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HEBER STEFAN, ASSINGER ALICE, POKAN ROCHUS, VOLF IVO. Correlation between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Platelet Function in Healthy Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1101-10. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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102
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Cameron-Vendrig A, Reheman A, Siraj MA, Xu XR, Wang Y, Lei X, Afroze T, Shikatani E, El-Mounayri O, Noyan H, Weissleder R, Ni H, Husain M. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Activation Attenuates Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis. Diabetes 2016; 65:1714-23. [PMID: 26936963 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-term studies in subjects with diabetes receiving glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-targeted therapies have suggested a reduced number of cardiovascular events. The mechanisms underlying this unexpectedly rapid effect are not known. We cloned full-length GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) mRNA from a human megakaryocyte cell line (MEG-01), and found expression levels of GLP-1Rs in MEG-01 cells to be higher than those in the human lung but lower than in the human pancreas. Incubation with GLP-1 and the GLP-1R agonist exenatide elicited a cAMP response in MEG-01 cells, and exenatide significantly inhibited thrombin-, ADP-, and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Incubation with exenatide also inhibited thrombus formation under flow conditions in ex vivo perfusion chambers using human and mouse whole blood. In a mouse cremaster artery laser injury model, a single intravenous injection of exenatide inhibited thrombus formation in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic mice in vivo. Thrombus formation was greater in mice transplanted with bone marrow lacking a functional GLP-1R (Glp1r(-/-)), compared with those receiving wild-type bone marrow. Although antithrombotic effects of exenatide were partly lost in mice transplanted with bone marrow from Glp1r(-/-) mice, they were undetectable in mice with a genetic deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The inhibition of platelet function and the prevention of thrombus formation by GLP-1R agonists represent potential mechanisms for reduced atherothrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Cameron-Vendrig
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adili Reheman
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Ahsan Siraj
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiming Wang
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talat Afroze
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Shikatani
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar El-Mounayri
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Noyan
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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103
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Kraakman MJ, Dragoljevic D, Kammoun HL, Murphy AJ. Is the risk of cardiovascular disease altered with anti-inflammatory therapies? Insights from rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e84. [PMID: 27350883 PMCID: PMC4910124 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of CVD, which is complex and multifactorial with an elevated risk observed in people with either metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence now links obesity with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and has renewed our understanding of this condition and its associated comorbidities. An emerging theme linking disease states with atherosclerosis is the increased production of myeloid cells, which can initiate and exacerbate atherogenesis. Although anti-inflammatory drug treatments exist and have been successfully used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a commonly observed side effect is dyslipidemia, inadvertently, a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms leading to dyslipidemia associated with anti-inflammatory drug use and whether CVD risk is actually increased by this dyslipidemia are of great therapeutic importance and currently remain poorly understood. Here we review recent data providing links between inflammation, hematopoiesis, dyslipidemia and CVD risk in the context of anti-inflammatory drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kraakman
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dragana Dragoljevic
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Wnt signaling encompasses multiple and complex signaling cascades and is involved in many developmental processes such as tissue patterning, cell fate specification, and control of cell division. Consequently, accurate regulation of signaling activities is essential for proper embryonic development. Wnt signaling is mostly silent in the healthy adult organs but a reactivation of Wnt signaling is generally observed under pathological conditions. This has generated increasing interest in this pathway from a therapeutic point of view. In this review article, the involvement of Wnt signaling in cardiovascular development will be outlined, followed by its implication in myocardial infarct healing, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. The initial experiments not always offer consensus on the effects of activation or inactivation of the pathway, which may be attributed to (i) the type of cardiac disease, (ii) timing of the intervention, and (iii) type of cells that are targeted. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the exact implication of Wnt signaling in the conditions mentioned above to exploit it as a powerful therapeutic target.
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105
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Splenic release of platelets contributes to increased circulating platelet size and inflammation after myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1089-104. [PMID: 27129192 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by a rapid increase in circulating platelet size but the mechanism for this is unclear. Large platelets are hyperactive and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We determined mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet-monocyte conjugation (PMC) using blood samples from patients, and blood and the spleen from mice with AMI. We further measured changes in platelet size, PMC, cardiac and splenic contents of platelets and leucocyte infiltration into the mouse heart. In AMI patients, circulating MPV and PMC increased at 1-3 h post-MI and MPV returned to reference levels within 24 h after admission. In mice with MI, increases in platelet size and PMC became evident within 12 h and were sustained up to 72 h. Splenic platelets are bigger than circulating platelets in normal or infarct mice. At 24 h post-MI, splenic platelet storage was halved whereas cardiac platelets increased by 4-fold. Splenectomy attenuated all changes observed in the blood, reduced leucocyte and platelet accumulation in the infarct myocardium, limited infarct size and alleviated cardiac dilatation and dysfunction. AMI-induced elevated circulating levels of adenosine diphosphate and catecholamines in both human and the mouse, which may trigger splenic platelet release. Pharmacological inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme, β1-adrenergic receptor or platelet P2Y12 receptor reduced platelet abundance in the murine infarct myocardium albeit having diverse effects on platelet size and PMC. In conclusion, AMI evokes release of splenic platelets, which contributes to the increase in platelet size and PMC and facilitates myocardial accumulation of platelets and leucocytes, thereby promoting post-infarct inflammation.
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106
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Goetzl EJ, Goetzl L, Karliner JS, Tang N, Pulliam L. Human plasma platelet-derived exosomes: effects of aspirin. FASEB J 2016; 30:2058-63. [PMID: 26873936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived exosomes mediate platelet atherogenic interactions with endothelial cells and monocytes. A new method for isolation of plasma platelet-derived exosomes is described and used to examine effects of aging and aspirin on exosome cargo proteins. Exosome secretion by purified platelets in vitro did not increase after exposure to thrombin or collagen, as assessed by exosome counts and quantification of the CD81 exosome marker. Thrombin and collagen increased exosome content of α-granule chemokines CXCL4 and CXCL7 and cytoplasmic high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, but not membrane platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI), with dependence on extracellular calcium. Aspirin consumption significantly blocked thrombin- and collagen-induced increases in exosome cargo levels of chemokines and HMGB1, without altering total exosome secretion or GPVI cargo. Plasma platelet-derived exosomes, enriched by absorption with mouse antihuman CD42b [platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)] mAb, had sizes and cargo protein contents similar to those of exosomes from purified platelets. The plasma platelet-derived exosome number is lower and its chemokine and HMGB1 levels higher after age 65 yr. Aspirin consumption significantly suppressed cargo protein levels of plasma platelet-derived exosomes without altering total levels of exosomes. Cargo proteins of human plasma platelet-derived exosomes may biomark platelet abnormalities and in vivo effects of drugs.- Goetzl, E. J., Goetzl, L., Karliner, J. S., Tang, N., Pulliam, L. Human plasma platelet-derived exosomes: effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Karliner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norina Tang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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107
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Potent irreversible P2Y12 inhibition does not reduce LPS-induced coagulation activation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:433-40. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intake of prasugrel, a strong P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, does not affect LPS-induced activation of coagulation. Sterile inflammation by LPS increases histone-complexed DNA, a surrogate parameter of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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108
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Gerdes N, Seijkens T, Lievens D, Kuijpers MJE, Winkels H, Projahn D, Hartwig H, Beckers L, Megens RTA, Boon L, Noelle RJ, Soehnlein O, Heemskerk JWM, Weber C, Lutgens E. Platelet CD40 Exacerbates Atherosclerosis by Transcellular Activation of Endothelial Cells and Leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:482-90. [PMID: 26821950 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beyond their eminent role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are recognized as mediators of inflammation. Platelet cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) ligand (CD40L and CD154) plays a key role in mediating platelet-induced inflammation in atherosclerosis. CD40, the receptor for CD40L, is present on platelets; however, the role of CD40 on this cell type is until now undefined. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that in both mice and humans, platelet CD40 mediates the formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates and the release of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4. Leukocytes were also less prone to adhere to CD40-deficient thrombi. However, platelet CD40 was not involved in platelet aggregation. Activated platelets isolated from Cd40(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice adhered less to the endothelium upon injection into Apoe(-/-) mice when compared with CD40-sufficient platelets. Furthermore, lack of CD40 on injected platelets led to reduced leukocyte recruitment to the carotid artery as assayed by intravital microscopy. This was accompanied by a decrease in endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, VE-cadherin, and P-selectin expression. To investigate the effect of platelet CD40 in atherosclerosis, Apoe(-/-) mice received thrombin-activated Apoe(-/-) or Cd40(-/-)Apoe(-/-) platelets every 5 days for 12 weeks, starting at the age of 17 weeks, when atherosclerotic plaques had already formed. When compared with mice that received Apoe(-/-) platelets, those receiving Cd40(-/-)Apoe(-/-) platelets exhibited a >2-fold reduction in atherosclerosis. Plaques of mice receiving CD40-deficient platelets were less advanced, contained less macrophages, neutrophils, and collagen, and displayed smaller lipid cores. CONCLUSIONS Platelet CD40 plays a crucial role in inflammation by stimulating leukocyte activation and recruitment and activation of endothelial cells, thereby promoting atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gerdes
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Tom Seijkens
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Dirk Lievens
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Delia Projahn
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Helene Hartwig
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Linda Beckers
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Remco T A Megens
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Louis Boon
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (N.G., D.L., H.W., D.P., R.T.A.M., O.S., C.W., E.L.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.S., H.H., L.B., O.S., E.L.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H., C.W.); Bioceros BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands (L.B.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH (R.J.N.).
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109
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Pfluecke C, Berndt K, Wydra S, Tarnowski D, Barthel P, Quick S, Ulbrich S, Christoph M, Waessnig N, Speiser U, Wunderlich C, Poitz DM, Strasser RH, Ibrahim K. Atrial fibrillation is associated with high levels of monocyte-platelet-aggregates and increased CD11b expression in patients with aortic stenosis. Thromb Haemost 2016; 115:993-1000. [PMID: 26763077 DOI: 10.1160/th15-06-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a pivotal role of inflammatory processes in AF in a bidirectional manner. Infiltrating leukocytes seem to promote both structural and electrical remodelling processes in patients with AF. Monocyte-platelets-aggregates (MPAs) are sensitive markers of both platelets and monocyte activation. So far it is not clear whether the content of MPAs is affected by AF. The present study examined the content of MPAs and the activation of monocytes in elderly patients with an aortic stenosis in dependence of AF. These patients are known to have a high prevalence of AF. Flow-cytometric quantification analysis demonstrated that patients with AF have an increased content of MPAs (207 ± 13 cells/µl vs 307 ± 21 cells/µl, p< 0.001), and enhanced expression of CD11b on monocytes (p< 0.001), compared to patients in stable sinus rhythm (SR). The number of CD14+/CD16+ monocytes were only slightly elevated in patients with AF. These findings were seen in patients with permanent AF. But also patients with paroxysmal AF, even when presenting in SR, the MPAs were increased by 50 % (p< 0.05) as well as the CD11b expression, which was twice as high (p< 0.05) compared to stable SR. These results demonstrate for the first time a dependency of MPAs and CD11b expression on monocytes in the presence of AF and support the notion of a close relationship between AF, thrombogenesis and inflammation. The content of MPAs and the extent of activation on monocytes appear promising as biomarkers for paroxysmal AF and as possible future targets for developing novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pfluecke
- Dr. med. Christian Pfluecke, Fetscherstrasse 76, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Tel.: +49 351 4500, Fax: +49 351 450 1702, E-mail:
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Lopez-Vilchez I, Diaz-Ricart M, Galan AM, Roque M, Caballo C, Molina P, White JG, Escolar G. Internalization of Tissue Factor-Rich Microvesicles by Platelets Occurs Independently of GPIIb-IIIa, and Involves CD36 Receptor, Serotonin Transporter and Cytoskeletal Assembly. J Cell Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lopez-Vilchez
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Ana M. Galan
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Merce Roque
- Institute Clinic of Thorax; Hospital Clinic, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 170 Villarroel Street; Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Carolina Caballo
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - Patricia Molina
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
| | - James G. White
- Departments of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine and Pediatrics; University of Minnesota; 420 Delaware Street S.E. Minneapolis Minnesota 55455
| | - Gines Escolar
- Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis; Hospital Clinic, Centre of Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona; 170 Villarroel Street Barcelona 08036 Spain
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Solh M, Morgan S, McCullough J, Shanley R, Weisdorf DJ. Blood transfusions and pulmonary complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transfusion 2015; 56:653-61. [PMID: 26635307 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion of blood products is an essential component of the hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) process. Blood transfusion carries several risks including, but not limited to, lung injury. The effect of transfusions on lung complications after HCT has not been previously investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 215 adult allogeneic HCT recipients at the University of Minnesota and examined the association between transfusion of blood components and development of lung complications after HCT. Patients without lung complications were used as the control group. RESULTS A total of 113 (58%) of the patients developed lung injury events before Day 180 after HCT. Six-month survival was significantly lower in the lung event group (52%) versus the controls (78%; p = 0.01). Patients who eventually developed lung events received more transfusion episodes per week in the first month after HCT (median, 4.3 vs. 2.7 for controls), platelet units per week (3.5 vs. 2.0), and RBC units per week (1.8 vs. 1.4; p < 0.01) for all. In a multivariable analysis, each additional transfusion before Day +30 was associated with a 2.7% higher risk of lung complication (95% confidence interval, 0.8-4.8; p = 0.01), adjusting for time to engraftment, conditioning intensity, and donor type. Blood utilization increased after the lung event and remained high for several months relative to controls. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that transfusion of blood products is associated with and may further complicate lung complications after HCT. Cautious use of blood components in the post HCT period is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melhem Solh
- The Blood and Marrow Transplant Group of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation
| | - Shanna Morgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey McCullough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Program
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113
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Ahmadsei M, Lievens D, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P, Gerdes N. Immune-mediated and lipid-mediated platelet function in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:438-48. [PMID: 26270811 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis, the main underlying disease of CVD, will enable improved preventive and therapeutic options, thus potentially limiting the burden of vascular disease in aging societies. A large body of evidence illustrates the contribution of platelets to processes beyond their traditionally recognized role as mediators in thrombosis and hemostasis. Recent advances in molecular biology help to understand the complexity of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS This article outlines the role of platelets as modulators of immune responses in the context of atherosclerosis. It provides a short overview of interactions between platelets and endothelial cells or immune cells via direct cell contact or soluble factors during atherogenesis. By means of some well examined, exemplary pathways (e.g. CD40/CD40L dyad), this article will discuss recent discoveries in immune-related function of platelets. We also focus on the relationship between platelets and the lipid metabolism highlighting potential consequences to atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. SUMMARY A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of platelet-related immune activity allows their utilization as powerful diagnostic tools or targets of therapeutic intervention. Those findings might help to develop new classes of drugs which may supplement or replace classical anticoagulants and help clinicians to tackle CVD more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiwand Ahmadsei
- aInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany bDZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
We have proposed that modified platelets could potentially be used to correct intrinsic platelet defects as well as for targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules to sights of vascular injury. Ectopic expression of proteins within α-granules prior to platelet activation has been achieved for several proteins, including urokinase, factor (F) VIII, and partially for FIX. Potential uses of platelet-directed therapeutics will be discussed, focusing on targeted delivery of urokinase as a thromboprophylactic agent and FVIII for the treatment of hemophilia A patients with intractable inhibitors. This presentation will discuss new strategies that may be useful in the care of patients with vascular injury as well as remaining challenges and limitations of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lyde
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Sabatino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S K Sullivan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - M Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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115
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Flierl U, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Modulation of platelet and monocyte function by the chemokine fractalkine (CX3 CL1) in cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:624-33. [PMID: 25832902 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine fractalkine, CX3CL1, bears unique features within the chemokine family: it exists in a membrane bound form acting as an adhesion molecule and surface receptor; however, when cleaved by ADAM 10, it functions as a soluble chemokine. Fractalkine and its chemokine receptor CX3CR1 are known to have multiple roles in diverse human diseases, for example inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, renal diseases and atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the material obtained via PubMed up to November 2014. The key search terms used were 'fractalkine', 'CX3CL1', 'CX3CR1', 'cardiovascular disease', 'platelets', 'monocytes' and 'platelet-monocyte complexes'. RESULTS Atherosclerosis is recognized as a highly inflammatory disease, and it has become increasingly evident that the immune system plays an important role in atherogenesis and atheroprogression. Two blood cell populations are crucially involved in the early development of atherosclerotic lesions: monocytes and platelets. They are detected at vascular sites of endothelial dysfunction and are involved in inflammatory immune responses. These cells directly interact with each other, forming platelet-monocyte complexes that are increased in cardiovascular diseases. During the development of atherosclerosis, fractalkine mediates leukocyte recruitment to the inflamed endothelium, which promotes early formation of lesions. This process only effectively works in the presence of activated platelets. It has been suggested that fractalkine and its receptor contribute to platelet-monocyte aggregate formation underlining the two important impacts of this chemokine for platelets as well as monocytes. CONCLUSION Interesting data hint at a role of fractalkine for platelet activation, adhesion and subsequent monocyte recruitment to activated endothelial cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact mechanisms remain to become unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flierl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Genome-wide association study of platelet aggregation in African Americans. BMC Genet 2015; 16:58. [PMID: 26024889 PMCID: PMC4448541 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that platelet aggregation has higher heritability in African Americans than European Americans. However, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of platelet aggregation in African Americans has not been reported. We measured platelet aggregation in response to arachidonic acid, ADP, collagen, or epinephrine by optical aggregometry. The discovery cohort was 825 African Americans from the GeneSTAR study. Two replication cohorts were used: 119 African Americans from the Platelet Genes and Physiology Study and 1221 European Americans from GeneSTAR. Genotyping was conducted with Illumina 1 M arrays. For each cohort, age- and sex-adjusted linear mixed models were used to test for association between each SNP and each phenotype under an additive model. RESULTS Six SNPs were significantly associated with platelet aggregation (P<5×10(-8)) in the discovery sample. Of these, three SNPs in three different loci were confirmed: 1) rs12041331, in PEAR1 (platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1), replicated in both African and European Americans for collagen- and epinephrine-induced aggregation, and in European Americans for ADP-induced aggregation; 2) rs11202221, in BMPR1A (bone morphogenetic protein receptor type1A), replicated in African Americans for ADP-induced aggregation; and 3) rs6566765 replicated in European Americans for ADP-induced aggregation. The rs11202221 and rs6566765 associations with agonist-induced platelet aggregation are novel. CONCLUSIONS In this first GWAS of agonist-induced platelet aggregation in African Americans, we discovered and replicated, novel associations of two variants with ADP-induced aggregation, and confirmed the association of a PEAR1 variant with multi-agonist-induced aggregation. Further study of these genes may provide novel insights into platelet biology.
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117
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Alexandru N, Andrei E, Dragan E, Georgescu A. Interaction of platelets with endothelial progenitor cells in the experimental atherosclerosis: Role of transplanted endothelial progenitor cells and platelet microparticles. Biol Cell 2015; 107:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Alexandru
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Eugen Andrei
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Emanuel Dragan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
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Wang Y, Cheng WL, Wang Y, Peng JP, Yuan J, Chen L, Pan L, Li H, Guo J. Qingre quyu granule stabilizes plaques through inhibiting the expression of tenascin-C in patients with severe carotid stenosis. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21:339-45. [PMID: 25776840 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effects of Qingre Quyu Granule (QQG) on the patients with severe carotid stenosis, and to explore the mechanism of it. METHODS Ninety-six patients with severe carotid stenosis were enrolled in the study and were classified into a QQG group (n=48) and a control group (n=48) randomly using consecutively numbered envelopes. The patients in the QQG group were given QQG and Western medicine, those in the control group were given Western medicine merely, the course of treatment was 16 weeks. All patients went through endarterectomy after treatment. Plaques were subjected to the analysis of CD3, CD68, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), CD40L, tenascin-C, and collagen content lipid content by immunohistochemistry or polarized light analysis. RESULTS By the end of experiment, the expressions of CD3, CD68, ICAM-1, MMP9, CD40L and tenascin-C on the plaques were statistically significant lower in the QQG group compared with the control group(P<0.01). The lipid content of the plaque was also significantly lower in the QQG group compared with the control group (P<0.01). The interstitial collagen in the tissue sections of the plaques was also significantly higher in the QQG group in comparison with the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION QQG could stabilize carotid artery plaques through inhibiting pro-inflammation factors and restraining the tenascin-C and MMP9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 25798138 PMCID: PMC4351644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contribute to processes beyond thrombus formation and may play a so far underestimated role as an immune cell in various circumstances. This review outlines immune functions of platelets in host defense, but also how they may contribute to mechanisms of infectious diseases. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction of platelets with other immune cells. Furthermore, this article outlines the features of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular disease highlighting the role of platelet crosstalk with cellular and soluble factors involved in atheroprogression. Understanding, how platelets influence these processes of vascular remodeling will shed light on their role for tissue homeostasis beyond intravascular thrombosis. Finally, translational implications of platelet-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Nording
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Zhang S, Zhang S, Hu L, Zhai L, Xue R, Ye J, Chen L, Cheng G, Mruk J, Kunapuli SP, Ding Z. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 receptor is expressed in platelets and enhances platelet activation and thrombosis. Circulation 2015; 131:1160-70. [PMID: 25825396 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pattern recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is well investigated in immunity, but its expression and function in platelets has never been explored. METHOD AND RESULTS Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, we show that both human and mouse platelets express NOD2, and its agonist muramyl dipeptide induced NOD2 activation as evidenced by receptor dimerization. NOD2 activation potentiates platelet aggregation and secretion induced by low concentrations of thrombin or collagen, and clot retraction, as well. These potentiating effects of muramyl dipeptide were not seen in platelets from NOD2-deficient mice. Plasma from septic patients also potentiates platelet aggregation induced by thrombin or collagen NOD2 dependently. Using intravital microscopy, we found that muramyl dipeptide administration accelerated in vivo thrombosis in a FeCl3-injured mesenteric arteriole thrombosis mouse model. Platelet depletion and transfusion experiments confirmed that NOD2 from platelets contributes to the in vivo thrombosis in mice. NOD2 activation also accelerates platelet-dependent hemostasis. We further found that platelets express receptor-interacting protein 2, and provided evidence suggesting that mitogen activated-protein kinase and nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase/cGMP/protein kinase G pathways downstream of receptor-interacting protein mediate the role of NOD2 in platelets. Finally, muramyl dipeptide stimulates proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β maturation and accumulation in human and mouse platelets NOD2 dependently. CONCLUSIONS NOD2 is expressed in platelets and functions in platelet activation and arterial thrombosis, possibly during infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study on NOD-like receptors in platelets that link thrombotic events to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Shenghui Zhang
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Liang Hu
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Lili Zhai
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Ruyi Xue
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Jianqin Ye
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Leilei Chen
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Guanjun Cheng
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Jozef Mruk
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.)
| | - Zhongren Ding
- From Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China (Si Zhang, Shenghui Zhang, L.H., L.Z., J.Y., L.C., Z.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China (R.X.); Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, (G.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita (J.S.M.); and Department of Physiology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (S.P.K.).
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Li J, Kim K, Barazia A, Tseng A, Cho J. Platelet-neutrophil interactions under thromboinflammatory conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2627-43. [PMID: 25650236 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platelets primarily mediate hemostasis and thrombosis, whereas leukocytes are responsible for immune responses. Since platelets interact with leukocytes at the site of vascular injury, thrombosis and vascular inflammation are closely intertwined and occur consecutively. Recent studies using real-time imaging technology demonstrated that platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium are an important determinant of microvascular occlusion during thromboinflammatory disease in which inflammation is coupled to thrombosis. Although the major receptors and counter receptors have been identified, it remains poorly understood how heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are regulated under disease conditions. This review discusses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of platelet-neutrophil interactions in thromboinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, E403, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Schümann J, Grevot A, Ledieu D, Wolf A, Schubart A, Piaia A, Sutter E, Côté S, Beerli C, Pognan F, Billich A, Moulin P, Walker UJ. Reduced Activity of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase Induces Podocyte-related Glomerular Proteinuria, Skin Irritation, and Platelet Activation. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:694-703. [PMID: 25630683 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314565650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase is considered as a drug target in autoimmune diseases based on the protective effect of reducing activity of the enzyme in animal models of inflammation. Since S1P lyase deficiency in mice causes a severe, lethal phenotype, it was of interest to investigate any pathological alterations associated with only partially reduced activity of S1P lyase as may be encountered upon pharmacological inhibition. Both genetic reduction of S1P lyase activity in mice and inhibition of S1P lyase with a low-molecular-weight compound in rats consistently resulted in podocyte-based kidney toxicity, which is the most severe finding. In addition, skin irritation and platelet activation were observed in both instances. The similarity of the findings in both the genetic model and the pharmacological study supports the value of analyzing inducible partially target-deficient mice for safety assessment. If the findings described in rodents translate to humans, target-related toxicity, particularly podocyte dysfunction, may limit chronic systemic treatment of autoimmune diseases with S1P lyase inhibitors. Furthermore, partial deficiency or inhibition of S1P lyase appears to provide an in vivo rodent model to enable studies on the mechanism of podocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schümann
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Grevot
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Ledieu
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Wolf
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Schubart
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation, and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Piaia
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Sutter
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Côté
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beerli
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation, and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Pognan
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Billich
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation, and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Junker Walker
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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123
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Yan S, Zhang X, Zheng H, Hu D, Zhang Y, Guan Q, Liu L, Ding Q, Li Y. Clematichinenoside inhibits VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-treated endothelial cells via NADPH oxidase-dependent IκB kinase/NF-κB pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:190-201. [PMID: 25463279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α-induced adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells plays a critical role in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and redox-sensitive transcription factors are implicated in the process. Thus, compounds that mediate intracellular redox status and regulate transcription factors are of great therapeutic interest. Clematichinenoside (AR), a triterpene saponin isolated from the root of Clematis chinensis Osbeck, was previously demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. However, little is known about the exact mechanism underlying these actions. Thus we performed a detailed study on its effect on leukocytes-endothelial cells adhesion with TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cell-free systems. First, we found that AR reduced TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression and their promoter activity, inhibited translocation of p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα, suppressed IκB kinase-β (IKK-β) activity, lowered O2(∙-) and H2O2 levels, tackled p47(phox) translocation, and decreased NOX4 NADPH oxidase expression. Second, we showed that AR exhibited no direct free radical scavenging ability in cell-free systems at concentrations that were used in intact cells. Besides, AR had no direct effect on the activity of IKK-β that was extracted from TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. We also found that p47 translocation, NOX4 expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were up-regulated before IκB phosphorylation in TNF-α-induced HUVECs. Moreover, TNF-α-enhanced IKK-β activity was also inhibited by (polyethylene glycol) PEG-catalase, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and vitamin E. In conclusion, these results suggest that AR reduces VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression through NADPH oxidase-dependent IKK/NF-κB pathways in TNF-α-induced HUVECs, which finally suppress monocyte-HUVECs adhesion. This compound is potentially beneficial for early-stage atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Yan
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haili Zheng
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danhong Hu
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongtian Zhang
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghua Guan
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qilong Ding
- Experimental and Teaching Center of Medical Basis for Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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124
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Liao CY, Lee CL, Wang HC, Liang SS, Kung PH, Wu YC, Chang FR, Wu CC. CLL2-1, a chemical derivative of orchid 1,4-phenanthrenequinones, inhibits human platelet aggregation through thiol modification of calcium-diacylglycerol guanine nucleotide exchange factor-I (CalDAG-GEFI). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:101-10. [PMID: 25451646 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CalDAG-GEFI is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which actives small GTPase Rap1 and plays an important role in platelet aggregation. Our previous study has shown that CalDAG-GEFI contains redox-sensitive thiols, and its function can be inhibited by thiol modification. In the present study, the effect of CLL2-1, a 1,4-phenanthrenequinone, on CalDAG-GEFI and platelet functions was investigated. In human platelets, CLL2-1 prevented platelet aggregation caused by various stimulators. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that CLL2-1 inhibited GPIIb/IIIa activation and P-selectin secretion. Moreover, CLL2-1 prevented Rap1 activation caused by thrombin, the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, and the diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, while only slightly inhibited thrombin-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i and did not inhibit protein kinase C activation. Western blots after reducing SDS-PAGE showed that treatment of either platelets or platelet lysates with CLL2-1 led to a decrease of monomeric CalDAG-GEFI and appearance of cross-linked oligomers of CalDAG-GEFI, and these effects were inhibited by pretreatment of platelets or lysates with thiol reducing agents prior to the addition of CLL2-1, indicating thiol modification of CalDAG-GEFI by CLL2-1. Furthermore, the thiol reducing agents also prevented the inhibitory effect of CLL2-1 on Rap1 activation, GPIIb/IIIa activation, and platelet aggregation. In CalDAG-GEFI-overexpressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells, CLL2-1 also inhibited CalDAG-GEFI-mediated Rap1 activation. Taken together, our results suggest that the antiplatelet effect of CLL2-1 is due to, at least in part, inhibition of CalDAG-GEFI-mediated Rap1 activation, and provide the basis for development of novel antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiung Kung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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125
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Gabbasov Z, Sabo J, Petrovic D, Martell-Claros N, Zagatina A, Mrdovic I, Ciccocioppo R, Cangemi GC, Klimas J, Kruzliak P. Impact of platelet phenotype on myocardial infarction. Biomarkers 2014; 20:17-25. [PMID: 25510672 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.993707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In acute myocardial infarction patients the injured vascular wall triggers thrombus formation in the damage site. Fibrin fibers and blood cellular elements are the major components of thrombus formed in acute occlusion of coronary arteries. It has been established that the initial thrombus is primarily composed of activated platelets rapidly stabilized by fibrin fibers. This review highlights the role of platelet membrane phenotype in pathophysiology of myocardial infarction. Here, we regard platelet phenotype as quantitative and qualitative parameters of the plasma membrane outer surface, which are crucial for platelet participation in blood coagulation, development of local inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufar Gabbasov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Center , Moscow , Russia
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126
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Gremmel T, Koppensteiner R, Kaider A, Eichelberger B, Mannhalter C, Panzer S. Impact of variables of the P-selectin - P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 axis on leukocyte-platelet interactions in cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:806-12. [PMID: 25428141 DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA), through the P-selectin - P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1 axis, plays a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. In order to investigate the influence of platelet (pP-selectin) and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and of variations in the genes encoding for P-selectin (SELP) and PSGL-1 (SELPLG) on LPA formation, we assessed monocyte (MPA)- and neutrophil-platelet aggregates (NPA) as well as pP-selectin by flow cytometry in 263 patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting. sP-selectin was determined by ELISA, the SELP Pro715 allele and the SELPLG Ile62 allele were determined by allele specific PCR. The Pro715 allele was significantly associated with lower levels of in vivo pP-selectin and sP-selectin, while agonists´ inducible pP-selectin was not influenced by the Pro715 allele. PP-selectin was significantly associated with MPA and NPA formation. The in vivo formation of MPA and NPA depended to 19 % and 7.4 %, respectively, on in vivo pP-selectin, irrespective of the Pro715 allele and the Ile62 allele carrier status. TRAP-6 inducible MPA and NPA depended to 34 % and 27 %, respectively, on TRAP-6 inducible pP-selectin, but were independent of the Pro715 allele carrier status. Carriers of the Ile62 allele showed a stronger correlation between TRAP-6 inducible pP-selectin and TRAP-6 inducible MPA/NPA than non-carriers. Furthermore, TRAP-6 inducible NPA were higher in Ile62 allele carriers, which suggests higher thrombin sensitivity. In conclusion, our findings point to the significant role of pP-selectin for MPA and NPA formation, while other variables like sP-selectin, the SELP Pro715 allele and the SELPLG Ile62 allele have less influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gremmel
- Thomas Gremmel, MD, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +431 40400 4671, Fax: +431 40400 4665, E-mail:
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127
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Duerschmied D, Bode C, Ahrens I. Immune functions of platelets. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:678-91. [PMID: 25209670 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review collects evidence about immune and inflammatory functions of platelets from a clinician's point of view. A focus on clinically relevant immune functions aims at stimulating further research, because the complexity of platelet immunity is incompletely understood and not yet translated into patient care. Platelets promote chronic inflammatory reactions (e.g. in atherosclerosis), modulate acute inflammatory disorders such as sepsis and other infections (participating in the host defense against pathogens), and contribute to exacerbations of autoimmune conditions (like asthma or arthritis). It would hence be obsolete to restrict a description of platelet functions to thrombosis and haemostasis--platelets clearly are the most abundant cells with immune functions in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duerschmied
- Daniel Duerschmied, MD, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 761 207 34410, Fax: +49 761 270 37855, E-mail:
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128
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von Hundelshausen P, Schmitt MMN. Platelets and their chemokines in atherosclerosis-clinical applications. Front Physiol 2014; 5:294. [PMID: 25152735 PMCID: PMC4126210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of platelets as important players in the process of atherogenesis has become increasingly accepted due to accumulating experimental and clinical evidence. Despite the progress in understanding the molecular details of atherosclerosis, particularly by using animal models, the inflammatory and thrombotic roles of activated platelet s especially in the human system remain difficult to dissect, as often only the complications of atherosclerosis, i.e., stroke and myocardial infarction are definable but not the plaque burden. Platelet indices including platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) and soluble mediators released by activated platelets are associated with atherosclerosis. The chemokine CXCL4 has multiple atherogenic activities, e.g., altering the differentiation of T cells and macrophages by inhibiting neutrophil and monocyte apoptosis and by increasing the uptake of oxLDL and synergizing with CCL5. CCL5 is released and deposited on endothelium by activated platelets thereby triggering atherogenic monocyte recruitment, which can be attenuated by blocking the corresponding chemokine receptor CCR5. Atheroprotective and plaque stabilizing properties are attributed to CXCL12, which plays an important role in regenerative processes by attracting progenitor cells. Its release from luminal attached platelets accelerates endothelial healing after injury. Platelet surface molecules GPIIb/IIIa, GP1bα, P-selectin, JAM-A and the CD40/CD40L dyade are crucially involved in the interaction with endothelial cells, leukocytes and matrix molecules affecting atherogenesis. Beyond the effects on the arterial inflammatory infiltrate, platelets affect cholesterol metabolism by binding, modifying and endocytosing LDL particles via their scavenger receptors and contribute to the formation of lipid laden macrophages. Current medical therapies for the prevention of atherosclerotic therapies enable the elucidation of mechanisms linking platelets to inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Munich, Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich, Germany
| | - Martin M N Schmitt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Munich, Germany
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129
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Döring Y, Pawig L, Weber C, Noels H. The CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine ligand/receptor axis in cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 24966838 PMCID: PMC4052746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play an important homeostatic function by mediating the homing of progenitor cells in the bone marrow and regulating their mobilization into peripheral tissues upon injury or stress. Although the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction has long been regarded as a monogamous relation, the identification of the pro-inflammatory chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an important second ligand for CXCR4, and of CXCR7 as an alternative receptor for CXCL12, has undermined this interpretation and has considerably complicated the understanding of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and associated biological functions. This review aims to provide insight into the current concept of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in myocardial infarction (MI) and its underlying pathologies such as atherosclerosis and injury-induced vascular restenosis. It will discuss main findings from in vitro studies, animal experiments and large-scale genome-wide association studies. The importance of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in progenitor cell homing and mobilization will be addressed, as will be the function of CXCR4 in different cell types involved in atherosclerosis. Finally, a potential translation of current knowledge on CXCR4 into future therapeutical application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Pawig
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich, Germany ; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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130
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Sevimli S, Karakoyun S, Bakirci EM, Topcu S, Kalkan K, Borekci A, Vançelik S. Impact of -455G/A Polymorphism of the β-Fibrinogen Gene on Platelet Aggregation in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2014; 20:238-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029613508601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association of aspirin and/or clopidogrel low response with −455G/A polymorphism of β-fibrinogen in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We enrolled 114 consecutive patients (mean age 61 ± 7, 31 female [27.2%], 83 male [72.8%]) with a first ACS. The diagnostic criteria for ACS were based on current guidelines. The -455 G/A β-fibrinogen polymorphism genotype distribution in the patient group was determined as the following: 54.4% GG homozygote, 39.5% GA, and 6.1% AA homozygote. Clopidogrel low response was present in 25 (21.9%) patients, aspirin low response in 21 (18.4%) patients, and dual antiplatelet low response in 9 (7.9%) patients. In our study, no difference was observed in terms of the distribution of -455 G/A β-fibrinogen polymorphism between the groups with and without aspirin and/or clopidogrel or dual antiplatelet low response in the patient group who underwent aspirin and clopidogrel treatment for ACS ( P > .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Sevimli
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Eftal Murat Bakirci
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Selim Topcu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kamuran Kalkan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdurrezzak Borekci
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Serhat Vançelik
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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131
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Zhao YJ, Yang X, Ren L, Cai AS, Zhang YF. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Correlations of SELE and SELP genetic polymorphisms with myocardial infarction risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4521-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chèvre R, González-Granado JM, Megens RTA, Sreeramkumar V, Silvestre-Roig C, Molina-Sánchez P, Weber C, Soehnlein O, Hidalgo A, Andrés V. High-resolution imaging of intravascular atherogenic inflammation in live mice. Circ Res 2013; 114:770-9. [PMID: 24366169 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The inflammatory processes that initiate and propagate atherosclerosis remain poorly understood, largely because defining the intravascular behavior of immune cells has been technically challenging. Respiratory and pulsatile movements have hampered in vivo visualization of leukocyte accumulation in athero-prone arteries at resolutions achieved in other tissues. OBJECTIVE To establish and to validate a method that allows high-resolution imaging of inflammatory leukocytes and platelets within the carotid artery of atherosusceptible mice in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We have devised a procedure to stabilize the mouse carotid artery mechanically without altering blood dynamics, which dramatically enhances temporal and spatial resolutions using high-speed intravital microscopy in multiple channels of fluorescence. By applying this methodology at different stages of disease progression in atherosusceptible mice, we first validated our approach by assessing the recruitment kinetics of various leukocyte subsets and platelets in athero-prone segments of the carotid artery. The high temporal and spatial resolution allowed the dissection of both the dynamic polarization of and the formation of subcellular domains within adhered leukocytes. We further demonstrate that the secondary capture of activated platelets on the plaque is predominantly mediated by neutrophils. Finally, we couple this procedure with triggered 2-photon microscopy to visualize the 3-dimensional movement of leukocytes in intimate contact with the arterial lumen. CONCLUSIONS The improved imaging of diseased arteries at subcellular resolution presented here should help resolve many outstanding questions in atherosclerosis and other arterial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Chèvre
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis, and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (R.C., J.M.G.-G., V.S., C.S.-R., P.M.-S., A.H., V.A.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (R.T.A.M., C.W., O.S.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (R.T.A.M., C.W.); and Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (O.S.)
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133
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Stratz C, Nührenberg T, Fiebich BL, Amann M, Kumar A, Binder H, Hoffmann I, Valina C, Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Neumann FJ. Controlled type II diabetes mellitus has no major influence on platelet micro-RNA expression. Results from micro-array profiling in a cohort of 60 patients. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:902-11. [PMID: 24352417 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus as a major contributor to cardiovascular disease burden induces dysfunctional platelets. Platelets contain abundant miRNAs, which are linked to inflammatory responses and, thus, may play a role in atherogenesis. While diabetes mellitus affects plasma miRNAs, no data exist on platelet miRNA profiles in this disease. Therefore, this study sought to explore the miRNA profile of platelets in patients with diabetes mellitus that is unrelated to the presence or absence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Platelet miRNA profiles were assessed in stable diabetic and non-diabetic patients (each n=30); 15 patients in each group had CAD. Platelet miRNA was isolated from leucocyte-depleted platelet-rich plasma, and miRNA profiling was performed using LNA micro-array technology (miRBase18.0, containing 1,917 human miRNAs). Effects of diabetes mellitus were explored by univariate statistical tests for each miRNA, adjusted for potential confounders, and by developing a multivariable signature; evaluated by resampling techniques. Platelets in non-diabetic patients demonstrated miRNA expression profiles comparable to previous data. The miRNA profiles of platelets in diabetics were similar. Statistical analysis unveiled three miRNAs (miR-377-5p, miR-628-3p, miR-3137) with high reselection probabilities in resampling techniques, corresponding to signatures with modest discriminatory performance. Functional annotation of predicted targets for these miRNAs pointed towards an influence of diabetes mellitus on mRNA processing. We did not find major differences in platelet miRNA profiles between diabetics and non-diabetics. Minor differences pertained to miRNAs associated with mRNA processing. Thus, described differences in plasma miRNAs between diabetic and non-diabetic patients cannot be explained by plain changes in platelet miRNA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stratz
- Christian Stratz, Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie II, Südring 15, D-79189 Bad Krozingen, Germany, Tel.: +49 7633 4020, Fax: +49 761 4022489, E-mail:
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134
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Golebiewska EM, Poole AW. Secrets of platelet exocytosis - what do we really know about platelet secretion mechanisms? Br J Haematol 2013; 165:204-216. [PMID: 24588354 PMCID: PMC4155865 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon activation by extracellular matrix components or soluble agonists, platelets release in excess of 300 active molecules from intracellular granules. Those factors can both activate further platelets and mediate a range of responses in other cells. The complex microenvironment of a growing thrombus, as well as platelets' roles in both physiological and pathological processes, require platelet secretion to be highly spatially and temporally regulated to ensure appropriate responses to a range of stimuli. However, how this regulation is achieved remains incompletely understood. In this review we outline the importance of regulated secretion in thrombosis as well as in 'novel' scenarios beyond haemostasis and give a detailed summary of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of platelet exocytosis. We also discuss a number of theories of how different cargoes could be released in a tightly orchestrated manner, allowing complex interactions between platelets and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M Golebiewska
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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135
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Kruss S, Erpenbeck L, Amschler K, Mundinger TA, Boehm H, Helms HJ, Friede T, Andrews RK, Schön MP, Spatz JP. Adhesion maturation of neutrophils on nanoscopically presented platelet glycoprotein Ibα. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9984-96. [PMID: 24093566 PMCID: PMC4122703 DOI: 10.1021/nn403923h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophilic granulocytes play a fundamental role in cardiovascular disease. They interact with platelet aggregates via the integrin Mac-1 and the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα). In vivo, GPIbα presentation is highly variable under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we quantitatively determined the conditions for neutrophil adhesion in a biomimetic in vitro system, which allowed precise adjustment of the spacings between human GPIbα presented on the nanoscale from 60 to 200 nm. Unlike most conventional nanopatterning approaches, this method provided control over the local receptor density (spacing) rather than just the global receptor density. Under physiological flow conditions, neutrophils required a minimum spacing of GPIbα molecules to successfully adhere. In contrast, under low-flow conditions, neutrophils adhered on all tested spacings with subtle but nonlinear differences in cell response, including spreading area, spreading kinetics, adhesion maturation, and mobility. Surprisingly, Mac-1-dependent neutrophil adhesion was very robust to GPIbα density variations up to 1 order of magnitude. This complex response map indicates that neutrophil adhesion under flow and adhesion maturation are differentially regulated by GPIbα density. Our study reveals how Mac-1/GPIbα interactions govern cell adhesion and how neutrophils process the number of available surface receptors on the nanoscale. In the future, such in vitro studies can be useful to determine optimum therapeutic ranges for targeting this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kruss
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 40 Robert-Koch-Straße, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 40 Robert-Koch-Straße, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Tabea A. Mundinger
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Heike Boehm
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Helms
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 32 Humboldtallee, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 32 Humboldtallee, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Robert K. Andrews
- Australian Center for Blood Diseases, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Michael P. Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 40 Robert-Koch-Straße, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Address correspondence to ,
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136
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Speth C, Löffler J, Krappmann S, Lass-Flörl C, Rambach G. Platelets as immune cells in infectious diseases. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1431-51. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been shown to cover a broad range of functions. Besides their role in hemostasis, they have immunological functions and thus participate in the interaction between pathogens and host defense. Platelets have a broad repertoire of receptor molecules that enable them to sense invading pathogens and infection-induced inflammation. Consequently, platelets exert antimicrobial effector mechanisms, but also initiate an intense crosstalk with other arms of the innate and adaptive immunity, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. There is a fragile balance between beneficial antimicrobial effects and detrimental reactions that contribute to the pathogenesis, and many pathogens have developed mechanisms to influence these two outcomes. This review aims to highlight aspects of the interaction strategies between platelets and pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, in addition to the subsequent networking between platelets and other immune cells, and the relevance of these processes for the pathogenesis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Speth
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Infection, Inflammation, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Microbiology Institute – Clinical Microbiology, Immunology & Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen & Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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137
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Legein B, Temmerman L, Biessen EAL, Lutgens E. Inflammation and immune system interactions in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3847-69. [PMID: 23430000 PMCID: PMC11113412 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying cause of the majority of CVD is atherosclerosis. In the past, atherosclerosis was considered to be the result of passive lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. Today's picture is far more complex. Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the formation of plaques in large and mid-sized arteries. Both cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. By transforming immune cells into pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokine- and cytokine-producing units, and by guiding the interactions between the different immune cells, the immune system decisively influences the propensity of a given plaque to rupture and cause clinical symptoms like myocardial infarction and stroke. In this review, we give an overview on the newest insights in the role of different immune cells and subtypes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Legein
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve Temmerman
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a/9, 80336 Munich, Germany
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138
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Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. Immunity 2013; 38:1092-104. [PMID: 23809160 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the traditional view, atherosclerosis results from a passive buildup of cholesterol in the artery wall. Yet, burgeoning evidence implicates inflammation and immune effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease. Both innate and adaptive immunity operate during atherogenesis and link many traditional risk factors to altered arterial functions. Inflammatory pathways have become targets in the quest for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease, a growing contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here we review current experimental and clinical knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through an immunological lens and how host defense mechanisms essential for survival of the species actually contribute to this chronic disease but also present new opportunities for its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB7, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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139
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in several countries. The underlying process is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing chronic disorder that can lead to intravascular thrombosis. There is overwhelming evidence for the underlying importance of our immune system in atherosclerosis. Monocytes, which comprise part of the innate immune system, can be recruited to inflamed endothelium and this recruitment has been shown to be proportional to the extent of atherosclerotic disease. Monocytes undergo migration into the vasculature, they differentiate into macrophage phenotypes, which are highly phagocytic and can scavenge modified lipids, leading to foam cell formation and development of the lipid-rich atheroma core. This increased influx leads to a highly inflammatory environment and along with other immune cells can increase the risk in the development of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. The present review provides an overview and description of the immunological aspect of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in atherosclerosis, by defining their interaction with the vascular environment, modified lipids and other cellular exchanges. There is a particular focus on monocytes and macrophages, but shorter descriptions of dendritic cells, lymphocyte populations, neutrophils, mast cells and platelets are also included.
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140
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Habets KLL, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. Platelets and autoimmunity. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:746-57. [PMID: 23617819 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury is the initial manifestation of inflammation resulting in the recruitment and activation of various cell types. The integrity of the vascular wall is monitored by platelets that become activated in the presence of exposed subendothelium. Besides their well-established role in haemostasis, ample data are now emerging on the many immunoregulatory functions of platelets. Platelets store and release a large plethora of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. They also represent the largest circulating pool of many inflammatory mediators like P-selectin, CD40L and non-neuronal serotonin. Furthermore, complement activation occurs on the platelet surface and deposition of complement results in platelet activation. Overall, platelets have multiple functions in both innate and adaptive immunity. Further insight into the multifaceted role of platelets could therefore provide important clues into how we could implement current platelet therapy to reduce both platelet-induced thrombosis and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the current perceptions of platelet involvement in various autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L L Habets
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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141
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Native high density lipoproteins (HDL) interfere with platelet activation induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10107-21. [PMID: 23665908 PMCID: PMC3676831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets and lipoproteins play a crucial role in atherogenesis, in part by their ability to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress. While oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL) play a central role in the development of this disease, high density lipoproteins (HDL) represent an atheroprotective factor of utmost importance. As platelet function is remarkably sensitive to the influence of plasma lipoproteins, it was the aim of this study to clarify if HDL are able to counteract the stimulating effects of OxLDL with special emphasis on aspects of platelet function that are relevant to inflammation. Therefore, HDL were tested for their ability to interfere with pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory aspects of platelet function. We are able to show that HDL significantly impaired OxLDL-induced platelet aggregation and adhesion. In gel-filtered platelets, HDL decreased both the formation of reactive oxygen species and CD40L expression. Furthermore, HDL strongly interfered with OxLDL-induced formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates in whole blood, suggesting that platelets represent a relevant and sensitive target for HDL. The finding that HDL effectively competed with the binding of OxLDL to the platelet surface might contribute to their atheroprotective and antithrombotic properties.
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142
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Drechsler M, Soehnlein O. The complexity of arterial classical monocyte recruitment. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:358-66. [PMID: 23571485 DOI: 10.1159/000348795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of classical monocytes is imperative for the progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, therapeutic interference with mechanisms of lesional monocyte recruitment, the primary mechanism controlling macrophage accumulation, may allow for targeting atheroprogression and its clinical complications. Here, we review the important role of classical monocytes in atheroprogression as well as their routes of arterial recruitment. We specifically highlight the role of cell adhesion molecules as well as of platelet-derived chemokines and neutrophil-borne alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Drechsler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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143
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Evander M, Ricco AJ, Morser J, Kovacs GTA, Leung LLK, Giovangrandi L. Microfluidic impedance cytometer for platelet analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:722-9. [PMID: 23282651 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and performance characteristics of a platelet analysis platform based on a microfluidic impedance cytometer. Dielectrophoretic focusing is used to centre cells in a fluid stream, which then forms the core of a two-phase flow (dielectric focusing). This flow then passes between electrodes for analysis by differential impedance spectroscopy at multiple frequencies from 280 kHz to 4 MHz. This approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio relative to a single-phase, unfocused stream, while minimising the shear forces to which the cells are subjected. The percentage of activated platelets before and after passage through the chip was measured using flow cytometry, and no significant change was measured. Measuring the in-phase amplitude at a single frequency is sufficient to distinguish platelets from erythrocytes. Using multi-frequency impedance measurements and discriminant analysis, resting platelets can be discriminated from activated platelets. This multifrequency impedance cytometer therefore allows ready determination of the degree of platelet activation in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Evander
- Dept. of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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144
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Chuang WY, Kung PH, Kuo CY, Wu CC. Sulforaphane prevents human platelet aggregation through inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:1120-30. [PMID: 23426129 DOI: 10.1160/th12-09-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a dietary isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to exert beneficial effects in animal models of cardiovascular diseases. However, its effect on platelet aggregation, which is a critical factor in arterial thrombosis, is still unclear. In the present study, we show that sulforaphane inhibited human platelet aggregation caused by different receptor agonists, including collagen, U46619 (a thromboxane A2 mimic), protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide (PAR1-AP), and an ADP P2Y12 receptor agonist. Moreover, sulforaphane significantly reduced thrombus formation on a collagen-coated surface under whole blood flow conditions. In exploring the underlying mechanism, we found that sulforaphane specifically prevented phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling, without markedly affecting other signlaling pathways involved in platelet aggregation, such as protein kinase C activation, calcium mobilisation, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Although sulforaphane did not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of PI3K, it caused ubiquitination of the regulatory p85 subunit of PI3K, and prevented PI3K translocation to membranes. In addition, sulforaphane caused ubiquitination and degradation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), which is required for Akt activation. Therefore, sulforaphane is able to inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway at two distinct sites. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that sulforaphane prevented platelet aggregation and reduced thrombus formation in flow conditions; our data also support that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by sulforaphane contributes it antiplatelet effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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145
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Nagasawa A, Matsuno K, Tamura S, Hayasaka K, Shimizu C, Moriyama T. The basis examination of leukocyte-platelet aggregates with CD45 gating as a novel platelet activation marker. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:534-41. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - K. Matsuno
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine; Hokkaido University Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | - S. Tamura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Hayasaka
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine; Hokkaido University Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | - C. Shimizu
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine; Hokkaido University Hospital; Sapporo Japan
| | - T. Moriyama
- Medical Laboratory Science; Faculty of Health Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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146
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Alexandru N, Popov D, Dragan E, Andrei E, Georgescu A. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell and platelet microparticle impact on platelet activation in hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52058. [PMID: 23372649 PMCID: PMC3556069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this project was to evaluate the influence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and platelet microparticles (PMPs) on blood platelet function in experimental hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. Methods Golden Syrian hamsters were divided in six groups: (i) control, C; (ii) hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic, HH; (iii) ‘prevention’, HHin-EPCs, HH animals fed a HH diet and treated with EPCs; (iv) ‘regression’, HHfin-EPCs, HH treated with EPCs after HH feeding; (v) HH treated with PMPs, HH-PMPs, and (vi) HH treated with EPCs and PMPs, HH-EPCs-PMPs. Results Compared to HH group, the platelets from HHin-EPCs and HHfin-EPCs groups showed a reduction of: (i) activation, reflected by decreased integrin 3β, FAK, PI3K, src protein expression; (ii) secreted molecules as: SDF-1, MCP-1, RANTES, VEGF, PF4, PDGF and (iii) expression of pro-inflammatory molecules as: SDF-1, MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, IL-1β; TFPI secretion was increased. Compared to HH group, platelets of HH-PMPs group showed increased activation, molecules release and proteins expression. Compared to HH-PMPs group the combination EPCs with PMPs treatment induced a decrease of all investigated platelet molecules, however not comparable with that recorded when EPC individual treatment was applied. Conclusion EPCs have the ability to reduce platelet activation and to modulate their pro-inflammatory and anti-thrombogenic properties in hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. Although, PMPs have several beneficial effects in combination with EPCs, these did not improve the EPC effects. These findings reveal a new biological role of circulating EPCs in platelet function regulation, and may contribute to understand their cross talk, and the mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Alexandru
- Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail: (NA); adriana.georgescu@ icbp.ro (AG)
| | - Doina Popov
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuel Dragan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugen Andrei
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail: (NA); adriana.georgescu@ icbp.ro (AG)
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147
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Hag AMF, Ripa RS, Pedersen SF, Bodholdt RP, Kjaer A. Small animal positron emission tomography imaging and in vivo studies of atherosclerosis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:173-85. [PMID: 23522010 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a growing health challenge globally, and despite our knowledge of the disease has increased over the last couple of decades, many unanswered questions remain. As molecular imaging can be used to visualize, characterize and measure biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in living systems, this technology represents an opportunity to investigate some of these questions in vivo. In addition, molecular imaging may be translated into clinical use and eventually pave the way for more personalized treatment regimes in patients. Here, we review the current knowledge obtained from in vivo positron emission tomography studies of atherosclerosis performed in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Fisker Hag
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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148
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Mischnik M, Boyanova D, Hubertus K, Geiger J, Philippi N, Dittrich M, Wangorsch G, Timmer J, Dandekar T. A Boolean view separates platelet activatory and inhibitory signalling as verified by phosphorylation monitoring including threshold behaviour and integrin modulation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1326-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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149
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Abstract
Abstract
Review on platelet function in inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Platelets play a crucial role in the physiology of the primary hemostasis and in the pathophysiological activity of arterial thrombosis, provide rapid protection against bleeding, and catalyze the formation of stable blood clots via the coagulation cascade. Over the past years, it has become clear that platelets are important, not only in hemostasis and thrombosis but also in inflammation and in distinct aspects of atherosclerosis. Nowadays, platelets are known to have a large variety of functions. Platelets are able to interact with a large variety of cell types, such as leukocytes, endothelial cells, and SMCs, and these interactions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation. In addition, platelets carry a highly inflammatory payload and are able to transport, synthesize, and deposit cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, thereby initiating and propagating atherosclerotic disease. In this review, the current state of the art of the proinflammatory functions in the context of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Projahn
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich , Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University , Aachen, Germany
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich , Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht , The Netherlands
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150
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Emerging biomarkers and intervention targets for immune-modulation of atherosclerosis - a review of the experimental evidence. Atherosclerosis 2012. [PMID: 23177975 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability is well recognized. However, it is only during recent years it has become evident that this inflammation is modulated by immune responses against plaque antigens such as oxidized LDL. Interestingly, both protective and pathogenic immune responses exist and experimental data from animal studies suggest that modulation of these immune responses represents a promising new target for treatment of cardiovascular disease. It has been proposed that during early stages of the disease, autoimmune responses against plaque antigens are controlled by regulatory T cells that inhibit the activity of auto-reactive Th1 effector T cells by release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. As the disease progresses this control is gradually lost and immune responses towards plaque antigens switch towards activation of Th1 effector T cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β. Several novel immune-modulatory therapies that promote or mimic tolerogenic immune responses against plaque antigens have demonstrated athero-protective effects in experimental models and a first generation of such immune-modulatory therapies are now in early or about to enter into clinical testing. A challenge in the clinical development of these therapies is that our knowledge of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis largely rests on data from animal models of the disease. It is therefore critical that more attention is given to the characterization and evaluation of immune biomarkers for cardiovascular risk.
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