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Ghodsizad A, Ruhparwar A, Bordel V, Mirsaidighazi E, Klein HM, Koerner MM, Karck M, El-Banayosy A. Clinical application of adult stem cells for therapy for cardiac disease. Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 31:323-34. [PMID: 23773460 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Different medical and surgical therapeutic options are well established, but a significant number of patients are not amenable to standard therapeutic options. Cell-based therapies after clinical application have shown different results in recent years. Here, we are giving a comprehensive overview on major available clinical data regarding cell therapy. BACKGROUND Cell-based therapies and tissue engineering provide new promising platforms to develop upcoming therapeutic options. Initial clinical trials were able to generate promising results. A variety of different stem cell types have been used for the clinical application. Different adult cardiac stem cells and progenitor cells, including mesenchymal, CD34(+) and CD133(+) autologous human bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMCs), human myoblasts, and peripheral blood-derived stem and progenitor cells (PBSCs) have been used for the therapy for end-stage heart failure. Future experiments will show the importance of novel cell populations and clarify the mechanism causing cell therapy-mediated observed effects. CONCLUSION Several clinical trials have reported on sole therapy, as well as combined application of autologous adult stem cells with conventional revascularization. The reported promising findings encourage further research in the field of the translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghodsizad
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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102
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Ricles LM, Nam SY, Treviño EA, Emelianov SY, Suggs LJ. A Dual Gold Nanoparticle System for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Tracking. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8220-8230. [PMID: 25709814 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have demonstrated improved outcomes in preclinical and clinical trials for treating cardiovascular ischemic diseases. However, the contribution of stem cells to vascular repair is poorly understood. To elucidate these mechanisms, many have attempted to monitor stem cells following their delivery in vivo, but these studies have been limited by the fact that many contrast agents, including nanoparticles, are commonly passed on to non-stem cells in vivo. Specifically, cells of the reticuloendothelial system, such as macrophages, frequently endocytose free contrast agents, resulting in the monitoring of macrophages instead of the stem cell therapy. Here we demonstrate a dual gold nanoparticle system which is capable of monitoring both delivered stem cells and infiltrating macrophages using photoacoustic imaging. In vitro analysis confirmed preferential labeling of the two cell types with their respective nanoparticles and the maintenance of cell function following nanoparticle labeling. In addition, delivery of the system within a rat hind limb ischemia model demonstrated the ability to monitor stem cells and distinguish and quantify macrophage infiltration. These findings were confirmed by histology and mass spectrometry analysis. This work has important implications for cell tracking and monitoring cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ricles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - S Y Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - E A Treviño
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - S Y Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712. ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - L J Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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Wang S, Ma S, Li X, Xue Z, Zhang X, Fan W, Nie Y, Wu K, Chen X, Cao F. Attenuation of lung cancer stem cell tumorigenesis and metastasis by cisplatin. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:404-414. [PMID: 25153512 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.938201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of cisplatin on the growth and metastasis abilities of lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) via molecular imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression changes of lung CSCs cell marker in A549-Luc-C8 human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line with or without cisplatin treatment were detected by flow cytometry. The tumorigenesis and metastasis abilities of A549-Luc-C8 cells were monitored both in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanism was assessed by gene sequencing. RESULTS About 1%-2% of CSCs were detected in A549-Luc-C8 cells and decreased CSCs percentage was observed after cisplatin treatment. Attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis abilities of A549-Luc-C8 cells were found in cisplatin treated group. CONCLUSIONS Decreased percentage of CSCs in A549-Luc-C8 cells can be induced by cisplatin treatment, which may partly be attributed to the attenuated expression of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxu Wang
- Cardiology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cardiology Department, No. 150 Hospital of PLA, LuoYang, Henan, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Cardiology Department, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Cardiology Department, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zengfu Xue
- Digestive Disease Department, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Cardiology Department, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Cardiology Department, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- Digestive Disease Department, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- Digestive Disease Department, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Cardiology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cardiology Department, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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105
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Zhou C, Huang Z, Li P, Li W, Liu Y, Li C, Liu Z, Wang X, Wan P, Wang Z. Safety and Efficacy of Embryonic Stem Cell Microenvironment in a Leukemia Mouse Model. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1741-54. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Panlong Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxia Wan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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106
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Jeong Y, Choi J, Lee KH. Technology advancement for integrative stem cell analyses. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:669-82. [PMID: 24874188 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have endeavored to use stem cells for a variety of applications ranging from basic science research to translational medicine. Population-based characterization of such stem cells, while providing an important foundation to further development, often disregard the heterogeneity inherent among individual constituents within a given population. The population-based analysis and characterization of stem cells and the problems associated with such a blanket approach only underscore the need for the development of new analytical technology. In this article, we review current stem cell analytical technologies, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each, followed by applications of these technologies in the field of stem cells. Furthermore, while recent advances in micro/nano technology have led to a growth in the stem cell analytical field, underlying architectural concepts allow only for a vertical analytical approach, in which different desirable parameters are obtained from multiple individual experiments and there are many technical challenges that limit vertically integrated analytical tools. Therefore, we propose--by introducing a concept of vertical and horizontal approach--that there is the need of adequate methods to the integration of information, such that multiple descriptive parameters from a stem cell can be obtained from a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- 1 BK21+ Department of BioNano Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul Campus, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Exendin-4 pretreated adipose derived stem cells are resistant to oxidative stress and improve cardiac performance via enhanced adhesion in the infarcted heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99756. [PMID: 24915574 PMCID: PMC4051823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were largely generated after myocardial ischemia, severely impaired the adhesion and survival of transplanted stem cells. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Exendin-4 pretreatment could improve the adhesion and therapeutic efficacy of transplanted adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in ischemic myocardium. In vitro, H2O2 was used to provide ROS environments, in which ADSCs pretreated with Exendin-4 were incubated. ADSCs without pretreatment were used as control. Then, cell adhesion and viability were analyzed with time. Compared with control ADSCs, Exendin-4 treatment significantly increased the adhesion of ADSCs in ROS environment, while reduced intracellular ROS and cell injury as determined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining live/Dead staining, lactate dehydrogenase-release assay and MTT assay. Western Blotting demonstrated that ROS significantly decreased the expression of adhesion-related integrins and integrin-related focal adhesion proteins, which were significantly reversed by Exendin-4 pretreatment and followed by decreases in caspase-3, indicating that Exendin-4 may facilitate cell survival through enhanced adhesion. In vivo, myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by the left anterior descending artery ligation in SD rats. Autologous ADSCs with or without Exendin-4 pretreatment were injected into the border area of infarcted hearts, respectively. Multi-techniques were used to assess the beneficial effects after transplantation. Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging and histological staining revealed that Exendin-4 pretreatment enhanced the survival and differentiation of engrafted ADSCs in ischemic myocardium, accompanied with significant benefits in cardiac function, matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis compared with non-pretreated ADSCs 4 weeks post-transplantation. In conclusion, transplantation of Exendin-4 pretreated ADSCs significantly improved cardiac performance and can be an innovative approach in the clinical perspective.
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108
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Zhang Z, Liang D, Gao X, Zhao C, Qin X, Xu Y, Su T, Sun D, Li W, Wang H, Liu B, Cao F. Selective inhibition of inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks) enhances mesenchymal stem cell engraftment and improves therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:417. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Influence of immune responses in gene/stem cell therapies for muscular dystrophies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:818107. [PMID: 24959590 PMCID: PMC4052166 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases, caused by mutations in different components of sarcolemma, extracellular matrix, or enzymes. Inflammation and innate or adaptive immune response activation are prominent features of MDs. Various therapies under development are directed toward rescuing the dystrophic muscle damage using gene transfer or cell therapy. Here we discussed current knowledge about involvement of immune system responses to experimental therapies in MDs.
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110
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Katsikis A, Koutelou M. Cardiac Stem Cell Imaging by SPECT and PET. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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111
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Liu J, Wang H, Wang Y, Yin Y, Du Z, Liu Z, Yang J, Hu S, Wang C, Chen Y. The stem cell adjuvant with Exendin-4 repairs the heart after myocardial infarction via STAT3 activation. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1381-91. [PMID: 24779911 PMCID: PMC4124022 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor survival of cells in ischaemic myocardium is a major obstacle for stem cell therapy. Exendin-4 holds the potential of cardioprotective effect based on its pleiotropic activity. This study investigated whether Exendin-4 in conjunction with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) could improve the stem cell survival and contribute to myocardial repairs after infarction. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by the left anterior descending artery ligation in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. ADSCs carrying double-fusion reporter gene [firefly luciferase and monomeric red fluorescent protein (fluc-mRFP)] were quickly injected into border zone of MI in rats treated with or without Exendin-4. Exendin-4 enhanced the survival of transplanted ADSCs, as demonstrated by the longitudinal in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Moreover, ADSCs adjuvant with Exendin-4 decreased oxidative stress, apoptosis and fibrosis. They also improved myocardial viability and cardiac function and increased the differentiation rates of ADSCs into cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo. Then, ADSCs were exposed to hydrogen peroxide/serum deprivation (H2O2/SD) to mimic the ischaemic environment in vitro. Results showed that Exendin-4 decreased the apoptosis and enhanced the paracrine effect of ADSCs. In addition, Exendin-4 activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) through the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Furthermore, Exendin-4 increased the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, but decreased the pro-apoptotic protein Bax of ADSCs. In conclusion, Exendin-4 could improve the survival and therapeutic efficacy of transplanted ADSCs through STAT3 activation via the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. This study suggests the potential application of Exendin-4 for stem cell–based heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liao MC, Diaconu M, Monecke S, Collombat P, Timaeus C, Kuhlmann T, Paulus W, Trenkwalder C, Dressel R, Mansouri A. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors as non-tumorigenic source for dopaminergic neurons. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:248-255. [PMID: 24772251 PMCID: PMC3999782 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To find a safe source for dopaminergic neurons, we generated neural progenitor cell lines from human embryonic stem cells.
METHODS: The human embryonic stem (hES) cell line H9 was used to generate human neural progenitor (HNP) cell lines. The resulting HNP cell lines were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for the expression of neuronal differentiation markers, including beta-III tubulin (TUJ1) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). To assess the risk of teratoma or other tumor formation, HNP cell lines and mouse neuronal progenitor (MNP) cell lines were injected subcutaneously into immunodeficient SCID/beige mice.
RESULTS: We developed a fairly simple and fast protocol to obtain HNP cell lines from hES cells. These cell lines, which can be stored in liquid nitrogen for several years, have the potential to differentiate in vitro into dopaminergic neurons. Following day 30 of differentiation culture, the majority of the cells analyzed expressed the neuronal marker TUJ1 and a high proportion of these cells were positive for TH, indicating differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. In contrast to H9 ES cells, the HNP cell lines did not form tumors in immunodeficient SCID/beige mice within 6 mo after subcutaneous injection. Similarly, no tumors developed after injection of MNP cells. Notably, mouse ES cells or neuronal cells directly differentiated from mouse ES cells formed teratomas in more than 90% of the recipients.
CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that neural progenitor cell lines can differentiate into dopaminergic neurons and bear no risk of generating teratomas or other tumors in immunodeficient mice.
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113
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Rational design of a triple reporter gene for multimodality molecular imaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:605358. [PMID: 24809057 PMCID: PMC3997851 DOI: 10.1155/2014/605358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality imaging using noncytotoxic triple fusion (TF) reporter genes is an important application for cell-based tracking, drug screening, and therapy. The firefly luciferase (fl), monomeric red fluorescence protein (mrfp), and truncated herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase SR39 mutant (ttksr39) were fused together to create TF reporter gene constructs with different order. The enzymatic activities of TF protein in vitro and in vivo were determined by luciferase reporter assay, H-FEAU cellular uptake experiment, bioluminescence imaging, and micropositron emission tomography (microPET). The TF construct expressed in H1299 cells possesses luciferase activity and red fluorescence. The tTKSR39 activity is preserved in TF protein and mediates high levels of H-FEAU accumulation and significant cell death from ganciclovir (GCV) prodrug activation. In living animals, the luciferase and tTKSR39 activities of TF protein have also been successfully validated by multimodality imaging systems. The red fluorescence signal is relatively weak for in vivo imaging but may expedite FACS-based selection of TF reporter expressing cells. We have developed an optimized triple fusion reporter construct DsRedm-fl-ttksr39 for more effective and sensitive in vivo animal imaging using fluorescence, bioluminescence, and PET imaging modalities, which may facilitate different fields of biomedical research and applications.
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Zhang Z, Zhao C, Liu B, Liang D, Qin X, Li X, Zhang R, Li C, Wang H, Sun D, Cao F. Inositol pyrophosphates mediate the effects of aging on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting Akt signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24670364 PMCID: PMC4055148 DOI: 10.1186/scrt431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been proposed as an ideal autologous stem cell source for cell-based therapy for myocardial infarction (MI). However, decreased viability and impaired function of aged MSCs hampered the therapeutic efficacy of engrafted MSCs, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclarified. Here, we investigated the role of inositol phosphates 6 kinase (IP6Ks) inhibition on the therapeutic efficacy of BM-MSCs and its underlying mechanism. Methods BM-MSCs isolated from young (8-week-old) or aged (18-month-old) donor male C57BL/6 mice, were subjected to hypoxia and serum deprivation (H/SD) injury with or without administration of inositol phosphates 6 kinase (IP6Ks) inhibitor TNP (10 μM). MSC apoptosis induced by H/SD was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL assays. Protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot assay. Furthermore, the paracrine effects of MSCs were measured by reverse transcriptase–polymerized chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. Results Aged BM-MSCs exhibited more Inositol pyrophosphate 7 (IP7) production, compared with young BM-MSCs. Meanwhile, the expression of phospho-Akt (Thr308) was significantly decreased in the aged MSCs, resulting in enhanced Bad activation and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, the apoptosis in aged BM-MSCs was increased, compared with young BM-MSCs. Furthermore, TNP administration significantly inhibited IP7 production and increased the phosphorylation of Akt under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Meanwhile, IP6Ks inhibition reduced apoptotic index of aged MSCs, associated with decreased expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad and increased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The expressions of angiogenic factors, including VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1 and HGF, were decreased in MSCs from aged mice. In addition, TNP administration enhanced the paracrine efficiency of aged BM-MSCs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that IP6Ks and IP7 play critical role in the aging related vulnerability to hypoxic injury and impaired paracrine efficiency of BM-MSCs, which is associated with impaired Akt activation.
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Pei Z, Lan X, Cheng Z, Qin C, Xia X, Yuan H, Ding Z, Zhang Y. Multimodality molecular imaging to monitor transplanted stem cells for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90543. [PMID: 24608323 PMCID: PMC3946457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive techniques to monitor the survival and migration of transplanted stem cells in real-time is crucial for the success of stem cell therapy. The aim of this study was to explore multimodality molecular imaging to monitor transplanted stem cells with a triple-fused reporter gene [TGF; herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk), enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP), and firefly luciferase (FLuc)] in acute myocardial infarction rat models. METHODS Rat myocardial infarction was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. A recombinant adenovirus carrying TGF (Ad5-TGF) was constructed. After transfection with Ad5-TGF, 5 × 10(6) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transplanted into the anterior wall of the left ventricle (n = 14). Untransfected BMSCs were as controls (n = 8). MicroPET/CT, fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging were performed. Continuous images were obtained at day 2, 3 and 7 after transplantation with all three imaging modalities and additional images were performed with bioluminescence imaging until day 15 after transplantation. RESULTS High signals in the heart area were observed using microPET/CT, fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging of infarcted rats injected with Ad5-TGF-transfected BMSCs, whereas no signals were observed in controls. Semi-quantitative analysis showed the gradual decrease of signals in all three imaging modalities with time. Immunohistochemistry assays confirmed the location of the TGF protein expression was the same as the site of stem cell-specific marker expression, suggesting that TGF tracked the stem cells in situ. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that TGF could be used as a reporter gene to monitor stem cells in a myocardial infarction model by multimodality molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China; Department of PET Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chunxia Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiling Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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Pan Q, Qin X, Ma S, Wang H, Cheng K, Song X, Gao H, Wang Q, Tao R, Wang Y, Li X, Xiong L, Cao F. Myocardial protective effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase gene modified bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells on infarcted mice hearts. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:475-86. [PMID: 24669277 PMCID: PMC3964442 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) is a unique scavenger of superoxide anions and a promising target of gene therapy for ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). However, conventional gene therapies have limitation in effectiveness and efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ecSOD gene modified bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) on cardiac function improvement in mice infarcted heart. METHODS & RESULTS: BMSCs were isolated from Fluc+ transgenic mice (Tg FVB[Fluc+]) and transfected by adenovirus combined with human ecSOD gene. ELISA was performed to determine ecSOD protein level. Female syngeneic FVB mice were randomized into 5 groups: (1) Sham group (sham); (2) MI group (MI); (3) MI+BMSCs group (BMSC); (4) MI+BMSCs-vector group (BMSC-vector); (5) MI+ BMSCs-ecSOD group (BMSC-ecSOD). MI was accomplished by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. BMSCs (2x106) were injected into the border zone of infarction. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed to monitor transplanted BMSCs viability. Echocardiography and histological staining revealed that BMSCs-ecSOD significantly reduced myocardial infarction size and improved cardiac function. Lucigenin chemiluminescence, DHE and TUNEL staining demonstrated that BMSCs-ecSOD delivery reduced ROS level and cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Western blot assay revealed that ecSOD supplementation increased FoxO3a phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR showed that pro-apoptotic factors (bim and bax) were decreased while the anti-apoptotic factor mir-21 expression was increased after ecSOD intervention. CONCLUSION: Intra-myocardial transplantation of adenovirus-ecSOD transfected BMSCs could exert potential cardiac protection against MI, which may be partly through reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of BMSCs survival.
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117
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Kooreman NG, Ransohoff JD, Wu JC. Tracking gene and cell fate for therapeutic gain. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:106-9. [PMID: 24452344 PMCID: PMC4892936 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Parallel advances in molecular imaging modalities and in gene- and cell-based therapeutics have significantly advanced their respective fields. Here we discuss how the collaborative, preclinical intersection of these technologies will facilitate more informed and effective clinical translation of relevant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G. Kooreman
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology (Molecular Imaging Program)
| | - Julia D. Ransohoff
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology (Molecular Imaging Program)
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology (Molecular Imaging Program)
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
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118
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Ahn BC. Requisites for successful theranostics with radionuclide-based reporter gene imaging. J Drug Target 2014; 22:295-303. [PMID: 24417717 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.878940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radionuclide-based theranostic strategy has been widely used in diagnosis and treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism or differentiated thyroid cancer for a long time, and sodium iodide symporter gene is the radionuclide-based reporter gene used in theranostics. Theranostics, which is a promising approach, offering the ideal combination of accurate diagnosis and successful therapy in various clinical fields, is expected to become a key area of personalized medicine. Rapid advancements in biotechnologies using theranostic reporter genes and theranostic radiochemistry have led to development of the concept of theranostics using radionuclide-based imaging reporter genes; the theranostic approach is almost ready for application in a limited arena of clinics. In order to fulfill both the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, theranostics with radionuclide-based imaging reporter requires use of successful combinations of various components, such as radionuclide-based reporter genes, promoters/enhancers that regulate expression of reporter genes, delivery vectors/vehicles, imaging or therapeutic probes and prodrugs, transductional and transcriptional targeting strategies, transgene amplification systems, etc. In this review, overview and recent updates on theranostics using radionuclide-based imaging reporter genes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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119
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Josephson R. Molecular cytogenetics: making it safe for human embryonic stem cells to enter the clinic. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:395-406. [PMID: 17620047 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies based on transplantation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are currently being prepared for clinical trials. Unfortunately, recent evidence indicates that many kinds of changes can occur to hESC during expansion in culture, and alterations to the growth control mechanisms may be required to establish hESC lines at all. Changes in the genome and epigenome can affect the validity of in vitro and animal studies, and put transplant recipients at increased risk of cancer. New molecular cytogenetic technologies enable us to examine the whole human genome with ever-finer resolution. This review describes several techniques for whole-genome analysis and the information they can provide about hESC lines. Adoption of high-resolution genotyping into routine characterization may prevent highly discouraging clinical outcomes.
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120
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Napp LC, Templin C. What You See is What You Get? Imaging of Cell Therapy for Cardiac Regeneration. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-013-9243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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121
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Abstract
Advances in noninvasive imaging technologies that allow for in vivo dynamic monitoring of cells and cellular function in living research subjects have revealed new insights into cell biology in the context of intact organs and their native environment. In the field of hematopoiesis and stem cell research, studies of cell trafficking involved in injury repair and hematopoietic engraftment have made great progress using these new tools. Stem cells present unique challenges for imaging since after transplantation, they proliferate dramatically and differentiate. Therefore, the imaging modality used needs to have a large dynamic range, and the genetic regulatory elements used need to be stably expressed during differentiation. Multiple imaging technologies using different modalities are available, and each varies in sensitivity, ease of data acquisition, signal to noise ratios (SNR), substrate availability, and other parameters that affect utility for monitoring cell fates and function. For a given application, there may be several different approaches that can be used. For mouse models, clinically validated technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been joined by optical imaging techniques such as in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI), and all have been used to monitor bone marrow and stem cells after transplantation into mice. Photoacoustic imaging that utilizes the sound created by the thermal expansion of absorbed light to generate an image best represents hybrid technologies. Each modality requires that the cells of interest be marked with a genetic reporter that acts as a label making them uniquely visible using that technology. For each modality, there are several labels to choose from. Multiple methods for applying these different labels are available. This chapter provides an overview of the imaging technologies and commonly used labels for each, as well as detailed protocols for gene delivery into hematopoietic cells for the purposes of applying these specific labels to cell trafficking. The goal of this chapter is to provide adequate background information to allow the design and implementation of an experimental system for in vivo imaging in mice.
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122
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Kedziorek DA, Solaiyappan M, Walczak P, Ehtiati T, Fu Y, Bulte JWM, Shea SM, Brost A, Wacker FK, Kraitchman DL. Using C-arm x-ray imaging to guide local reporter probe delivery for tracking stem cell engraftment. Theranostics 2013; 3:916-26. [PMID: 24396502 PMCID: PMC3879108 DOI: 10.7150/thno.6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor cell survival and difficulties with visualization of cell delivery are major problems with current cell transplantation methods. To protect cells from early destruction, microencapsulation methods have been developed. The addition of a contrast agent to the microcapsule also could enable tracking by MR, ultrasound, and X-ray imaging. However, determining the cell viability within the microcapsule still remains an issue. Reporter gene imaging provides a way to determine cell viability, but delivery of the reporter probe by systemic injection may be hindered in ischemic diseases. In the present study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transfected with triple fusion reporter gene containing red fluorescent protein, truncated thymidine kinase (SPECT/PET reporter) and firefly luciferase (bioluminescence reporter). Transfected cells were microencapsulated in either unlabeled or perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) impregnated alginate. The addition of PFOB provided radiopacity to enable visualization of the microcapsules by X-ray imaging. Before intramuscular transplantation in rabbit thigh muscle, the microcapsules were incubated with D-luciferin, and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed immediately. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours post transplantation, c-arm CT was used to target the luciferin to the X-ray-visible microcapsules for BLI cell viability assessment, rather than systemic reporter probe injections. Not only was the bioluminescent signal emission from the PFOB-encapsulated MSCs confirmed as compared to non-encapsulated, naked MSCs, but over 90% of injection sites of PFOB-encapsulated MSCs were visible on c-arm CT. The latter aided in successful targeting of the reporter probe to injection sites using conventional X-ray imaging to determine cell viability at 1-2 days post transplantation. Blind luciferin injections to the approximate location of unlabeled microcapsules resulted in successful BLI signal detection in only 18% of injections. In conclusion, reporter gene probes can be more precisely targeted using c-arm CT for in vivo transplant viability assessment, thereby avoiding large and costly systemic injections of a reporter probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A Kedziorek
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Meiyappan Solaiyappan
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Piotr Walczak
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 2. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Tina Ehtiati
- 3. Center for Applied Medical Imaging, Corporate Technology, Siemens Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yingli Fu
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 2. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Steven M Shea
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 3. Center for Applied Medical Imaging, Corporate Technology, Siemens Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Alexander Brost
- 4. Pattern Recognition Lab, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank K Wacker
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ; 5. Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dara L Kraitchman
- 1. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Abstract
Techniques for in vivo assessment of disease-related molecular changes are being developed for all forms of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging. The ability to evaluate tissue molecular or cellular phenotype in patients has the potential to not only improve diagnostic capabilities but to enhance clinical care either by detecting disease at an earlier stage when it is more amenable to therapy, or by guiding most appropriate therapies. These new techniques also can be used in research programs in order to characterize pathophysiology and as a surrogate endpoint for therapeutic efficacy. The most common approach for molecular imaging involves the creation of novel-targeted contrast agents that are designed so that their kinetic properties are different in disease tissues. The main focus of this review is not to describe all the different molecular imaging approaches that have been developed, but rather to describe the status of the field and highlight some of the clinical and research applications that molecular imaging will likely provide meaningful benefit. Specific target areas include assessment of atherosclerotic disease, tissue ischemia, and ventricular and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, UHN-62, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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124
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Jung SY, Choi SH, Yoo SY, Baek SH, Kwon SM. Modulation of Human Cardiac Progenitors via Hypoxia-ERK Circuit Improves their Functional Bioactivities. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:196-203. [PMID: 24265864 PMCID: PMC3830117 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent accumulating studies have reported that hypoxic preconditioning during ex vivo expansion enhanced the self-renewal or differentiation of various stem cells and provide an important strategy for the adequate modulation of oxygen in culture conditions, which might increase the functional bioactivity of these cells for cardiac regeneration. In this study, we proposed a novel priming protocol to increase the functional bioactivity of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for the treatment of cardiac regeneration. Firstly, patient-derived c-kit+ CPCs isolated from the atrium of human hearts by enzymatic digestion and secondly, pivotal target molecules identifi ed their differentiation into specific cell lineages. We observed that hCPCs, in response to hypoxia, strongly activated ERK phosphorylation in ex vivo culture conditioning. Interestingly, pre-treatment with an ERK inhibitor, U0126, significantly enhanced cellular proliferation and tubular formation capacities of CPCs. Furthermore, we observed that hCPCs efficiently maintained the expression of the c-kit, a typical stem cell marker of CPCs, under both hypoxic conditioning and ERK inhibition. We also show that hCPCs, after preconditioning of both hypoxic and ERK inhibition, are capable of differentiating into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs), but not endothelial cells (ECs), as demonstrated by the strong expression of α-SMA, Nkx2.5, and cTnT, respectively. From our results, we conclude that the functional bioactivity of patient-derived hCPCs and their ability to differentiate into SMCs and CMs can be effi ciently increased under specifically defined culture conditions such as shortterm hypoxic preconditioning and ERK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Yun Jung
- Laboratory of Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870
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125
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Li Y, Liu Z, Dong C, He P, Liu X, Zhu Z, Jia B, Li F, Wang F. Noninvasive detection of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived teratoma with an integrin-targeting agent (99m)Tc-3PRGD2. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:58-67. [PMID: 22707047 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since their discovery in 2006, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have gained increasing interest for tissue regeneration and transplantation therapies. However, teratoma formation after iPSC transplantation is one of the most serious drawbacks that may limit their further clinical application. We investigated here whether human iPSC-derived teratomas could be detected by an integrin-targeting agent (99m)Tc-PEG(4)-E[PEG(4)-c(RGDfK)](2) ((99m)Tc-3PRGD2). METHODS Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated and characterized. In vitro integrin α(v)β(3) expression levels of hiPSC- and hiPSC-derived teratoma cells were determined by flow cytometry. (99m)Tc-3PRGD2 was prepared, and planar gamma imaging and biodistribution studies were carried out in teratoma-bearing severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of teratomas with 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) was also performed for comparison. Integrin α(v)β(3) expression in teratoma tissues was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS (99m)Tc-3PRGD2 showed high (2.82 ± 0.21 and 2.69 ± 0.73%ID/g at 0.5 and 1 h pi, respectively) and specific (teratoma uptake decreased from 2.69 ± 0.73 to 0.53 ± 0.26%ID/g after blocking with cold 3PRGD2) uptake in teratoma tissues, and planar gamma imaging demonstrated the feasibility of noninvasively detecting the teratoma formation with (99m)Tc-3PRGD2. (18)F-FDG showed low teratoma uptake and thus failed to detect the teratomas. Ex vivo immunofluorescence staining validated the integrin α(v)β(3) expression in the vasculature during teratoma formation. CONCLUSION Gamma imaging with (99m)Tc-3PRGD2 is a promising approach for the noninvasive monitoring of tumorigenicity after hiPSCs transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Stem Cell Research Center and Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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126
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Multimodality molecular imaging of stem cells therapy for stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:849819. [PMID: 24222920 PMCID: PMC3816035 DOI: 10.1155/2013/849819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been proposed as a promising therapy for treating stroke. While several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of stem cells, the exact mechanism remains elusive. Molecular imaging provides the possibility of the visual representation of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. In order to facilitate research efforts to understand the stem cells therapeutic mechanisms, we need to further develop means of monitoring these cells noninvasively, longitudinally and repeatedly. Because of tissue depth and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), in vivo imaging of stem cells therapy for stroke has unique challenges. In this review, we describe existing methods of tracking transplanted stem cells in vivo, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine imaging, and optical imaging (OI). Each of the imaging techniques has advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we describe multimodality imaging strategies as a more comprehensive and potential method to monitor transplanted stem cells for stroke.
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127
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Xu B, Chen X, Mao Z, Chen M, Han X, Du G, Ji X, Chang C, Rehan VK, Wang X, Xia Y. Perfluorooctane sulfonate disturbs Nanog expression through miR-490-3p in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74968. [PMID: 24098361 PMCID: PMC3788095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) poses potential risks to reproduction and development. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are ideal models for developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants in vitro. However, the mechanism by which PFOS affects early embryonic development is still unclear. In this study, mESCs were exposed to PFOS for 24 h, and then general cytotoxicity and pluripotency were evaluated. MTT assay showed that neither PFOS (0.2 µM, 2 µM, 20 µM, and 200 µM) nor control medium (0.1% DMSO) treatments affected cell viability. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in cell cycle and apoptosis between the PFOS treatment and control groups. However, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of pluripotency markers (Sox2, Nanog) in mESCs were significantly decreased following exposure to PFOS for 24 h, while there were no significant changes in the mRNA and protein levels of Oct4. Accordingly, the expression levels of miR-145 and miR-490-3p, which can regulate Sox2 and Nanog expressions were significantly increased. Chrm2, the host gene of miR-490-3p, was positively associated with miR-490-3p expression after PFOS exposure. Dual luciferase reporter assay suggests that miR-490-3p directly targets Nanog. These results suggest that PFOS can disturb the expression of pluripotency factors in mESCs, while miR-145 and miR-490-3p play key roles in modulating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Virender K. Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center at David Geffen School of Medicine, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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128
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Sanganalmath SK, Bolli R. Cell therapy for heart failure: a comprehensive overview of experimental and clinical studies, current challenges, and future directions. Circ Res 2013; 113:810-34. [PMID: 23989721 PMCID: PMC3892665 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant therapeutic advances, the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) remains poor, and current therapeutic approaches are palliative in the sense that they do not address the underlying problem of the loss of cardiac tissue. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to fundamentally transform the treatment of HF by achieving what would have been unthinkable only a few years ago-myocardial regeneration. For the first time since cardiac transplantation, a therapy is being developed to eliminate the underlying cause of HF, not just to achieve damage control. Since the initial report of cell therapy (skeletal myoblasts) in HF in 1998, research has proceeded at lightning speed, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been performed that support the ability of various stem cell populations to improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size in both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, we are still at the dawn of this therapeutic revolution. Many important issues (eg, mechanism(s) of action of stem cells, long-term engraftment, optimal cell type(s), and dose, route, and frequency of cell administration) remain to be resolved, and no cell therapy has been conclusively shown to be effective. The purpose of this article is to critically review the large body of work performed with respect to the use of stem/progenitor cells in HF, both at the experimental and clinical levels, and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions. The review focuses specifically on chronic HF; other settings (eg, acute myocardial infarction, refractory angina) are not discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Sanganalmath
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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129
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Ding DC, Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Liu HW, Chiou SH, Chu TY. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells support nontumorigenic expansion of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1515-27. [PMID: 22732188 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x647199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires a culture on feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The culture model often causes immunogenic contaminations such as xenocarbohydrate, and inevitably forms teratoma in vivo. This study tested human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) as the feeder for hESCs. Wharton's jelly-derived HUCMSCs showed characteristics of MSCs and were easily maintained in a culture for over 20 passages. Under the mitomycin-inhibited HUCMSC feeder, hESCs maintained the features of embryonic stem cells (pluripotency and maintenance of normal karyotypes) after a prolonged culture of more than 20 passages. Notably, in extensive trials, no teratoma was formed in xenograft in NOD/SCID mice, but subsequent resumption of teratoma formation was noted upon transient coculturing with MEFs. Interestingly, among the four pluripotency-conferring genes, MYC and OCT4 were found to be downregulated in hESCs cocultured with HUCMSCs. Results of this study supported a nontumorigenic sustained culture of hESCs and did not form teratoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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130
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Yu Q, Fan W, Cao F. Mechanistic molecular imaging of cardiac cell therapy for ischemic heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H947-59. [PMID: 23893164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00092.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based myocardial regeneration has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for ischemic heart disease, though not yet at the level of routine clinical utility. Despite the encouraging results from initial preclinical studies that have demonstrated improved function and reduced infarct size of the ischemic myocardium following several candidate cell transplantation, the beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy are still unclear in clinical applications to date, and much remains to be optimized. To improve engraftment, accurate methods are required for tracking cell fate and quantifying functional outcome. In the present review, we summarized the current status and challenges of cardiac cell therapy for ischemic heart disease and discussed the strengths and limitations of currently available in vivo imaging techniques with special focus on the newly developed multimodality approaches for assessing the efficacy of engrafted donor cells. We also addressed the hurdles these imaging modalities are facing, including issues regarding immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of transplanted stem cells, and provided some the future perspectives on stem cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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131
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Edmundson M, Thanh NTK, Song B. Nanoparticles based stem cell tracking in regenerative medicine. Theranostics 2013; 3:573-82. [PMID: 23946823 PMCID: PMC3741606 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer great potentials in the treatment for a wide range of diseases and conditions. With so many stem cell replacement therapies going through clinical trials currently, there is a great need to understand the mechanisms behind a successful therapy, and one of the critical points of discovering them is to track stem cell migration, proliferation and differentiation in vivo. To be of most use tracking methods should ideally be non-invasive, high resolution and allow tracking in three dimensions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the ideal methods, but requires a suitable contrast agent to be loaded to the cells to be tracked, and one of the most wide-spread in stem cell tracking is a group of agents known as magnetic nanoparticles. This review will explore the current use of magnetic nanoparticles in developing and performing stem cell therapies, and will investigate their potential limitations and the future directions magnetic nanoparticle tracking is heading in.
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132
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Mathiasen AB, Kastrup J. Non-invasive in-vivo imaging of stem cells after transplantation in cardiovascular tissue. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:561-72. [PMID: 23946822 PMCID: PMC3741605 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for degenerative diseases, including ischemic heart disease is now a clinical reality. In the search for the optimal cell type for each patient category, many different stem cell subpopulations have been used. In addition, different cell processing procedures and delivery methods have been utilized. Moreover, choices of endpoints have varied between studies. Diverging results have been reported from clinical experiences, with some studies demonstrating promising results with improved cardiac function and reduced mortality and clinical symptoms, and others have seen no improvements. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of these results, a reverse translation from bedside to bench has been opened. Non-invasive cell tracking after implantation has a pivotal role in this translation. Imaging based methods can help elucidate important issues such as retention, migration and efficacy of the transplanted cells. Great effort is being made in finding new and better imaging techniques for different imaging modalities, and much have already been learned. But there are still many unanswered questions. In this review, we give an overview of the imaging modalities used for cell tracking and summarize the latest advances within the field.
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133
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Kim JE, Ahn BC, Lee HW, Hwang MH, Shin SH, Lee SW, Sung YK, Lee J. In Vivo Monitoring of Survival and Proliferation of Hair Stem Cells in a Hair Follicle Generation Animal Model. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Hwang
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Shin
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Kwan Sung
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- From the Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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134
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Kim WS, Lee S, Yoon YS. Cardiovascular repair with bone marrow-derived cells. Blood Res 2013; 48:76-86. [PMID: 23826576 PMCID: PMC3698412 DOI: 10.5045/br.2013.48.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been comprehensively studied for their propitious pre-clinical results, clinical trials have shown controversial outcomes. Unlike previously acknowledged, more recent studies have now confirmed that humoral and paracrine effects are the key mechanisms for tissue regeneration and functional recovery, instead of transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissues. The progression of the understanding of BM-derived cells has further led to exploring efficient methods to isolate and obtain, without mobilization, sufficient number of cell populations that would eventually have a higher therapeutic potential. As such, hematopoietic CD31+ cells, prevalent in both bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been discovered, in recent studies, to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and to show strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic tissues. This article will discuss recent advancement on BM-derived cell therapy and the implication of newly discovered CD31+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Sang Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, GA, USA
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135
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Fan W, Cheng K, Qin X, Narsinh KH, Wang S, Hu S, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wu JC, Xiong L, Cao F. mTORC1 and mTORC2 play different roles in the functional survival of transplanted adipose-derived stromal cells in hind limb ischemic mice via regulating inflammation in vivo. Stem Cells 2013; 31:203-14. [PMID: 23081858 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor cell survival severely limits the beneficial effects of stem cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This study was designed to investigate the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the survival and therapeutic function of transplanted murine adipose-derived stromal cells (mADSCs) in a murine PAD model. mADSCs (1.0 × 10(7)) were isolated from dual-reporter firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive transgenic mice, intramuscularly implanted into the hind limb of C57BL/6 mice after femoral artery ligation/excision, and monitored using noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Although engrafted mADSCs produced antiapoptotic/proangiogenic effects in vivo by modulating the inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine response involving the mTOR pathway, longitudinal BLI revealed progressive death of post-transplant mADSCs within ~4 weeks in the ischemic hind limb. Selectively targeting mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) using low-dose rapamycin treatment with mADSCs attenuated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) expression and neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, which overtly promoted mADSCs viability and antiapoptotic/proangiogenic efficacy in vivo. However, targeting dual mTORC1/mTORC2 using PP242 or high-dose rapamycin caused IL-1β/TNF-α upregulation and anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 downregulation, undermining the survival and antiapoptotic/proangiogenic action of mADSCs in vivo. Furthermore, low-dose rapamycin abrogated TNF-α secretion by mADSCs and rescued the cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced death in vitro, while PP242 or high-dose rapamycin exerted proinflammatory effects and promoted cell death. In conclusion, mTORC1 and mTORC2 may differentially regulate inflammation and affect transplanted mADSCs' functional survival in ischemic hind limb. These findings uncover that mTOR may evolve into a promising candidate for mechanism-driven approaches to facilitate the translation of cell-based PAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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136
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Liu Z, Wen X, Wang H, Zhou J, Zhao M, Lin Q, Wang Y, Li J, Li D, Du Z, Yao A, Cao F, Wang C. Molecular imaging of induced pluripotent stem cell immunogenicity with in vivo development in ischemic myocardium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66369. [PMID: 23840453 PMCID: PMC3688792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in ischemic myocardium enhances their immunogenicity, thereby increasing their chance for rejection, is unclear. Here, we dynamically demonstrated the immunogenicity and rejection of iPSCs in ischemic myocardium using bioluminescent imaging (BLI). Murine iPSCs were transduced with a tri-fusion (TF) reporter gene consisting of firefly luciferase-red fluorescent protein-truncated thymidine kinase (fluc-mrfp-tTK). Ascorbic acid (Vc) were used to induce iPSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CM). iPSCs and iPS-CMs were intramyocardially injected into immunocompetent or immunosuppressed allogenic murine with myocardial infarction. BLI was performed to track transplanted cells. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Syngeneic iPSCs were also injected and evaluated. The results demonstrated that undifferentiated iPSCs survived and proliferated in allogenic immunocompetent recipients early post-transplantation, accompanying with mild immune cell infiltration. With in vivo differentiation, a progressive immune cell infiltration could be detected. While transplantation of allogenic iPSC-CMs were observed an acute rejection from receipts. In immune-suppressed recipients, the proliferation of iPSCs could be maintained and intramyocardial teratomas were formed. Transplantation of syngeneic iPSCs and iPSC-CMs were also observed progressive immune cell infiltration. This study demonstrated that iPSC immunogenicity increases with in vivo differentiation, which will increase their chance for rejection in iPSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mengge Zhao
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Qiuxia Lin
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dexue Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyan Du
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Anning Yao
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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137
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Liu Z, Tang Y, Lü S, Zhou J, Du Z, Duan C, Li Z, Wang C. The tumourigenicity of iPS cells and their differentiated derivates. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:782-91. [PMID: 23711115 PMCID: PMC3823182 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) provides a promising seeding cell for regenerative medicine. However, iPSC has the potential to form teratomas after transplantation. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the tumorigenic risks of iPSC and all its differentiated derivates prior to use in a clinical setting. Here, murine iPSCs were transduced with dual reporter gene consisting of monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) and firefly luciferase (Fluc). Undifferentiated iPSCs, iPSC derivates from induced differentiation (iPSC-derivates), iPSC-derivated cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CMs) were subcutaneously injected into the back of nude mice. Non-invasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was longitudinally performed at day 1, 7, 14 and 28 after transplantation to track the survival and proliferation of transplanted cells. At day 28, mice were killed and grafts were explanted to detect teratoma formation. The results demonstrated that transplanted iPSCs, iPSC-derivates and iPSC-CMs survived in receipts. Both iPSCs and iPSC-derivates proliferated dramatically after transplantation, while only slight increase in BLI signals was observed in iPSC-CM transplanted mice. At day 28, teratomas were detected in both iPSCs and iPSC-derivates transplanted mice, but not in iPSC-CM transplanted ones. In vitro study showed the long-term existence of pluripotent cells during iPSC differentiation. Furthermore, when these cells were passaged in feeder layers as undifferentiated iPSCs, they would recover iPSC-like colonies, indicating the cause for differentiated iPSC's tumourigenicity. Our study indicates that exclusion of tumorigenic cells by screening in addition to lineage-specific differentiation is necessary prior to therapeutic use of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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138
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Human vasculogenic cells form functional blood vessels and mitigate adverse remodeling after ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:773-84. [PMID: 23666122 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies to restore heart function after infarction have been tested in pre-clinical models and clinical trials with mixed results, and will likely require both contractile cells and a vascular network to support them. We and others have shown that human endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) combined with mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) can be used to "bio-engineer" functional human blood vessels. Here we investigated whether ECFC + MPC form functional vessels in ischemic myocardium and whether this affects cardiac function or remodeling. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) was induced in 12-week-old immunodeficient rats by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 40 min, myocardium was reperfused and ECFC + MPC (2 × 10(6) cells, 2:3 ratio) or PBS was injected. Luciferase assays after injection of luciferase-labeled ECFC + MPC showed that 1,500 ECFC were present at day 14. Human ECFC-lined perfused vessels were directly visualized by femoral vein injection of a fluorescently-tagged human-specific lectin in hearts injected with ECFC + MPC but not PBS alone. While infarct size at day 1 was no different, LV dimensions and heart weight to tibia length ratios were lower in cell-treated hearts compared with PBS at 4 months, suggesting post-infarction remodeling was ameliorated by local cell injection. Fractional shortening, LV wall motion score, and fibrotic area were not different between groups at 4 months. However, pressure-volume loops demonstrated improved cardiac function and reduced volumes in cell-treated animals. These data suggest that myocardial delivery of ECFC + MPC at reperfusion may provide a therapeutic strategy to mitigate LV remodeling and cardiac dysfunction after IRI.
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139
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Yang JJ, Liu ZQ, Zhang JM, Wang HB, Hu SY, Liu JF, Wang CY, Chen YD. Real-time tracking of adipose tissue-derived stem cells with injectable scaffolds in the infarcted heart. Heart Vessels 2013; 28:385-96. [PMID: 22940832 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-012-0275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) has shown promise in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Many studies have highlighted the importance of coadministering a "scaffold" for increasing intramyocardial retention of stem cells. In this work, an optimized method was developed for efficient transduction of ADSCs with a lentiviral vector carrying a triple-fusion reporter gene that consists of firefly luciferase, monomeric red fluorescence protein, and truncated thymidine kinase (fluc-mrfp-ttk). The transduced ADSCs were assessed on biological performance and transplanted into infarcted heart with fibrin scaffolds. In vivo cell retention was tracked by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and micro positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Histological assessment was performed for regeneration potentials. The results showed that lentiviral transduction did not influence cell functions. In vitro imaging analysis showed a robust linear correlation between cell numbers and BLI signals (R (2) = 0.99) as well as between cell numbers and radiotracer uptakes (R (2) = 0.98). Transduced ADSCs were visualized in the heart under both BLI and PET/CT imaging, contributing to cardiomyocyte regeneration and angiogenesis in the implanted areas. Compared with BLI monitoring, PET/CT data provided precise localization for cell retention. Thus, a combination of imaging modalities can assist in reliable and efficient monitoring of transplanted cells, holding great potential for the transplantation of injectable scaffolds encapsulating stem cells in treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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140
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Chen IY, Wu JC. Molecular imaging: the key to advancing cardiac stem cell therapy. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:201-10. [PMID: 23561794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy continues to hold promise for the treatment of ischemic heart disease despite the fact that early promising pre-clinical findings have yet to be translated into consistent clinical success. The latest human studies have collectively identified a pressing need to better understand stem cell behavior in humans and called for more incorporation of noninvasive imaging techniques into the design and evaluation of human stem cell therapy trials. This review discusses the various molecular imaging techniques validated to date for studying stem cells in living subjects, with a particular emphasis on their utilities in assessing the acute retention and the long-term survival of transplanted stem cells. These imaging techniques will be essential for advancing cardiac stem cell therapy by providing the means to both guide ongoing optimization and predict treatment response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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141
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Kramer AS, Harvey AR, Plant GW, Hodgetts SI. Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:571-617. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Kramer
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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142
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de Almeida PE, Ransohoff JD, Nahid A, Wu JC. Immunogenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Circ Res 2013; 112:549-61. [PMID: 23371903 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical applications, much translational research is necessary to ensure that their therapeutic progenies are functional and nontumorigenic, that they are stable and do not dedifferentiate, and that they do not elicit immune responses that could threaten their survival in vivo. For this, an in-depth understanding of their biology, genetic, and epigenetic make-up and of their antigenic repertoire is critical for predicting their immunogenicity and for developing strategies needed to assure successful long-term engraftment. Recently, the expectation that reprogrammed somatic cells would provide an autologous cell therapy for personalized medicine has been questioned. Induced pluripotent stem cells display several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could promote tumorigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. Understanding the persistence and effects of these abnormalities in induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives is critical to allow clinicians to predict graft fate after transplantation, and to take requisite measures to prevent immune rejection. With clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell therapy on the horizon, the importance of understanding immunologic barriers and devising safe, effective strategies to bypass them is further underscored. This approach to overcome immunologic barriers to stem cell therapy can take advantage of the validated knowledge acquired from decades of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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143
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Zhao L, Kutikov A, Shen J, Duan C, Song J, Han G. Stem cell labeling using polyethylenimine conjugated (α-NaYbF4:Tm3+)/CaF2 upconversion nanoparticles. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:249-57. [PMID: 23606911 PMCID: PMC3630525 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a polyethylenimine (PEI) covalently conjugated (α-NaYbF4:Tm3+)/CaF2 upconversion nanoparticle (PEI-UCNP) and its use for labeling rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). The PEI-UCNPs absorb and emit near-infrared light, allowing for improved in vivo imaging depth over conventional probes. We found that such covalent surface conjugation by PEI results in a much more stable PEI-UCNP suspension in PBS compared to conventional electrostatic layer by layer (LbL) self-assembling coating approach. We systematically examined the effects of nanoparticle dose and exposure time on rat mesenchymal stem cell (rMSC) cytotoxicity. The exocytosis of PEI-UCNPs from labeled rMSCs and the impact of PEI-UCNP uptake on rMSC differentiation was also investigated. Our data show that incubation of 100-µg/mL PEI-UCNPs with rMSCs for 4 h led to efficient labeling of the MSCs, and such a level of PEI-UCNP exposure imposed little cytotoxicity to rMSCs (95% viability). However, extended incubation of PEI-UCNPs at the 100 µg/mL dose for 24 hour resulted in some cytotoxicity to rMSCs (60% viability). PEI-UCNP labeled rMSCs also exhibited normal early proliferation, and the internalized PEI-UCNPs did not leak out to cause unintended labeling of adjacent cells during a 14-day transwell culture experiment. Finally, PEI-UCNP labeled rMSCs were able to undergo osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation upon in vitro induction, although the osteogenesis of labeled rMSCs appeared to be less potent than that of the unlabeled rMSCs. Taken together, PEI-UCNPs are promising agents for stem cell labeling and tracking.
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144
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Das B, Bayat-Mokhtari R, Tsui M, Lotfi S, Tsuchida R, Felsher DW, Yeger H. HIF-2α suppresses p53 to enhance the stemness and regenerative potential of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1685-95. [PMID: 22689594 PMCID: PMC3584519 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been reported to exert cytoprotective activity in the area of tissue injury. However, hypoxia/oxidative stress prevailing in the area of injury could activate p53, leading to death and differentiation of hESCs. Here we report that when exposed to hypoxia/oxidative stress, a small fraction of hESCs, namely the SSEA3+/ABCG2+ fraction undergoes a transient state of reprogramming to a low p53 and high hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α state of transcriptional activity. This state can be sustained for a period of 2 weeks and is associated with enhanced transcriptional activity of Oct-4 and Nanog, concomitant with high teratomagenic potential. Conditioned medium obtained from the post-hypoxia SSEA3+/ABCG2+ hESCs showed cytoprotection both in vitro and in vivo. We termed this phenotype as the “enhanced stemness” state. We then demonstrated that the underlying molecular mechanism of this transient phenotype of enhanced stemness involved high Bcl-2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and MDM2 expression and an altered state of the p53/MDM2 oscillation system. Specific silencing of HIF-2α and p53 resisted the reprogramming of SSEA3+/ABCG2+ to the enhanced stemness phenotype. Thus, our studies have uncovered a unique transient reprogramming activity in hESCs, the enhanced stemness reprogramming where a highly cytoprotective and undifferentiated state is achieved by transiently suppressing p53 activity. We suggest that this transient reprogramming is a form of stem cell altruism that benefits the surrounding tissues during the process of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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145
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Roura S, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A. Bioluminescence imaging: a shining future for cardiac regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:693-703. [PMID: 23402217 PMCID: PMC3823173 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in bioanalytical techniques have become crucial for both basic research and medical practice. One example, bioluminescence imaging (BLI), is based on the application of natural reactants with light-emitting capabilities (photoproteins and luciferases) isolated from a widespread group of organisms. The main challenges in cardiac regeneration remain unresolved, but a vast number of studies have harnessed BLI with the discovery of aequorin and green fluorescent proteins. First described in the luminous hydromedusan Aequorea victoria in the early 1960s, bioluminescent proteins have greatly contributed to the design and initiation of ongoing cell-based clinical trials on cardiovascular diseases. In conjunction with advances in reporter gene technology, BLI provides valuable information about the location and functional status of regenerative cells implanted into numerous animal models of disease. The purpose of this review was to present the great potential of BLI, among other existing imaging modalities, to refine effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy. We recount the first discovery of natural primary compounds with light-emitting capabilities, and follow their applications to bioanalysis. We also illustrate insights and perspectives on BLI to illuminate current efforts in cardiac regeneration, where the future is bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Roura
- ICREC Research Program, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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146
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Rosuvastatin enhances the therapeutic efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial infarction via PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:333. [PMID: 23386286 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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147
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Gaikwad SM, Gunjal L, Junutula AR, Astanehe A, Gambhir SS, Ray P. Non-invasive imaging of phosphoinositide-3-kinase-catalytic-subunit-alpha (PIK3CA) promoter modulation in small animal models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55971. [PMID: 23393606 PMCID: PMC3564913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, a critical step for survival in cancer cells is often associated with decreased sensitivity to several chemotherapeutic drugs. PIK3CA gene amplification is observed in 16–24% of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients in conjunction with p53 mutations. A 900 bp long PIK3CA promoter is shown to be negatively regulated by p53 in ovarian surface epithelial cells but the consequence of chemotherapeutic drug treatments on this promoter in ovarian cancer cells is largely unknown. We aim to study the modulation of this promoter by cisplatin using an improved fusion reporter in ovarian cancer cells and tumor xenografts by non-invasive imaging approach. A PIK3CA sensor was developed using a bi-fusion reporter from a newly constructed library of bi- and tri-fusion vectors comprising of two mutant far red fluorescent proteins (mcherry/mch and tdTomato/tdt), a mutant firefly luciferase (fluc2), and a PET reporter protein (ttk). In vivo imaging of mice implanted with 293T cells transiently expressing these bi- and tri-fusion reporters along with respective controls revealed comparable activity of each reporter in the fusion background and fluc2-tdt as the most sensitive one. Repression of the PIK3CA sensor by drugs was inversely proportional to cellular p53 level in a germline (PA1) and in an EOC (A2780) cell line but not in a p53 deficient EOC (SKOV3) cell line. Bioluminescence imaging of tumor xenografts stably expressing the PIK3CA sensor in PA1 and A2780 cells exhibited attenuating activity without any change in SKOV3 tumors expressing the PIK3CA sensor after cisplatin treatment. Sequential mutation at p53 binding sites showed gradual increase in promoter activity and decreased effects of the drugs. These newly developed PIK3CA-fluc2-tdt and the mutant reporter sensors thus would be extremely useful for screening new drugs and for functional assessment of PIK3CA expression from intact cells to living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal M. Gaikwad
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lata Gunjal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anitha R. Junutula
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Arezoo Astanehe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Pritha Ray
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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148
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Fan W, Li C, Qin X, Wang S, Da H, Cheng K, Zhou R, Tong C, Li X, Bu Q, Li C, Han Y, Ren J, Cao F. Adipose stromal cell and sarpogrelate orchestrate the recovery of inflammation-induced angiogenesis in aged hindlimb ischemic mice. Aging Cell 2013; 12:32-41. [PMID: 23045959 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging population displays a much higher risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) possibly due to the higher susceptibility, poor prognosis, and fewer therapeutic options. This study was designed to examine the impact of combined multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (mADSCs) and sarpogrelate treatment on aging hindlimb ischemia and the mechanism of action involved. mADSCs (1.0 × 10(7)) constitutively expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter were engrafted into the hindlimb of aged Vegfr2-luc transgenic or FVB/N mice subjected to unilateral femoral artery occlusion, followed by a further administration of sarpogrelate. Multimodality molecular imaging was employed to noninvasively evaluate mADSCs' survival and therapeutic efficacy against aging hindlimb ischemia. Aged Tg(Vegfr2-luc) mice exhibited decreased inflammatory response, and downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) compared with young ones following hindlimb ischemia induction, resulting in angiogenesis insufficiency and decompensation for ischemia recovery. Engrafted mADSCs augmented inflammation-induced angiogenesis to yield pro-angiogenic/anti-apoptotic effects partly via the VEGF/VEGFR2/mTOR/STAT3 pathway. Nonetheless, mADSCs displayed limited survival and efficacy following transplantation. Sarpogrelate treatment with mADSCs further upregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/STAT3 signal and modulated pro-/anti-inflammatory markers including IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-γ and IL-6/IL-10, which ultimately facilitated mADSCs' survival and therapeutic benefit in vivo. Sarpogrelate prevented mADSCs from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death via a mTOR/STAT3-dependent pathway in vitro. This study demonstrated a role of in vivo kinetics of VEGFR2 as a biomarker to evaluate cell-derived therapeutic angiogenesis in aging. mADSCs and sarpogrelate synergistically restored impaired angiogenesis and inflammation modulatory capacity in aged hindlimb ischemic mice, indicating its therapeutic promise for PAD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengxiang Li
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Shenxu Wang
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Hu Da
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Ri Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Chao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Institute of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Qingting Bu
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
| | - Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology; Shenyang Northern Hospital; Shenyang; 110016; China
| | | | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi; 710032; China
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149
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Gold JD, Wu JC. Returns of the living dead: therapeutic action of irradiated and mitotically inactivated embryonic stem cells. Circ Res 2013; 111:1250-2. [PMID: 23104873 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.279398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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150
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Lee TJ, Jang J, Kang S, Jin M, Shin H, Kim DW, Kim BS. Enhancement of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by mesodermal lineage induction with BMP-4 and FGF2 treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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