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Weltman NY, Ojamaa K, Schlenker EH, Chen YF, Zucchi R, Saba A, Colligiani D, Rajagopalan V, Pol CJ, Gerdes AM. Low-dose T₃ replacement restores depressed cardiac T₃ levels, preserves coronary microvasculature and attenuates cardiac dysfunction in experimental diabetes mellitus. Mol Med 2014; 20:302-12. [PMID: 24960246 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and may contribute to the associated cardiac dysfunction. However, little is known about the extent and pathophysiological consequences of low thyroid conditions on the heart in DM. DM was induced in adult female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by injection of nicotinamide (N; 200 mg/kg) followed by streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg). One month after STZ/N, rats were randomized to the following groups (N = 10/group): STZ/N or STZ/N + 0.03 μg/mL T3; age-matched vehicle-treated rats served as nondiabetic controls (C). After 2 months of T3 treatment (3 months post-DM induction), left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography and LV pressure measurements. Despite normal serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels, STZ/N treatment resulted in reductions in myocardial tissue content of THs (T3 and T4: 39% and 17% reduction versus C, respectively). Tissue hypothyroidism in the DM hearts was associated with increased DIO3 deiodinase (which converts THs to inactive metabolites) altered TH transporter expression, reexpression of the fetal gene phenotype, reduced arteriolar resistance vessel density, and diminished cardiac function. Low-dose T3 replacement largely restored cardiac tissue TH levels (T3 and T4: 43% and 10% increase versus STZ/N, respectively), improved cardiac function, reversed fetal gene expression and preserved the arteriolar resistance vessel network without causing overt symptoms of hyperthyroidism. We conclude that cardiac dysfunction in chronic DM may be associated with tissue hypothyroidism despite normal serum TH levels. Low-dose T3 replacement appears to be a safe and effective adjunct therapy to attenuate and/or reverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by experimental DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Y Weltman
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kaie Ojamaa
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Evelyn H Schlenker
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Yue-Feng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daria Colligiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Viswanathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine J Pol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - A Martin Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
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102
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Myocardial Dysfunction in Early Diabetes Patients with Microalbuminuria: A 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Strain Study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:573-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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103
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Yiu KH, Tse HF. Specific role of impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus in endothelial progenitor cell characteristics and function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1136-43. [PMID: 24743430 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.302192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The disease burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated cardiovascular complications represent a growing and major global health problem. Recent studies suggest that circulating exogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in endothelial repair and neovascularization at sites of injury or ischemia. Both experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia related to DM can induce alterations to EPCs. The reduction and dysfunction of EPCs related to DM correlate with the occurrence and severity of microvascular and macrovascular complications, suggesting a close mechanistic link between EPC dysfunction and impaired vascular function/repair in DM. These alterations to EPCs, likely mediated by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in Akt and the nitric oxide pathway, affect EPCs at multiple stages: differentiation and mobilization in the bone marrow, trafficking and survival in the circulation, and homing and neovascularization. Several different therapeutic approaches have consequently been proposed to reverse the reduction and dysfunction of EPCs in DM and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent and treat DM-related cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hang Yiu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital (K.-H.Y., H.-F.T.) and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (H.-F.T.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging (K.-H.Y., H.-F.T.) and Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (H.-F.T.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital (K.-H.Y., H.-F.T.) and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (H.-F.T.), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging (K.-H.Y., H.-F.T.) and Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (H.-F.T.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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104
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Sheikh AQ, Kuesel C, Taghian T, Hurley JR, Huang W, Wang Y, Hinton RB, Narmoneva DA. Angiogenic microenvironment augments impaired endothelial responses under diabetic conditions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C768-78. [PMID: 24573084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00201.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction, with no treatment options currently available. Hyperglycemic memory by endothelial cells may play the key role in microvascular complications in diabetes, providing a potential target for therapeutic approaches. This study tested the hypothesis that a proangiogenic environment can augment diabetes-induced deficiencies in endothelial cell angiogenic and biomechanical responses. Endothelial responses were quantified for two models of diabetic conditions: 1) an in vitro acute and chronic hyperglycemia where normal cardiac endothelial cells were exposed to high-glucose media, and 2) an in vivo chronic diabetes model where the cells were isolated from rats with type I streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Capillary morphogenesis, VEGF and nitric oxide expression, cell morphology, orientation, proliferation, and apoptosis were determined for cells cultured on Matrigel or proangiogenic nanofiber hydrogel. The effects of biomechanical stimulation were assessed following cell exposure to uniaxial strain. The results demonstrate that diabetes alters cardiac endothelium angiogenic response, with differential effects of acute and chronic exposure to high-glucose conditions, consistent with the concept that endothelial cells may have a long-term "hyperglycemic memory" of the physiological environment in the body. Furthermore, endothelial cell exposure to strain significantly diminishes their angiogenic potential following strain application. Both diabetes and strain-associated deficiencies can be augmented in the proangiogenic nanofiber microenvironment. These findings may contribute to the development of novel approaches to reverse hyperglycemic memory of endothelium and enhance vascularization of the diabetic heart, where improved angiogenic and biomechanical responses can be the key factor to successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q Sheikh
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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105
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Bohuslavova R, Kolar F, Sedmera D, Skvorova L, Papousek F, Neckar J, Pavlinkova G. Partial deficiency of HIF-1α stimulates pathological cardiac changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24502509 PMCID: PMC3922431 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with a number of functional and structural pathological changes such as left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, and apoptosis. The primary cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy is hyperglycemia, the metabolic hallmark of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that a diabetic environment suppresses hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein stability and function. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional role of HIF-1α in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We have hypothesized that the partial deficiency of HIF-1α may compromise cardiac responses under diabetic conditions and increase susceptibility to diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in wild type (Wt) and heterozygous Hif1a knock-out (Hif1a+/-) mice. Echocardiographic evaluations of left ventricular functional parameters, expression analyses by qPCR and Western blot, and cardiac histopathology assessments were performed in age-matched groups, diabetic, and non-diabetic Wt and Hif1a+/- mice. RESULTS Five weeks after diabetes was established, a significant decrease in left ventricle fractional shortening was detected in diabetic Hif1a+/- but not in diabetic Wt mice. The combination effects of the partial deficiency of Hif1a and diabetes affected the gene expression profile of the heart, including reduced vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) expression. Adverse cardiac remodeling in the diabetic Hif1a+/- heart was shown by molecular changes in the expression of structural molecules and components of the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS We have shown a correlation between heterozygosity for Hif1α and adverse functional, molecular, and cellular changes associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our results provide evidence that HIF-1α regulates early cardiac responses to diabetes, and that HIF-1α deregulation may influence the increased risk for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Jan Neckar
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ-142 20, Czechia
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Li Y, Shelat H, Wu H, Zhu M, Xu J, Geng YJ. Low circulating level of IGF-1 is a distinct indicator for the development of cardiovascular disease caused by combined hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Int J Cardiol 2014; 171:272-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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107
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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108
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Thomson SE, McLennan SV, Twigg SM. Growth factors in diabetic complications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:403-18. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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109
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Chen J, Ortmeier SB, Savinova OV, Nareddy VB, Beyer AJ, Wang D, Gerdes AM. Thyroid hormone induces sprouting angiogenesis in adult heart of hypothyroid mice through the PDGF-Akt pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2726-35. [PMID: 22681587 PMCID: PMC3448001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of physiological angiogenesis and associated signalling mechanisms in adult heart has been limited by the lack of a robust animal model. We investigated thyroid hormone-induced sprouting angiogenesis and the underlying mechanism. Hypothyroidism was induced in C57BL/6J mice by feeding with propylthiouracil (PTU). One year of PTU treatment induced heart failure. Both 12 weeks- (young) and 1 year-PTU (middle age) treatment caused a remarkable capillary rarefaction observed in capillary density. Three-day Triiodothyronine (T3) treatment significantly induced cardiac capillary growth in hypothyroid mice. In cultured left ventricle (LV) tissues from PTU-treated mice, T3 also induced robust sprouting angiogenesis where pericyte-wrapped endothelial cells formed tubes. The in vitro T3 angiogenic response was similar in mice pre-treated with PTU for periods ranging from 1.5 to 12 months. Besides bFGF and VEGF164, PDGF-BB was the most robust angiogenic growth factor, which stimulated notable sprouting angiogenesis in cultured hypothyroid LV tissues with increasing potency, but had little effect on tissues from euthyroid mice. T3 treatment significantly increased PDGF receptor beta (PDGFR-β) protein levels in hypothyroid heart. PDGFR inhibitors blocked the action of T3 both on sprouting angiogenesis in cultured LV tissue and on capillary growth in vivo. In addition, activation of Akt signalling mediated in T3-induced angiogenesis was blocked by PDGFR inhibitor and neutralizing antibody. Our results suggest that hypothyroidism leads to cardiac microvascular impairment and rarefaction with increased sensitivity to angiogenic growth factors. T3-induced cardiac sprouting angiogenesis in adult hypothyroid mice was associated with PDGF-BB, PDGFR-β and downstream activation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Chen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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110
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Davey GC, Patil SB, O'Loughlin A, O'Brien T. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatment for microvascular and secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:86. [PMID: 24936198 PMCID: PMC4047679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) has highlighted the need for increased research efforts into treatment options for both the disease itself and its associated complications. In recent years, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been highlighted as a new emerging regenerative therapy due to their multipotency but also due to their paracrine secretion of angiogenic factors, cytokines, and immunomodulatory substances. This review focuses on the potential use of MSCs as a regenerative medicine in microvascular and secondary complications of DM and will discuss the challenges and future prospects of MSCs as a regenerative therapy in this field. MSCs are believed to have an important role in tissue repair. Evidence in recent years has demonstrated that MSCs have potent immunomodulatory functions resulting in active suppression of various components of the host immune response. MSCs may also have glucose lowering properties providing another attractive and unique feature of this therapeutic approach. Through a combination of the above characteristics, MSCs have been shown to exert beneficial effects in pre-clinical models of diabetic complications prompting initial clinical studies in diabetic wound healing and nephropathy. Challenges that remain in the clinical translation of MSC therapy include issues of MSC heterogeneity, optimal mode of cell delivery, homing of these cells to tissues of interest with high efficiency, clinically meaningful engraftment, and challenges with cell manufacture. An issue of added importance is whether an autologous or allogeneic approach will be used. In summary, MSC administration has significant potential in the treatment of diabetic microvascular and secondary complications but challenges remain in terms of engraftment, persistence, tissue targeting, and cell manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Davey
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) and Biosciences Building, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Swapnil B Patil
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) and Biosciences Building, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Aonghus O'Loughlin
- Department of Medicine, Galway University Hospital (GUH) , Galway , Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) and Biosciences Building, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland ; Department of Medicine, Galway University Hospital (GUH) , Galway , Ireland
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111
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Zeng H, He X, Hou X, Li L, Chen JX. Apelin gene therapy increases myocardial vascular density and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via upregulation of sirtuin 3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H585-97. [PMID: 24363305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00821.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular insufficiency contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and worsens heart dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our recent study shows that apelin may protect ischemic heart failure via upregulation of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and angiogenesis. This study investigated whether apelin promotes angiogenesis and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via activation of Sirt3. Wild-type (WT) and diabetic db/db mice were administrated with adenovirus-apelin to overexpressing apelin. In WT mice, overexpression of apelin increased Sirt3, VEGF/VEGFR2, and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Tie-2 expression in the heart. In vitro, treatment of endothelial cells (EC) with apelin increased VEGF and Ang-1 expression. In EC isolated from Sirt3KO mice, however, apelin treatment did not upregulate VEGF and Ang-1 expression. Moreover, apelin-induced angiogenesis was diminished in Sirt3KO mice. In db/db mice, the basal levels of apelin and Sirt3 expression were significantly reduced in the heart. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of capillary and arteriole densities in the heart. Overexpression of apelin increased Sirt3, VEGF/VEGFR2, and Ang-1/Tie-2 expression together with improved vascular density in db/db mice. Overexpression of apelin further improved cardiac function in db/db mice. Treatment with apelin significantly attenuated high glucose (HG)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and EC apoptosis. The protection of apelin against HG-induced ROS formation and EC apoptosis was diminished in Sirt3KO-EC. We conclude that apelin gene therapy increases vascular density and alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by a mechanism involving activation of Sirt3 and upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and Ang-1/Tie-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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112
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MicroRNA-34a regulates high glucose-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:834-839. [PMID: 24337844 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is an important initiator of cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of cardiomyocyte death and diabetic complications. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether high glucose state could induce apoptosis of rat cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 through microRNA-mediated Bcl-2 signaling pathway. The expression of miR-34a and Bcl-2 mRNA was detected by using real-time PCR. Western blotting was used to examine the changes in apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2. Apoptosis of H9c2 cells was tested by using flow cytometry. The results showed that the expression of miR-34a was significantly elevated and that of Bcl-2 was strongly reduced, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was apparently increased in the high-glucose-treated H9c2 cells as compared with normal-glucose-treated controls. In addition, we identified Bcl-2 gene was the target of miR-34a. miR-34a mimics reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and increased glucose-induced apoptosis, but miR-34a inhibitor acted as the opposite mediator. Our data demonstrate that miR-34a contributes to high glucose-induced decreases in Bcl-2 expression and subsequent cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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113
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MicroRNA-20a constrains p300-driven myocardial angiogenic transcription by direct targeting of p300. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79133. [PMID: 24236097 PMCID: PMC3827282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize downstream effectors of p300 acetyltransferase in the myocardium. Background Acetyltransferase p300 is a central driver of the hypertrophic response to increased workload, but its biological targets and downstream effectors are incompletely known. Methods and Results Mice expressing a myocyte-restricted transgene encoding acetyltransferase p300, previously shown to develop spontaneous hypertrophy, were observed to undergo robust compensatory blood vessel growth together with increased angiogenic gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated binding of p300 to the enhancers of the angiogenic regulators Angpt1 and Egln3. Interestingly, p300 overexpression in vivo was also associated with relative upregulation of several members of the anti-angiogenic miR-17∼92 cluster in vivo. Confirming this finding, both miR-17-3p and miR-20a were upregulated in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes following adenoviral transduction of p300. Relative expression of most members of the 17∼92 cluster was similar in all 4 cardiac chambers and in other organs, however, significant downregulation of miR-17-3p and miR-20a occurred between 1 and 8 months of age in both wt and tg mice. The decline in expression of these microRNAs was associated with increased expression of VEGFA, a validated miR-20a target. In addition, miR-20a was demonstrated to directly repress p300 expression through a consensus binding site in the p300 3′UTR. In vivo transduction of p300 resulted in repression both of p300 and of p300-induced angiogenic transcripts. Conclusion p300 drives an angiogenic transcription program during hypertrophy that is fine-tuned in part through direct repression of p300 by miR-20a.
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Zhang D, Wan A, Chiu APL, Wang Y, Wang F, Neumaier K, Lal N, Bround MJ, Johnson JD, Vlodavsky I, Rodrigues B. Hyperglycemia-induced secretion of endothelial heparanase stimulates a vascular endothelial growth factor autocrine network in cardiomyocytes that promotes recruitment of lipoprotein lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2830-8. [PMID: 24115032 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During diabetes mellitus, coronary lipoprotein lipase increases to promote the predominant use of fatty acids. We have reported that high glucose stimulates active heparanase secretion from endothelial cells to cleave cardiomyocyte heparan sulfate and release bound lipoprotein lipase for transfer to the vascular lumen. In the current study, we examined whether heparanase also has a function to release cardiomyocyte vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and whether this growth factor influences cardiomyocyte fatty acid delivery in an autocrine manner. APPROACH AND RESULTS Acute, reversible hyperglycemia was induced in rats, and a modified Langendorff heart perfusion was used to separate the coronary perfusate from the interstitial effluent. Coronary artery endothelial cells were exposed to high glucose to generate conditioned medium, and VEGF release from isolated cardiomyocytes was tested using endothelial cell conditioned medium or purified active and latent heparanase. Autocrine signaling of myocyte-derived VEGF on cardiac metabolism was studied. High glucose promoted latent and active heparanase secretion into endothelial cell conditioned medium, an effective stimulus for releasing cardiomyocyte VEGF. Intriguingly, latent heparanase was more efficient than active heparanase in releasing VEGF from a unique cell surface pool. VEGF augmented cardiomyocyte intracellular calcium and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and increased heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the heparanase-lipoprotein lipase-VEGF axis amplifies fatty acid delivery, a rapid and adaptive mechanism that is geared to overcome the loss of glucose consumption by the diabetic heart. If prolonged, the resultant lipotoxicity could lead to cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Zhang
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.Z., A.W., A.P.-L.C., Y.W., F.W., K.N., N.L., B.R.), and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences (M.J.B., J.D.J.), University of British Columbia, Canada; and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel (I.V.)
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Thirunavukkarasu M, Selvaraju V, Dunna NR, Foye JL, Joshi M, Otani H, Maulik N. Simvastatin treatment inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha-(HIF-1alpha)-prolyl-4-hydroxylase 3 (PHD-3) and increases angiogenesis after myocardial infarction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2474-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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116
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Qiao Y, Zhou X, Wu G, Wang L, Peng Y, Dong X, Huang H, Si L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Li J, Wang W, Zhou L, Gao X. Heme oxygenase-1 prevents cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic mice by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75927. [PMID: 24086665 PMCID: PMC3782439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been implicated in cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy associated with heart failure, and atherosclerosis, in addition to its recognized role in metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Numerous studies have presented contradictory findings about the role of HO-1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study, we explored the role of HO-1 in myocardial dysfunction, myofibril structure, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model in mice systemically overexpressing HO-1 (Tg-HO-1) or mutant HO-1 (Tg-mutHO-1). The diabetic mouse model was induced by multiple peritoneal injections of STZ. Two months after injection, left ventricular (LV) function was measured by echocardiography. In addition, molecular biomarkers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy were evaluated using classical molecular biological/biochemical techniques. Mice with DCM exhibited severe LV dysfunction, myofibril structure disarray, aberrant cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and increased levels of HO-1. In addition, we determined that systemic overexpression of HO-1 ameliorated left ventricular dysfunction, myofibril structure disarray, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in DCM mice. Furthermore, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation is normally inhibited in DCM, but overexpression of the HO-1 gene restored the phosphorylation of these kinases to normal levels. In contrast, the functions of HO-1 in DCM were significantly reversed by overexpression of mutant HO-1. This study underlines the unique roles of HO-1, including the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and the enhancement of autophagy, in the pathogenesis of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guodong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lujing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yahui Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lining Si
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (XG)
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (XG)
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Abstract
Since diabetic cardiomyopathy was first reported four decades ago, substantial information on its pathogenesis and clinical features has accumulated. In the heart, diabetes enhances fatty acid metabolism, suppresses glucose oxidation, and modifies intracellular signaling, leading to impairments in multiple steps of excitation–contraction coupling, inefficient energy production, and increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Loss of normal microvessels and remodeling of the extracellular matrix are also involved in contractile dysfunction of diabetic hearts. Use of sensitive echocardiographic techniques (tissue Doppler imaging and strain rate imaging) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables detection of diabetic cardiomyopathy at an early stage, and a combination of the modalities allows differentiation of this type of cardiomyopathy from other organic heart diseases. Circumstantial evidence to date indicates that diabetic cardiomyopathy is a common but frequently unrecognized pathological process in asymptomatic diabetic patients. However, a strategy for prevention or treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy to improve its prognosis has not yet been established. Here, we review both basic and clinical studies on diabetic cardiomyopathy and summarize problems remaining to be solved for improving management of this type of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miki
- Division of Cardiology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
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118
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Shida T, Nozawa T, Sobajima M, Ihori H, Matsuki A, Inoue H. Fluvastatin-induced reduction of oxidative stress ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy in association with improving coronary microvasculature. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:532-41. [PMID: 23979266 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which lead to coronary microangiopathy. We tested whether statin-induced redox imbalance improvements could ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy and improve coronary microvasculature in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Fluvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was orally administered for 12 weeks to rats with or without DM. Myocardial oxidative stress was assessed by NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase subunit p22(phox) and gp91(phox) mRNA expression, and myocardial 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)) levels. Myocardial vascular densities were assessed using anti-CD31 and anti-α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibodies. Fluvastatin did not affect blood pressure or plasma cholesterol, but attenuated increased left ventricular (LV) minimum pressure and ameliorated LV systolic dysfunction in DM rats in comparison with vehicle (LV dP/dt, 8.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.4 ± 1.0 × 10(3) mmHg/s, P < 0.05). Myocardial oxidative stress increased in DM, but fluvastatin significantly reduced p22(phox) and gp91(phox) mRNA expression and myocardial PGF(2α) levels. Fluvastatin enhanced myocardial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels and increased eNOS, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mRNA expression. CD31-positive cell densities were lower in DM rats than in non-DM rats (28.4 ± 13.2 vs 48.6 ± 4.3/field, P < 0.05) and fluvastatin restored the number (57.8 ± 18.3/field), although there were no significant differences in SMA-positive cell densities between groups. Fluvastatin did not affect cardiac function, oxidative stress, or vessel densities in non-DM rats. These results suggest that beneficial effects of fluvastatin on diabetic cardiomyopathy might result, at least in part, from improving coronary microvasculature through reduction in myocardial oxidative stress and upregulation of angiogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shida
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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119
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Cubbon RM, Mercer BN, Sengupta A, Kearney MT. Importance of insulin resistance to vascular repair and regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:246-63. [PMID: 23466555 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic insulin resistance is apparent across a spectrum of clinical disorders, including obesity and diabetes, and is characterized by an adverse clustering of cardiovascular risk factors related to abnormal cellular responses to insulin. These disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent and represent a major global public health concern because of their association with significant increases in atherosclerosis-related mortality. Endogenous repair mechanisms are thought to retard the development of vascular disease, and a growing evidence base supports the adverse impact of the insulin-resistant phenotype upon indices of vascular repair. Beyond the impact of systemic metabolic changes, emerging data from murine studies also provide support for abnormal insulin signaling at the level of vascular cells in retarding vascular repair. Interrelated pathophysiological factors, including reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, altered growth factor activity, and abnormal intracellular signaling, are likely to act in conjunction to impede vascular repair while also driving vascular damage. Understanding of these processes is shaping novel therapeutic paradigms that aim to promote vascular repair and regeneration, either by recruiting endogenous mechanisms or by the administration of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cubbon
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, LIGHT Laboratories, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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120
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Aroor AR, Sowers JR, Bender SB, Nistala R, Garro M, Mugerfeld I, Hayden MR, Johnson MS, Salam M, Whaley-Connell A, Demarco VG. Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibition is associated with improvement in blood pressure and diastolic function in insulin-resistant male Zucker obese rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2501-13. [PMID: 23653460 PMCID: PMC3689282 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction is a prognosticator for future cardiovascular events that demonstrates a strong correlation with obesity. Pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) to increase the bioavailability of glucagon-like peptide-1 is an emerging therapy for control of glycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 has insulin-independent actions in cardiovascular tissue. However, it is not known whether DPP-4 inhibition improves obesity-related diastolic dysfunction. Eight-week-old Zucker obese (ZO) and Zucker lean rats were fed normal chow diet or diet containing the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin (LGT), for 8 weeks. Plasma DPP-4 activity was 3.3-fold higher in ZO compared with Zucker lean rats and was reduced by 95% with LGT treatment. LGT improved echocardiographic and pressure volume-derived indices of diastolic function that were impaired in ZO control rats, without altering food intake or body weight gain during the study period. LGT also blunted elevated blood pressure progression in ZO rats involving improved skeletal muscle arteriolar function, without reducing left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, or oxidative stress in ZO hearts. Expression of phosphorylated- endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(Ser1177), total eNOS, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a protein was elevated in the LGT-treated ZO heart, suggesting improved Ca(2+) handling. The ZO myocardium had an abnormal mitochondrial sarcomeric arrangement and cristae structure that were normalized by LGT. These studies suggest that LGT reduces blood pressure and improves intracellular Cai(2+) mishandling and cardiomyocyte ultrastructure, which collectively result in improvements in diastolic function in the absence of reductions in left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, or oxidative stress in insulin-resistant ZO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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121
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Monji A, Mitsui T, Bando YK, Aoyama M, Shigeta T, Murohara T. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reverses cardiac remodeling via normalizing cardiac steatosis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H295-304. [PMID: 23709595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00990.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a remedy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ex-4 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction induced by myocardial infarction in preclinical and clinical settings. However, it remains unclear whether Ex-4 may modulate diabetic cardiomyopathy. We tested the impact of Ex-4 on two types of diabetic cardiomyopathy models, genetic (KK) and acquired T2DM induced by high-fat diet [diet-induced obesity (DIO)], to clarify whether Ex-4 may combat independently of etiology. Each type of mice was divided into Ex-4 (24 nmol·kg(-1)·day(-1) for 40 days; KK-ex4 and DIO-ex4) and vehicle (KK-v and DIO-v) groups. Ex-4 ameliorated systemic and cardiac insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in both T2DM models. T2DM mice exhibited systolic (DIO-v) and diastolic (DIO-v and KK-v) left ventricular dysfunctions, which were restored by Ex-4 with reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy. DIO-v and KK-v exhibited increased myocardial fibrosis and steatosis (lipid accumulation), in which were observed cardiac mitochondrial remodeling and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative damage. Ex-4 treatment reversed these cardiac remodeling and oxidative stress. Cytokine array revealed that Ex-4-sensitive inflammatory cytokines were ICAM-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Ex-4 ameliorated myocardial oxidative stress via suppression of NADPH oxidase 4 with concomitant elevation of antioxidants (SOD-1 and glutathione peroxidase). In conclusion, GLP-1R agonism reverses cardiac remodeling and dysfunction observed in T2DM via normalizing imbalance of lipid metabolism and related inflammation/oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Monji
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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122
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Yang Y, Rodriguez JE, Kitsis RN. A microRNA links prolactin to peripartum cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1925-7. [PMID: 23619357 DOI: 10.1172/jci69286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, peripartum cardiomyopathy has remained an enigma. Despite extensive research, our understanding of how a previously healthy woman can develop lethal heart failure in the context of pregnancy remains vague. Recent work suggests that inadequacy of the cardiac microvasculature may be the primary abnormality and has implicated an antiangiogenic fragment of the nursing hormone prolactin as playing an important role. In this issue of the JCI, Halkein et al. explore signaling downstream of this prolactin fragment and demonstrate that miR-146a is a critical mediator of the antiangiogenic effects in endothelial cells. In addition, the study uncovers unexpected exosomal transfer of this microRNA to cardiomyocytes that may affect myocardial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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123
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AL-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, Hasan IH, Al-Amin M, Al-Ajmi H, Mohamad RA. Adverse cardiac responses to alpha-lipoic acid in a rat-diabetic model: possible mechanisms? J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:761-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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124
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Falcão-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment. Heart Fail Rev 2013; 17:325-44. [PMID: 21626163 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an important and prevalent risk factor for congestive heart failure. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as ventricular dysfunction that occurs in diabetic patients independent of a recognized cause such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The disease course consists of a hidden subclinical period, during which cellular structural insults and abnormalities lead initially to diastolic dysfunction, later to systolic dysfunction, and eventually to heart failure. Left ventricular hypertrophy, metabolic abnormalities, extracellular matrix changes, small vessel disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are the most important contributors to diabetic cardiomyopathy onset and progression. Hyperglycemia is a major etiological factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. It increases the levels of free fatty acids and growth factors and causes abnormalities in substrate supply and utilization, calcium homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it promotes excessive production and release of reactive oxygen species, which induces oxidative stress leading to abnormal gene expression, faulty signal transduction, and cardiomyocytes apoptosis. Stimulation of connective tissue growth factor, fibrosis, and the formation of advanced glycation end-products increase the stiffness of the diabetic hearts. Despite all the current information on diabetic cardiomyopathy, translational research is still scarce due to limited human myocardial tissue and most of our knowledge is extrapolated from animals. This paper aims to elucidate some of the molecular and cellular pathophysiologic mechanisms, structural changes, and therapeutic strategies that may help struggle against diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular R&D Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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125
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Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:496218. [PMID: 23577036 PMCID: PMC3615627 DOI: 10.1155/2013/496218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that have the ability to self-renew and also exhibit multilineage differentiation into both mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal lineages. The intrinsic properties of these cells make them an attractive candidate for clinical applications. MSCs are of keen interest because they can be isolated from a small aspirate of bone marrow or adipose tissues and can be easily expanded in vitro. Moreover, their ability to modulate immune responses makes them an even more attractive candidate for regenerative medicine as allogeneic transplant of these cells is feasible without a substantial risk of immune rejection. MSCs secrete various immunomodulatory molecules which provide a regenerative microenvironment for a variety of injured tissues or organ to limit the damage and to increase self-regulated tissue regeneration. Autologous/allogeneic MSCs delivered via the bloodstream augment the titers of MSCs that are drawn to sites of tissue injury and can accelerate the tissue repair process. MSCs are currently being tested for their potential use in cell and gene therapy for a number of human debilitating diseases and genetic disorders. This paper summarizes the current clinical and nonclinical data for the use of MSCs in tissue repair and potential therapeutic role in various diseases.
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126
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Estato V, Obadia N, Carvalho-Tavares J, Freitas FS, Reis P, Castro-Faria Neto H, Lessa MA, Tibiriçá E. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system improves cerebral microcirculatory perfusion in diabetic hypertensive rats. Microvasc Res 2013; 87:41-9. [PMID: 23466285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the functional and structural microcirculatory alterations in the brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium of non-diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and diabetic SHR (D-SHR), as well as the effects of long-term treatment with the angiotensin AT1-receptor antagonist olmesartan and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril. Diabetes was experimentally induced by a combination of a high-fat diet with a single low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). D-SHR were orally administered with olmesartan (5 mg/kg/day), enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 28 days, and compared with vehicle-treated non-diabetic SHR or normotensive non-diabetic Wistar-Kyoto rats. The cerebral and skeletal muscle functional capillary density of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats was assessed using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy. Chronic treatment with olmesartan or enalapril significantly lowered blood pressure and reversed brain functional capillary rarefaction. Brain oxidative stress was reduced to non-diabetic control levels in animals treated with olmesartan or enalapril. Histochemical analysis of the structural capillary density showed that both olmesartan and enalapril increased the capillary-to-fiber ratio in skeletal muscle and the capillary-to-fiber volume density in the left ventricle. Olmesartan and enalapril also prevented collagen deposition and the increase in cardiomyocyte diameter in the left ventricle. Our results suggest that the association between hypertension and diabetes results in microvascular alterations in the brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium that can be prevented by chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Estato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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127
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Changes of serum angiogenic factors concentrations in patients with diabetes and unstable angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:34. [PMID: 23421785 PMCID: PMC3598554 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Diabetic microvascular changes are considered to be influenced by angiogenic factors. As a compensatory mechanism, the expression of some angiogenic factors are elevated in ischemic myocardium. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of serum angiogenic factors, and the association among these angiogenic factors, the severity of coronary artery stenosis and collateral vessels form in patients with diabetes and unstable angina pectoris (UAP). Methods 42 patients with diabetes (diabetes group), 57 patients with UAP (UAP group), and 36 age-matched healthy people (control group) were selected. Serum concentrations of angiogenic factors were measured using cytokine array technology. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was scored using the angiographic Gensini score. Coronary collateral vessels were scored according to Rentrop's classification. Results No significant differences in the serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), angiogenin, angiostatin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were detected between control group and diabetes group. But in patients with diabetes complicated with UAP and in patients with UAP without diabetes, serum concentrations of VEGF and Ang-2 were elevated (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). Only serum Ang-2 concentrations were significantly correlated with Gensini score (r=0.585, p < 0.001), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (r=0.501, p < 0.001), left ventricular end systolic diameter (r=0.563, p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (r=−0.523, p < 0.001). Conclusion Serum concentrations of VEGF and Ang-2 were increased, and diabetes didn’t affect this increases in patients with UAP. Serum Ang-2 concentrations were correlated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis.
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128
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Bonner JS, Lantier L, Hasenour CM, James FD, Bracy DP, Wasserman DH. Muscle-specific vascular endothelial growth factor deletion induces muscle capillary rarefaction creating muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes 2013; 62:572-80. [PMID: 23002035 PMCID: PMC3554359 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle insulin resistance is associated with a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) action and muscle capillary density. We tested the hypothesis that muscle capillary rarefaction critically contributes to the etiology of muscle insulin resistance in chow-fed mice with skeletal and cardiac muscle VEGF deletion (mVEGF(-/-)) and wild-type littermates (mVEGF(+/+)) on a C57BL/6 background. The mVEGF(-/-) mice had an ~60% and ~50% decrease in capillaries in skeletal and cardiac muscle, respectively. The mVEGF(-/-) mice had augmented fasting glucose turnover. Insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disappearance was blunted in mVEGF(-/-) mice. The reduced peripheral glucose utilization during insulin stimulation was due to diminished in vivo cardiac and skeletal muscle insulin action and signaling. The decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was independent of defects in insulin action at the myocyte, suggesting that the impairment in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was due to poor muscle perfusion. The deletion of VEGF in cardiac muscle did not affect cardiac output. These studies emphasize the importance for novel therapeutic approaches that target the vasculature in the treatment of insulin-resistant muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Bonner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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129
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Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 1. Common and organ-specific mechanisms associated with tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C216-25. [PMID: 23255577 PMCID: PMC3566435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00328.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological scarring process that leads to destruction of organ architecture and impairment of organ function. Chronic loss of organ function in most organs, including bone marrow, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and skin, is associated with fibrosis, contributing to an estimated one third of natural deaths worldwide. Effective therapies to prevent or to even reverse existing fibrotic lesions are not yet available in any organ. There is hope that an understanding of common fibrosis pathways will lead to development of antifibrotic therapies that are effective in all of these tissues in the future. Here we review common and organ-specific pathways of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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130
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Scott JM, Lakoski S, Mackey JR, Douglas PS, Haykowsky MJ, Jones LW. The potential role of aerobic exercise to modulate cardiotoxicity of molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics. Oncologist 2013; 18:221-31. [PMID: 23335619 PMCID: PMC3579607 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapeutics (MTT) are the future of cancer systemic therapy. They have already moved from palliative therapy for advanced solid malignancies into the setting of curative-intent treatment for early-stage disease. Cardiotoxicity is a frequent and potentially serious adverse complication of some targeted therapies, leading to a broad range of potentially life-threatening complications, therapy discontinuation, and poor quality of life. Low-cost pleiotropic interventions are therefore urgently required to effectively prevent and/or treat MTT-induced cardiotoxicity. Aerobic exercise therapy has the unique capacity to modulate, without toxicity, multiple gene expression pathways in several organ systems, including a plethora of cardiac-specific molecular and cell-signaling pathways implicated in MTT-induced cardiac toxicity. In this review, we examine the molecular signaling of antiangiogenic and HER2-directed therapies that may underpin cardiac toxicity and the hypothesized molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective properties of aerobic exercise. It is hoped that this knowledge can be used to maximize the benefits of small molecule inhibitors, while minimizing cardiac damage in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Scott
- Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures, NASA Johnson Space Center, Universities Space Research Association, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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131
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Demarco VG, Ford DA, Henriksen EJ, Aroor AR, Johnson MS, Habibi J, Ma L, Yang M, Albert CJ, Lally JW, Ford CA, Prasannarong M, Hayden MR, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR. Obesity-related alterations in cardiac lipid profile and nondipping blood pressure pattern during transition to diastolic dysfunction in male db/db mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:159-71. [PMID: 23142808 PMCID: PMC3529378 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and a nondipping circadian blood pressure (BP) pattern are associated with diastolic dysfunction. Ectopic lipid accumulation is increasingly recognized as an important metabolic abnormality contributing to diastolic dysfunction. However, little is known about the contribution of different lipids and the composition of lipid analytes to diastolic dysfunction. We have performed functional and structural studies and analyzed cardiac lipid profile at two time points during progression to diastolic dysfunction in a genetic model of obesity. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and telemetric measures of BP between 12 and 15 wk of age in obese male db/db mice indicated a nondipping circadian BP pattern and normal diastolic function at 12 wk that progressed to a deteriorating nondipping pattern and onset of diastolic dysfunction at 15 wk of age. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated elevated fatty acids and ceramides in db/db at 12 wk, but their levels were decreased at 15 wk, and this was accompanied by persistent mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in concert with evidence of increased fatty acid oxidation and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Triacylglyceride and diacylglyceride levels were elevated at both 12 and 15 wk, but their composition changed to consist of more saturated and less unsaturated fatty acyl at 15 wk. An increase in the lipid droplets was apparent at both time points, and this was associated with increases in phosphatidycholine. In conclusion, a distinct pattern of myocardial lipid remodeling, accompanied by oxidative stress, is associated with the onset of diastolic dysfunction in obese, insulin-resistant db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G Demarco
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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132
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Zhao CT, Wang M, Siu CW, Hou YL, Wang T, Tse HF, Yiu KH. Myocardial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: role of endothelial progenitor cells and oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:147. [PMID: 23217199 PMCID: PMC3537556 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are responsible for angiogenesis and maintenance of microvascular integrity, the number of EPCs is correlated with oxidative stress. Their relation to myocardial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is nonetheless unknown. METHODS Eighty-seven patients with T2DM and no history of coronary artery disease were recruited. Transthoracic echocardiography and detailed evaluation of left ventricular (LV) systolic function by 2-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking derived strain analysis in 3 orthogonal directions was performed. Four subpopulations of EPCs, including CD34+, CD133+, CD34+/kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) + and CD133+/KDR + EPCs, were measured by flow cytometry. Oxidative stress was assessed by superoxide dismutase (SOD). RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 62 ± 9 years and 39.6% were male. Those with an impaired longitudinal strain had a lower number of CD34+ EPCs (2.82 ± 1.87% vs. 3.74 ± 2.12%, P < 0.05) than those with preserved longitudinal strain. When compared with those with preserved circumferential strain, patients with an impaired circumferential strain had a lower number of CD34+ EPCs (2.63 ± 1.80% vs. 3.87 ± 2.10%, P < 0.01) and SOD level (0.13 ± 0.06U/ml vs. 0.20 ± 0.08U/ml, P < 0.01). Patients with an impaired radial strain nonetheless had a lower number of CD34+ EPCs (2.62 ± 2.08% vs. 3.69 ± 1.99%, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only impaired global circumferential strain remained significantly associated with CD34 + EPCs and SOD. CONCLUSIONS LV global circumferential strain was independently associated with number of CD34+ EPCs and SOD. These findings suggest that myocardial dysfunction in patients with T2DM is related to depletion of EPCs and increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ting Zhao
- Shan Dong University School of Medicine, Shandong, China
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133
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Ellis CG, Milkovich S, Goldman D. What is the efficiency of ATP signaling from erythrocytes to regulate distribution of O(2) supply within the microvasculature? Microcirculation 2012; 19:440-50. [PMID: 22587367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes appear to be ideal sensors for regulating microvascular O(2) supply as they release the potent vasodilator ATP in an O(2) saturation-dependent manner. Whether erythrocytes play a significant role in regulating O(2) supply in the complex environment of diffusional O(2) exchange among capillaries, arterioles, and venules, depends on the efficiency with which erythrocytes signal the vascular endothelium. If one assumes that the distribution of purinergic receptors is uniform throughout the microvasculature, then the most efficient site for signaling should occur in capillaries, where the erythrocyte membrane is in close proximity to the endothelium. ATP released from erythrocytes would diffuse a short distance to P(2y) receptors inducing an increase in blood flow, possibly the result of endothelial hyperpolarization. We hypothesize that this hyperpolarization varies across the capillary bed depending upon erythrocyte supply rate and the flux of O(2) from these erythrocytes to support O(2) metabolism. This would suggest that the capillary bed would be the most effective site for erythrocytes to communicate tissue oxygen needs. Electrically coupled endothelial cells conduct the integrated signal upstream where arterioles adjust vascular resistance, thus enabling ATP released from erythrocytes to regulate the magnitude and distribution of O(2) supply to individual capillary networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Ellis
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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134
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Impact of insulin resistance on silent and ongoing myocardial damage in normal subjects: the Takahata study. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:815098. [PMID: 23093954 PMCID: PMC3474255 DOI: 10.1155/2012/815098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Insulin resistance (IR) is part of the metabolic syndrome (Mets) that develops after lifestyle changes and obesity. Although the association between Mets and myocardial injury is well known, the effect of IR on myocardial damage remains unclear. Methods and Results. We studied 2200 normal subjects who participated in a community-based health check in the town of Takahata in northern Japan. The presence of IR was assessed by homeostasis model assessment ratio, and the serum level of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) was measured as a maker of silent and ongoing myocardial damage. H-FABP levels were significantly higher in subjects with IR and Mets than in those without metabolic disorder regardless of gender. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the presence of IR was independently associated with latent myocardial damage (odds ratio: 1.574, 95% confidence interval 1.1–2.3) similar to the presence of Mets. Conclusions. In a screening of healthy subjects, IR and Mets were similarly related to higher H-FABP levels, suggesting that there may be an asymptomatic population in the early stages of metabolic disorder that is exposed to myocardial damage and might be susceptible to silent heart failure.
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Shigeta T, Aoyama M, Bando YK, Monji A, Mitsui T, Takatsu M, Cheng XW, Okumura T, Hirashiki A, Nagata K, Murohara T. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Modulates Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Chronic Heart Failure via Angiogenesis-Dependent and -Independent Actions. Circulation 2012; 126:1838-51. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.096479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Shigeta
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihiko Aoyama
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuko K Bando
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Monji
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toko Mitsui
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miwa Takatsu
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xiang-Wu Cheng
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirashiki
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Departments of Cardiology (T.S., M.A., Y.K.B., A.M., T.M., X.-W.C., T.O., A.H., T.M.) and Pathophysiology Laboratory Sciences (M.T.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences (K.N.), Nagoya, Japan
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Zepeda R, Castillo P, Sáez D, Llanos MN, Ronco AM. Cardiac tissue injury resistance during myocardial infarction at adulthood by developmental exposure to cadmium. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012; 12:64-72. [PMID: 21858600 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that prenatal exposure to cadmium may alter the cardiovascular function during adulthood. Using the left coronary artery ligation model of acute myocardial infarction, we studied the cardiac function of female adult offspring rats exposed to cadmium (30 ppm) during gestation. The cardiac ischemic zone in the control and cadmium-exposed groups was measured 72 h post-ligation using the TPT staining technique. Offspring from cadmium-treated dams showed a significantly smaller infarcted area compared with the control group (7.1 ± 1.5 vs. 19.6 ± 2.8%, P ≤ 0.05). We also performed echocardiographic and biochemical studies, which positively correlated with the differences observed previously. To evaluate whether the effects were associated to pre-infarct tissue damage and/or angiogenic molecules, we performed histological studies and measured the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet endothelial cellular adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). Results revealed a higher heart vascularization in the exposed offspring that was associated with an increase in PECAM and a decrease in VEGF expression. We conclude that prenatal exposure to cadmium induces fetal adaptive responses involving changes in the expression of some cardiac angiogenic molecules resulting in long-term resistance to infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Zepeda
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano, Casilla, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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137
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Sasaki K, Donthamsetty R, Heldak M, Cho YE, Scott BT, Makino A. VDAC: old protein with new roles in diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1055-60. [PMID: 22972802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00087.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in capillary density due to an increase in endothelial cell apoptosis in the heart is implicated in cardiac ischemia in diabetes. The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) plays a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolic function and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. This study is designed to examine the role of VDAC in coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Endothelial cells (ECs) were more apoptotic in diabetic left ventricle of diabetic mice and mouse coronary ECs (MCECs) isolated from diabetic mice exhibited significantly higher mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration and VDAC protein levels than control MCECs. The expression of VDAC-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) not only decreased the resting mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration but also attenuated mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in diabetic MCECs. Furthermore, the downregulation of VDAC in diabetic MCECs significantly decreased mitochondrial superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production and the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening (an indirect indicator of cell apoptosis) toward control levels. These data suggest that the increased VDAC level in diabetic MCECs is responsible for increased mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration, mitochondrial O(2)(-) production, and mPTP opening activity. Normalizing VDAC protein level may help to decrease endothelial cell apoptosis, increase capillary density in the heart, and subsequently decrease the incidence of cardiac ischemia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Sasaki
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 West Polk St., M/C 640, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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138
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Lu J, Yao YY, Dai QM, Ma GS, Zhang SF, Cao L, Ren LQ, Liu NF. Erythropoietin attenuates cardiac dysfunction by increasing myocardial angiogenesis and inhibiting interstitial fibrosis in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:105. [PMID: 22954171 PMCID: PMC3527329 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies revealed that erythropoietin (EPO) has tissue-protective effects in the heart by increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and attenuating myocardial fibrosis in ischemia models. In this study, we investigated the effect of EPO on ventricular remodeling and blood vessel growth in diabetic rats. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control rats, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with 1000 U/kg EPO by subcutaneous injection once per week. Twelve weeks later, echocardiography was conducted, and blood samples were collected for counting of peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Myocardial tissues were collected, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of VEGF and EPO-receptor (EPOR), and Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of VEGF and EPOR. VEGF, EPOR, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and CD31 levels in the myocardium were determined by immunohistochemistry. To detect cardiac hypertrophy, immunohistochemistry of collagen type I, collagen type III, and Picrosirius Red staining were performed, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area was measured. Results After 12 weeks STZ injection, blood glucose increased significantly and remained consistently elevated. EPO treatment significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced diastolic dysfunction. Rats receiving the EPO injection showed a significant increase in circulating EPCs (27.85 ± 3.43%, P < 0.01) compared with diabetic untreated animals. EPO injection significantly increased capillary density as well as EPOR and VEGF expression in left ventricular myocardial tissue from diabetic rats. Moreover, EPO inhibited interstitial collagen deposition and reduced TGF-β expression. Conclusions Treatment with EPO protects cardiac tissue in diabetic animals by increasing VEGF and EPOR expression levels, leading to improved revascularization and the inhibition of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department and Institute of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao street, Nanjing 210009, China.
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139
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Pangare M, Makino A. Mitochondrial function in vascular endothelial cell in diabetes. J Smooth Muscle Res 2012; 48:1-26. [PMID: 22504486 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.48.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro- and macrovascular complications are commonly seen in diabetic patients and endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of the complications. Abnormal functions in endothelial cells lead to the increase in vascular tension and atherosclerosis, followed by systemic hypertension as well as increased incidence of ischemia and stroke in diabetic patients. Mitochondria are organelles serving as a source of energy production and as regulators of cell survival (e.g., apoptosis and cell development) and ion homeostasis (e.g., H(+), Ca(2+)). Endothelial mitochondria are mainly responsible for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining the Ca(2+) concentration in the cytosol. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial morphological and functional changes are implicated in vascular endothelial dysfunction. Enhanced mitochondrial fission and/or attenuated fusion lead to mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupt the endothelial physiological function. Abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis and disturbance of mitochondrial autophagy increase the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, such as irreversibly depolarized or leaky mitochondria, and facilitate cell death. Augmented mitochondrial ROS production and Ca(2+) overload in mitochondria not only cause the maladaptive effect on the endothelial function, but also are potentially detrimental to cell survival. In this article, we review the physiological and pathophysiological role of mitochondria in endothelial function with special focus on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Pangare
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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140
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Herrmann J, Kaski JC, Lerman A. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in the clinical setting: from mystery to reality. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2771-2782b. [PMID: 22915165 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Far more extensive than the epicardial coronary vasculature that can be visualized angiographically is the coronary microcirculation, which foregoes routine imaging. Probably due to the lack of techniques able to provide tangible evidence of its crucial role, the clinical importance of coronary microvascular dysfunction is not fully appreciated. However, evidence gathered over the last several decades indicates that both functional and structural abnormalities of the coronary microvasculature can lead to myocardial ischaemia, often comparable with that caused by obstructive coronary artery disease. Indeed, a marked increase in coronary microvascular resistance can impair coronary blood flow and trigger angina pectoris, ischaemic ECG shifts, and myocardial perfusion defects, and lead to left ventricular dysfunction in patients who otherwise have patent epicardial coronary arteries. This condition--often referred to as 'chest pain with normal coronary arteries' or 'cardiac syndrome X'--encompasses several pathogenic mechanisms involving the coronary microcirculation. Of importance, coronary microvascular dysfunction can occur in conjunction with several other cardiac disease processes. In this article, we review the pathogenic mechanisms leading to coronary microvascular dysfunction and its diagnostic assessment, as well as the different clinical presentations and prognostic implications of microvascular angina. As such, this review aims to remove at least some of the mystery surrounding the notion of coronary microvascular dysfunction and to show why it represents a true clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Herrmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
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141
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Estrada IA, Donthamsetty R, Debski P, Zhou MH, Zhang SL, Yuan JXJ, Han W, Makino A. STIM1 restores coronary endothelial function in type 1 diabetic mice. Circ Res 2012; 111:1166-75. [PMID: 22896585 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.275743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major intracellular Ca(2+) store in endothelial cells (ECs). The Ca(2+) concentration in the ER greatly contributes to the generation of Ca(2+) signals that regulate endothelial functions. Many proteins, including stromal interaction molecule 1/2 (STIM1/2), Orai1/2/3, and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 3 (SERCA3), are involved in the ER Ca(2+) refilling after store depletion in ECs. OBJECTIVE This study is designed to examine the role of Ca(2+) in the ER in coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse coronary ECs (MCECs) isolated from diabetic mice exhibited (1) a significant decrease in the Ca(2+) mobilization from the ER when the cells were treated by SERCA inhibitor, and (2) significant downregulation of STIM1 and SERCA3 protein expression in comparison to the controls. Overexpression of STIM1 restored (1) the increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration due to Ca(2+) leak from the ER in diabetic MCECs, (2) the Ca(2+) concentration in the ER, and (3) endothelium-dependent relaxation that was attenuated in diabetic coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Impaired ER Ca(2+) refilling in diabetic MCECs, due to the decrease in STIM1 protein expression, attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic coronary arteries, while STIM1 overexpression has a beneficial and therapeutic effect on coronary endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Estrada
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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142
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Yin Z, Fan L, Wei L, Gao H, Zhang R, Tao L, Cao F, Wang H. FTY720 protects cardiac microvessels of diabetes: a critical role of S1P1/3 in diabetic heart disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42900. [PMID: 22916176 PMCID: PMC3419247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiac microvascular disease. The mechanisms by which this damage occurs are unknown. However, research suggests that signaling through the sphingosine-1-phosphates receptor 1 and 3 (S1P1/3) by FTY720, a sphiongolipid drug that is structually similar to SIP, may play a role in the treatment on cardiac microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. We hypothesized that FTY720 might exert the cardioprotective effects of S1P1 and S1P3 viaprotein kinase C-beta (PKCβ II) signaling pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings: Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to detect the change of cardiac function. Scanning and transmission electron microscope with lanthanum tracer were used to determine microvascular ultrastructure and permeability in vivo. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and CD31 dual labeling in paraffin-embedded sections. Laser capture miscrodissection was used to assess cardiac micovascular endothelial cells (CMECs) in vivo. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the mRNA levels and protein expression of S1P1, S1P3, and PKCβ II. In the diabetic rats vs. controls, cardiac capillaries showed significantly higher density; CD31 positive endothelial cells were significantly reduced; the apoptosis index of cardiac endothlial cells was significantly higher. And FTY720 could increase the expressional level of S1P1 and boost S1P3 trasnslocation from membrane to nuclear, then ameliorate cardiac microvascular barrier impairment and pathologic angiogenesis induced by diabetes. In addition, overexpression of PKCβ II significantly decreased the protective effect of FTY720. Conclusions: Our study represents that the deregulation of S1P1 and S1P3 is an important signalresponsible for cardiac microvascular dysfunction in diabetes. FTY720 might be competent to serve as a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic heart disease through ameliorating cardiac microvascular barrier impairment and pathologic angiogenesis, which might be partly dependent on PKCβII-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linni Fan
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Haokao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
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143
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S1P1 and S1P3 are potential markers of cardiac microangiopathy in diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:168-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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144
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Eigeldinger-Berthou S, Buntschu P, Flück M, Frobert A, Ferrié C, Carrel TP, Tevaearai HT, Kadner A. Electric pulses augment reporter gene expression in the beating heart. J Gene Med 2012; 14:191-203. [PMID: 22262642 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy of the heart has been attempted in a number of clinical trials with the injection of naked DNA, although quantitative information on myocellular transfection rates is not available. The present study aimed to quantify the efficacy of electropulsing protocols that differ in pulse duration and number to stimulate transfection of cardiomyocytes and to determine the impact on myocardial integrity. METHODS Reporter plasmid for constitutive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected into the left ventricle of beating hearts of adult, male Lewis rats. Four electrotransfer protocols consisting of repeated long pulses (8 × 20 ms), trains of short pulses (eight trains of either 60 or 80 × 100 µs) or their combination were compared with control procedures concerning the degree of GFP expression and the effect on infiltration, fibrosis and apoptosis. RESULTS All tested protocols produced GFP expression at the site of plasmid injection. Continuous pulses were most effective and increased the number of GFP-positive cardiomyocytes by more than 300-fold compared to plasmid injection alone (p < 0.05). Concomitantly, the incidence of macrophage infiltration, fibrosis and cell death was increased. Trains of short pulses reduced macrophage infiltration and fibrosis by four- and two-fold, respectively, although they were 20-fold less efficient in stimulating cardiomyocyte transfection. GFP expression co-related to delivered electric energy, infiltration and fibrosis, although not apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The data imply that electropulsing of the myocardium promotes the overexpression of exogenous protein in mature cardiomyocytes in relation to an injury component. Fractionation of pulses is indicated as a option for sophisticated gene therapeutic approaches to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Eigeldinger-Berthou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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145
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Loganathan R, Novikova L, Boulatnikov IG, Smirnova IV. Exercise-induced cardiac performance in autoimmune (type 1) diabetes is associated with a decrease in myocardial diacylglycerol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:817-26. [PMID: 22797313 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01626.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental biochemical defects underlying the complications of diabetic cardiovascular system is elevation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and its effects on protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. It has been noted that exercise training attenuates poor cardiac performance in Type 1 diabetes. However, the role of PKC signaling in exercise-induced alleviation of cardiac abnormalities in diabetes is not clear. We investigated the possibility that exercise training modulates PKC-βII signaling to elicit its beneficial effects on the diabetic heart. bio-breeding diabetic resistant rats, a model reminiscent of Type 1 diabetes in humans, were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) nonexercised nondiabetic (NN); 2) nonexercised diabetic (ND); 3) exercised nondiabetic; and 4) exercised diabetic. Treadmill training was initiated upon the onset of diabetes. At the end of 8 wk, left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic assessment revealed compromised function in ND compared with the NN group. LV myocardial histology revealed increased collagen deposition in ND compared with the NN group, while electron microscopy showed a reduction in the viable mitochondrial fraction. Although the PKC-βII levels and activity were unchanged in the diabetic heart, the DAG levels were increased. With exercise training, the deterioration of LV structure and function in diabetes was attenuated. Notably, improved cardiac performance in training was associated with a decrease in myocardial DAG levels in diabetes. Exercise-induced benefits on cardiac performance in diabetes may be mediated by prevention of an increase in myocardial DAG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7601, USA
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146
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Cha-Molstad H, Xu G, Chen J, Jing G, Young ME, Chatham JC, Shalev A. Calcium channel blockers act through nuclear factor Y to control transcription of key cardiac genes. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:541-9. [PMID: 22734068 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation calcium channel blockers such as verapamil are a widely used class of antihypertensive drugs that block L-type calcium channels. We recently discovered that they also reduce cardiac expression of proapoptotic thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), suggesting that they may have unappreciated transcriptional effects. By use of TXNIP promoter deletion and mutation studies, we found that a CCAAT element was mediating verapamil-induced transcriptional repression and identified nuclear factor Y (NFY) to be the responsible transcription factor as assessed by overexpression/knockdown and luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in cardiomyocytes and in vivo in diabetic mice receiving oral verapamil. We further discovered that increased NFY-DNA binding was associated with histone H4 deacetylation and transcriptional repression and mediated by inhibition of calcineurin signaling. It is noteworthy that the transcriptional control conferred by this newly identified verapamil-calcineurin-NFY signaling cascade was not limited to TXNIP, suggesting that it may modulate the expression of other NFY targets. Thus, verapamil induces a calcineurin-NFY signaling pathway that controls cardiac gene transcription and apoptosis and thereby may affect cardiac biology in previously unrecognized ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
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147
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Zhang X, Chen C. A new insight of mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Endocrine 2012; 41:398-409. [PMID: 22322947 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases across the world. Cardiovascular complication is the major morbidity and mortality among the diabetic patients. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a new entity independent of coronary artery disease or hypertension, has been increasingly recognized by clinicians and epidemiologists. Cardiac dysfunction is the major characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy. For a better understanding of diabetic cardiomyopathy and necessary treatment strategy, several pathological mechanisms such as impaired calcium handling and increased oxidative stress, have been proposed through clinical and experimental observations. In this review, we will discuss the development of cardiac dysfunction, the mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Room 409A, Sir William MacGregor Building (64), St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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148
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Menegazzo L, Albiero M, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus. Biofactors 2012; 38:194-202. [PMID: 22488933 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to its negative impact on the vascular endothelium. The damaged endothelium is repaired by resident cells also through the contribution of a population of circulating cells derived from bone marrow. These cells, termed endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in maintaining endothelial homeostasis and contributes to the formation of new blood vessels with a process called postnatal vasculogenesis. The mechanisms whereby these cells allow for protection of the cardiovascular system are still unclear; nevertheless, consistent evidences have shown that impairment and reduction of EPCs are hallmark features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, EPC alterations might have a pathogenic role in diabetic complications, thus becoming a potential therapeutic target. In this review, EPC alterations will be examined in the context of macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes, highlighting their roles and functions in the progression of the disease.
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149
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Zeng H, Li L, Chen JX. Overexpression of angiopoietin-1 increases CD133+/c-kit+ cells and reduces myocardial apoptosis in db/db mouse infarcted hearts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35905. [PMID: 22558265 PMCID: PMC3338852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor CD133(+)/c-kit(+) cells have been shown to be involved in myocardial healing following myocardial infarction (MI). Previously we demonstrated that angiopoietin-1(Ang-1) is beneficial in the repair of diabetic infarcted hearts. We now investigate whether Ang-1 affects CD133(+)/c-kit(+) cell recruitment to the infarcted myocardium thereby mediating cardiac repair in type II (db/db) diabetic mice. db/db mice were administered either adenovirus Ang-1 (Ad-Ang-1) or Ad-β-gal systemically immediately after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Overexpression of Ang-1 resulted in a significant increase in CXCR-4/SDF-1α expression and promoted CD133(+)/c-kit(+), CD133(+)/CXCR-4(+) and CD133(+)/SDF-1α(+) cell recruitment into ischemic hearts. Overexpression of Ang-1 led to significant increases in number of CD31(+) and smooth muscle-like cells and VEGF expression in bone marrow (BM). This was accompanied by significant decreases in cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis and an increase in myocardial capillary density. Ang-1 also upregulated Jagged-1, Notch3 and apelin expression followed by increases in arteriole formation in the infarcted myocardium. Furthermore, overexpression of Ang-1 resulted in a significant improvement of cardiac functional recovery after 14 days of ischemia. Our data strongly suggest that Ang-1 attenuates cardiac apoptosis and promotes cardiac repair by a mechanism involving in promoting CD133(+)/c-kit(+) cells and angiogenesis in diabetic db/db mouse infarcted hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu J, Deng W, Fan L, Tian L, Jin L, Jin Z, Guo Q, Xu Y, Li N. The role of radix hedysari polysaccharide on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by high glucose. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:287-92. [PMID: 22385890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus can cause a wide variety of vascular complications and it is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). High glucose can induce vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of radix hedysari polysaccharide (HPS) on the depression of apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by high glucose. METHODS HUVECs were treated with media containing 30 mM glucose in the presence or absence of vitamin C or HPS. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis of HUVECs was measured with flow cytometry. Expression of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3 were testified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS High glucose was capable of eliciting the overexpression of JNK during the treatment procedure. Moreover, we found that the caspase-3 became overexpressed in apoptosis induced by high glucose; HPS could inhibit apoptosis under high glucose and suppress the generation of ROS and the overexpression of JNK and caspase-3. The effect of HPS on ROS quenching, inhibition of JNK and caspase-3 overexpression at the concentration of 100 μg/ml was similar to that of vitamin C at the concentration of 100 μM. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study may suggest that HPS play a protection role on HUVECs against apoptosis induced by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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