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Fougerat A, Montagner A, Loiseau N, Guillou H, Wahli W. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Novel Ligands as Candidates for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E1638. [PMID: 32650421 PMCID: PMC7408116 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, frequently associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Steatosis is the initial stage of the disease, which is characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, which can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammation and various levels of fibrosis that further increase the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental factors and involves several biological processes in multiple organs. No effective therapy is currently available for the treatment of NAFLD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that regulate many functions that are disturbed in NAFLD, including glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation. Thus, they represent relevant clinical targets for NAFLD. In this review, we describe the determinants and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD, its progression and complications, as well as the current therapeutic strategies that are employed. We also focus on the complementary and distinct roles of PPAR isotypes in many biological processes and on the effects of first-generation PPAR agonists. Finally, we review novel and safe PPAR agonists with improved efficacy and their potential use in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fougerat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1048 Toulouse, France
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, UMR1048 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Walter Wahli
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), ToxAlim, UMR1331 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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102
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Key CCC, Bishop AC, Wang X, Zhao Q, Chen GY, Quinn MA, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Parks JS. Human GDPD3 overexpression promotes liver steatosis by increasing lysophosphatidic acid production and fatty acid uptake. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1075-1086. [PMID: 32430316 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycerol phosphate pathway produces more than 90% of the liver triacylglycerol (TAG). LysoPA, an intermediate in this pathway, is produced by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (GDPD3), whose gene was recently cloned, contains lysophospholipase D activity, which produces LysoPA from lysophospholipids. Whether human GDPD3 plays a role in hepatic TAG homeostasis is unknown. We hypothesized that human GDPD3 increases LysoPA production and availability in the glycerol phosphate pathway, promoting TAG biosynthesis. To test our hypothesis, we infected C57BL/6J mice with adeno-associated virus encoding a hepatocyte-specific albumin promoter that drives GFP (control) or FLAG-tagged human GDPD3 overexpression and fed the mice chow or a Western diet to induce hepatosteatosis. Hepatic human GDPD3 overexpression induced LysoPA production and increased FA uptake and incorporation into TAG in mouse hepatocytes and livers, ultimately exacerbating Western diet-induced liver steatosis. Our results also showed that individuals with hepatic steatosis have increased GDPD3 mRNA levels compared with individuals without steatosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that upregulation of GDPD3 expression may play a key role in hepatic TAG accumulation and may represent a molecular target for managing hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi C Key
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. mailto:
| | - Andrew C Bishop
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - John S Parks
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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103
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Azzu V, Vacca M, Virtue S, Allison M, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose Tissue-Liver Cross Talk in the Control of Whole-Body Metabolism: Implications in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1899-1912. [PMID: 32061598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the liver play significant roles in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, but they have not evolved to cope with the continuous, chronic, nutrient surplus seen in obesity. In this review, we detail how prolonged metabolic stress leads to adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and adipokine release that results in increased lipid flux to the liver. Overall, the upshot of hepatic fat accumulation alongside an insulin-resistant state is that hepatic lipid enzymatic pathways are modulated and overwhelmed, resulting in the selective buildup of toxic lipid species, which worsens the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic shift observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vian Azzu
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge.
| | - Michele Vacca
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Michael Allison
- The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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104
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PPARs as Metabolic Regulators in the Liver: Lessons from Liver-Specific PPAR-Null Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062061. [PMID: 32192216 PMCID: PMC7139552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, and γ modulate lipid homeostasis. PPARα regulates lipid metabolism in the liver, the organ that largely controls whole-body nutrient/energy homeostasis, and its abnormalities may lead to hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, steatofibrosis, and liver cancer. PPARβ/δ promotes fatty acid β-oxidation largely in extrahepatic organs, and PPARγ stores triacylglycerol in adipocytes. Investigations using liver-specific PPAR-disrupted mice have revealed major but distinct contributions of the three PPARs in the liver. This review summarizes the findings of liver-specific PPAR-null mice and discusses the role of PPARs in the liver.
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105
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Burgoon LD, Angrish M, Garcia-Reyero N, Pollesch N, Zupanic A, Perkins E. Predicting the Probability that a Chemical Causes Steatosis Using Adverse Outcome Pathway Bayesian Networks (AOPBNs). RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:512-523. [PMID: 31721239 PMCID: PMC7397752 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathway Bayesian networks (AOPBNs) are a promising avenue for developing predictive toxicology and risk assessment tools based on adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Here, we describe a process for developing AOPBNs. AOPBNs use causal networks and Bayesian statistics to integrate evidence across key events. In this article, we use our AOPBN to predict the occurrence of steatosis under different chemical exposures. Since it is an expert-driven model, we use external data (i.e., data not used for modeling) from the literature to validate predictions of the AOPBN model. The AOPBN accurately predicts steatosis for the chemicals from our external data. In addition, we demonstrate how end users can utilize the model to simulate the confidence (based on posterior probability) associated with predicting steatosis. We demonstrate how the network topology impacts predictions across the AOPBN, and how the AOPBN helps us identify the most informative key events that should be monitored for predicting steatosis. We close with a discussion of how the model can be used to predict potential effects of mixtures and how to model susceptible populations (e.g., where a mutation or stressor may change the conditional probability tables in the AOPBN). Using this approach for developing expert AOPBNs will facilitate the prediction of chemical toxicity, facilitate the identification of assay batteries, and greatly improve chemical hazard screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle D. Burgoon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
- Address correspondence to Lyle D. Burgoon, Ph.D., Environmental Laboratory, US Army Corps Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS 39180;
| | - Michelle Angrish
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan Pollesch
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edward Perkins
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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106
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Gai Z, Krajnc E, Samodelov SL, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA. Obeticholic Acid Ameliorates Valproic Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Oxidative Stress. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:314-323. [PMID: 32098797 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), or NR1H4, protects the liver from insults of various etiologies. A role of FXR in drug-induced liver injury has also been hypothesized yet only marginally investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of FXR activation on gene expression and phenotype of the liver of mice treated with valproic acid (VPA), or 2-propylpentanoic acid, a prototypical hepatotoxic drug. Obeticholic acid (OCA) was used to activate FXR both in mice and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cells. Next-generation sequencing of mouse liver tissues was performed from control, VPA, and VPA + OCA-treated mice. Pathway analysis validation was performed using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and fluorometric assays. FXR activation induced antioxidative pathways, which was confirmed by a marked reduction in VPA-induced lipid peroxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In vitro, VPA-induced oxidative stress was independent of lipid accumulation, stemmed from the cytoplasm, and was mitigated by OCA. In the liver of the mice treated with OCA, the levels of cytochrome P450 potentially involved in VPA metabolism were increased. The hepatic lipid-lowering effect observed in animals cotreated with VPA and OCA in comparison with that of animals treated with VPA was associated with regulation of the genes involved in the steatogenic nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated γ (PPARγ) pathway. In conclusion, pronounced antioxidant activity, repression of the PPARγ pathway, and higher expression of P450 enzymes involved in VPA metabolism may underlie the hepatoprotective of FXR activation during VPA treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Valproic acid-induced oxidative stress occurs in absence of lipid accumulation and is not of mitochondrial origin. Valproic acid exposure induces the expression of the steatogenic nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated γ (PPARγ) and its downstream target genes. Constitutive activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) reduces PPARγ hepatic expression and induces hepatic antioxidant activity. The variability in FXR expression level/activity, for instance in individuals carrying loss-of-function genetic variants of the FXR gene, could contribute to valproic acid pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Z.G., E.K., S.L.S., M.V., G.A.K.-U.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland (E.K.); and Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (G.A.K.-U.)
| | - Evelin Krajnc
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Z.G., E.K., S.L.S., M.V., G.A.K.-U.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland (E.K.); and Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (G.A.K.-U.)
| | - Sophia L Samodelov
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Z.G., E.K., S.L.S., M.V., G.A.K.-U.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland (E.K.); and Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (G.A.K.-U.)
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Z.G., E.K., S.L.S., M.V., G.A.K.-U.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland (E.K.); and Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (G.A.K.-U.)
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Z.G., E.K., S.L.S., M.V., G.A.K.-U.); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland (E.K.); and Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland (G.A.K.-U.)
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107
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Lee ES, Kwon MH, Kim HM, Woo HB, Ahn CM, Chung CH. Curcumin analog CUR5-8 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Metabolism 2020; 103:154015. [PMID: 31758951 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs when excess fat storage in the liver and it is strongly linked with metabolic syndrome including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Curcumin5-8 (CUR5-8) is a synthetic derivative of naturally active curcumin (CUR) that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CUR5-8, a novel CUR analog, on hepatic steatosis in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. METHODS Based on their diets for 13 weeks, the mice were categorized into the following six groups: regular diet (RD, n = 10), RD with CUR (RD + CUR, 100 mg/kg/day, n = 10), RD with CUR5-8 (RD + CUR5-8, 100 mg/kg/day, n = 10), high-fat diet-induced obese mice (HFD, n = 10), HFD with CUR (HFD + CUR, 100 mg/kg/day, n = 10), and HFD with CUR5-8 (HFD + CUR5-8, 100 mg/kg/day, n = 10) for 13 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the sections revealed hepatic steatosis. RESULTS CUR5-8 administration prevented increase in body and liver weights in mice with HFD-induced obesity. Compared to the HFD group, insulin resistance was significantly improved in the HFD + CUR5-8 group. Serum alanine aminotransferase level, which is an indicator of liver damage, was also decreased after CUR5-8 administration. H&E staining revealed that CUR5-8 treatment decreased hepatic steatosis in mice with HFD-induced obesity. Interestingly, CUR5-8, and not CUR, decreased the elevated liver triglyceride level induced by the HFD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CUR5-8 ameliorates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice with HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Bum Woo
- Department of Basic Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Mug Ahn
- Department of Basic Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Republic of Korea.
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108
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Aibara D, Matsuo K, Yamano S, Matsusue K. Fat-specific protein 27b is regulated by hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in hepatic steatosis. Endocr J 2020; 67:37-44. [PMID: 31564684 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat-specific protein 27 gene (Fsp27) belongs to the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45-like effector family. Fsp27 is highly expressed in adipose tissue and fatty liver. In adipocytes, FSP27 localizes to the membrane of lipid droplets and promotes lipid droplet hypertrophy. Recently, FSP27 was shown to consist of two isoforms, FSP27α and FSP27β. Previously, we demonstrated that Fsp27a is directly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in fatty livers of genetically obese leptin deficient ob/ob mice and that Fsp27b may potentially be regulated by different factors transcriptionally as they both have a different promoter region. Thus, the aim of the present study was to elucidate whether Fsp27b is regulated by PPARγ in fatty liver. Fsp27a and Fsp27b were markedly induced in fatty liver of ob/ob mice compared with those in the normal liver. However, both Fsp27a/b were expressed at markedly lower levels in liver-specific PPARγ knockout mice with an ob/ob background. Further, the PPAR response element (PPRE) for the PPARγ-dependent promotion of Fsp27b promotor activity was revealed at position -1,163/-1,151 from the transcriptional start site (+1). Interestingly, the cis-element responsible for the PPARγ-dependent induction of Fsp27b was the same as that responsible for PPARγ-dependent induction of Fsp27a. These results suggest that PPARγ regulates not only Fsp27a but also Fsp27b in fatty liver of ob/ob mice through a common PPRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Matsusue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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109
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Magee N, Zou A, Ghosh P, Ahamed F, Delker D, Zhang Y. Disruption of hepatic small heterodimer partner induces dissociation of steatosis and inflammation in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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110
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WDR76 mediates obesity and hepatic steatosis via HRas destabilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19676. [PMID: 31873167 PMCID: PMC6927951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras/MAPK (mitogen active protein kinase) signaling plays contradictory roles in adipocyte differentiation and is tightly regulated during adipogenesis. However, mechanisms regulating adipocyte differentiation involving Ras protein stability regulation are unknown. Here, we show that WD40 repeat protein 76 (WDR76), a novel Ras regulating E3 linker protein, controls 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through HRas stability regulation. The roles of WDR76 in obesity and metabolic regulation were characterized using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model using Wdr76-/- mice and liver-specific Wdr76 transgenic mice (Wdr76Li-TG). Wdr76-/- mice are resistant to HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia with an increment of HRas levels. In contrast, Wdr76Li-TG mice showed increased HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance with reduced HRas levels. Our findings suggest that WDR76 controls HFD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via HRas destabilization. These data provide insights into the links between WDR76, HRas, and obesity.
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111
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Magee N, Zou A, Ghosh P, Ahamed F, Delker D, Zhang Y. Disruption of hepatic small heterodimer partner induces dissociation of steatosis and inflammation in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:994-1008. [PMID: 31831621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying NASH development remain obscure. The nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (Shp) plays a complex role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Here, we sought to determine SHP's role in regulating steatosis and inflammation in NASH. Shp deletion in murine hepatocytes (Shp Hep-/-) resulted in massive infiltration of macrophages and CD4+ T cells in the liver. Shp Hep-/- mice developed reduced steatosis, but surprisingly increased hepatic inflammation and fibrosis after being fed a high-fat, -cholesterol, and -fructose (HFCF) diet. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that pathways involved in inflammation and fibrosis are significantly activated in the liver of Shp Hep-/- mice fed a chow diet. After having been fed the HFCF diet, WT mice displayed up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg) signaling in the liver; however, this response was completely abolished in the Shp Hep-/- mice. In contrast, livers of Shp Hep-/- mice had consistent NF-κB activation. To further characterize the role of Shp specifically in the transition of steatosis to NASH, mice were fed the HFCF diet for 4 weeks, followed by Shp deletion. Surprisingly, Shp deletion after steatosis development exacerbated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis without affecting liver steatosis. Together, our results indicate that, depending on NASH stage, hepatic Shp plays an opposing role in steatosis and inflammation. Mechanistically, Shp deletion in hepatocytes activated NF-κB and impaired Pparg activation, leading to the dissociation of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - An Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Forkan Ahamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Don Delker
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 .,Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Up-Regulated MicroRNA-27b Promotes Adipocyte Differentiation via Induction of Acyl-CoA Thioesterase 2 Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2916243. [PMID: 31930115 PMCID: PMC6942750 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2916243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by a spectrum of liver pathologies, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. Recent studies have increasingly noted the aberrant expression of microRNAs closely related to NAFLD pathologies. We have previously shown the presence of increased levels of microRNA-27b (miR-27b) in patients with NAFLD. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-27b in NAFLD by examining the impact of up-regulated miR-27b on the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. We found that miR-27b-3p remarkably enhances the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells associated with lipid accumulation and intracellular triglyceride contents. Furthermore, we have demonstrated not only that miR-27b-3p induces acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (ACOT2) expression in 3T3-L1 cells, but also that the knockdown of ACOT2 suppresses lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in both the presence and absence of miR-27b-3p treatment. Our data strongly suggest that the miR-27b-ACOT2 axis is an important pathway in adipocyte differentiation and may play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Dedual MA, Wueest S, Borsigova M, Konrad D. Intermittent fasting improves metabolic flexibility in short-term high-fat diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E773-E782. [PMID: 31503513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Four days of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding are sufficient to induce glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis in mice. While prolonged HFD-induced metabolic complications are partly mediated by increased food intake during the light (inactive) phase, such a link has not yet been established in short-term HFD-fed mice. Herein, we hypothesized that a short bout of HFD desynchronizes feeding behavior, thereby contributing to glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. To this end, 12-wk-old C57BL/6J littermates were fed a HFD for 4 days either ad libitum or intermittently. Intermittent-fed mice were fasted for 8 h during their inactive phase. Initiation of HFD led to an immediate increase in food intake already during the first light phase. Moreover, glucose tolerance was significantly impaired in ad libitum- but not in intermittent HFD-fed mice, indicating that desynchronized feeding behavior contributes to short-term HFD-induced glucose intolerance. Of note, overall food intake was similar between the groups, as was body weight. However, intermittent HFD-fed mice revealed higher fat depot weights. Phosphorylation of hormone sensitivity lipase and free fatty acid release from isolated adipocytes were significantly elevated, suggesting increased lipolysis in intermittent HFD-fed mice. Moreover, hepatic mRNA expression of lipogenetic enzymes and liver triglyceride levels were significantly increased in intermittent HFD-fed mice. Importantly, food deprivation decreased respiratory exchange ratio promptly in intermittent- but not in ad libitum HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, retaining a normal feeding pattern prevented HFD-induced impairment of metabolic flexibility in short-term HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Dedual
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Borsigova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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114
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Yu M, Zhang S, Guo F, Yang X, Li Q, Wei Z, Han J, Duan Y, Chen Y. Identification of Nogo-B as a new molecular target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109429. [PMID: 31654717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-growing chronic liver disease worldwide which can lead to liver cirrhosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays an important role in lipogenesis. Increased Nogo-B expression can be determined in the liver of cirrhosis patients. However, the effect of PPARγ activation on hepatic Nogo-B expression remains unknown. In this study, we found PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone or dephosphorylation increased Nogo-B expression at mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, we identified a PPARγ response element (PPRE) in Nogo-B promoter and found PPARγ enhanced Nogo-B transcription in a PPRE-dependent manner. ChIP assay further confirms rosiglitazone enhanced the binding of PPARγ to Nogo-B promoter. Using a liver specific PPARγ deficient mice, we determined the critical role of PPARγ expression in regulating hepatic Nogo-B expression. Increased glucose and palmitate in culture medium activated Nogo-B and PPARγ expression in mouse primary hepatocytes, and corresponding, high-fat diet (HFD) induced fatty liver associated with increased hepatic Nogo-B and PPARγ expression in mice. Similarly, serum Nogo-B levels in patients with NAFLD were increased. However, rosiglitazone treatment reduced HFD-induced fatty liver and Nogo-B expression. In summary, our study identifies Nogo-B as a new molecular target of PPARγ, and suggests increased Nogo-B might be a potential indicator for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangling Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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115
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Srikantan S, Deng Y, Cheng ZM, Luo A, Qin Y, Gao Q, Sande-Docor GM, Tao S, Zhang X, Harper N, Shannon CE, Fourcaudot M, Li Z, Kasinath BS, Harrison S, Ahuja S, Reddick RL, Dong LQ, Abdul-Ghani M, Norton L, Aguiar RCT, Dahia PLM. The tumor suppressor TMEM127 regulates insulin sensitivity in a tissue-specific manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4720. [PMID: 31624249 PMCID: PMC6797792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular components of insulin signaling is relevant to effectively manage insulin resistance. We investigated the phenotype of the TMEM127 tumor suppressor gene deficiency in vivo. Whole-body Tmem127 knockout mice have decreased adiposity and maintain insulin sensitivity, low hepatic fat deposition and peripheral glucose clearance after a high-fat diet. Liver-specific and adipose-specific Tmem127 deletion partially overlap global Tmem127 loss: liver Tmem127 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits peripheral glucose uptake, while adipose Tmem127 downregulates adipogenesis and hepatic glucose production. mTORC2 is activated in TMEM127-deficient hepatocytes suggesting that it interacts with TMEM127 to control insulin sensitivity. Murine hepatic Tmem127 expression is increased in insulin-resistant states and is reversed by diet or the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone. Importantly, human liver TMEM127 expression correlates with steatohepatitis and insulin resistance. Our results suggest that besides tumor suppression activities, TMEM127 is a nutrient-sensing component of glucose/lipid homeostasis and may be a target in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya Srikantan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yilun Deng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Zi-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Anqi Luo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yuejuan Qin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Qing Gao
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Glaiza-Mae Sande-Docor
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sifan Tao
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Nathan Harper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chris E Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Cellular Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stephen Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunil Ahuja
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Lily Q Dong
- Department of Cellular Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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116
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Kluck GEG, Wendt CHC, Imperio GED, Araujo MFC, Atella TC, da Rocha I, Miranda KR, Atella GC. Plasmodium Infection Induces Dyslipidemia and a Hepatic Lipogenic State in the Host through the Inhibition of the AMPK-ACC Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14695. [PMID: 31604978 PMCID: PMC6789167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major parasitic disease of humans and is a health public problem that affects more than 100 countries. In 2017, it caused nearly half a million deaths out of 219 million infections. Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Once in the bloodstream, Plasmodium merozoites invade erythrocytes and proliferate until the cells lyses and release new parasites that invade other erythrocytes. Remarkably, they can manipulate the vertebrate host's lipid metabolism pathways, since they cannot synthesize lipid classes that are essential for their development and replication. In this study, we show that mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi present a completely different plasma profile from control mice, with marked hyperproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoglycemia, and hypocholesterolemia. In addition, white adipose and hepatic tissue and analyses from infected animals revealed the accumulation of triacylglycerol in both tissues and free fatty acids and free cholesterol in the liver. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism were also altered by P. chabaudi infection, leading to a lipogenic state. The enzyme 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cell energetic metabolism, was also modulated by the parasite, which reduced AMPK phosphorylation levels upon infection. Pretreatment with metformin for 21 days followed by infection with P. chabaudi was effective in preventing infection of mice and also lowered the hepatic accumulation of lipids while activating AMPK. Together, these results provide new and important information on the specific molecular mechanisms induced by the malaria parasite to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism in order to facilitate its development, proliferation, and lifespan in its vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Hübner Costabile Wendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Hertha Meyer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guinever Eustaquio do Imperio
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Carvalho Araujo
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tainá Correa Atella
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology and Development, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella da Rocha
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare Rocha Miranda
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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117
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Controlling Obesity and Metabolic Diseases by Hydrodynamic Delivery of a Fusion Gene of Exendin-4 and α1 Antitrypsin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13427. [PMID: 31530849 PMCID: PMC6748963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities represent a growing public health problem. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a newly created fusion gene of exendin-4 and α1-antitrypsin to control obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, fatty liver and hyperglycemia. The fusion gene encodes a protein with exendin-4 peptide placed at the N-terminus of human α-1 antitrypsin, and is named EAT. Hydrodynamic transfer of the EAT gene to mice prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver development. In diet-induced obese mice, expression of EAT gene induces weight loss, improves glucose homeostasis, and attenuates hepatic steatosis. In ob/ob mice, EAT gene transfer suppresses body weight gain, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and completely blocks fatty liver development. Six-month overexpression of the EAT fusion gene in healthy mice does not lead to any detectable toxicity. Mechanistic study reveals that the resulting metabolic benefits are achieved by a reduced food take and down-regulation of transcription of pivotal genes responsible for lipogenesis and lipid droplet formation in the liver and chronic inflammation in visceral fat. These results validate the feasibility of gene therapy in preventing and restoring metabolic homeostasis under diverse pathologic conditions, and provide evidence in support of a new strategy to control obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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118
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Gu L, Larson Casey JL, Andrabi SA, Lee JH, Meza-Perez S, Randall TD, Carter AB. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulates PGC-1α expression to mediate metabolic reprogramming in pulmonary fibrosis. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101307. [PMID: 31473487 PMCID: PMC6831865 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with an increased mortality. Metabolic reprogramming has a critical role in multiple chronic diseases. Lung macrophages expressing the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) have a critical role in fibrotic repair, but the contribution of MCU in macrophage metabolism is not known. Here, we show that MCU regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and metabolic reprogramming to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in macrophages. MCU regulated PGC-1α expression by increasing the phosphorylation of ATF-2 by the p38 MAPK in a redox-dependent manner. The expression and activation of PGC-1α via the p38 MAPK was regulated by MCU-mediated mitochondrial calcium uptake, which is linked to increased mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Mice harboring a conditional expression of dominant-negative MCU in macrophages had a marked reduction in mtROS and FAO and were protected from pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, IPF lung macrophages had evidence of increased MCU and mitochondrial calcium, increased phosphorylation of ATF2 and p38, as well as increased expression of PGC-1α. These observations suggest that macrophage MCU-mediated metabolic reprogramming contributes to fibrotic repair after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer L Larson Casey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - A Brent Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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119
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Qiao X, Zhou ZC, Niu R, Su YT, Sun Y, Liu HL, Teng JL, Ye JN, Shi H, Yang CD, Cheng XB. Hydroxychloroquine Improves Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis by Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:855. [PMID: 31427967 PMCID: PMC6689966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases has been considered as an important risk factor for lupus patients. Therefore, whether obesity is involved in the over-activation of autoimmune response has attracted more and more attention. Hydroxychloroquine is a synthetic antimalarial drug and has been the clinical treatment of rheumatic diseases irreplaceable first-line drugs. Hydroxychloroquine has been suggested to have beneficial effects on lipids and insulin sensitivity, which may contribute in lowering high cardiovascular risk in SLE patients. However, its mechanism on insulin sensitivity and lipid disorders is far from being completely understood. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of hydroxychloroquine were evaluated under pathological conditions in vivo. Obesity was induced in C57BL/6 mice fed with high-fed diet, or in mice fed with high-fat diet and hydroxychloroquine. In addition, healthy mice that received normal chow diet were also monitored. The present results revealed that hydroxychloroquine reduced weight, hepatic steatosis, glucose, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, hydroxychloroquine downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the liver. According to these present results, genes about lipid metabolism went down in high-fat mice liver. Hydroxychloroquine shows potential in ameliorating obesity-induced pathology, which acts though PPARγ to facilitate the healthy function of hepatic tissues. This evidence shows that hydroxychloroquine plays a role in improving obesity-induced lipotoxicity and insulin resistance though the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo-Chao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Niu
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Tong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Lin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Na Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-De Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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120
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Valtolina C, Robben JH, van Wolferen ME, Kruitwagen HS, Corbee RJ, Favier RP, Penning LC. Gene expressions of de novo hepatic lipogenesis in feline hepatic lipidosis. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:500-505. [PMID: 31322470 PMCID: PMC7252220 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19857853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate if de novo hepatic lipid synthesis contributes to fatty acid overload in the liver of cats with feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL). Methods Lipogenic gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF1) were evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR in liver tissue of six cats with FHL and compared with the liver tissue of eight healthy cats. Results In liver tissue, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and FASN mRNA expression levels were not significantly different (P >0.12, P >0.89 and P >0.5, respectively) in the FHL group compared with the control group. SREBF1 gene expression was downregulated around 10-fold in the FHL group vs the control group (P = 0.039). Conclusions and relevance The downregulation of SREBF1 in the liver tissue of cats with FHL does not support the hypothesis that de novo lipogenesis in the liver is an important pathway of fatty acid accumulation in FHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris H Robben
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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121
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Zhang L, Shi M, Ji J, Hu X, Chen F. Gut microbiota determines the prevention effects of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem supplementation against obesity and associated metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diet. FASEB J 2019; 33:10339-10352. [PMID: 31211921 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900488r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, identified as the target for vegetables, can affect the development of obesity and associated metabolic syndromes. As a medicinal and edible plant, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (LC) has abundant nutrients that can effectively reduce obesity risk. However, the interaction between the prevention effects of LC against obesity and the modulating gut microbiota of LC remain obscure. This study demonstrated LC supplementation improved high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and significantly enhanced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia) along with SCFA content accumulation in the gut. Meanwhile, LC supplementation substantially restored gut barrier damage in long-term HFD treatment. Moreover, LC supplementation improved HFD-induced overweight, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Gene expression profiles showed that LC displayed an important impact on hepatic lipid transport and lipid synthesis (sterol regulatory element binding transcriptional factor 1c-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ signaling pathway). More importantly, an antibiotic treatment experiment demonstrated that the beneficial effects of LC in reducing obesity risk largely depended on the gut microbiota, especially SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia). Therefore, LC supplementation improved gut microbiota dysbiosis via enhancing SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Blautia), maintained gut barrier integrity, and alleviated the development of obesity. Overall, LC would provide a potential dietary intervention strategy against obesity and enteral homeostasis dysbiosis through modulating the gut microbiota.-Zhang, L., Shi, M., Ji, J., Hu, X., Chen, F. Gut microbiota determines the prevention effects of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem supplementation against obesity and associated metabolic disorders induced by high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxuan Shi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering-National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture-Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education-China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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122
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Tong J, Han CJ, Zhang JZ, He WZ, Zhao GJ, Cheng X, Zhang L, Deng KQ, Liu Y, Fan HF, Tian S, Cai J, Huang Z, She ZG, Zhang P, Li H. Hepatic Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Alleviates Liver Steatosis and Metabolic Disorder by Transcriptionally Suppressing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:2471-2488. [PMID: 30748020 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a worldwide epidemic. A large and growing unmet therapeutic need has inspired numerous studies in the field. Integrating the published genomic data available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with NAFLD samples from rodents, we discovered that interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) is significantly downregulated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver. In the current study, we identified IRF6 in hepatocytes as a protective factor in liver steatosis (LS). During HFD challenge, hepatic Irf6 was suppressed by promoter hypermethylation. Severity of HFD-induced LS was exacerbated in hepatocyte-specific Irf6 knockout mice, whereas hepatocyte-specific transgenic mice overexpressing Irf6 (IRF6-HTG) exhibited alleviated steatosis and metabolic disorder in response to HFD feeding. Mechanistic studies in vitro demonstrated that hepatocyte IRF6 directly binds to the promoter of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene and subsequently halts the transcription of Pparγ and its target genes (e.g., genes that regulate lipogenesis and lipid acid uptake) under physiological conditions. Conclusion: Irf6 is downregulated by promoter hypermethylation upon metabolic stimulus exposure, which fail to inhibit Pparγ and its targets, driving abnormalities of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Juan Han
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhi He
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Fen Fan
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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123
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Tang P, Low HB, Png CW, Torta F, Kumar JK, Lim HY, Zhou Y, Yang H, Angeli V, Shabbir A, Tai ES, Flavell RA, Dong C, Wenk MR, Yang DY, Zhang Y. Protective Function of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 5 in Aging- and Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:748-762. [PMID: 31168510 PMCID: PMC6546013 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is currently the most common liver disease and is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. However, its pathogenesis remains largely unclear. We previously showed that mice deficient in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 5 (MKP5) spontaneously developed insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, which are associated with visceral obesity and adipose tissue inflammation. In this study, we discovered that mice deficient in MKP5 developed more severe hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis with age or with feeding on a high-fat diet (HFD) compared to wild-type (WT) mice, and this was associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and collagen genes. Increased p38 activation in MKP5 knockout (KO) liver compared to that in WT liver was detected, which contributed to increased expression of lipid droplet-associated protein cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector A (CIDEA) and CIDEC/fat-specific protein 27 but not CIDEB through activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). In addition, MKP5 KO liver had higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression compared with WT liver. On the other hand, overexpression of MKP5 or inhibition of p38 activation in hepatocytes resulted in reduced expression of PPARγ. Inhibition of p38 resulted in alleviation of hepatic steatosis in KO liver in response to HFD feeding, and this was associated with reduced expression of CIDEA, CIDEC, and proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: MKP5 prevents the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing p38-ATF2 and p38-PPARγ to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tang
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Heng Boon Low
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jaspal Kaur Kumar
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yi Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of ImmunobiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Yale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | | | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Dan Yock Yang
- Department of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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124
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Belmonte FR, Dedousis N, Sipula I, Desai NA, Singhi AD, Chu Y, Zhang Y, Bannwarth S, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Harrington L, Shiva S, Jurczak MJ, O’Doherty RM, Kaufman BA. Petite Integration Factor 1 (PIF1) helicase deficiency increases weight gain in Western diet-fed female mice without increased inflammatory markers or decreased glucose clearance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203101. [PMID: 31136580 PMCID: PMC6538152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Petite Integration Factor 1 (PIF1) is a multifunctional helicase present in nuclei and mitochondria. PIF1 knock out (KO) mice exhibit accelerated weight gain and decreased wheel running on a normal chow diet. In the current study, we investigated whether Pif1 ablation alters whole body metabolism in response to weight gain. PIF1 KO and wild type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet (WD) rich in fat and carbohydrates before evaluation of their metabolic phenotype. Compared with weight gain-resistant WT female mice, WD-fed PIF1 KO females, but not males, showed accelerated adipose deposition, decreased locomotor activity, and reduced whole-body energy expenditure without increased dietary intake. Surprisingly, PIF1 KO females did not show obesity-induced alterations in fasting blood glucose and glucose clearance. WD-fed PIF1 KO females developed mild hepatic steatosis and associated changes in liver gene expression that were absent in weight-matched, WD-fed female controls, linking hepatic steatosis to Pif1 ablation rather than increased body weight. WD-fed PIF1 KO females also showed decreased expression of inflammation-associated genes in adipose tissue. Collectively, these data separated weight gain from inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis. They also support a role for Pif1 in weight gain resistance and liver metabolic dysregulation during nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances R. Belmonte
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Dedousis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ian Sipula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikita A. Desai
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yanxia Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Bannwarth
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, France
| | | | - Lea Harrington
- Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sruti Shiva
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Jurczak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert M. O’Doherty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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125
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Endocannabinoid System in Hepatic Glucose Metabolism, Fatty Liver Disease, and Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102516. [PMID: 31121839 PMCID: PMC6566399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that glucose metabolism in the liver is in part under the control of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) which is also supported by its presence in this organ. The ECS consists of its cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and enzymes that are responsible for endocannabinoid production and metabolism. ECS is known to be differentially influenced by the hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, e.g., cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1) antagonist can improve the glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Interestingly, our own study shows that expression patterns of CBRs are influenced by the light/dark cycle, which is of significant physiological and clinical interest. The ECS system is highly upregulated during chronic liver disease and a growing number of studies suggest a mechanistic and therapeutic impact of ECS on the development of liver fibrosis, especially putting its receptors into focus. An opposing effect of the CBRs was exerted via the CB1 or CB2 receptor stimulation. An activation of CB1 promoted fibrogenesis, while CB2 activation improved antifibrogenic responses. However, underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. In the context of liver diseases, the ECS is considered as a possible mediator, which seems to be involved in the synthesis of fibrotic tissue, increase of intrahepatic vascular resistance and subsequently development of portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is the main event that leads to complications of the disease. The main complication is the development of variceal bleeding and ascites, which have prognostic relevance for the patients. The present review summarizes the current understanding and impact of the ECS on glucose metabolism in the liver, in association with the development of liver cirrhosis and hemodynamics in cirrhosis and its complication, to give perspectives for development of new therapeutic strategies.
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126
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Pérez-Estrada JR, Hernández-García D, Leyva-Castro F, Ramos-León J, Cuevas-Benítez O, Díaz-Muñoz M, Castro-Obregón S, Ramírez-Solís R, García C, Covarrubias L. Reduced lifespan of mice lacking catalase correlates with altered lipid metabolism without oxidative damage or premature aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:102-115. [PMID: 30818059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the mechanisms that underlie longevity and aging and the metabolic alterations due to feeding conditions has not been completely defined. In the present work, through the deletion of the gene encoding catalase, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was uncovered as a relevant regulator of longevity and of liver metabolism. Mice lacking catalase (Cat-/-) fed ad libitum with a regular diet showed a shorter lifespan than wild type mice, which correlated with reduced body weight, blood glucose levels and liver fat accumulation, but not with increased oxidative damage or consistent premature aging. High fat diet (HFD) and fasting increased oxidative damage in the liver of wild type animals but, unexpectedly, this was not the case for that of Cat-/- mice. Interestingly, although HFD feeding similarly increased the body weight of Cat-/- and wild-type mice, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis did not develop in the former. Fat accumulation due to fasting, on the other hand, was diminished in mice lacking catalase, which correlated with increased risk of death and low ketone body blood levels. Alteration in expression of some metabolic genes in livers of catalase deficient mice was consistent with reduced lipogenesis. Specifically, Pparγ2 expression up-regulation in response to a HFD and down-regulation upon fasting was lower and higher, respectively, in livers of Cat-/- than of wild type mice, and a marked decay was observed during Cat-/- mice aging. We propose that catalase regulates lipid metabolism in the liver by an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is determinant of lifespan without affecting general oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raúl Pérez-Estrada
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - David Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Francisco Leyva-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Javier Ramos-León
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Osiris Cuevas-Benítez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | | | - Celina García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
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127
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Atef MM, Hafez YM, Alshenawy HA, Emam MN. Ameliorative effects of autophagy inducer, simvastatin on alcohol-induced liver disease in a rat model. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7679-7688. [PMID: 30417426 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a variety of liver injuries with various underlying mechanisms but still no effective treatment. So we aimed to monitor the influence of simvastatin on alcohol-induced liver injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of its cytoprotective effect. Thirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five equal groups. Group 1 (control): received a standard diet; group 2: received simvastatin (10 mg kg-1 day -1 ) once a day orally for 8 weeks; group 3: received 20% ethanol (7.9 g kg -1 day -1 ) daily orally for 8 weeks; group 4: received 20% ethanol along with same simvastatin dose daily for 8 weeks; group 5: received 20% ethanol orally for 8 weeks then received the same simvastatin dose for the next 8 weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. Liver tissue malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione levels, and superoxide dismutase activity were estimated. B-cell lymphoma 2 and C/EBP homologous protein levels were evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Light chain 3-II and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma messenger RNA expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-rat tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody. Our results revealed that simvastatin treatment was able to ameliorate alcohol-induced liver damage; the improved biochemical data were confirmed by histopathological evaluation. Simvastatin being an autophagy inducer was able to prevent and reverse alcohol-induced liver changes via induction of autophagy, attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Therefore, our findings suggest that treatment with simvastatin may be a useful approach in the management strategy of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohamed Atef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Nagy Emam
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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128
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Gao J, Song J, Du M, Mao X. Bovine α-lactalbumin hydrolysates (α-LAH) attenuate high-fat diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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129
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Fonseca GJ, Tao J, Westin EM, Duttke SH, Spann NJ, Strid T, Shen Z, Stender JD, Sakai M, Link VM, Benner C, Glass CK. Diverse motif ensembles specify non-redundant DNA binding activities of AP-1 family members in macrophages. Nat Commun 2019; 10:414. [PMID: 30679424 PMCID: PMC6345992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors play non-redundant biological roles despite recognizing the same DNA sequence remain poorly understood. To address this question, here we investigate the molecular functions and genome-wide DNA binding patterns of AP-1 family members in primary and immortalized mouse macrophages. ChIP-sequencing shows overlapping and distinct binding profiles for each factor that were remodeled following TLR4 ligation. Development of a machine learning approach that jointly weighs hundreds of DNA recognition elements yields dozens of motifs predicted to drive factor-specific binding profiles. Machine learning-based predictions are confirmed by analysis of the effects of mutations in genetically diverse mice and by loss of function experiments. These findings provide evidence that non-redundant genomic locations of different AP-1 family members in macrophages largely result from collaborative interactions with diverse, locus-specific ensembles of transcription factors and suggest a general mechanism for encoding functional specificities of their common recognition motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emma M Westin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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130
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Skat-Rørdam J, Højland Ipsen D, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. A role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 124:528-537. [PMID: 30561132 PMCID: PMC6850367 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming a major health burden, as prevalence increases and there are no approved treatment options. Thiazolidinediones target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and have been investigated in several clinical trials for their potential in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PPARγ has specialized roles in distinct tissues and cell types, and although the primary function of PPARγ is in adipose tissue, where the highest expression levels are observed, hepatic expression levels of PPARγ are significantly increased in patients with NAFLD. Thus, NAFLD patients receiving treatment with PPARγ agonists might have a liver response apart from the one in adipose tissue. Owing to the different roles of PPARγ, new treatment strategies include development of compounds harnessing the beneficial effects of PPARγ while restricting PPARγ unwanted effects such as adipogenesis resulting in weight gain. Furthermore, dual or pan agonists targeting two or more of the PPARs have shown promising results in pre-clinical research and some are currently proceeding to clinical trials. This MiniReview explores adipose- and liver-specific actions of PPARγ, and how this knowledge may contribute in the search for new treatment modalities in NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Højland Ipsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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131
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Wu C, Thach TT, Kim YJ, Lee SJ. Olfactory receptor 43 reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and adiposity in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:489-499. [PMID: 30639733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are primarily expressed in nasal olfactory epithelium, but these receptors are also ectopically expressed in diverse tissues. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of Olfr43, a mouse homolog of human OR1A1, in cultured hepatocytes and mice to assess its functionality in lipid metabolism. Olfr43 was expressed in mouse hepatocytes, and Olfr43 activation by a known ligand, (-)-carvone, stimulated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. In ligand-receptor binding studies using site-directed mutagenesis, (-)-carvone binding required two residues, M257 and Y258, in Olfr43. In the mouse study, oral administration of (-)-carvone for 5 weeks in high-fat diet-fed mice improved energy metabolism, including reductions in hepatic steatosis and adiposity, and improved glucose and insulin tolerance. In mouse livers and cultured mouse hepatocytes, Olfr43 activation simulated the CREB-hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ signaling axis, leading to a reduction in hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the mouse liver. Thus, long-term administration of (-)-carvone reduces hepatic steatosis. The knockdown of Olfr43 gene expression in cultured hepatocytes negated these effects of (-)-carvone. In conclusion, an ectopic olfactory receptor, hepatic Olfr43, regulates energy metabolism via the CREB-HES1-PPARγ signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Thanh Thach
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Han T, Lv Y, Wang S, Hu T, Hong H, Fu Z. PPARγ overexpression regulates cholesterol metabolism in human L02 hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zhu K, Tang Y, Xu X, Dang H, Tang LY, Wang X, Wang XW, Zhang YE. Non-proteolytic ubiquitin modification of PPARγ by Smurf1 protects the liver from steatosis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e3000091. [PMID: 30566427 PMCID: PMC6317813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in the liver and other metabolic syndrome symptoms, but its molecular genetic causes are not completely understood. Here, we show that mice deficient for ubiquitin ligase (E3) Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) spontaneously develop hepatic steatosis as they age and exhibit the exacerbated phenotype under a high-fat diet (HFD). Our data indicate that loss of Smurf1 up-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its target genes involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid uptake. We further show that PPARγ is a direct substrate of Smurf1-mediated non-proteolytic lysine 63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin modification that suppresses its transcriptional activity, and treatment of Smurf1-deficient mice with a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, completely reversed the lipid accumulation in the liver. Finally, we demonstrate an inverse correlation of low SMURF1 expression to high body mass index (BMI) values in human patients, thus revealing a new role of SMURF1 in NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuan Xu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hien Dang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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134
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Lee YK, Park JE, Lee M, Hardwick JP. Hepatic lipid homeostasis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2. LIVER RESEARCH 2018; 2:209-215. [PMID: 31245168 PMCID: PMC6594548 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ or PPARG) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. It plays a master role in the differentiation and proliferation of adipose tissues. It has two major isoforms, PPARγ1 and PPARγ2, encoded from a single gene using two separate promoters and alternative splicing. Among them, PPARγ2 is most abundantly expressed in adipocytes and plays major adipogenic and lipogenic roles in the tissue. Furthermore, it has been shown that PPARγ2 is also expressed in the liver, specifically in hepatocytes, and its expression level positively correlates with fat accumulation induced by pathological conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Knockout of the hepatic Pparg gene ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by diet or genetic manipulations. Transcriptional activation of Pparg in the liver induces the adipogenic program to store fatty acids in lipid droplets as observed in adipocytes. Understanding how the hepatic Pparg gene expression is regulated will help develop preventative and therapeutic treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the potential adverse effect of hepatic Pparg gene deletion on peripheral tissue functions, therapeutic interventions that target PPARγ for fatty liver diseases require fine-tuning of this gene's expression and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA., (Y.K. Lee)
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - James P. Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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135
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Toppo E, Sylvester Darvin S, Esakkimuthu S, Buvanesvaragurunathan K, Ajeesh Krishna T, Antony Caesar S, Stalin A, Balakrishna K, Pandikumar P, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi N. Curative effect of arjunolic acid from Terminalia arjuna in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease models. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:979-988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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136
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Kaltenecker D, Themanns M, Mueller KM, Spirk K, Suske T, Merkel O, Kenner L, Luís A, Kozlov A, Haybaeck J, Müller M, Han X, Moriggl R. Hepatic growth hormone - JAK2 - STAT5 signalling: Metabolic function, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cytokine 2018; 124:154569. [PMID: 30389231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity came along with an increase in associated metabolic disorders in Western countries. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is linked to primary stages of liver cancer development. Growth hormone (GH) regulates various vital processes such as energy supply and cellular regeneration. In addition, GH regulates various aspects of liver physiology through activating the Janus kinase (JAK) 2- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 pathway. Consequently, disrupted GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling in the liver alters hepatic lipid metabolism and is associated with NAFLD development in humans and mouse models. Interestingly, while STAT5 as well as JAK2 deficiency correlates with hepatic lipid accumulation, recent studies suggest that these proteins have unique ambivalent functions in chronic liver disease progression and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the consequences of altered GH - JAK2 - STAT5 signaling for hepatic lipid metabolism and liver cancer development with an emphasis on lessons learned from genetic knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kaltenecker
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madeleine Themanns
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Ministry of Health; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences (ILAS), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, PR China; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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137
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Aibara D, Matsusue K, Takiguchi S, Gonzalez FJ, Yamano S. Fat-specific protein 27 is a novel target gene of liver X receptor α. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:48-56. [PMID: 29454584 PMCID: PMC6594021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27) is highly expressed in the fatty liver of genetically obese ob/ob mice and promotes hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation. The nuclear hormone receptor liver X receptor α (LXRα) also plays a critical role in the control of TG levels in the liver. The present study demonstrated transcriptional regulation of Fsp27a and Fsp27b genes by LXRα. Treatment with the LXR ligand T0901317 markedly increased Fsp27a and Fsp27b mRNAs in wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob mouse livers. A reporter assay indicated that two LXR-responsive elements (LXREs) are necessary for LXRα-dependent induction of Fsp27a and Fsp27b promoter activities. Furthermore, the LXRα/retinoid X receptor α complex is capable of directly binding to the two LXREs both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that LXRα positively regulates Fsp27a and Fsp27b expression through two functional LXREs. Fsp27a/b are novel LXR target genes in the ob/ob fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Matsusue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Soichi Takiguchi
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shigeru Yamano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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138
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Guruvaiah P, Guo H, Li D, Xie Z. Preventive Effect of Flavonol Derivatives Abundant Sanglan Tea on Long-Term High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity Complications in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091276. [PMID: 30201876 PMCID: PMC6164069 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanglan Tea (SLT) is a Chinese medicine-based formulation that is consumed as a health drink for the effective management of obesity-associated complications. However, its chemical components and mechanism of action in the prevention of hepatic steatosis and obesity-related impairments have been uncertain. In this study, we aimed to unveil the chemical profile of SLT and to explore its preventive mechanism in high-fat-diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity-related consequences in C57BL/6 mice. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of SLT indicated that analogs of quercetin and kaempferol are major compounds of flavonoids in SLT. A dietary supplement of SLT efficiently managed the blood glucose elevation, retained the serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels, as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and reduced the fat storage in the liver induced by a high-fat diet. The underlying mechanism of this preventive effect is hypothesized to be related to the inhibition of over-expression of lipogenesis and adipogenesis-related genes. Overall, this study suggests that SLT, being rich in quercetin and kaempferol analogs, could be a potential food supplement for the prevention of high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD and obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponmari Guruvaiah
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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139
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Sex-specific differences in hepatic steatosis in obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:40. [PMID: 30201044 PMCID: PMC6131947 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with metabolic syndrome, who are characterized by co-existence of insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, are also prone to develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the prevalence and severity of NAFLD is significantly greater in men than women, the mechanisms by which gender modulates the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis are poorly defined. The obese spontaneously hypertensive (SHROB) rats represent an attractive model of metabolic syndrome without overt type 2 diabetes. Although pathological manifestation caused by the absence of a functional leptin receptor has been extensively studied in SHROB rats, it is unknown whether these animals elicited sex-specific differences in the development of hepatic steatosis. Methods We compared hepatic pathology in male and female SHROB rats. Additionally, we examined key biochemical and molecular parameters of signaling pathways linked with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. Finally, using methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, we quantified expression of 45 genes related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the livers of male and female SHROB rats. Results We show that all SHROB rats developed hepatic steatosis that was accompanied by enhanced expression of SREBP1, SREBP2, ACC1, and FASN proteins. The livers of male rats also elicited higher induction of Pparg, Ppara, Slc2a4, Atox1, Skp1, Angptl3, and Pnpla3 mRNAs. In contrast, the livers of female SHROB rats elicited constitutively higher levels of phosphorylated JNK and AMPK and enhanced expression of Cd36. Conclusion Based on these data, we conclude that the severity of hepatic steatosis in male and female SHROB rats was mainly driven by increased de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, male and female SHROB rats also elicited differential severity of hepatic steatosis that was coupled with sex-specific differences in fatty acid transport and esterification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-018-0202-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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140
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141
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Tiefenbach J, Magomedova L, Liu J, Reunov AA, Tsai R, Eappen NS, Jockusch RA, Nislow C, Cummins CL, Krause HM. Idebenone and coenzyme Q 10 are novel PPARα/γ ligands, with potential for treatment of fatty liver diseases. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm034801. [PMID: 30171034 PMCID: PMC6177011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-targeted drugs, such as the PPARγ-directed diabetes drug rosiglitazone, are associated with undesirable side effects due to robust agonist activity in non-target tissues. To find new PPAR ligands with fewer toxic effects, we generated transgenic zebrafish that can be screened in high throughput for new tissue-selective PPAR partial agonists. A structural analog of coenzyme Q10 (idebenone) that elicits spatially restricted partial agonist activity for both PPARα and PPARγ was identified. Coenzyme Q10 was also found to bind and activate both PPARs in a similar fashion, suggesting an endogenous role in relaying the states of mitochondria, peroxisomes and cellular redox to the two receptors. Testing idebenone in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes revealed the ability to reverse fatty liver development. These findings indicate new mechanisms of action for both PPARα and PPARγ, and new potential treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatosis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A zebrafish screen identifies a novel PPARα/γ ligand, idebenone, with potential for treatment of fatty liver diseases, as seen by testing it in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tiefenbach
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada .,InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arkadiy A Reunov
- InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Neena S Eappen
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada .,InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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142
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Li S, Li J, Mao G, Hu Y, Ye X, Tian D, Linhardt RJ, Chen S. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides from Isostichopus badionotus regulates lipid disorder in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:634-642. [PMID: 30241863 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS) and its depolymerized derivative (DfCS), prepared from sea cucumbers, are well-known for their anticoagulant activity. However, their other functional activities are poorly understood. Recently, we obtained fCS oligosaccharides from Isostichopus Badionotus by a modified controllable Fenton-system, named as DfCS-Ib. The functional activities of these oligosaccharides are still unclear. The present study investigated anti-hyperlipidemic activity of DfCS-Ib using a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice model. The results indicated that DfCS-Ib reduced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation caused by HFD. Meanwhile, DfCS-Ib increased the mRNA expression of PPARγ and decreased the mRNA expression of leptin, aP2, and F4/80 in fat tissue. Transcriptome analysis indicated that DfCS-Ib normalized the expressions of genes regulating lipid metabolism. Our results suggested that DfCS-Ib can alleviated lipid disorder by reducing lipid synthesis and promoting lipid lipidolysis. DfCS-Ib can act as a functional agent to regulate lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guizhu Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ding Tian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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143
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Insulin/Snail1 axis ameliorates fatty liver disease by epigenetically suppressing lipogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2751. [PMID: 30013137 PMCID: PMC6048127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulates lipogenesis but insulin resistance is also associated with increased hepatic lipogenesis in obesity. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly characterized. Here, we show a noncanonical insulin-Snail1 pathway that suppresses lipogenesis. Insulin robustly upregulates zinc-finger protein Snail1 in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. In obesity, the hepatic insulin-Snail1 cascade is impaired due to insulin resistance. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Snail1 enhances insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in hepatocytes, exacerbates dietary NAFLD in mice, and attenuates NAFLD-associated insulin resistance. Liver-specific overexpression of Snail1 has the opposite effect. Mechanistically, Snail1 binds to the fatty acid synthase promoter and recruits HDAC1/2 to induce deacetylation of H3K9 and H3K27, thereby repressing fatty acid synthase promoter activity. Our data suggest that insulin pathways bifurcate into canonical (lipogenic) and noncanonical (anti-lipogenesis by Snail1) two arms. The noncanonical arm counterbalances the canonical arm through Snail1-elicited epigenetic suppression of lipogenic genes. Impairment in the insulin-Snail1 arm may contribute to NAFLD in obesity.
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144
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Chen J, Montagner A, Tan NS, Wahli W. Insights into the Role of PPARβ/δ in NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071893. [PMID: 29954129 PMCID: PMC6073272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue in developed countries. Although usually associated with obesity, NAFLD is also diagnosed in individuals with low body mass index (BMI) values, especially in Asia. NAFLD can progress from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by liver damage and inflammation, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD development can be induced by lipid metabolism alterations; imbalances of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules; and changes in various other factors, such as gut nutrient-derived signals and adipokines. Obesity-related metabolic disorders may be improved by activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ, which is involved in metabolic processes and other functions. This review is focused on research findings related to PPARβ/δ-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and NAFLD development. It also discusses the potential use of pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Regulation of the metabolism of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine 1-phosphate by hepatic PPARγ activity. Biochem J 2018; 475:2009-2024. [PMID: 29712716 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a carrier and a modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), an important multifunctional bioactive lipid. Since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is reportedly associated with the function and metabolism of S1P, we investigated the modulation of apoM/S1P homeostasis by PPARγ. First, we investigated the modulation of apoM and S1P homeostasis by the overexpression or knockdown of PPARγ in HepG2 cells and found that both the overexpression and the knockdown of PPARγ decreased apoM expression and S1P synthesis. When we activated or suppressed the PPARγ more mildly with pioglitazone or GW9662, we found that pioglitazone suppressed apoM expression and S1P synthesis, while GW9662 increased them. Next, we overexpressed PPARγ in mouse liver through adenoviral gene transfer and observed that both the plasma and hepatic apoM levels and the plasma S1P levels decreased, while the hepatic S1P levels increased, in the presence of enhanced sphingosine kinase activity. Treatment with pioglitazone decreased both the plasma and hepatic apoM and S1P levels only in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, the overexpression of apoM increased, while the knockdown of apoM suppressed PPARγ activities in HepG2 cells. These results suggested that PPARγ regulates the S1P levels by modulating apoM in a bell-shaped manner, with the greatest levels of apoM/S1P observed when PPARγ was mildly expressed and that hepatic apoM/PPARγ axis might maintain the homeostasis of S1P metabolism.
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146
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Pérez-Martínez L, Ochoa-Callejero L, Rubio-Mediavilla S, Narro J, Bernardo I, Oteo JA, Blanco JR. Maraviroc improves hepatic triglyceride content but not inflammation in a murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model induced by a chronic exposure to high-fat diet. Transl Res 2018; 196:17-30. [PMID: 29421523 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the general population. Its severity ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. C-C chemokine ligand type 5 or RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted) plays an important role in the progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Our objective was to examine the preventive and therapeutic effects of maraviroc (MVC), a C-C chemokine receptor 5 antagonist, on liver pathology in an NAFLD mouse model. A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) high-fat diet (HFD) group or control group, (2) preventive group (HFD group plus MVC in drinking water since the beginning of the study), (3) early-therapeutic group (HFD group plus MVC in drinking starting at week 24 of the study), and (4) late-therapeutic group (HFD group plus MVC in drinking water starting at week 36 of the study). All mice were sacrificed at week 48. The hepatic triglyceride concentration in the HFD group was significantly higher than that in the groups treated with MVC at any time. Gene expression associated with lipogenesis (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 and proliferator-activated receptor-γ), insulin resistance (insulin receptor substrate-2), and β-oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and acyl-CoA oxidase) was significantly reduced in all the groups treated with MVC. In summary, the beneficial effect of MVC on hepatic steatosis is maintained throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Martínez
- Infectious Diseases Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Judit Narro
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Iván Bernardo
- Biomedical Diagnostic Service, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Oteo
- Infectious Diseases Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - José-Ramón Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
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147
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Adipogenic genes expression in relation to hepatic steatosis in the liver of two duck species. Animal 2018; 12:2571-2577. [PMID: 29720294 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some studies have shown that expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a key regulator of adipogenesis, and of some adipocyte-specific genes or adipokines are expressed in hepatic steatosis, leading to the concept of 'adipogenic hepatic steatosis' or 'hepatic adiposis.' Most of these studies were conducted in genetic obese mouse models or after manipulation of gene expression. The relevance of this concept to other species and more physiological models was here addressed in ducks which are able to develop hepatic steatosis after overfeeding. The expression of PPARG and other adipocyte-specific genes was thus analyzed in the liver of ducks fed ad libitum or overfed and compared with those observed in adipose tissues. Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) were analyzed, as metabolic responses to overfeeding differ according to these two species, Muscovy ducks having a greater ability to synthesize and store lipids in the liver than Pekin ducks. Our results indicate that adipocyte-specific genes are expressed in the liver of ducks, PPARG and fatty acid-binding protein 4 being upregulated and adiponectin and leptin receptor downregulated by overfeeding. However, these expression levels are much lower than those observed in adipose tissue suggesting that fatty liver cells are not transformed to adipocytes, although some hepato-specific functions are decreased in fatty liver when compared with normal liver.
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148
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Shavva VS, Bogomolova AM, Efremov AM, Trofimov AN, Nikitin AA, Babina AV, Nekrasova EV, Dizhe EB, Oleinikova GN, Missyul BV, Orlov SV. Insulin downregulates C3 gene expression in human HepG2 cells through activation of PPARγ. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:204-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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149
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Fornes D, White V, Higa R, Heinecke F, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A. Sex-dependent changes in lipid metabolism, PPAR pathways and microRNAs that target PPARs in the fetal liver of rats with gestational diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:12-21. [PMID: 28807878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent disease that impairs fetal metabolism and development. We have previously characterized a rat model of GDM induced by developmental programming. Here, we analyzed lipid content, the levels of the three PPAR isotypes and the expression of microRNAs that regulate PPARs expression in the liver of male and female fetuses of control and GDM rats on day 21 of pregnancy. We found increased levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the livers of male fetuses of GDM rats compared to controls, and, oppositely, reduced levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids in the livers of female fetuses of GDM rats compared to controls. Although GDM did not change PPARα levels in male and female fetal livers, PPARγ was increased in the liver of male fetuses of GDM rats, a change that occurred in parallel to a reduction in the expression of miR-130, a microRNA that targets PPARγ. In livers of female fetuses of GDM rats, no changes in PPARγ and miR-130 were evidenced, but PPARδ was increased, a change that occurred in parallel to a reduction in the expression of miR-9, a microRNA that targets PPARδ, and was unchanged in the liver of male fetuses of GDM and control rats. These results show clear sex-dependent changes in microRNAs that target different PPAR isotypes in relation to changes in the levels of their targets and the differential regulation of lipid metabolism evidenced in fetal livers of GDM pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Fornes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Heinecke
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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150
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Abstract
Adipose tissue represents a large volume of biologically active tissue that exerts substantial systemic effects in health and disease. Alcohol consumption can profoundly disturb the normal functions of adipose tissue by inducing adipocyte death and altering secretion of adipokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and free fatty acids from adipose tissue, which have important direct and indirect effects on the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Cessation of alcohol intake quickly reverses inflammatory changes in adipose tissue, and pharmacological treatment that normalizes adipose tissue function improves experimental ALD. Obesity exacerbates liver injury induced by chronic or binge alcohol consumption, and obesity and alcohol can synergize to increase risk of ALD and progression. Physicians who care for individuals with ALD should be aware of the effects of adipose tissue dysfunction on liver function, and consider strategies to manage obesity and insulin resistance. This Review examines the effect of alcohol on adiposity and adipose tissue and the relationship between alcohol, adipose tissue and the liver.
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