa, may have the potential to limit, or even reverse, age-related declines in cognition. Over the last 6 years, the flavonoid subgroups of anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavanones have been shown to be beneficial in terms of conferring neuroprotection. The mechanisms by which flavonoids positively modulate cognitive function are yet to be fully elucidated. Postulated mechanisms include both direct actions such as receptor activation, neurotrophin release and intracellular signaling pathway modulation, and indirect actions such as enhancement of cerebral blood flow. Further intervention studies conducted in diverse populations with sufficient sample sizes and long durations are required to examine the effect of consumption of flavonoid groups on clinically relevant cognitive outcomes. As populations continue to focus on adopting healthy aging strategies, dietary interventions with flavonoids remains a promising avenue for future research. However, many questions are still to be answered, including identifying appropriate dosage, timeframes for intake, as well as the best form of flavonoids, before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the extent to which their consumption can protect the aging brain.

Investigation on the mechanisms of guiqi huoxue capsule for treating cervical spondylosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

BACKGROUND

Guiqi huoxue capsule (GQHXC) is a patented Chinese medicine used for treating a liver and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome due to qi deficiency. It is caused by cervical spondylosis (cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR), mixed cervical spondylosis mainly composed of nerve root type). Its underlying mechanisms need, however, to be further clarified.

METHODS

In this study, collecting compounds, predicting therapeutic targets, constructing networks, and analyzing biological functions and pathways were based on network pharmacology analysis. In addition, molecular docking verification was engaged to assess the binding potential of selected target-compound pairs.

RESULTS

We established 5 networks: compound-putative target network of GQHXC, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network related to CSR, compound-CSR target network, potential therapeutic targets PPI network, and herb-compound-target-pathway network. Network analysis indicated that 7 targets (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin 6 [IL6], nitric oxide synthase 3 [NOS3], Interleukin-8 [CXCL8], prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [PTGS2], vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGFA], and AP-1 transcription factor subunit [JUN]) might be the therapeutic targets of GQHXC in CSR. Moreover, molecular docking verification showed that TNF, IL6, NOS3, CXCL8, PTGS2, VEGFA, and JUN had a good is interaction with the corresponding compounds. Furthermore, enrichment analysis indicated that GQHXC might exert a curative role in CSR by regulating some important pathways, such as TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and so on.

CONCLUSION

Our study preliminarily explained the underlying mechanisms of GQHXC for treating CSR, and molecular docking verification was adopted as an additional verification. These findings laid a valuable foundation for experimental research and further application of GQHXC in the clinical treatment of CSR.

Propolis and Its Gastroprotective Effects on NSAID-Induced Gastric Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Gastric ulcer disease induced by the consumption of NSAIDs is a major public health problem. The therapy used for its treatment causes adverse effects in the patient. Propolis is a natural product that has been used for the treatments of different diseases around the world. Nevertheless, there is little information about the activity of propolis in gastric ulcers caused by treatment with NSAIDs. Therefore, this review evaluates and compares the gastroprotective potential of propolis and its function against NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, for which a systematic search was carried out in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. The main criteria were articles that report the gastroprotective activity of propolis against the damage produced by NSAIDs in the gastric mucosa. Gastroprotection was related to the antioxidant, antisecretory, and cytoprotective effects, as well as the phenolic compounds present in the chemical composition of propolis. However, most of the studies used different doses of NSAIDs and propolis and evaluated different parameters. Propolis has proven to be a good alternative for the treatment of gastric ulcer disease. However, future studies should be carried out to identify the compounds responsible for these effects and to determine their potential use in people.

Therapeutic Potential of Isoflavones with an Emphasis on Daidzein

Daidzein is a phytoestrogen isoflavone found in soybeans and other legumes. The chemical composition of daidzein is analogous to mammalian estrogens, and it could be useful with a dual-directional purpose by substituting/hindering with estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) complex. Hence, daidzein puts forth shielding effects against a great number of diseases, especially those associated with the control of estrogen, such as breast cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, daidzein also has other ER-independent biological activities, such as oxidative damage reduction acting as an antioxidant, immune regulator as an anti-inflammatory agent, and apoptosis regulation, directly linked to its potential anticancer effects. In this sense, the present review is aimed at providing a deepen analysis of daidzein pharmacodynamics and its implications in human health, from its best-known effects alleviating postmenopausal symptoms to its potential anticancer and antiaging properties.

Prevention and management of type II diabetes chronic complications: the role of polyphenols (Mini-Review)

The numerous complications of diabetes may be at least in part generated by the oxidative stress associated with the constant state of hyperglycemia. Polyphenols are plant based secondary metabolites that have high potentials in the prevention and treatment of some diseases, in particular those that involve oxidative stress, such as complications of diabetes. The purpose of this narrative review is to show the main evidence regarding the role of polyphenols in treating and preventing these complications. For the bibliographic research, the papers published up to March 15, 2021 were considered and the search terms included words relating to polyphenols, their classes and some more known compounds, in association with the complications of diabetes. There are numerous studies showing how polyphenols are active against endothelial damage induced by diabetes, oxidative stress and hyperinflammatory states that are at the origin of the complications of diabetes. Compounds such as flavonoids, but also anthocyanins, stilbenes or lignans slow the progression of kidney damage, prevent ischemic events and diabetic nephropathy. Many of these studies are preclinical, in cellular or animal models. The role of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of diabetes complications is undoubtedly promising. However, more clinical trials need to be implemented to understand the real effectiveness of these compounds.

Association between Dietary Intake of Flavonoids and Cancer Recurrence among Breast Cancer Survivors

Intake of flavonoids is associated with the incidence of breast cancer, but the association between the intake of flavonoids and cancer recurrence is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods is negatively associated with cancer recurrence. Among 572 women who underwent breast cancer surgery, 66 patients had a cancer recurrence. Dietary data were collected using a structured 24-h dietary recall, and intake of flavonoids was calculated based on the Korea Rural Development Administration flavonoid database. Among overweight and obese patients, disease-free survival was associated with intake of flavonoids (p = 0.004) and flavonoid-rich foods (p = 0.003). Intake of flavonoids (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.249, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09–0.64) and flavonoid-rich foods (HR = 0.244, 95% CI: 0.09–0.66) was negatively associated with cancer recurrence after adjusting for confounding factors in overweight and obese patients. Consumption of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods was lower in overweight and obese patients with cancer recurrence than those without recurrence and in normal-weight patients. This study suggests that intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods could have beneficial effects on cancer recurrence in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors.

Anthocyanin Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial against Foodborne Pathogens Activities of Purple Rice Cultivars in Northern Thailand

Five glutinous purple rice cultivars and non-glutinous purple rice cultivated in different altitudes in the north of Thailand were collected. The samples were extracted using ethanol and determined for anthocyanins using HPLC. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities against foodborne pathogens were investigated. The highland glutinous cultivar named Khao’ Gam Luem-Phua (KGLP) extract had significantly high levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, TPC, and TFC, as well as exerting a potent antioxidant activity through ABTS assay (524.26 ± 4.63 VCEAC, mg l-ascorbic-ascorbic/g extract), lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ = 19.70 ± 0.31 µg/mL), superoxide anions (IC₅₀ = 11.20 ± 0.25 µg/mL), nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 17.12 ± 0.56 µg/mL), a suppression effect on nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 18.32 ± 0.82 µg/mL), and an inducible nitric oxide synthase production (IC₅₀ = 23.43 ± 1.21 µg/mL) in combined lipopolysaccharide-interferon-γ-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Additionally, KGLP also exhibited antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These results indicate that Thai glutinous purple rice cultivated on the highland could be a potent natural source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and antimicrobial agents for use as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient in functional food and nutraceutical products.

Prophylactic effect of myricetin and apigenin against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury

BACKGROUND

Liver has an important role in the initiation and progression of multiple organ failure that occurs in sepsis. Many natural active substances can be used to reduce the liver injury caused by sepsis. For this aim, the effects of myricetin and apigenin on mice model of acute liver injury was evaluated in this study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into six groups as; control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg), LPS + myricetin (100 mg/kg), LPS + myricetin (200 mg/kg), LPS + apigenin (100 mg/kg), and LPS + apigenin (200 mg/kg) groups. Myricetin and apigenin were administered orally for 7 days, and LPS was administered intraperitoneally only on the 7th day of the study. 24 h after LPS application, all animals were sacrificed and serum biochemical parameters, histopathology and oxidative stress and inflammation markers of liver tissue were examined. Myricetin and apigenin pre-treatments increased serum albumin and total protein levels, liver GSH level and catalase and SOD activities and decreased serum ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GT, CRP, total and direct bilirubin levels, liver MPO activity, MDA, NOx, PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, IκB, and IKK proteins but not p38, ERK, and JNK proteins in LPS-treated mice. Myricetin and apigenin administration also regained the hepatic architecture disrupted during LPS application.

CONCLUSION

Myricetin and apigenin pre-treatments led to reduction of liver injury indices and oxidative stress and inflammatory events and these flavonoids has probably hepatoprotective effects in acute liver injury.

Analysis of Bioactive Components in the Fruit, Roots, and Leaves of Alpinia oxyphylla by UPLC-MS/MS

Alpinia oxyphylla (A. oxyphylla) fruit has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In our study, the bioactive components of its roots, fruit, and leaves were investigated, and their potential medical value was predicted. The root, fruit, and leaf samples were analyzed using a UPLC-MS/MS system. The mass spectrometry outcomes were annotated by MULTIAQUANT. The “compound-disease targets” were used to construct a pharmacology network. A total of 293, 277, and 251 components were identified in the roots, fruit, and leaves, respectively. The fruit of A. oxyphylla had a higher abundance of flavonols. The roots of A. oxyphylla were enriched in flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves of A. oxyphylla exhibited high contents of flavonols, phenolic acids, and tannins. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis showed that flavonoids are the most important effectors in the fruit of A. oxyphylla and phenolic acids are the most important effectors in the roots and leaves. Moreover, the results suggested that the tissues of A. oxyphylla might play a role in the regulation of disease-related genes. The whole plant of A. oxyphylla is rich in natural drug components, and each tissue has high medicinal value. Therefore, comprehensive utilization of A. oxyphylla can greatly improve its economic value.

Flavonoids as potential phytotherapeutics to combat cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2

Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19, has become the global panic since December 2019, which urges the global healthcare professionals to identify novel therapeutics to counteract this pandemic. So far, there is no approved treatment available to control this public health issue; however, a few antiviral agents and repurposed drugs support the patients under medical supervision by compromising their adverse effects, especially in emergency conditions. Only a few vaccines have been approved to date. In this context, several plant natural products-based research studies are evidenced to play a crucial role in immunomodulation that can prevent the chances of infection as well as combat the cytokine release storm (CRS) generated during COVID-19 infection. In this present review, we have focused on flavonoids, especially epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, hesperidin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, baicalin, diosmin, ge nistein, biochanin A, and silymarin, which can counteract the virus-mediated elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines leading to multiple organ failure. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on available in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings with critical analysis has also been evaluated, which might pave the way for further development of phytotherapeutics to identify the potential lead candidatetoward effective and safe management of the SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Natural Products with tandem Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory and Anti-SARS-CoV/2 effects: A Drug Discovery Perspective against SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 is still causing victims with long-term health consequences, mass deaths, and collapsing healthcare systems around the world. The disease has no efficient drugs. However, previous studies revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have 96% and 86.5% similarities in cysteine proteases (3CL^pro) and papain-like protease (PL^pro) sequences, respectively. This resemblance could be significant in the search for drug candidates with antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVE

This paper is a compilation of natural products that inhibit SARS-CoV 3CL^pro and PL^pro and, concomitantly, reduce inflammation and/or modulate the immune system as a perspective strategy for COVID-19 drug discovery. It also presents in silico studies performed on these selected natural products using SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro and PL^pro as targets to propose a list of hit compounds.

METHOD

The plant metabolites were selected in the literature based on their biological activities on SARS-CoV proteins, inflammatory mediators, and immune response. The consensus docking analysis was performed using four different packages.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine compounds reported in the literature with inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV proteins were reported as anti-inflammatory agents. Fourteen of them showed in previous studies immunomodulatory effects. Five and six of these compounds showed significant in silico consensus as drug candidates that can inhibit PL^pro and 3CL^pro, respectively. Our findings corroborated recent results reported on anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the literature.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that amentoflavone, rubranoside B, savinin, psoralidin, hirsutenone, and papyriflavonol A are good drug candidate for the search of antibiotics against COVID-19.

Regulatory effects of quercetin on testicular histopathology induced by cyanide in Wistar rats

Several causes of infertility have been identified, and several papers have documented some compounds that cause infertility. One of the compounds reported to be toxic to the reproductive system is cyanide. In the management of infertility, various mechanisms ranging from synthetic drugs, natural products and supplements have been employed. Quercetin is an antioxidant supplement that has been used in the treatment of a variety of ailments. This work is aimed at investigating the role of quercetin in attenuating spermato-toxicity and testicular-histopathology induced by cyanide.

Seventy-two (72) male wistar rat (weight 190 g ± 10 g) were divided into nine groups (n = 8) except for groups 4 and 5 with (n = 16). Group 1 (control) received physiological saline while Groups 2 and 3 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight (bwt) cyanide respectively for 56 days, groups 4 and 5 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg bwt cyanide respectively for 30 days. At day 30, eight animals were sacrificed from Groups 4 and 5 and the remaining eight (8) rats were subdivided into groups (6 and 7) and were given 20 and 40 mg/kg bwt of quercetin respectively for twenty-six days. Co-administration of cyanide and quercetin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg cyanide +20 mg/kg quercetin and 1 mg/kg cyanide +40 mg/kg quercetin were given to group 8 and 9 respectively for 56 days.

Significant decreases in sperm parameters (count, motile and normal sperm) and increases in malondiadehyde concentration were observed in the cyanide treated groups. Testicular histoarchitecture showed few to no spermatozoa in the lumen of rats treated with cyanide. All these effects were attenuated by quercetin.

In conclusion, quercetin regulates testicular histopathology induced by cyanide in Wistar rats. Data from this work suggests potential preventive or therapeutic applications of quercetin for individuals subjected to cyanide environmental pollution.

Anti-Inflammation Activity of Flavones and Their Structure-Activity Relationship

Flavones are an important class of bioactive constituents in foods, and their structural diversity enables them to interact with different targets. In particular, flavones are known for their anti-inflammatory activity. Herein, we summarized commonly applied in vitro, in vivo, and clinical models in testing anti-inflammatory activity of flavones. The anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationship of flavones was systematically mapped and supported with cross comparisons of that with flavanones, flavanols, and isoflavones. Hydroxyl groups (-OH) are indispensable for the anti-inflammatory function of flavones, and -OH at the C-5 and C-4' positions enhance while -OH at the C-6, C-7, C-8, and C-3' positions attenuate their activity. Moreover, the C2-C3 single bond, -OH at the C-3 and B-ring positions undermine flavone aglycones' activity. Most of the flavone aglycones function through NF-κB, MAPK, and JNK-STAT pathways, and their possible cell binding targets are kinase, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), G-protein coupled receptors, and estrogen receptors. However, the structure and anti-inflammatory activity relationship of flavones were unclear, and further research shall be conducted to close the gap in order to guide development of evidence-based functional foods.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Bilberry Extract on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Antioxidant Capacity, and Meat Quality of Yellow-Feathered Chickens

Simple Summary

Various plant extracts are used as functional nutritional factors to keep the health and improve the performance of animals. This research investigated the effects of bilberry extract (effective ingredient: anthocyanin) on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, and immune function of yellow-feathered chickens. Results showed that dietary supplementation with bilberry extract enhanced relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and broadly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes of chickens; indices of meat quality were improved without impact on growth performance. The finding indicated that bilberry extract might be considered as a new additive to improve the health and meat quality of yellow-feathered chickens.

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of bilberry extract on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, and immune function of yellow-feathered chickens. A total of 360 female hatchling Lingnan chickens were randomly allocated to three treatments with 6 replicates of 20 chickens per replicate. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (the control group), 100 (B100), and 400 (B400) mg/kg of bilberry extract for 63 d. Compared with the controls, (1) dietary supplementation with bilberry extract did not affect the growth performance of chickens from 1 to 63 d. (2) At 21 d, the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius was increased (p < 0.05) by dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg bilberry extract. Bilberry extract decreased the concentrations of IgY and IgM in blood plasma of 63-d chickens (p < 0.05). (3) For 21-d chickens, dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg bilberry extract increased (p < 0.05) the activity of GSH-Px in blood plasma and jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). Supplementation with 100 mg/kg bilberry extract increased (p < 0.05) the activities of T-SOD in jejunal mucosa and GSH-Px in the liver and decreased (p < 0.05) the MDA concentration in the liver. For chickens at the age of 63 d, both levels of bilberry extract increased activity of T-SOD in blood plasma (p < 0.05) and reduced MDA concentration in the jejunum (p < 0.05). (4) Supplementation with bilberry extract in the diet decreased the MDA concentration (B100) in muscle of 63-d chickens at 45 min postmortem and increased (p < 0.05) the activity of T-SOD (B400) at 4 d postmortem. (5) In breast muscle at 63 d, birds supplemented with bilberry extract (B400) had increased pH and drip loss while drip loss was reduced in the B100 treatment (p < 0.05); treatments did not affect inosinic acid or intramuscular fat contents. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of yellow-feathered chickens with bilberry extract enhanced the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius, and broadly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes; indices of meat quality were improved without impact on growth performance. Considering the results in the current research, 100 mg/kg bilberry extract was recommended when supplemented in chickens.

Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review

The immune system provides defence to the host against pathogenic organisms. A weak immune system increases susceptibility to infections and allows infections to become more severe. One component of the immune response is inflammation. Where inflammation is excessive or uncontrolled it can damage host tissues and cause pathology. Limitation of oxidative stress is one means of controlling inflammation. Citrus fruit juices are a particularly good source of vitamin C and folate, which both have roles in sustaining the integrity of immunological barriers and in supporting the function of many types of immune cell including phagocytes, natural killer cells, T-cells and B-cells. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and reduces aspects of the inflammatory response. Important bioactive polyphenols in citrus fruit juices include hesperidin, narirutin and naringin. Hesperidin is a glycoside of hesperetin while narirutin and naringin are glycosides of naringenin. Hesperidin, hesperetin, naringenin, naringin and narirutin have all been found to have anti-inflammatory effects in model systems, and human trials of hesperidin report reductions in inflammatory markers. In humans, orange juice was shown to limit the post-prandial inflammation induced by a high fat-high carbohydrate meal. Consuming orange juice daily for a period of weeks has been reported to reduce markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, as confirmed through a recent meta-analysis. A newly emerging topic is whether polyphenols from orange juice have direct anti-viral effects. In summary, micronutrients and other bioactives present in citrus fruit juices have established roles in controlling oxidative stress and inflammation and in supporting innate and acquired immune responses. Trials in humans demonstrate that orange juice reduces inflammation; its effects on innate and acquired immunity require further exploration in well-designed trials in appropriate population sub-groups such as older people.

Herbal Plants: The Role of AhR in Mediating Immunomodulation

The prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmunity and cancer have increased in recent years. Herbal-based compounds such as flavonoids have been demonstrated to contribute to the modulation of these diseases although understanding their mechanism of action remains limited. Flavonoids are able to interact with cellular immune components in a distinct way and influence immune responses at a molecular level. In this mini review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the modulation of immune responses by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor whose activity can be regulated by diverse molecules including flavonoids. We focus on the role of AhR in integrating signals from flavonoids to modulate inflammatory responses using in vitro and experimental animal models. We also summarize the limitations of these studies. Medicinal herbs have been widely used to treat inflammatory disorders and may offer a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat aberrant inflammatory responses by modulation of the AhR pathway.

Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Inula helenium

Twenty-one eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, including five new compounds, were isolated from the roots of Inula helenium. The structures of the new compounds (1-5) were determined by extensive spectroscopic data interpretation, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and ECD calculations. Six compounds can synergistically enhance cisplatin effect against ovarian cancer cells, the structure - activity relationship for the synergistic effect of these compounds with cisplatin was revealed for the first time, which provides useful clues to develop novel sensitizers to overcome drug resistance in cancer. In addition, fifteen sesquiterpenes exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, which provided promising candidates for development of anti-inflammatory agent.

Maternal polyphenol intake impairs cerebellar redox homeostasis in newborn rats

INTRODUCTION

Polyphenols are compounds found in plants that have been extensively studied due to the health benefits of its consumption in adulthood. Meanwhile, recent evidence suggests that polyphenol consumption during pregnancy may not be safe for the fetus.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringenin supplementation during pregnancy on brain redox homeostasis and mitochondrial activity of the newborn rat.

METHODS

Adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: (1) vehicle (1 mL/Kg p.o.) or (2) naringenin (50 mg/Kg p.o.). Naringenin was administered once a day during pregnancy. The offspring were euthanized on postnatal day 7, as well the dams, and brain regions were dissected.

RESULTS

The offspring cerebellum was the most affected region, presenting increased activity of the mitochondrial electron transport system, allied to increased reactive species levels, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione concentration. The nitric oxide levels suffered structure-dependent alteration, with decreased levels in the pups' cerebellum and increased in the hippocampus. The offspring parietal cortex was not affected, as well as the parameters evaluated in the dams' brains.

CONCLUSION

Maternal consumption of naringenin alters offspring cerebellar redox homeostasis, which could be related to adverse effects on the motor and cognitive development in the descendants.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals in LPS-induced Mouse Neuroinflammation Model: An Update

It is known that peripheral infections, accompanied by inflammation, represent significant risk factors for the development of neurological disorders by modifying brain development or affecting normal brain aging. The acute effects of systemic inflammation on progressive and persistent brain damage and cognitive impairment are well documented. Anti-inflammatory therapies may have beneficial effects on the brain, and the protective properties of a wide range of synthetic and natural compounds have been extensively explored in recent years. In our previous review, we provided an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. We addressed the data reproducibility in published research and summarized basic features and data on the therapeutic potential of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects, for reducing neuroinflammation in this model. Here, recent data on the suitability of the LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model for preclinical assessment of a large number of nutraceuticals belonging to different groups of natural products such as flavonoids, terpenes, non-flavonoid polyphenols, glycosides, heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, organosulfur compounds and xanthophylls, are summarized. Also, the proposed mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed.

Ragweed plants grown under elevated CO2 levels produce pollen which elicit stronger allergic lung inflammation

BACKGROUND

Common ragweed has been spreading as a neophyte in Europe. Elevated CO₂ levels, a hallmark of global climate change, have been shown to increase ragweed pollen production, but their effects on pollen allergenicity remain to be elucidated.

METHODS

Ragweed was grown in climate-controlled chambers under normal (380 ppm, control) or elevated (700 ppm, based on RCP4.5 scenario) CO₂ levels. Aqueous pollen extracts (RWE) from control- or CO₂ -pollen were administered in vivo in a mouse model for allergic disease (daily for 3-11 days, n = 5) and employed in human in vitro systems of nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), and HNEC-DC co-cultures. Additionally, adjuvant factors and metabolites in control- and CO₂ -RWE were investigated using ELISA and untargeted metabolomics.

RESULTS

In vivo, CO₂ -RWE induced stronger allergic lung inflammation compared to control-RWE, as indicated by lung inflammatory cell infiltrate and mediators, mucus hypersecretion, and serum total IgE. In vitro, HNECs stimulated with RWE increased indistinctively the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-6). In contrast, supernatants from CO₂ -RWE-stimulated HNECs, compared to control-RWE-stimulated HNECS, significantly increased TNF and decreased IL-10 production in DCs. Comparable results were obtained by stimulating DCs directly with RWEs. The metabolome analysis revealed differential expression of secondary plant metabolites in control- vs CO₂ -RWE. Mixes of these metabolites elicited similar responses in DCs as compared to respective RWEs.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that elevated ambient CO₂ levels elicit a stronger RWE-induced allergic response in vivo and in vitro and that RWE increased allergenicity depends on the interplay of multiple metabolites.

Molecular Changes Underlying Genistein Treatment of Wound Healing: A Review

Estrogen deprivation is one of the major factors responsible for many age-related processes including poor wound healing in postmenopausal women. However, the reported side-effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) have precluded broad clinical administration. Therefore, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been developed to overcome the detrimental side effects of ERT on breast and/or uterine tissues. The use of natural products isolated from plants (e.g., soy) may represent a promising source of biologically active compounds (e.g., genistein) as efficient alternatives to conventional treatment. Genistein as natural SERM has the unique ability to selectively act as agonist or antagonist in a tissue-specific manner, i.e., it improves skin repair and simultaneously exerts anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties. Hence, we present here a wound healing phases-based review of the most studied naturally occurring SERM.

Protective Effect of Gochujang on Inflammation in a DSS-Induced Colitis Rat Model

Gochujang is a traditional Korean fermented soy-based spicy paste made of meju (fermented soybean), red pepper powder, glutinous rice, and salt. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Gochujang containing salt in DSS-induced colitis. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were partitioned into five groups: normal control, DSS control, DSS + salt, DSS + mesalamine, and DSS + Gochujang groups. They were tested for 14 days. Gochujang improved the disease activity index (DAI), colon weight/length ratio, and colon histomorphology, with outcomes similar to results of mesalamine administration. Moreover, Gochujang decreased the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 and inhibited TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the colon. Gochujang downregulated the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and decreased the activation of NF-κB in the colon. Gochujang induced significant modulation in gut microbiota by significantly increasing the number of Akkermansia muciniphila while decreasing the numbers of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus sciuri. However, compared with the DSS group, the salt group did not significantly change the symptoms of colitis or cytokine levels in serum and colon. Moreover, the salt group significantly decreased the gut microflora diversity. Gochujang mitigated DSS-induced colitis in rats by modulating inflammatory factors and the composition of gut microflora, unlike the intake of salt alone.

Functionalization with a Polyphenol-Rich Pomace Extract Empowers a Ceramic Bone Filler with In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Pro-Osteogenic Properties

Oral diseases and periodontitis in particular are a major health burden worldwide, because of their association with various systemic diseases and with conditions such as peri-implantitis. Attempts have been made over the years to reverse bone loss due to the host disproportionate inflammatory response and to prevent failure of dental implants. To this end, the use of biomaterials functionalized with molecules characterized by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties could represent a new frontier for regenerating functional periodontal tissues. In this study, a new ceramic granulated biomaterial, named Synergoss Red (SR), functionalized with a polyphenolic mixture extracted from pomace of the Croatina grape variety, is introduced. Following a preliminary in-depth characterization of the extract by HPLC analysis and of the biomaterial surface and composition, we performed evaluations of cytocompatibility and a biological response through in vitro assays. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the identified phenolic molecules contained in SR were shown to downregulate inflammation in macrophages, to stimulate in osteoblast-like cells the expression of genes involved in deposition of the early bone matrix, and to mitigate bone remodeling by decreasing the RANKL/OPG ratio. Thanks to its cytocompatibility and assorted beneficial effects on bone regeneration, SR could be considered an innovative regenerative approach in periodontal therapy.

New perspectives on natural flavonoids on COVID-19-induced lung injuries

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, spread rapidly worldwide and became a pandemic in 2020. In some patients, the virus remains in the respiratory tract, causing pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and sepsis, leading to death. Natural flavonoids (aglycone and glycosides) possess broad biological activities encompassing antiinflammatory, antiviral, antitumoral, antiallergic, antiplatelet, and antioxidant effects. While many studies have focused on the effects of natural flavonoids in experimental models, reports based on clinical trials are still insufficient. In this review, we highlight the effects of flavonoids in controlling pulmonary diseases, particularly the acute respiratory distress syndrome, a consequence of COVID-19, and their potential use in coronavirus-related diseases. Furthermore, we also focus on establishing a relationship between biological potential and chemical aspects of related flavonoids and discuss several possible mechanisms of action, pointing out some possible effects on COVID-19.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Calendula officinalis L. Flower Extract

The use of calendula for its lenitive properties’ dates to the XII century. This plant contains several bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, terpenes, carotenoids, flavonoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Calendula flower extract is used in soothing cosmetics, such as after-sun, sensitive skin and eye contour products. The anti-inflammatory properties of this ingredient were demonstrated in an animal model, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Therefore, our work explored the effect of a calendula flower extract on NO production, a pro-inflammatory radical produced by nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and highly released by innate immune cells in inflammatory-related pathologies. NO production was evoked by the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages, using concentrations that did not compromise cells viability. This ingredient exhibited a dose-dependent NO inhibition, reaching 50% at 147 μL/mL without cytotoxicity. Together with previous literature, these results provide experimental evidence on the anti-inflammatory properties of calendula flower extract, as well as its usefulness in cosmetics with soothing properties and adjunctive skin care in the treatment of the diseases associated with dysregulation of the NO signaling cascade.

Bee Bread Ameliorates Vascular Inflammation and Impaired Vasorelaxation in Obesity-Induced Vascular Damage Rat Model: The Role of eNOS/NO/cGMP-Signaling Pathway

Obesity and hyperlipidemia are major risk factors for developing vascular diseases. Bee bread (BB) has been reported to exhibit some biological actions, including anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic. This study aims to investigate whether bee bread can ameliorate vascular inflammation and impaired vasorelaxation activity through eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway in obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group), namely: control (normal group), obese rats (OB group), obese rats treated with bee bread (0.5 g/kg/day, OB/BB group) and obese rats treated with orlistat (10 mg/kg/day, OB/OR group). The latter three groups were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity before being administered with their respective treatments for another 6 weeks. After 12 weeks of the total experimental period, rats in the OB group demonstrated significantly higher Lee obesity index, lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein), aortic proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κβ), aortic structural damage and impairment in vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh). Bee bread significantly ameliorated the obesity-induced vascular damage manifested by improvements in the lipid profile, aortic inflammatory markers, and the impaired vasorelaxation activity by significantly enhancing nitric oxide release, promoting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) immunoexpression. These findings suggest that the administration of bee bread ameliorates the impaired vasorelaxation response to ACh by improving eNOS/NO/cGMP-signaling pathway in obese rats, suggesting its vascular therapeutic role.

Medicinal plants and bioactive natural products as inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome

The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces caspase-1 activation and the downstream substrates involved with the processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by a wide range of danger signals that derive from metabolic dysregulation. Activation of this complex often involves the adaptor ASC and upstream sensors including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin, which are activated by different stimuli including infectious agents and changes in cell homeostasis. It has been shown that nutraceuticals and medicinal plants have antiinflammatory properties and could be used as complementary therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases that are related to inflammation, for example, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Herb-based medicine has demonstrated protective effects against NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Therefore, this review focuses on the effects of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possible mechanisms of action of these natural products. Thus, herb-based, natural products/compounds can be considered novel, practical, and accessible agents in chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Multitargeted Effects of Vitexin and Isovitexin on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

BACKGROUND

Till date, there is no known antidote to cure diabetes mellitus despite the discovery and development of diverse pharmacotherapeutic agents many years ago. Technological advancement in natural product chemistry has led to the isolation of analogs of vitexin and isovitexin found in diverse bioresources. These compounds have been extensively studied to explore their pharmacological relevance in diabetes mellitus. Aim of the Study. The present review was to compile results from in vitro and in vivo studies performed with vitexin and isovitexin derivatives relating to diabetes mellitus and its complications. A systematic online literature query was executed to collect all relevant articles published up to March 2020.

RESULTS

In this piece, we have collected data and presented it in a one-stop document to support the multitargeted mechanistic actions of vitexin and isovitexin in controlling diabetes mellitus and its complications.

CONCLUSION

Data collected hint that vitexin and isovitexin work by targeting diverse pathophysiological and metabolic pathways and molecular drug points involved in the clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus. This is expected to provide a deeper understanding of its actions and also serve as a catapult for clinical trials and application research.

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Soybean and Soy-Derived Compounds

Environmental factors, particularly diet, are considered central to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In particular, the Westernization of diet, characterized by high intake of animal protein, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrates, has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of IBD. During the last decade, soybean, as well as soy-derived bioactive compounds (e.g., isoflavones, phytosterols, Bowman-Birk inhibitors) have been increasingly investigated because of their anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of IBD. Herein we provide a scoping review of the most studied disease mechanisms associated with disease induction and progression in IBD rodent models after feeding of either the whole food or a bioactive present in soybean.

Flavonoids, the compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, as promising tools in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, are diseases resulting in neurological disabilities that are regarded as chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases of central nervous system (CNS). In this respect, the use of anti-inflammatory compounds including flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds abundantly found in vegetables and fruits, has proposed to combat MS to dampen the inflammation and thereby ameliorating the disease severity. The objective of this study was to clarify the probable therapeutic effect of flavonoids for treatment of MS. Therefore, only English published articles that reported the therapeutic effect of flavonoids alone or in combination with other anti-MS therapeutic agents on MS, were selected by searching scientific electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Evaluation of the selected researches (686) showed that a total of 13 studies were suitable to be included in this systematic review. Interestingly, all of the studies (11 studies concerning EAE and 2 studies concerning MS) reported positive outcomes for the therapeutic effect of flavonoids on EAE and MS. All flavonoid compounds which are mentioned herein could successfully decrease the maximum clinical score of EAE, which is particularly connected to the anti-inflammatory property of these compounds. The literature review clearly discloses that flavonoids alone or in combination with other anti-MS therapeutic agents can pave the way for improving MS therapeutic strategies.

Triclosan affects the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mouse neocortical neurons in vitro

Triclosan (TCS) is a well-known compound that can be found in disinfectants, personal care products. There is one publication concerning the involvement of PPARγ in the mechanism of action of TCS. It is known that activation of PPARγ regulates the expression of the NF-κB mediated inflammation by acting on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes. However, there are no studies demonstrating a relationship between the effects of TCS on the PPARγ signaling pathway, changes in NF-κB expression, and NOS isoform synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TCS on the expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS in mouse neocortical neurons. In addition, the effects of co-administration of synthetic alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF) or beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) flavonoids and triclosan were investigated. Our results show that TCS alters PPARγ, NF-κB, iNOS, and eNOS expression in mouse neurons in vitro. After 48 h of exposure, TCS increased PPARγ expression and decreased NF-κB expression. Moreover, under the influence of TCS, the expression of iNOS was increased and at the same time the expression of nNOS was decreased, which was probably caused by high levels of ROS. The experiments have shown that both αNF and βNF are able to modulate the effects of TCS in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons.

Dual Anti-Malarial and GSK3β-Mediated Cytokine-Modulating Activities of Quercetin Are Requisite of Its Potential as a Plant-Derived Therapeutic in Malaria

Although death in malaria is attributed to cerebrovascular blockage and anaemia, overwhelming cytokine production can contribute to the severity of the disease. Therefore, mitigation of dysregulated inflammatory signalling may provide further benefit for malaria treatment. Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is known to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a potent regulator of both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin is therefore a potential therapeutic to modulate the imbalanced cytokine production during malarial infection. Anti-malarial effects of quercetin were evaluated in murine models of severe and cerebral malaria using Plasmodium berghei NK65 and ANKA strains, respectively. Western blotting and analysis of cytokines were carried out to determine the GSK3β-mediated cytokine-modulating effects of quercetin in infected animals. Quercetin (25 mg/kg BW) treatment in P. berghei NK65-infected animals resulted in 60.7 ± 2.4% suppression of parasitaemia and significantly decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, whilst levels of IL-10 and IL-4 were elevated significantly. Western analysis revealed that pGSK3β (Ser9) increased 2.7-fold in the liver of quercetin-treated NK65-infected animals. Treatment of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice with quercetin (15 mg/kg BW) increased (2.3-fold) pGSK3β (Ser9) in the brains of infected animals. Quercetin is a potential plant-derived therapeutic for malaria on the basis that it can elicit anti-malarial and GSK3β-mediated cytokine-modulating effects.

Therapeutic effect of kaempferol on atopic dermatitis by attenuation of T cell activity via interaction with multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid widely investigated in various fields due to its antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, but few studies have shown its inhibitory effect on T cell activation. This study examined the therapeutic potential of kaempferol in atopic dermatitis by modulating T cell activation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of kaempferol on T cell activation and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in Jurkat cells and mouse CD4⁺ T cells. A model of atopic dermatitis in mice was used to determine its therapeutic potential on T cell-mediated conditions in vivo. Western blots, RT-PCR, pulldown assays and ELISA were used, along with histological analysis of skin.

KEY RESULTS

Pretreatment with kaempferol reduced CD69 expression and production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2 from activated Jurkat cells and murine CD4⁺ T cells without cytotoxicity. Pulldown assays revealed that kaempferol physically binds to MRP-1 in T cells, inhibiting the action of MRP-1. In activated T cells, kaempferol suppressed JNK phosphorylation and the TAK1-IKKα mediated NF-κB pathway. Oral administration of kaempferol to mice showed improved manifestation of atopic dermatitis, a T cell-mediated condition. Western blot results showed that, as in the in vitro studies, decreased phosphorylation of JNK was associated with down-regulated MRP-1 activity in vivo, in the kaempferol-treated mice in the atopic dermatitis model.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Kaempferol regulates T cell activation by inhibiting MRP-1 activity in activated T cells, thus showing protective effects against T cell mediated disease in vivo.

In vitro anti-inflammatory properties of honey flavonoids: A review

Honey is a natural ready-to-eat product rich in flavonoids, which is known by the wound healing properties due to both antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Flavonoids mitigate inflammatory processes, and thus it could currently support studies of anti-inflammatory potential of honeys. In this review, in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids found in honey were prioritized. Mechanistic information of specific isolated flavonoids as modulators of inflammatory processes are summarized aiming to stimulate studies regarding the action of honey in inflammatory events. Lastly, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) of flavonoids was also included. Flavonoids found in honey have demonstrated antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes such as COX, LOX, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, cytokines and chemokines. Transcriptional factors such as NF-κB are also modulated by flavonoids, controlling the expression of several inflammatory mediators. SAR studies demonstrate the effect of flavonoids in the prevention of inflammatory cascades. Despite the promising reports of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, well-designed clinical trials need yet to be performed to confirm the benefits of honeys from different botanical sources in diseases that include episodes of inflammation.

Flavonoids Induce Migration Arrest and Apoptosis in Detroit 562 Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

Despite advances in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the morbidity remains at a high level due to the resistance of SCC cells to chemotherapeutics. This study aimed to determine and compare the magnitude of the flavonoids’ effectiveness in activating apoptosis and migration arrest in HNSCC cells in vitro. Methods: Head and neck SCC cells of the Detroit 562 line were exposed to a range of concentrations (5–100 μM) of quercetin (Que), hesperidin (Hes) and rutin (Rut) for 24 and 48 h. The SCC cell viability and migration rate were investigated using cytotoxicity and migration inhibition assays. Muse Cell Analyzer flow cytometry was utilized to quantitatively assess the apoptosis rate of Detroit 562 cells exposed to Que, Hes and Rut. The morphology of the SCC cells was evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results: The viability diminishment of the Detroit 562-line cells treated with Que, Hes and Rut for 48 h revealed a significant dose-dependent trend, relatively equal for three substances, whereas the most noticeable cytotoxic effect observed for Hes. Exposure to Hes and Rut exhibited a dose-dependent increased proportion of apoptotic SCC cells, at either necrosis or late apoptosis stage. Detroit 562 SCC migration rate and cells motility were halted for the 100 µM dose of Hes and Que. The comparative results elucidated that Hesperidin and Quercetin achieved a more potent reduction of Detroit 562 migration at 24 h. Conclusions: Hesperidin, rutin and quercetin are capable of inducing apoptosis and migration arrest in the Detroit 562 cell line to various extents, resulting in proapoptotic attenuating effects at different magnitudes.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of Pomegranate, Cranberry, and Black Chokeberry Extracts against Foodborne Pathogens

Herbal and plant extracts are being applied to a wide range of foods against different types of foodborne pathogens. In the present study, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of different concentrations (5% v/v, 10% v/v, and 20% v/v) from cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) plants were applied in five concentrations (62.5 to 1000 mg/mL) against foodborne strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results revealed that a low concentration of solvents (5% v/v) did not exhibit decreased antimicrobial activity in comparison with higher solvent concentrations (10% and 20% v/v). Additionally, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were highly effective against pathogens even in their low concentrations (62.5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL). Likewise, the extracts exhibited promising results (aqueous extracts of pomegranate, cranberry, and black chokeberry in a food-compatible concentration of 2% w/v) were applied to raw pork meatball production, and their antimicrobial activity was recorded versus Enterobacteriaceae, total mesophilic bacteria (TMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and yeasts/molds. The outcome demonstrated that meatballs that contained aqueous extracts of pomegranate were more resistant to spoilage compared to all of the other samples, as it was preserved for more days. Likewise, these extracts of a plant origin could be used as natural preservatives in meat products, even in their low concentrations.

Potential therapeutic targets and molecular details of anthocyan-treated inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology

Anthocyans, containing anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, play a crucial role in preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most anthocyanins and their basic elements, namely anthocyanidins have been recognized for the effective treatment of IBD, but the key biomarkers of anthocyan-treated IBD remain unclear. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis based on network pharmacology was performed to demonstrate the core-targets, biological functions, and signaling pathways of most common anthocyanidins that existed in anthocyans to reveal their potential or major mechanisms. The network pharmacology of the multi-target drug molecular design with specific signal nodes was selected, which was used to analyse core targets and complete the bioinformatics analysis of core targets. The network assays indicated 44 common targeted genes, 5 of which were core targets of both six most common anthocyanidins and IBD. These 44 common targets related to major signaling mechanisms of the six most common anthocyanidins in IBD may involve following processes: promotion of intracellular metabolism and proliferation, inhibition of cell necrosis, anti-inflammation and regulation of intestinal epithelial survival mainly via pathways such as, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway, platelet activation, microRNAs in cancer, arachidonic acid metabolism and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Thus, our findings may provide other molecular details about anthocyans in the treatment of IBD and contribute towards the use of anthocyanidins, which will be meaningful shedding light on the action mechanisms of anthocyanidins in treating IBD.

Natural Antioxidants in Anemia Treatment

Anemia, characterized by a decrease of the hemoglobin level in the blood and a reduction in carrying capacity of oxygen, is a major public health problem which affects people of all ages. The methods used to treat anemia are blood transfusion and oral administration of iron-based supplements, but these treatments are associated with a number of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and stomach pain, which limit its long-term use. In addition, oral iron supplements are poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract, due to overexpression of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that plays a central role in iron homeostasis. In this review, we conducted an analysis of the literature on biologically active compounds and plant extracts used in the treatment of various types of anemia. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the use of these compounds and plant extracts, in order to explore their therapeutic potential. The advantage of using them is that they are available from natural resources and can be used as main, alternative, or adjuvant therapies in many diseases, such as various types of anemia.

Quercetin attenuates high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 by up-regulation of miR-29b

Quercetin is a kind of distinctive bioactive flavonoid that has potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The present article was designed to check the effect of quercetin on diabetic retinopathy. Adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE)-19 cells were pre-treated with quercetin and then stimulated by high glucose. Cell damage was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometer, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe and western blot. The association between quercetin and miR-29b expression as well as the downstream pathways was studied by qRT-PCR and western blot. Pre-treating ARPE-19 cells with quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-induced viability loss, apoptosis, MCP-1 and IL-6 overproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Quercetin down-regulated p53, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, while up-regulated CyclinD1, CDK4 and Bcl-2. miR-29b was low expressed in high glucose-treated cell, but quercetin elevated its expression. Moreover, the protective action of quercetin towards ARPE-19 cells was attenuated when miR-29b was suppressed. Also, quercetin promoted PTEN/AKT pathway, while inhibited NF-κB pathway via a miR-29b-dependent way. These data illustrated quercetin possibly possess the anti-diabetic retinopathy potential, as quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-evoked damage in ARPE-19 cells. The protective action of quercetin may due to its regulation on miR-29b expression as well as PTEN/AKT and NF-κB pathways.

Comparative immuno-modulatory effects of basil and sesame seed oils against diazinon-induced toxicity in rats; a focus on TNF-α immunolocalization

Diazinon (DZN), a common organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), has hazardous effect to human and animals with its ubiquitous use. Considering the implication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the OPIs toxicity, the present study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative properties of basil (BO) and sesame (SO) seed oils against the toxic effect of DZN. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 10 rats/group); control, DZN (10 mg/kg b.w/day), DZN + BO (5 ml/kg b.w/day), and DZN + SO (8 ml/kg b.w/day) groups, treated for a period of 4 weeks. DZN-exposed animals showed significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) with a significant decline in testosterone level compared with control. On the other hand, DZN + BO and DZN + SO groups revealed significant decreases in ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr with a significant increase in testosterone level when compared with DZN-exposed animals. Oxidative/antioxidant indices revealed significant increases of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels along with significant decreases of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and catalase (CAT) activities among DZN-treated rats compared with control. Distinctly lower levels of MDA and increased activities of SOD, Gpx, and CAT were evident in both DZN + BO and DZN + SO groups when compared with DZN-exposed animals. Inflammatory and immuno-modulatory markers assessment showed a significant increase in TNF-α with a significant decline in IL-10 level in DZN group; meanwhile, both DZN + BO and DZN + SO groups revealed significant declines in levels of TNF-α with significant increases in IL-10. Corresponds immunohistochemistry, the total scores (TS) of TNF-α immunostainings in hepatorenal, testicular, and epididymal tissues of control, DZN + BO and DZN + SO groups were significantly lower than those values of DZN group. Additionally, the examined tissues of DZN + BO group revealed significant lower TS of TNF-α immunostaining compared with DZN + SO group. The overall data suggested that both BO and SO can be efficiently used as preventive herbal compounds against DZN-induced oxidative stress with special reference to their possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical activities. However, BO has more potent protective effect against DZN-induced tissue injury at both immunohistochemical and molecular levels.