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Novel insights into molecular and immune subtypes of biliary tract cancers. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:167-199. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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102
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Mahmood HTNA, Tomas Bort E, Walker AJ, Grose RP, Chioni AM. FGF signalling facilitates cervical cancer progression. FEBS J 2021; 289:3440-3456. [PMID: 34951738 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women worldwide. While cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), not all females infected with HPV develop the disease, suggesting that other factors might facilitate its progression. Growing evidence supports the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis in several cancers, including gynecological. However, for cervical cancer, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the disease remain poorly understood, including the role of FGFR signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate FGF(R) signaling in cervical cancer through bioinformatic analysis of cell line and patient data and through detailed expression profiling, manipulation of the FGFR axis, and downstream phenotypic analysis in cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki). Expression (protein and mRNA) analysis demonstrated that FGFR1b/c, FGFR2b/c, FGFR4, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF7 were expressed in all three lines. Interestingly, FGFR1 and 2 localized to the nucleus, supporting that nuclear FGFRs could act as transcription factors. Importantly, 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated that FGFR activation can facilitate cell functions correlated with invasive disease. Collectively, this study supports an association between FGFR signaling and cervical cancer progression, laying the foundations for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting FGFR in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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103
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Ou D, Wu Y. The prognostic and clinical significance of IFI44L aberrant downregulation in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1327. [PMID: 34903206 PMCID: PMC8667451 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a basic task in high-throughput gene expression profiling studies to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two phenotypes. RankComp, an algorithm, could analyze the highly stable within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of gene pairs in a particular type of human normal tissue that are widely reversed in the cancer condition, thereby detecting DEGs for individual disease samples measured by a particular platform. Methods In the present study, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Series (GSE) GSE75540, GSE138206 were downloaded from GEO, by analyzing DEGs in oral squamous cell carcinoma based on online datasets using the RankComp algorithm, using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis to survival analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying. Results We identified 6 reverse gene pairs with stable REOs. All the 12 genes in these 6 reverse gene pairs have been reported to be associated with cancers. Notably, lower Interferon Induced Protein 44 Like (IFI44L) expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and Disease-free survival (DFS) in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, and IFI44L expression showed satisfactory predictive efficiency by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Moreover, low IFI44L expression was identified as risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients’ OS. IFI44L downregulation would lead to the activation of the FRS-mediated FGFR1, FGFR3, and downstream signaling pathways, and might play a role in the PI3K-FGFR cascades. Conclusions Collectively, we identified 6 reverse gene pairs with stable REOs in oral squamous cell carcinoma, which might serve as gene signatures playing a role in the diagnosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, high expression of IFI44L, one of the DEGs in the 6 reverse gene pairs, might be associated with favorable prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and serve as a tumor suppressor by acting on the FRS-mediated FGFR signaling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-09058-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, China
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104
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Sudhesh Dev S, Zainal Abidin SA, Farghadani R, Othman I, Naidu R. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Their Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets of Curcumin in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:772510. [PMID: 34867402 PMCID: PMC8634471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane cell-surface proteins that act as signal transducers. They regulate essential cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and metabolism. RTK alteration occurs in a broad spectrum of cancers, emphasising its crucial role in cancer progression and as a suitable therapeutic target. The use of small molecule RTK inhibitors however, has been crippled by the emergence of resistance, highlighting the need for a pleiotropic anti-cancer agent that can replace or be used in combination with existing pharmacological agents to enhance treatment efficacy. Curcumin is an attractive therapeutic agent mainly due to its potent anti-cancer effects, extensive range of targets and minimal toxicity. Out of the numerous documented targets of curcumin, RTKs appear to be one of the main nodes of curcumin-mediated inhibition. Many studies have found that curcumin influences RTK activation and their downstream signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation and decreased migration in cancer both in vitro and in vivo. This review focused on how curcumin exhibits anti-cancer effects through inhibition of RTKs and downstream signaling pathways like the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB pathways. Combination studies of curcumin and RTK inhibitors were also analysed with emphasis on their common molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareshma Sudhesh Dev
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Reyhaneh Farghadani
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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105
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Servetto A, Formisano L, Arteaga CL. FGFR signaling and endocrine resistance in breast cancer: Challenges for the clinical development of FGFR inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188595. [PMID: 34303787 PMCID: PMC10537726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) have been extensively investigated in solid malignancies, representing an attractive therapeutic target. In breast cancer, especially in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype, FGFR signaling aberrations have been reported to contribute to proliferation, dedifferentiation, metastasis and drug resistance. However, clinical trials evaluating the use of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer have had disappointing results. The different biological properties of distinct FGFR alterations and lack of established patient selection criteria, in addition to the early use of non-selective inhibitors, are possible reasons of this failure. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of FGFR signaling in endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We will also summarize the results from the clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer, discussing future challenges to identify the correct cohorts of patients to enroll in trials testing FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Servetto
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America.
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106
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De B, Abu-Gheida I, Patel A, Ng SSW, Zaid M, Thunshelle CP, Elganainy D, Corrigan KL, Rooney MK, Javle M, Raghav K, Lee SS, Vauthey JN, Tzeng CWD, Tran Cao HS, Ludmir EB, Minsky BD, Smith GL, Holliday EB, Taniguchi CM, Koong AC, Das P, Koay EJ. Benchmarking Outcomes after Ablative Radiotherapy for Molecularly Characterized Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1270. [PMID: 34945742 PMCID: PMC8703854 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ablative radiotherapy (A-RT) with a biologically effective dose (BED10) ≥ 80.5 Gy for patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is associated with longer survival. Despite recent large-scale sequencing efforts in ICC, outcomes following RT based on genetic alterations have not been described. We reviewed records of 156 consecutive patients treated with A-RT for unresectable ICC from 2008 to 2020. For 114 patients (73%), next-generation sequencing provided molecular profiles. The overall survival (OS), local control (LC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariable Cox analyses were used to determine the associations with the outcomes. The median tumor size was 7.3 (range: 2.2-18.2) cm. The portal vein thrombus (PVT) was present in 10%. The RT median BED10 was 98 Gy (range: 81-144 Gy). The median (95% confidence interval) follow-up was 58 (42-104) months from diagnosis and 39 (33-74) months from RT. The median OS was 32 (29-35) months after diagnosis and 20 (16-24) months after RT. The one-year OS, LC, and intrahepatic DMFS were 73% (65-80%), 81% (73-87%), and 34% (26-42%). The most common mutations were in IDH1 (25%), TP53 (22%), ARID1A (19%), and FGFR2 (13%). Upon multivariable analysis, the factors associated with death included worse performance status, larger tumor, metastatic disease, higher CA 19-9, PVT, satellitosis, and IDH1 and PIK3CA mutations. TP53 mutation was associated with local failure. Further investigation into the prognostic value of individual mutations and combinations thereof is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Ibrahim Abu-Gheida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Aashini Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Sylvia S. W. Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Mohamed Zaid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Connor P. Thunshelle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Dalia Elganainy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Kelsey L. Corrigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Michael K. Rooney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (S.S.L.)
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (S.S.L.)
| | - Sunyoung S. Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.J.); (K.R.); (S.S.L.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-N.V.); (C.-W.D.T.); (H.S.T.C.)
| | - Ching-Wei D. Tzeng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-N.V.); (C.-W.D.T.); (H.S.T.C.)
| | - Hop S. Tran Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.-N.V.); (C.-W.D.T.); (H.S.T.C.)
| | - Ethan B. Ludmir
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Bruce D. Minsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Grace L. Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Emma B. Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Cullen M. Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Albert C. Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Prajnan Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Eugene J. Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (I.A.-G.); (A.P.); (S.S.W.N.); (M.Z.); (C.P.T.); (D.E.); (K.L.C.); (M.K.R.); (E.B.L.); (B.D.M.); (G.L.S.); (E.B.H.); (C.M.T.); (A.C.K.); (P.D.)
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Rimini M, Puzzoni M, Pedica F, Silvestris N, Fornaro L, Aprile G, Loi E, Brunetti O, Vivaldi C, Simionato F, Zavattari P, Scartozzi M, Burgio V, Ratti F, Aldrighetti L, Cascinu S, Casadei-Gardini A. Cholangiocarcinoma: new perspectives for new horizons. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:1367-1383. [PMID: 34669536 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1991313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biliary tract cancer represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by dismal prognosis and scarce therapeutic options. AREA COVERED In the last years, a growing interest in BTC pathology has emerged, thus highlighting a significant heterogeneity of the pathways underlying the carcinogenesis process, from both a molecular and genomic point of view. A better understanding of these differences is mandatory to deepen the behavior of this complex disease, as well as to identify new targetable target mutations, with the aim to improve the survival outcomes. The authors decided to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent highlights on BTCs, with a special focus on the genetic, epigenetic and molecular alterations, which may have an interesting clinical application in the next future. EXPERT OPINION In the last years, the efforts resulted from international collaborations have led to the identification of new promising targets for precision medicine approaches in the BTC setting. Further investigations and prospective trials are needed, but the hope is that these new knowledge in cooperation with the new technologies and procedures, including bio-molecular and genomic analysis as well radiomic studies, will enrich the therapeutic armamentarium thus improving the survival outcomes in a such lethal and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rimini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pedica
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of oncology, Instituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fornaro
- Department of medical oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Department of oncology, Instituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo Ii" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Vivaldi
- Department of medical oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 Universitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Simionato
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Azienda ULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Burgio
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ratti
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele and Vita-Salute University, Italy
| | - Luca Aldrighetti
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele and Vita-Salute University, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
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108
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Zarczynska I, Gorska-Arcisz M, Cortez AJ, Kujawa KA, Wilk AM, Skladanowski AC, Stanczak A, Skupinska M, Wieczorek M, Lisowska KM, Sadej R, Kitowska K. p38 Mediates Resistance to FGFR Inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123363. [PMID: 34943871 PMCID: PMC8699485 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFR signalling is one of the most prominent pathways involved in cell growth and development as well as cancer progression. FGFR1 amplification occurs in approximately 20% of all squamous cell lung carcinomas (SCC), a predominant subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), indicating FGFR as a potential target for the new anti-cancer treatment. However, acquired resistance to this type of therapies remains a serious clinical challenge. Here, we investigated the NSCLC cell lines response and potential mechanism of acquired resistance to novel selective FGFR inhibitor CPL304110. We found that despite significant genomic differences between CPL304110-sensitive cell lines, their resistant variants were characterised by upregulated p38 expression/phosphorylation, as well as enhanced expression of genes involved in MAPK signalling. We revealed that p38 inhibition restored sensitivity to CPL304110 in these cells. Moreover, the overexpression of this kinase in parental cells led to impaired response to FGFR inhibition, thus confirming that p38 MAPK is a driver of resistance to a novel FGFR inhibitor. Taken together, our results provide an insight into the potential direction for NSCLC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zarczynska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.C.S.)
| | - Monika Gorska-Arcisz
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.C.S.)
| | - Alexander Jorge Cortez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (A.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Aleksandra Kujawa
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (K.A.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Agata Małgorzata Wilk
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (A.J.C.); (A.M.W.)
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cezary Skladanowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.C.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Stanczak
- Clinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Marymoncka 15, 05-152 Kazuń Nowy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Monika Skupinska
- Preclinical Development Departament, Celon Pharma S.A., Marymoncka 15, 05-152 Kazuń Nowy, Poland;
| | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Clinical Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., Marymoncka 15, 05-152 Kazuń Nowy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Marta Lisowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (K.A.K.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (K.K.)
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109
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Combination therapies for targeting FGFR2 fusions in cholangiocarcinoma. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:83-86. [PMID: 34840108 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion proteins (FFs) are oncogenic drivers in 10-15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). FGFR-specific inhibitors provide temporary benefit in FF+ unresectable patients. Recent work with mouse iCCA models has documented the necessary role of RAS-ERK downstream to FFs and provided examples of preclinical experimentation aimed at improving FF targeting in iCCA.
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110
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Liu J, Tokheim C, Lee JD, Gan W, North BJ, Liu XS, Pandolfi PP, Wei W. Genetic fusions favor tumorigenesis through degron loss in oncogenes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6704. [PMID: 34795215 PMCID: PMC8602260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements can generate genetic fusions composed of two distinct gene sequences, many of which have been implicated in tumorigenesis and progression. Our study proposes a model whereby oncogenic gene fusions frequently alter the protein stability of the resulting fusion products, via exchanging protein degradation signal (degron) between gene sequences. Computational analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identify 2,406 cases of degron exchange events and reveal an enrichment of oncogene stabilization due to loss of degrons from fusion. Furthermore, we identify and experimentally validate that some recurrent fusions, such as BCR-ABL, CCDC6-RET and PML-RARA fusions, perturb protein stability by exchanging internal degrons. Likewise, we also validate that EGFR or RAF1 fusions can be stabilized by losing a computationally-predicted C-terminal degron. Thus, complementary to enhanced oncogene transcription via promoter swapping, our model of degron loss illustrates another general mechanism for recurrent fusion proteins in driving tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Wenjian Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10124, Italy.
- Renown Institute for Cancer, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89502, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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111
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Chioni AM, Grose RP. Biological Significance and Targeting of the FGFR Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5681. [PMID: 34830836 PMCID: PMC8616401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the widespread expression of all seven signalling FGF receptors (FGFRs) throughout the body, and the dramatic phenotypes shown by many FGF/R knockout mice, highlight the diversity, complexity and functional importance of FGFR signalling. The FGF/R axis is critical during normal tissue development, homeostasis and repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that substantial evidence also pinpoints the involvement of aberrant FGFR signalling in disease, including tumourigenesis. FGFR aberrations in cancer include mutations, gene fusions, and amplifications as well as corrupted autocrine/paracrine loops. Indeed, many clinical trials on cancer are focusing on targeting the FGF/FGFR axis, using selective FGFR inhibitors, nonselective FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies and some have already been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. The heterogeneous tumour microenvironment and complexity of FGFR signalling may be some of the factors responsible for the resistance or poor response to therapy with FGFR axis-directed therapeutic agents. In the present review we will focus on the structure and function of FGF(R)s, their common irregularities in cancer and the therapeutic value of targeting their function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
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112
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Jing W, Wang G, Cui Z, Xiong G, Jiang X, Li Y, Li W, Han B, Chen S, Shi B. FGFR3 Destabilizes PD-L1 Via NEDD4 to Control T Cell-Mediated Bladder Cancer Immune Surveillance. Cancer Res 2021; 82:114-129. [PMID: 34753771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently activated by mutation or overexpression, and it is a validated therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder. However, the role and detailed molecular mechanism of FGFR3 in the immune microenvironment of bladder cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of FGFR3 in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer elevates PD-L1 protein levels by affecting its ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Tissue microarray analysis in human UC showed an inverse correlation between FGFR3 and PD-L1. Furthermore, NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the NEDD4 family of proteins, was phosphorylated by FGFR3 activation and served as a regulator of PD-L1 ubiquitination. Mechanistically, NEDD4 interacted with PD-L1 and catalyzed Lys48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitination of PD-L1. In mice bearing NEDD4 knockout bladder cancer, CD8+ T cell infiltration and antitumor activity were significantly inhibited due to PD-L1 upregulation in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, multiple FGFR3-activated tumor-bearing mouse models suggested that attenuated CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy following FGFR3-targeted therapy could be rescued by a combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, which leads to effective tumor suppression. This study establishes a key molecular link between targeted therapy and immune surveillance and identifies NEDD4 as a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets PD-L1 for degradation in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer. These findings may potentially be exploited for combination therapies in UC of the bladder and possibly other malignancies with activated FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wushan Li
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | | | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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113
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Cai B, Huang P, Li X, Liang G. Fibroblast growth factor receptor fusions in cancer: opportunities and challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:345. [PMID: 34732230 PMCID: PMC8564965 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) play critical roles in many biological processes and developmental functions. Chromosomal translocation of FGFRs result in the formation of chimeric FGFR fusion proteins, which often cause aberrant signaling leading to the development and progression of human cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate and carcinogenicity, oncogenic FGFR gene fusions have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. Erdafitinib and pemigatinib, two FGFR selective inhibitors targeting FGFR fusions, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with urothelial cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. Futibatinib, a third-generation FGFR inhibitor, is under phase III clinical trials in patients with FGFR gene rearrangements. Herein, we review the current understanding of the FGF/FGFRs system and the oncogenic effect of FGFR fusions, summarize promising inhibitors under clinical development for patients with FGFR fusions, and highlight the challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binhao Cai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China. .,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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114
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Xiang H, Chan AG, Ahene A, Bellovin DI, Deng R, Hsu AW, Jeffry U, Palencia S, Powers J, Zanghi J, Collins H. Preclinical characterization of bemarituzumab, an anti-FGFR2b antibody for the treatment of cancer. MAbs 2021; 13:1981202. [PMID: 34719330 PMCID: PMC8565817 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1981202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemarituzumab (FPA144) is a first-in-class, humanized, afucosylated immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) with two mechanisms of action against FGFR2b-overexpressing tumors: inhibition of FGFR2b signaling and enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Bemarituzumab is being developed as a cancer therapeutic, and we summarize here the key nonclinical data that supported moving it into clinical trials. Bemarituzumab displayed sub-nanomolar cross-species affinity for FGFR2b receptors, with >20-fold enhanced binding affinity to human Fc gamma receptor IIIa compared with the fucosylated version. In vitro, bemarituzumab induced potent ADCC against FGFR2b-expressing tumor cells, and inhibited FGFR2 phosphorylation and proliferation of SNU-16 gastric cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, bemarituzumab inhibited tumor growth through inhibition of the FGFR2b pathway and/or ADCC in mouse models. Bemarituzumab demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy, and due to bemarituzumab-induced natural killer cell-dependent increase in programmed death-ligand 1, also resulted in enhanced anti-tumor activity when combined with an anti-programmed death-1 antibody. Repeat-dose toxicity studies established the highest non-severely-toxic dose at 1 and 100 mg/kg in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. In pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, bemarituzumab exposure increase was greater than dose-proportional, with the linear clearance in the expected dose range for a mAb. The PK data in cynomolgus monkeys were used to project bemarituzumab linear PK in humans, which were consistent with the observed human Phase 1 data. These key nonclinical studies facilitated the successful advancement of bemarituzumab into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Abigael G Chan
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Global Project Management, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Ago Ahene
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - David I Bellovin
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm Consulting LLC, Pleasanton
| | - Amy W Hsu
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Research, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ursula Jeffry
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Toxicology Department, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc, San Francisco, California
| | - Servando Palencia
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Research, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Redwood city, California
| | - Janine Powers
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Translational Medicine, Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, California
| | - James Zanghi
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Bioanalytic Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Helen Collins
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California.,Clinic, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
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115
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Braun S, McSheehy P, Litherland K, McKernan P, Forster-Gross N, Bachmann F, El-Shemerly M, Dimova-Dobreva M, Polyakova I, Häckl M, Zhou P, Lane H, Kellenberger L, Engelhardt M. Derazantinib: an investigational drug for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:1071-1080. [PMID: 34698609 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1995355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review evaluates the clinical role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibition with derazantinib in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) harboring actionable oncogenic FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements, mutations and amplifications. FGFR inhibitors such as derazantinib are currently being evaluated to address the unmet medical need of patients with previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic iCCA harboring such genetic aberrations. AREAS COVERED We summarize the pharmacokinetics, and the emerging safety and efficacy data of the investigational FGFR inhibitor derazantinib. We discuss the future directions of this novel therapeutic agent for iCCA. EXPERT OPINION Derazantinib is a potent FGFR1‒3 kinase inhibitor which also has activity against colony stimulating factor-1‒receptor (CSF1R) and vascular endothelial growfth factor receptor‒2 (VEGFR2), suggesting a potentially differentiated role in the treatment of patients with iCCA. Derazantinib has shown clinically meaningful efficacy with durable objective responses, supporting the therapeutic potential of derazantinib in previously treated patients with iCCA harboring FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements, mutations and amplifications. The clinical safety profile of derazantinib was well manageable and compared favorably to the FGFR inhibitor class, particularly with a low incidence of drug-related hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, retinal and nail toxicity. These findings support the need for increased molecular profiling of cholangiocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Braun
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul McSheehy
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Litherland
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Phil McKernan
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Bachmann
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Inessa Polyakova
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Häckl
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ping Zhou
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Lane
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Engelhardt
- Development, Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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116
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Yu J, Mahipal A, Kim R. Targeted Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Focus on the Clinical Potential of Infigratinib. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:5145-5160. [PMID: 34720591 PMCID: PMC8550543 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of 11-44% after surgical resection. However, there is no established systemic therapy after failure of the gemcitabine plus cisplatin first-line therapy with exception of FOLFOX. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genomic aberrations have been detected in cholangiocarcinoma, and targeting these genomic aberrations with FGFR inhibitors has shown remarkable clinical benefits in advanced cholangiocarcinoma. In this article, we provide up-to-date information on the clinical development of selective FGFR inhibitors in advanced cholangiocarcinoma, focusing on infigratinib. In a Phase 1 trial, infigratinib showed a safe profile. In a following Phase 2 trial, infigratinib showed remarkable efficacy in advanced cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved infigratinib for cholangiocarcinoma in May 2021 largely based on tumor response and duration of response. Currently infigratinib is on a Phase 3 trial (PROOF301) as a first-line setting compared to the GEMCIS therapy in advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Given that the FGFR genomic aberrations including FGFR2 fusions are rarely accompanied with other targetable mutations, infigratinib and other FGFR inhibitors are continuously expected to be the novel targeted agents in cholangiocarcinoma harboring these aberrations. Acquired resistance to infigratinib was reported in several recent studies which could potentially be a barrier to overcome. Active clinical trials including PROOF301 are expected to elucidate the clinical benefits of infigratinib in this disease. Infigratinib combined with immunotherapy is also a potential future direction of investigation in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adventhealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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117
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Tao Z, Liu J, Li T, Xu H, Chen K, Zhang J, Zhou H, Sun J, Han J, Guo Z, Yang H, Cao WM, Hu X. Profiling Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Fusions in Chinese Breast Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741142. [PMID: 34650924 PMCID: PMC8506003 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a class of tyrosine kinases that regulate cell-to-cell communication and control a variety of complex biological functions. Dysregulation of RTK signaling partly due to chromosomal rearrangements leads to novel tyrosine kinase fusion oncoproteins that are possibly driver alterations to cancers. Targeting some RTK fusions with specific tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) is an effective therapeutic strategy across a spectrum of RTK fusion-related cancers. However, there is still a paucity of extensive RTK fusion investigations in breast cancer. This study aims to characterize RTK fusions in Chinese breast cancer patients. Methods An in-house DNA sequencing database of 1440 Chinese breast cancer patients with a capture-based panel (520 gene or 108 gene-panel) was thoroughly reviewed. A total of 2,229 samples including 1,045 tissues and 1,184 plasmas were analyzed. RTK fusion was defined as an in-frame fusion with the tyrosine kinase domain of the RTK completely retained. Concomitant mutations were also analyzed and tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated. Patients' clinical characteristics were retrieved from case records. Results A total of 30 RTK fusion events were identified from 27 breast cancer patients with a prevalence of 1.875%%. FGFR2 fusions were seen the most commonly (n=7), followed by RET (n=5), ROS1 (n=3), NTRK3 (n=3), BRAF (n=2), and NTRK1 (n=2). Other RTK fusions including ALK, EGFR, FGFR1, FGFR3, MET, and NTRK2 were identified in one patient each. A total of 27 unique resultant fusion proteins (22 with a novel partner) were discovered including 19 intrachromosomal rearrangements and 8 interchromosomal ones. Twenty-one fusions had the tyrosine kinase domain in-frame fused with a partner gene and six were juxtaposed with an intergenic space. Among the 27 fusions, FGFR2-WDR11 (E17: intergenic) (n=3) and ETV6-NTRK3 (E5:E15) (n=2) occurred recurrently. Of note, the normalized abundance of RTK fusion (fusion AF/max AF) correlated negatively with TMB (r=-0.48, P=0.017). Patients with TMB < 8 (Mutations/Mb) displayed a higher fusion abundance than those with TMB ≥ 8 (Mutations/Mb) (P=0.025). Moreover, CREBBP mutation only co-occurred with FGFR2 fusion (P=0.012), while NTRK3 fusion and TP53 mutation were mutually exclusive (P=0.019). Conclusion This is the first study comprehensively delineating the prevalence and spectrum of RTK fusions in Chinese breast cancers. Further study is ongoing to identify the enriched subpopulation who may benefit from RTK fusion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoji Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cao
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Koustas E, Trifylli EM, Sarantis P, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment strategy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1229-1243. [PMID: 34721764 PMCID: PMC8529918 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are diverse biliary epithelial tumours involving the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal parts of the biliary tree. The three entirely variable entities have distinct epidemiology, molecular characteristics, prognosis and strategy for clinical management. However, many cholangiocarcinoma tumor-cells appear to be resistant to current chemotherapeutic agents. The role of autophagy and the therapeutic value of autophagy-based therapy are largely unknown in CCA. The multistep nature of autophagy offers a plethora of regulation points, which are prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases, including cancer. However, it offers multiple targetable points for designing novel therapeutic strategies. Tumor cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism for survival under stressful conditions such as energy imbalance and hypoxic region of tumors within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between autophagy and cholangiocarcinogenesis, together with some preclinical studies with agents that modulate autophagy in order to induce tumor cell death. Altogether, a combinatorial strategy, which comprises the current anti-cancer agents and autophagy modulators, would represent a positive CCA patient approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni-Myrto Trifylli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Salati M, Caputo F, Baldessari C, Carotenuto P, Messina M, Caramaschi S, Dominici M, Bonetti LR. The Evolving Role of FGFR2 Inhibitors in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Targeting. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7747-7757. [PMID: 34675670 PMCID: PMC8517413 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s330710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an anatomically and biologically distinct entity with a rising incidence and a poor prognosis on conventional treatments. Surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is a potentially curative option in resectable cases, while palliative-intent chemotherapy is the standard-of-care in the advanced setting. Technological advances through massive parallel sequencing have enabled a deeper understanding of disease biology with the identification of several druggable molecular vulnerabilities in nearly 50% of cases. Among them, gene fusions involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) are the most therapeutically exploited so far with a number of Phase II clinical trials investigating FGFR2 inhibitors showing unprecedented efficacy results in this molecular subgroup. Over the last year, these efforts have culminated in the US FDA-approval of pemigatinib and infigratinib, the first two oral selective FGFR2 targeted agents for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic iCCA driven by FGFR2 fusion or rearrangements. While first-line Phase III trials are currently underway to test these targeted approach against standard-of-care chemotherapy, translational studies are trying to better understand primary and secondary resistance mechanisms in order to optimize FGFR2 blockade in iCCA. In this article, we extensively reviewed the current evidence on the biological rationale, as well as preclinical and clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- PhD Program Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Caputo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Baldessari
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- Department of Genomics, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Messina
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Cefalu, Italy
| | - Stefania Caramaschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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120
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Repetto M, Crimini E, Giugliano F, Morganti S, Belli C, Curigliano G. Selective FGFR/FGF pathway inhibitors: inhibition strategies, clinical activities, resistance mutations, and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1233-1252. [PMID: 34591728 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1947246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)/fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a pathway characterized by recurring alterations in cancer. Its dysregulations enhance cancer cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion, as well as angiogenesis and immune evasion.Areas covered: FGFR/FGF selective inhibitors belong to a broad class of drugs with some being approved for specific indications and others under investigation in ongoing phase I and II clinical trials. In this review, all available clinical data from trials on selective FGFR/FGF inhibitors as well as described resistance mutations and mechanisms are presented. FGFR/FGF pathway inhibitors are classified according to the mechanism they employ to dampen/suppress signaling and to the preferred FGFR binding mode when X-ray crystal structure is available.Expert opinion: Data presented suggests the general actionability of FGFR1,2,3 mutations and fusions across histologies, whereas FGFR1,2,3 amplifications alone are poor predictors of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Overexpression on immunohistochemistry (IHC) of FGF19, the stimulatory ligand of FGFR4, can predict response to FGFR selective inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas IHC overexpression of FGFR1,2,3 is not sufficient to predict benefit from FGFR inhibitors across solid tumors. FGFR1,2,3 mRNA overexpression can predict response even in absence of structural alteration. Data on resistance mutations suggests the need for new inhibitors to overcome gatekeeper mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Repetto
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Crimini
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giugliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Morganti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Belli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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121
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Ferrao Blanco MN, Domenech Garcia H, Legeai-Mallet L, van Osch GJVM. Tyrosine kinases regulate chondrocyte hypertrophy: promising drug targets for Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1389-1398. [PMID: 34284112 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major health problem worldwide that affects the joints and causes severe disability. It is characterized by pain and low-grade inflammation. However, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown and the therapeutic options are limited. In OA articular chondrocytes undergo a phenotypic transition becoming hypertrophic, which leads to cartilage damage, aggravating the disease. Therefore, a therapeutic agent inhibiting hypertrophy would be a promising disease-modifying drug. The therapeutic use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been mainly focused on oncology, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the Janus kinase inhibitor Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis has broadened the applicability of these compounds to other diseases. Interestingly, tyrosine kinases have been associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy. In this review, we discuss the experimental evidence that implicates specific tyrosine kinases in signaling pathways promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Ferrao Blanco
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - H Domenech Garcia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - L Legeai-Mallet
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
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122
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Zhu Z, Dong H, Wu J, Dong W, Guo X, Yu H, Fang J, Gao S, Chen X, Lu H, Cong W, Xu Q. Targeted genomic profiling revealed a unique clinical phenotype in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with fibroblast growth factor receptor rearrangement. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101168. [PMID: 34252743 PMCID: PMC8283138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic aberrations (GAs) in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and clinical trials have shown efficacy of FGFR inhibitors in treating ICC patients with FGFR GAs such as FGFR2 rearrangement. To clarify the FGFRs GA profile and corresponding clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with ICC, a total of 257 cases were identified. Fourteen cases (5.45%) were positive for FGFR2 rearrangement. Further analysis on the 110 FGFR2 rearrangement negative cases showed that 13 patients present additional FGFRs GAs, including FGFR3 rearrangement (2.73%), and FGFRs mutations. When compared with patients without FGFRs GAs, those with FGFR2 or FGFR3 rearrangement presented more under the age of 58 years, female sex, HBsAb positivity, CD10 expression, and PD-L1 expression. The clinical characteristics between patients with FGFRs mutation and those without FGFRs GAs were similar, with the exception that cases with FGFRs mutation have more hepatolithiasis. We concluded that FGFR rearrangement is associated with unique clinical phenotypes in ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xianling Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Juemin Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd. 39 Dingshan Road, Xiamen 361027, P.R. China
| | - Huangbin Lu
- Amoy Diagnostics Co., Ltd. 39 Dingshan Road, Xiamen 361027, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China.
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123
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Xiao JF, Caliri AW, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. Targetable Pathways in Advanced Bladder Cancer: FGFR Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4891. [PMID: 34638374 PMCID: PMC8507635 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, accounting for around 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths in 2020. The current standard treatment for locally advanced bladder cancer is neoadjuvant cisplatin (NAC)-based chemotherapy followed by cystectomy. The significant progress being made in the genomic and molecular understandings of bladder cancer has uncovered the genetic alterations and signaling pathways that drive bladder cancer progression. These developments have led to a dramatic increase in the evaluation of molecular agents targeting at these alterations. One example is Erdafitinib, a first-in-class FGFR inhibitor being approved as second-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with FGFR mutations. Immunotherapy has also been approved as second-line treatment for advanced and metastatic bladder cancer. Preclinical studies suggest targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy has the potential to markedly improve patient outcome. Given the prevalence of FGFR alternations in bladder cancer, here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies on FGFR inhibitors and analyze possible drug resistance mechanisms to these agents. We also discuss FGFR inhibitors in combination with other therapies and its potential to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fen Xiao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Andrew W. Caliri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jason E. Duex
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
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124
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Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Differential Methylation of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Vestibular Schwannomas. World Neurosurg 2021; 157:e66-e76. [PMID: 34587518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular schwannoma is the third most common benign intracranial tumor that can occur sporadically or be associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (neurofibromatosis type 2 vestibular schwannoma [NF2-VS]). The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of methylated-differentially expressed genes (MDEGs) in NF2-VS. METHODS Transcriptional sequencing datasets (GSE141801 and GSE108524) and gene methylation microarrays (GSE56598) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were used to identify and analyze MDEGs in NF2-VS. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built, and the hub genes and modules were identified. Finally, potential pharmacotherapy targeting MDEGs were extracted for NF2-VS. RESULTS A total of 57 hypermethylation-low expression genes and 88 hypomethylation-high expression genes were identified. Pathways associated with aberrantly MDEGs included P13K-AKT, MAPK, and Ras, which were also involved in NF2-VS. Six hub genes (EGFR, CCND1, CD53, CSF1R, PLAU, and FGFR1) were identified from the PPI network. Modification of the aforementioned genes altered cell-to-cell communication, response to stimulus, cellular regulation, and membrane and protein bindings. Thirty drugs targeting these pathways were selected based on the hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of MDEGs may enrich the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NF2-VS pathogenesis and lay the groundwork for potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NF2-VS.
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125
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Persano M, Puzzoni M, Ziranu P, Pusceddu V, Lai E, Pretta A, Donisi C, Pinna G, Spanu D, Cimbro E, Parrino A, Liscia N, Mariani S, Dubois M, Migliari M, Scartozzi M. Molecular-driven treatment for biliary tract cancer: the promising turning point. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:1253-1264. [PMID: 34551663 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1982699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past, targeted therapies have not shown positive results as they have been used without adequate molecular selection of patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC). This has led to an expansion of research on characteristics and molecular selection to identify new effective strategies in this setting. Improved knowledge of the molecular biology of these neoplasms has highlighted their extraordinary heterogeneity and has made it possible to identify targetable gene alterations, including fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 gene fusions, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations. The FDA recently approved ivosidenib and pemigatinib for the treatment of BTCs. AREAS COVERED We review data in the literature regarding targeted therapies for the treatment of BTCs, as well as on the prospects deriving from the extraordinary molecular heterogeneity of these neoplasms. EXPERT OPINION At present, it is essential to evaluate the expression of the genetic alterations expressed by these neoplasms to offer patients an increasingly personalized therapeutic approach. Studies are needed to better define the limits and potentials of targeted therapies and their role in the therapeutic algorithm to improve the poor prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Persano
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pina Ziranu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valeria Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Pretta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clelia Donisi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pinna
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Spanu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Erika Cimbro
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alissa Parrino
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicole Liscia
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Dubois
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Migliari
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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126
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Cristina Mendonça Nogueira T, Vinicius Nora de Souza M. New FDA oncology small molecule drugs approvals in 2020: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116340. [PMID: 34416511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, fifty-three new drugs, including forty small-molecules (thirty-six new chemical entities and four new diagnostic agents) and thirteen biologic drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This year, small-molecules continue to play a role in innovative treatments representing around 75% of all drugs accepted by FDA. The dominant therapeutic area was oncology, accounting for twenty-three new approvals, including thirteen new chemical entities, four new diagnostic agents, and thirteen biologic drugs. Recognizing the importance of small-molecules on cancer treatment, this review aims to provide an overview regarding the clinical applications and mechanism of action of the thirteen new small-molecules (excluding new diagnostic agents) approved by FDA in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Mendonça Nogueira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil.
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127
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Poon D, Tan MH, Khor D. Stage 4 pancreatic adenocarcinoma harbouring an FGFR2-TACC2 fusion mutation with complete response to erdafitinib a pan-fibroblastic growth factor receptor inhibitor. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244271. [PMID: 34511423 PMCID: PMC8438717 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a frail 68-year-old woman with stage 4 pancreatic carcinoma harbouring a fibroblastic growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion who achieved a durable complete response after treatment with erdafitinib a pan-FGFR inhibitor. The FGFR2-TACC2 fusion was detected on comprehensive tumour somatic mutation profiling. There is ongoing complete response at 10 months after initiation of erdafitinib. Transient central serous retinopathy, grade 2 hyperphosphataemia and diarrhoea were the adverse events encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Poon
- Medical Oncology, Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Damian Khor
- Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, Advanced Medical Imaging, Singapore
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128
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Brindley PJ, Bachini M, Ilyas SI, Khan SA, Loukas A, Sirica AE, Teh BT, Wongkham S, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34504109 PMCID: PMC9246479 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system, which can be classified as intrahepatic, perihilar and distal. Each anatomic subtype has distinct genetic aberrations, clinical presentations and therapeutic approaches. In endemic regions, liver fluke infection is associated with CCA, owing to the oncogenic effect of the associated chronic biliary tract inflammation. In other regions, CCA can be associated with chronic biliary tract inflammation owing to choledocholithiasis, cholelithiasis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis, but most CCAs have no identifiable cause. Administration of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel decreases the risk of CCA from liver flukes, but reinfection is common and future vaccination strategies may be more effective. Some patients with CCA are eligible for potentially curative surgical options, such as resection or liver transplantation. Genetic studies have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of CCA, and two aberrations that drive the pathogenesis of non-fluke-associated intrahepatic CCA, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 fusions and isocitrate dehydrogenase gain-of-function mutations, can be therapeutically targeted. CCA is a highly desmoplastic cancer and targeting the tumour immune microenvironment might be a promising therapeutic approach. CCA remains a highly lethal disease and further scientific and clinical insights are needed to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahid A. Khan
- Liver Unit, Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alphonse E. Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
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129
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Saleem M, Schini-Kerth VB, Hussain K, Khalid SH, Asif M, Alhosin M, Akhtar MF, Ahmad B, Raza A, Mahrukh. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for In Vitro Cytotoxic Attributes of Conyza bonariensis Extract against Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Jurkat Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1793-1801. [PMID: 34488604 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210906092314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conyza bonariensis is known to have anti-cancer properties. OBJECTIVE The study investigated the in vitro pro-apoptotic properties of Conyza bonariensis (C. bonariensis) towards human lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells. METHODS C. bonariensis are extracted with non-polar solvent by maceration. MTS cell viability assay was employed to determine the cytotoxic activity of the extract towards human leukemia Jurket cells and normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) cells. The phytochemical composition of the extract was chemically characterized using HPLC. Flow cytometric studies (FACS) were conducted to explore the pro-apoptotic potential of the extract. Western blot studies were employed to identify the molecular targets involved in the induction of apoptosis. RESULTS The n-hexane extract showed selective cytotoxic activity towards Jurkat cells. FACS analysis indicated that the extract induced early and late apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Western blot studies revealed that the extract down-regulated the expression of DNMT1, SIRT1, and UHRF1 with a simultaneous up-regulation of the expression of p73 and caspases-3 proteins. HPLC characterization of the extract revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION Overall these findings demonstrate that the anticancer effects of a Conyza bonariensis extract towards human lymphoblastic leukemiais due to the modulation of the activity of multiple oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins and that its phenolic content is involved are proposed to be responsible for these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore . Pakistan
| | - Valerie B Schini-Kerth
- UMR 1260 INSERM Nanomédecine Régénérative, Faculté de Pharmacie,Université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin - BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch. France
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore . Pakistan
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University of Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab. Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore 54000. Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Lahore 54000. Pakistan
| | - Atif Raza
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore . Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of The Punjab Lahore . Pakistan
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130
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Lee HW, Seo HK. Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibitors for Treating Locally Advanced/Metastatic Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas via Dual Targeting of Tumor-Specific Oncogenic Signaling and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9526. [PMID: 34502435 PMCID: PMC8431699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (a/m UBC) is currently treated using platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the preferred second-line treatment options for cisplatin-eligible a/m UBC patients and as first-line options in cisplatin-ineligible settings. However, the response rates for ICI monotherapy are modest (~20%), which necessitates the exploration of alternative strategies. Dysregulated activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling enhances tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of erdafitinib and the emergence of other potent and selective FGFR inhibitors (FGFRis) have shifted the treatment paradigm for patients with a/m UBC harboring actionable FGFR2 or FGFR3 genomic alterations, who often have a minimal-to-modest response to ICIs. FGFRi-ICI combinations are therefore worth exploring, and their preliminary response rates and safety profiles are promising. In the present review, we summarize the impact of altered FGFR signaling on a/m UBC tumor evolution, the clinical development of FGFRis, the rationale for FGFRi-ICI combinations, current trials, and prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Center for Urologic Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Ho Kyung Seo
- Department of Urology, Center for Urologic Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Research Institute, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
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Nguyen MLT, Toan NL, Bozko M, Bui KC, Bozko P. Cholangiocarcinoma Therapeutics: An Update. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:457-475. [PMID: 33563168 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210204152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer and associated with a poor prognosis. Only one-third of CCA cases are diagnosed at operable stages. However, a high rate of relapse has been observed postoperatively. Besides screening for operable individuals, efficacious therapeutic for recurrent and advanced CCA is urgently needed. The treatment outcome of available therapeutics is important to clarify clinical indication and facilitate the development of treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE This review aims to compare the treatment outcome of different therapeutics based on both overall survival and progression-free survival. METHODS Over one hundred peer-reviewed articles were examined. We compared the treatment outcome between different treatment methods, including tumor resection with or without postoperative systematic therapy, chemotherapies including FOFLOX, and targeted therapies, such as IDH1, K-RAS, and FGFR inhibitors. Notably, the scientific basis and outcome of available treatment methods were compared with the standard first-line therapy. RESULTS CCAs at early stages should firstly undergo tumor resection surgery, followed by postoperative treatment with Capecitabine. Chemotherapy can be considered as a preoperative option for unresectable CCAs. Inoperable CCAs with genetic aberrances like FGFR alterations, IDH1, and KRAS mutations should be considered with targeted therapies. Fluoropyrimidine prodrug (S-1)/Gemcitabine/Cisplatin and nab-Paclitaxel/Gemcitabine/Cisplatin show favorable outcome which hints at the triplet regimen to be superior to Gemcitabine/Cisplatin on CCA. The triplet chemotherapeutic should be tested further compared to Gemcitabine/Cisplatin among CCAs without genetic alterations. Gemcitabine plus S-1 was recently suggested as the convenient and equivalent standard first-line for advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer. CONCLUSION This review provides a comparative outcome between novel targeted therapies and currently available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ly Thi Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Maria Bozko
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Khac Cuong Bui
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Bozko
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Low-grade glioneuronal tumors with FGFR2 fusion resolve into a single epigenetic group corresponding to 'Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young'. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:595-599. [PMID: 34322742 PMCID: PMC8357689 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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133
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Glenfield C, Innan H. Gene Duplication and Gene Fusion Are Important Drivers of Tumourigenesis during Cancer Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1376. [PMID: 34573358 PMCID: PMC8466788 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangement and genome instability are common features of cancer cells in human. Consequently, gene duplication and gene fusion events are frequently observed in human malignancies and many of the products of these events are pathogenic, representing significant drivers of tumourigenesis and cancer evolution. In certain subsets of cancers duplicated and fused genes appear to be essential for initiation of tumour formation, and some even have the capability of transforming normal cells, highlighting the importance of understanding the events that result in their formation. The mechanisms that drive gene duplication and fusion are unregulated in cancer and they facilitate rapid evolution by selective forces akin to Darwinian survival of the fittest on a cellular level. In this review, we examine current knowledge of the landscape and prevalence of gene duplication and gene fusion in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideki Innan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawar 240-0193, Japan;
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Bezrookove V, Patino JM, Nosrati M, Desprez PY, McAllister S, Soroceanu L, Baron A, Osorio R, Kashani-Sabet M, Dar AA. Niraparib Suppresses Cholangiocarcinoma Tumor Growth by Inducing Oxidative and Replication Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174405. [PMID: 34503215 PMCID: PMC8430987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor with limited therapeutic options, thus underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. We analyzed a publicly available CCA patient database to identify mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes. Mutations in DDR genes were prevalent, thus rendering these tumors potentially susceptible to poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition. PARP genes are critical to DNA repair and genomic stability. The role of PARP inhibitors in CCA was investigated by employing a series of in vitro functional assays and in vivo patient-derived xenograft models. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine for the treatment of CCA. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer, an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) 1 and 2 are important for deoxyribonucleotide acid (DNA) repair and maintenance of genomic stability. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) such as niraparib have been approved for different malignancies with genomic alteration in germline BRCA and DNA damage response (DDR) pathway genes. Genomic alterations were analyzed in DDR genes in CCA samples employing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Mutations were observed in various DDR genes, and 35.8% cases had alterations in at least one of three genes (ARID1A, BAP1 and ATM), suggesting their susceptibility to PARPi. Niraparib treatment suppressed cancer cell viability and survival, and also caused G2/M cell cycle arrest in patient-derived xenograft cells lines (PDXC) and established CCA cells harboring DDR gene mutations. PARPi treatment also induced apoptosis and caspase3/7 activity in PDXC and CCA cell lines, and substantially reduced expression of BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1 proteins. Niraparib caused a significant increase in oxidative stress, and induced activation of DNA damage markers, phosphorylation of CHK2 and replication fork stalling. Importantly, niraparib, in combination with gemcitabine, produced sustained and robust inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model more effectively than either treatment alone. Furthermore, tissue samples from mice treated with niraparib and gemcitabine display significantly lower expression levels of pHH3 and Ki-67, which are a mitotic and proliferative marker, respectively. Taken together, our results indicate niraparib as a novel therapeutic agent alone or in combination with gemcitabine for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Altaf A. Dar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-600-5909; Fax: +1-415-600-1719
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A pilot study of Pan-FGFR inhibitor ponatinib in patients with FGFR-altered advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2021; 40:134-141. [PMID: 34463891 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are rare, chemo resistant and are associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical and early clinical work had demonstrated interesting anti-tumor activity from targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway. We hypothesized that ponatinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against FGFR, would be active in BTC patients with FGFR alterations. Methods This was a multi-center, single institution pilot study of ponatinib in patients with advanced, refractory BTC with FGFR alterations. The primary end point was overall response rate, with secondary points of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) assessment. Results Twelve patients were enrolled prior to early termination of the trial. Partial responses were observed in 1 from 12 patients. Median PFS was 2.4 months and median OS was 15.7 months. All observed toxicities were manageable and reversible. Toxicities were mild, with lymphopenia (75%), rash (63%) and fatigue (50%) being the most frequent. No significant detriment in global QoL was observed. Conclusions Ponatinib as a single agent in FGFR altered BTC is tolerable with limited clinical activity. This is the first report of prospective assessment of FGFR inhibition in BTC using ponatinib, and the first study to report its effect on HRQoL. Further development of ponatinib will involve correlative studies to better refine patient selection, focus on combinations with other molecular targeted agents, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and studies to better understand mechanisms of treatment resistance.
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136
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Kao XM, Zhu X, Zhang JL, Chen SQ, Fan CG. FGFR2-TSC22D1, a novel FGFR2 fusion gene identified in a patient with colorectal cancer: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6867-6871. [PMID: 34447836 PMCID: PMC8362506 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FGFR signaling pathway is activated in multiple tumor types through gene amplifications, single base substitutions, or gene fusions. Novel FGFR gene fusions may represent candidate targets for the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report a patient with colorectal cancer (CRC) harboring a novel FGFR2 fusion gene. A 59-year-old man felt discomfort in his right upper abdomen with loss of appetite for 6 mo. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed the existence of a space-occupying lesion in the ascending colon. The pathological diagnosis was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Subsequent biopsy specimen was subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis, and a novel FGFR2-TSC22D1 fusion with complete kinase structure of FGFR2 protein was identified.
CONCLUSION We report the first case of CRC harboring FGFR2-TSC22D1, which enriches the FGFR2 fusion spectrum. FGFR2 inhibitors might be effective in the later treatment for this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Kao
- Research Institure of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Research Institure of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Shi-Qing Chen
- Department of Medical, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Chao-Gang Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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137
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Ida CM, Johnson DR, Nair AA, Davila J, Kollmeyer TM, Minn K, Fadra NM, Balcom JR, Fung KMA, Kim DK, Kaufmann TJ, Kipp BR, Halling KC, Jenkins RB, Giannini C. Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young (PLNTY): Molecular Profiling Confirms Frequent MAPK Pathway Activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:821-829. [PMID: 34363682 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is a recently described epileptogenic tumor characterized by oligodendroglioma-like components, aberrant CD34 expression, and frequent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. We molecularly profiled 13 cases with diagnostic histopathological features of PLNTY (10 female; median age, 16 years; range, 5-52). Patients frequently presented with seizures (9 of 12 with available history) and temporal lobe tumors (9 of 13). MAPK pathway activating alterations were identified in all 13 cases. Fusions were present in the 7 youngest patients: FGFR2-CTNNA3 (n = 2), FGFR2-KIAA1598 (FGFR2-SHTN1) (n = 1), FGFR2-INA (n = 1), FGFR2-MPRIP (n = 1), QKI-NTRK2 (n = 1), and KIAA1549-BRAF (n = 1). BRAF V600E mutation was present in 6 patients (17 years or older). Two fusion-positive cases additionally harbored TP53/RB1 abnormalities suggesting biallelic inactivation. Copy number changes predominantly involving whole chromosomes were observed in all 10 evaluated cases, with losses of chromosome 10q occurring with FGFR2-KIAA1598 (SHTN1)/CTNNA3 fusions. The KIAA1549-BRAF and QKI-NTRK2 fusions were associated respectively with a 7q34 deletion and 9q21 duplication. This study shows that despite its name, PLNTY also occurs in older adults, who frequently show BRAF V600E mutation. It also expands the spectrum of the MAPK pathway activating alterations associated with PLNTY and demonstrates recurrent chromosomal copy number changes consistent with chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M Ida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Derek R Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (DRJ, DKK, TJK)
| | - Asha A Nair
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (AAN, JD, NMF)
| | - Jaime Davila
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (AAN, JD, NMF).,Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, St Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA (JD)
| | - Thomas M Kollmeyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Kay Minn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Numrah M Fadra
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (AAN, JD, NMF)
| | - Jessica R Balcom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Kar-Ming A Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (KMAF)
| | - Dong Kun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (DRJ, DKK, TJK)
| | - Timothy J Kaufmann
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (DRJ, DKK, TJK)
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (CMI, TMK, KM, JRB, BRK, KCH, RBJ, CG)
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138
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Chew NJ, Lim Kam Sian TCC, Nguyen EV, Shin SY, Yang J, Hui MN, Deng N, McLean CA, Welm AL, Lim E, Gregory P, Nottle T, Lang T, Vereker M, Richardson G, Kerr G, Micati D, Jardé T, Abud HE, Lee RS, Swarbrick A, Daly RJ. Evaluation of FGFR targeting in breast cancer through interrogation of patient-derived models. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:82. [PMID: 34344433 PMCID: PMC8336364 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particular breast cancer subtypes pose a clinical challenge due to limited targeted therapeutic options and/or poor responses to the existing targeted therapies. While cell lines provide useful pre-clinical models, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and organoids (PDO) provide significant advantages, including maintenance of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, 3D architecture and for PDX, tumor-stroma interactions. In this study, we applied an integrated multi-omic approach across panels of breast cancer PDXs and PDOs in order to identify candidate therapeutic targets, with a major focus on specific FGFRs. METHODS MS-based phosphoproteomics, RNAseq, WES and Western blotting were used to characterize aberrantly activated protein kinases and effects of specific FGFR inhibitors. PDX and PDO were treated with the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors AZD4547 (FGFR1-3) and BLU9931 (FGFR4). FGFR4 expression in cancer tissue samples and PDOs was assessed by immunohistochemistry. METABRIC and TCGA datasets were interrogated to identify specific FGFR alterations and their association with breast cancer subtype and patient survival. RESULTS Phosphoproteomic profiling across 18 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and 1 luminal B PDX revealed considerable heterogeneity in kinase activation, but 1/3 of PDX exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of FGFR1, FGFR2 or FGFR4. One TNBC PDX with high FGFR2 activation was exquisitely sensitive to AZD4547. Integrated 'omic analysis revealed a novel FGFR2-SKI fusion that comprised the majority of FGFR2 joined to the C-terminal region of SKI containing the coiled-coil domains. High FGFR4 phosphorylation characterized a luminal B PDX model and treatment with BLU9931 significantly decreased tumor growth. Phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses confirmed on-target action of the two anti-FGFR drugs and also revealed novel effects on the spliceosome, metabolism and extracellular matrix (AZD4547) and RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptor signaling (BLU9931). Interrogation of public datasets revealed FGFR2 amplification, fusion or mutation in TNBC and other breast cancer subtypes, while FGFR4 overexpression and amplification occurred in all breast cancer subtypes and were associated with poor prognosis. Characterization of a PDO panel identified a luminal A PDO with high FGFR4 expression that was sensitive to BLU9931 treatment, further highlighting FGFR4 as a potential therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights how patient-derived models of human breast cancer provide powerful platforms for therapeutic target identification and analysis of drug action, and also the potential of specific FGFRs, including FGFR4, as targets for precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Chew
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Terry C C Lim Kam Sian
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Young Shin
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica Yang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Mun N Hui
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Niantao Deng
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Tim Nottle
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, 3149, Australia
| | - Tali Lang
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Melissa Vereker
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Gary Richardson
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Genevieve Kerr
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Diana Micati
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel S Lee
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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139
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Cristinziano G, Porru M, Lamberti D, Buglioni S, Rollo F, Amoreo CA, Manni I, Giannarelli D, Cristofoletti C, Russo G, Borad MJ, Grazi GL, Diodoro MG, Giordano S, Sacconi A, Forcato M, Anastasi S, Leonetti C, Segatto O. FGFR2 fusion proteins drive oncogenic transformation of mouse liver organoids towards cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 75:351-362. [PMID: 33741397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS About 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) express fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion proteins (FFs), usually alongside mutational inactivation of TP53, CDKN2A or BAP1. In FFs, FGFR2 residues 1-768 fuse to sequences encoded by a diverse array of partner genes (>60) causing oncogenic FF activation. While FGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (F-TKI) provide clinical benefit in FF+ iCCA, responses are partial and/or limited by resistance mechanisms, such as the V565F substitution in the FGFR2 gatekeeper residue. Improving on FF targeting in iCCA therefore remains a critical unmet need. Herein, we aimed to generate a murine model of FF-driven iCCA and use this to uncover actionable FF-associated dependencies. METHODS Four iCCA FFs carrying different fusion sequences were expressed in Tp53-/- mouse liver organoids. Tumorigenic properties of genetically modified liver organoids were assessed by transplantation into immuno-deficient mice. Cellular models derived from neoplastic lesions were exploited for pre-clinical studies. RESULTS Transplantation of FF-expressing liver organoids yielded tumors diagnosed as CCA based on histological, phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses. The penetrance of this tumorigenic phenotype was influenced by FF identity. Tumor organoids and 2D cell lines derived from CCA lesions were addicted to FF signaling via Ras-Erk, regardless of FF identity or V565F mutation. Dual blockade of FF and the Ras-Erk pathway by concomitant pharmacological inhibition of FFs and Mek1/2 provided greater therapeutic efficacy than single agent F-TKI in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS FF-driven iCCA pathogenesis was successfully modeled on a Tp53-/- murine background, revealing biological heterogeneity among structurally different FFs. Double blockade of FF-ERK signaling deserves consideration for precision-based approaches against human FF+ iCCA. LAY SUMMARY Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a rare cancer that is difficult to treat. A subtype of iCCA is caused by genomic alterations that generate oncogenic drivers known as FGFR2 fusions. Patients with FGFR2 fusions respond to FGFR inhibitors, but clinical responses are often of modest duration. We used animal and cellular models to show that FGFR2 fusions require the activity of a downstream effector named Mek1/2. We found that dual blockade of FGFR2 fusions and Mek1/2 was more effective than isolated inhibition of FGFR2 fusions, pointing to the potential clinical utility of dual FGFR2-MEK1/2 blockade in patients with iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cristinziano
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Porru
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Lamberti
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Azzurra Amoreo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- SAFU, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Giannarelli
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, USA
| | - Gian Luca Grazi
- Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Diodoro
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Anastasi
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- SAFU, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Oreste Segatto
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Vallejo A, Erice O, Entrialgo-Cadierno R, Feliu I, Guruceaga E, Perugorria MJ, Olaizola P, Muggli A, Macaya I, O'Dell M, Ruiz-Fernandez de Cordoba B, Ortiz-Espinosa S, Hezel AF, Arozarena I, Lecanda F, Avila MA, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Evert M, Ponz-Sarvise M, Calvisi DF, Banales JM, Vicent S. FOSL1 promotes cholangiocarcinoma via transcriptional effectors that could be therapeutically targeted. J Hepatol 2021; 75:363-376. [PMID: 33887357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a neoplasia of the biliary tract driven by genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms. Herein, we investigated the role of the transcription factor FOSL1, as well as its downstream transcriptional effectors, in the development and progression of CCA. METHODS FOSL1 was investigated in human CCA clinical samples. Genetic inhibition of FOSL1 in human and mouse CCA cell lines was performed in in vitro and in vivo models using constitutive and inducible short-hairpin RNAs. Conditional FOSL1 ablation was done using a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of CCA (mutant KRAS and Trp53 knockout). Follow-up RNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing analyses were carried out and downstream targets were validated using genetic and pharmacological inhibition. RESULTS An inter-species analysis of FOSL1 in CCA was conducted. First, FOSL1 was found to be highly upregulated in human and mouse CCA, and associated with poor patient survival. Pharmacological inhibition of different signalling pathways in CCA cells converged on the regulation of FOSL1 expression. Functional experiments showed that FOSL1 is required for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro, and for tumour growth and tumour maintenance in both orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft models. Likewise, FOSL1 genetic abrogation in a GEM model of CCA extended mouse survival by decreasing the oncogenic potential of transformed cholangiocytes. RNA and ChIP sequencing studies identified direct and indirect transcriptional effectors such as HMGCS1 and AURKA, whose genetic and pharmacological inhibition phenocopied FOSL1 loss. CONCLUSIONS Our data illustrate the functional and clinical relevance of FOSL1 in CCA and unveil potential targets amenable to pharmacological inhibition that could enable the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies. LAY SUMMARY Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) development and progression stands as a critical step for the development of novel therapies. Through an inter-species approach, this study provides evidence of the clinical and functional role of the transcription factor FOSL1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, we report that downstream effectors of FOSL1 are susceptible to pharmacological inhibition, thus providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Vallejo
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Iker Feliu
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Computational Biology Program, Pamplona, Spain; ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital -, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Paula Olaizola
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital -, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muggli
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irati Macaya
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Michael O'Dell
- University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Sergio Ortiz-Espinosa
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aram F Hezel
- University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Cancer Signalling Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain; University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Hepatology Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain; University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Hepatology Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital -, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Sciences, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- University of Navarra, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumours, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain.
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Significant Response to Camrelizumab Plus Targeted Drugs in Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: a Case Report and Literature Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:817-824. [PMID: 34312770 PMCID: PMC9436883 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver cancer, and is associated with a poor prognosis and rising incidence rate. Methods Here, we reported the case of a middle-aged Asian male who presented with a 9.5-cm liver lesion and was diagnosed with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Results The patient experienced recurrence three times, twice following radical resection and standard adjuvant chemotherapy and once following camrelizumab plus apatinib, after which the tumor progressed with elevated CA 19.9 level. After tissue biopsy for next-generation sequencing, apatinib was replaced by lenvatinib, and the patient achieved disease control again, with a progression-free survival of 10 months. Conclusion Combined immunotherapy and targeted therapy regimens are a promising approach for refractory intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Further well-designed prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety. Since intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by high heterogeneity and with complex crosstalk among oncogenic pathways, further exploration is required to more deeply understand the mechanism of action of this treatment approach and guide individualized treatment selection.
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King G, Javle M. FGFR Inhibitors: Clinical Activity and Development in the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:108. [PMID: 34269915 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment. Gene sequencing studies have identified genetic alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) in a significant proportion of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients. This review will discuss the FGFR signaling pathway's role in CCA and highlight the development of therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway. RECENT FINDINGS The development of highly potent and selective FGFR inhibitors has led to the approval of pemigatinib for FGFR2 fusion or rearranged CCA. Other selective FGFR inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation and show promising activity. Despite encouraging results, the emergence of resistance is inevitable. Studies using circulating tumor DNA and on-treatment tissue biopsies have elucidated underlying mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance. There is a critical need to not only develop more effective compounds, but also innovative sequencing strategies and combinations to overcome resistance to selective FGFR inhibition. Therapeutic development of precision medicine for FGFR-altered CCA is a dynamic process of involving a comprehensive understanding of tumor biology, rational clinical trial design, and therapeutic optimization. Alterations in FGFR represent a valid therapeutic target in CCA and selective FGFR inhibitors are treatment options for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentry King
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, 825 Eastlake Avenue East, LG-465, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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143
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Comprehensive functional evaluation of variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor genes in cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:66. [PMID: 34272467 PMCID: PMC8285406 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Various genetic alterations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family have been detected across a wide range of cancers. However, inhibition of FGFR signaling by kinase inhibitors demonstrated limited clinical effectiveness. Herein, we evaluated the transforming activity and sensitivity of 160 nonsynonymous FGFR mutations and ten fusion genes to seven FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) using the mixed-all-nominated-in-one (MANO) method, a high-throughput functional assay. The oncogenicity of 71 mutants was newly discovered in this study. The FGFR TKIs showed anti-proliferative activities against the wild-type FGFRs and their fusions, while several hotspot mutants were relatively resistant to those TKIs. The drug sensitivities assessed with the MANO method were well concordant with those evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Comprehensive analysis of published FGFR structures revealed a possible mechanism through which oncogenic FGFR mutations reduce sensitivity to TKIs. It was further revealed that recurrent compound mutations within FGFRs affect the transforming potential and TKI-sensitivity of corresponding kinases. In conclusion, our study suggests the importance of selecting suitable inhibitors against individual FGFR variants. Moreover, it reveals the necessity to develop next-generation FGFR inhibitors, which are effective against all oncogenic FGFR variants.
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144
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Du G, Jiang J, Wu Q, Henning NJ, Donovan KA, Yue H, Che J, Lu W, Fischer ES, Bardeesy N, Zhang T, Gray NS. Discovery of a Potent Degrader for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1/2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Du
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Cancer Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Henning
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology Dana Farber Cancer Institute 360 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
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Du G, Jiang J, Wu Q, Henning NJ, Donovan KA, Yue H, Che J, Lu W, Fischer ES, Bardeesy N, Zhang T, Gray NS. Discovery of a Potent Degrader for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1/2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15905-15911. [PMID: 33915015 PMCID: PMC8324087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of FGFR signaling occurs in many cancers, and ATP-competitive FGFR inhibitors have received regulatory approval. Despite demonstrating clinical efficacy, these inhibitors exhibit dose-limiting toxicity, potentially due to a lack of selectivity amongst the FGFR family and are poorly tolerated. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of DGY-09-192, a bivalent degrader that couples the pan-FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 to a CRL2VHL E3 ligase recruiting ligand, which preferentially induces FGFR1&2 degradation while largely sparing FGFR3&4. DGY-09-192 exhibited two-digit nanomolar DC50 s for both wildtype FGFR2 and several FGFR2-fusions, resulting in degradation-dependent antiproliferative activity in representative gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma cells. Importantly, DGY-09-192 induced degradation of a clinically relevant FGFR2 fusion protein in a xenograft model. Taken together, we demonstrate that DGY-09-192 has potential as a prototype FGFR degrader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henning
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Chen Z, Li Y, Tan B, Li F, Zhao Q, Fan L, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang D. Long Non-coding RNA ASNR Targeting miR-519e-5p Promotes Gastric Cancer Development by Regulating FGFR2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679176. [PMID: 34307360 PMCID: PMC8299726 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), as a common gastrointestinal tumor, is an important cause of death from cancer all around the world. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a novel class of transcripts, have attracted great attention of researchers. However, the mechanisms of the clinical significance of most lncRNAs in human cancer are mainly undocumented. This research desires to explore the clinical significance, biological function, and mechanism of Lnc_ASNR (apoptosis suppressing-non-coding RNA) in GC. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell migration, and invasion abilities were respectively determined by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT), flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assay (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States). The association of Lnc_ASNR, miR-519e-5p, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was evaluated via luciferase reporter experiments. The tumor xenograft assay was conducted to confirm the results of cell experiments. High expressed Lnc_ASNR was detected in both GC cells and tissues using qRT-PCR. Downregulated Lnc_ASNR could reduce proliferation, migration, and invasion in GC cells, while upregulated Lnc_ASNR could promote the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, the effect of Lnc_ASNR on migration and invasion ability is closely related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assay, and Western blot demonstrated that Lnc_ASNR inhibited miR-519e-5p expression but increased FGFR2 expression. Lnc_ASNR and FGFR2 were both targeted to miR-519e-5p, and they were negatively correlated with the expression of miR-519e-5p. All investigations indicated that Lnc_ASNR functioned as a ceRNA targeting miR-519e-5p and facilitated GC development by regulating the pathway of miR-519e-5p/FGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bibo Tan
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liqiao Fan
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen T, Liu H, Liu Z, Li K, Qin R, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Gao Q, Pan C, Yang F, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y. FGF19 and FGFR4 promotes the progression of gallbladder carcinoma in an autocrine pathway dependent on GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 axis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4941-4953. [PMID: 34163030 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are limited and GBC prognosis remains poor. There is no well-accepted targeted therapy to date, so effective biomarkers of GBC are urgently needed. Here we investigated the expression and correlations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1-4) and 18 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in two independent patient cohorts and evaluated their prognostic significance. Consequently, we demonstrated that both FGF19 and FGFR4 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers, and their co-expression was a more sensitive predictor. By analyzing the correlations between all 18 FGFs and FGFR4, we showed that FGF19 expression was significantly associated with FGFR4 and promoted GBC progression via stimulating FGFR4. With experiments using GBC cells, GPBAR1-/- mice models, and human subjects, we demonstrated that elevated bile acids (BAs) could increase the transcription and expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. FGF19 secreted from GBC cells promoted GBC progression by stimulating FGFR4 and downstream ERK in an autocrine manner with bile as a potential carrier. Patients with GBC had significantly higher FGF19 in serum and bile, compared to patients with cholelithiasis. BLU9931 inhibited FGFR4 and attenuated its oncogenic effects in GBC cell line. In conclusion, upregulation of BAs elevated co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. Co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 was a sensitive and unfavorable prognostic marker. GBC cells secreted FGF19 and facilitated progression by activating FGFR4 with bile as a potential carrier in an autocrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinglun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Bolcaen J, Nair S, Driver CHS, Boshomane TMG, Ebenhan T, Vandevoorde C. Novel Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Inhibitors for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:626. [PMID: 34209513 PMCID: PMC8308832 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) remains the most fatal brain tumor characterized by a high infiltration rate and treatment resistance. Overexpression and/or mutation of receptor tyrosine kinases is common in GB, which subsequently leads to the activation of many downstream pathways that have a critical impact on tumor progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have been investigated to improve the dismal prognosis of GB in an effort to evolve into a personalized targeted therapy strategy with a better treatment outcome. Numerous RTKIs have been approved in the clinic and several radiopharmaceuticals are part of (pre)clinical trials as a non-invasive method to identify patients who could benefit from RTKI. The latter opens up the scope for theranostic applications. In this review, the present status of RTKIs for the treatment, nuclear imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of GB is presented. The focus will be on seven tyrosine kinase receptors, based on their central role in GB: EGFR, VEGFR, MET, PDGFR, FGFR, Eph receptor and IGF1R. Finally, by way of analyzing structural and physiological characteristics of the TKIs with promising clinical trial results, four small molecule RTKIs were selected based on their potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Cathryn H. S. Driver
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits 0240, South Africa;
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
| | - Tebatso M. G. Boshomane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Department of Science and Technology, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
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149
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Insights of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 aberrations in pan-cancer and their roles in potential clinical treatment. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16541-16566. [PMID: 34160364 PMCID: PMC8266346 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) alters frequently across various cancer types and is a common therapeutic target in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) with FGFR3 variants. Although emerging evidence supports the role of FGFR3 in individual cancer types, no pan-cancer analysis is available. In this work, we used the open comprehensive datasets, covering a total of 10,953 patients with 10,967 samples across 32 TCGA cancer types, to identify the full alteration spectrum of FGFR3. FGFR3 abnormal expression, methylation patterns, alteration frequency, mutation location distribution, functional impact, and prognostic implications differed greatly from cancer to cancer. The overall alteration frequency of FGFR3 was relatively low in all cancers. Targetable mutations were mainly detected in BLCA, and S249C, Y373C, G370C, and R248C were hotspot mutations that could be targeted by an FDA approved erdafitinib. Genetic fusions were mainly observed in glioma, followed by BLCA. FGFR3-TACC3 was the most common fusion type which was proposed as novel therapeutic targets in glioma and was targetable with erdafitinib in BLCA. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) were two lung cancer subtypes, FGFR3 fusion and hotspot mutation like S249C were observed more commonly in LUSC but not in LUAD. DNA methylation was correlated with the expression of FGFR3 and its downstream genes in some tumors. FGFG3 abnormal expression and alterations exhibited clinical correlations with patient prognosis in several tumors. This work exhibited the full alteration spectrum of FGFR3 and indicated several new clues for their application as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators.
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150
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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