101
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Zhang G, Guo L, Yang C, Liu Y, He Y, Du Y, Wang W, Gao F. A novel role of breast cancer-derived hyaluronan on inducement of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages formation. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1172154. [PMID: 27471651 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1172154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental signals determine the differentiation types and distinct functions of macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) constitute major infiltrates around solid tumor cells and accelerate tumor progression due to their immunosuppressive functions. However, the mechanisms through which tumor microenvironment modulates macrophages transition are not completely elucidated. Hyaluronan (HA), a prominent component in tumor microenvironment, is a notable immunoregulator and its high level is often related to poor prognosis. Herein, we found that the number of M2 macrophages was highly correlated with HA expression in tumor tissues from breast cancer patients. Experimental data showed that breast cancer-derived HA stimulated M2-like TAM formation in a mouse model and had multiple effects on macrophages transformation in vitro, including upregulating CD204, CD206, IL-10 and TGF-β, activating STAT3 signal, and suppressing killing capacity. These data indicate that HA derived from breast cancer activates macrophages in an alternative manner. Further mechanism study revealed that HA-CD44-ERK1/2-STAT3 pathway served as an important regulator in M2-like TAM formation. Therefore, targeting TAM by abrogating HA-CD44 interaction may be a potential strategy for breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Oncology Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
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102
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Zhang Y, Li JQ, Jiang ZZ, Li L, Wu Y, Zheng L. CD169 identifies an anti-tumour macrophage subpopulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2016; 239:231-41. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Jin-Qing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Ze-Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou PR China
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103
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Berthenet K, Boudesco C, Collura A, Svrcek M, Richaud S, Hammann A, Causse S, Yousfi N, Wanherdrick K, Duplomb L, Duval A, Garrido C, Jego G. Extracellular HSP110 skews macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1170264. [PMID: 27622020 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1170264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP110 is induced by different stresses and, through its anti-apoptotic and chaperoning properties, helps the cells to survive these adverse situations. In colon cancers, HSP110 is abnormally abundant. We have recently showed that colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) had an improved response to chemotherapy because they harbor an HSP110 inactivating mutation (HSP110DE9). In this work, we have used patients' biopsies and human CRC cells grown in vitro and in vivo (xenografts) to demonstrate that (1) HSP110 is secreted by CRC cells and that the amount of this extracellular HSP110 is strongly decreased by the expression of the mutant HSP110DE9, (2) Supernatants from CRC cells overexpressing HSP110 or purified recombinant human HSP110 (LPS-free) affect macrophage differentiation/polarization by favoring a pro-tumor, anti-inflammatory profile, (3) Conversely, inhibition of HSP110 (expression of siRNA, HSP110DE9 or immunodepletion) induced the formation of macrophages with a cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory profile. (4) Finally, this effect of extracellular HSP110 on macrophages seems to implicate TLR4. These results together with the fact that colorectal tumor biopsies with HSP110 high were infiltrated with macrophages with a pro-tumoral profile while those with HSP110 low were infiltrated with macrophages with a cytotoxic profile, suggest that the effect of extracellular HSP110 function on macrophages may also contribute to the poor outcomes associated with HSP110 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berthenet
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Boudesco
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Ada Collura
- INSERM, UMR 938, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Magali Svrcek
- INSERM, UMR 938, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Richaud
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon, France
| | - Arlette Hammann
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon, France
| | - Sebastien Causse
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Nadhir Yousfi
- EPHE, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France
| | - Kristell Wanherdrick
- INSERM, UMR 938, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Duplomb
- Génétique et anomalies du développement, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital d'enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Alex Duval
- INSERM, UMR 938, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR866, Dijon, France; CGFL service, Dijon, France
| | - Gaetan Jego
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR866, Dijon, France
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104
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Han MS, Barrett T, Brehm MA, Davis RJ. Inflammation Mediated by JNK in Myeloid Cells Promotes the Development of Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2016; 15:19-26. [PMID: 27052181 PMCID: PMC4826851 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is required for the development of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A role for JNK in liver parenchymal cells has been proposed, but more recent studies have implicated non-parenchymal liver cells as the relevant site of JNK signaling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that myeloid cells mediate this function of JNK. We show that mice with myeloid cell-specific JNK deficiency exhibit reduced hepatic inflammation and suppression of both hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These data identify myeloid cells as a site of pro-inflammatory signaling by JNK that can promote liver pathology. Targeting myeloid cells with a drug that inhibits JNK may therefore provide therapeutic benefit for the treatment of inflammation-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tamera Barrett
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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105
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Xiao X, Lao XM, Chen MM, Liu RX, Wei Y, Ouyang FZ, Chen DP, Zhao XY, Zhao Q, Li XF, Liu CL, Zheng L, Kuang DM. PD-1hi Identifies a Novel Regulatory B-cell Population in Human Hepatoma That Promotes Disease Progression. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:546-59. [PMID: 26928313 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED B cells often constitute abundant cellular components in human tumors. Regulatory B cells that are functionally defined by their ability to produce IL10 downregulate inflammation and control T-cell immunity. Here, we identified a protumorigenic subset of B cells that constitutively expressed higher levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and constituted ∼10% of all B cells in advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These PD-1(hi) B cells exhibited a unique CD5(hi)CD24(-/+)CD27(hi/+)CD38(dim) phenotype different from the phenotype of conventional CD24(hi)CD38(hi) peripheral regulatory B cells. TLR4-mediated BCL6 upregulation was crucial for PD-1(hi) B-cell induction by HCC environmental factors, and that effect was abolished by IL4-elicited STAT6 phosphorylation. Importantly, upon encountering PD-L1(+) cells or undergoing PD-1 triggering, PD-1(hi) B cells acquired regulatory functions that suppressed tumor-specific T-cell immunity and promoted cancer growth via IL10 signals. Our findings provide significant new insights for human cancer immunosuppression and anticancer therapies regarding PD-1/PD-L1. SIGNIFICANCE We identify a novel protumorigenic PD-1(hi) B-cell subset in human HCC that exhibits a phenotype distinct from that of peripheral regulatory B cells. TLR4-mediated BCL6 upregulation is critical for induction of PD-1(hi) B cells, which operate via IL10-dependent pathways upon interacting with PD-L1 to cause T-cell dysfunction and foster disease progression. Cancer Discov; 6(5); 546-59. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Ren et al., p. 477This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 461.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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106
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Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Mytar B, Szatanek R, Surmiak M, Węglarczyk K, Baran J, Siedlar M. Colorectal cancer-derived microvesicles modulate differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. J Transl Med 2016; 14:36. [PMID: 26838097 PMCID: PMC4736475 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-derived microvesicles (TMVs) are important players in tumour progression, modulating biological activity of immune cells e.g. lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. This phenomenon is particularly interesting in the progression of colon cancer, as macrophages in this type of tumour are relevant for the recovery processes. In the present study, the role of colon cancer cell-derived microvesicles in monocyte differentiation and activity profile (polarization) was investigated. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were differentiated in vitro in the presence of TMVs obtained from colon cancer: Caco-2, SW620, LoVo or SW480 cell lines and analysed according to their morphology and biological functions, as defined by cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and cytotoxic activity against respective colon cancer cells. RESULTS Monocytes differentiated with TMVs exhibited morphological and phenotypical characteristics of macrophages. An early contact (beginning with the first day of the in vitro culture) of monocytes with TMVs resulted in increased IL-10 secretion and only slightly elevated TNF release. Early, or prolonged contact resulted in low ROI production and low cytotoxicity against tumour cells. On the other hand, late contact of MDM with TMVs, stimulated MDM to significant TNF and IL-12 secretion, ROI production and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro. In addition, differences in MDM response to TMVs from different cell lines were observed (according to cytokine secretion, ROI production and cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro). Biological activity, STATs phosphorylation and microRNA profiling of MDMs indicated differences in their polarization/activation status which may suggest mixed polarization type M1/M2 with the predominance of proinflammatory cells after late contact with TMVs. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage activity (polarization status) may be regulated by contact with not only tumour cells but also with TMVs. Their final polarization status depends on the contact time, and probably on the vesicle "cargo", as signified by the distinct impact of TMVs which enabled the switching of MDM maturation to regulatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Bożenna Mytar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
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107
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Nishio M, Urakawa N, Shigeoka M, Takase N, Ichihara Y, Arai N, Koma YI, Yokozaki H. Software-assisted morphometric and phenotype analyses of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages induced by a microenvironment model of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 2016; 66:83-93. [PMID: 26778807 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human macrophages play important roles in tumor promotion and are called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We previously demonstrated that human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) contain TAMs and that these TAMs tend to have tumor-supporting features. Here we exposed human macrophages to conditioned media of TE-series human ESCC cell lines (TECMs) to generate an ESCC extracellular stimuli-influenced TAM model. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes (PBMos) from healthy donors were treated with M-CSF and with additional IL-4 or TECM exposure. Morphological changes of the cells and the induction of CD163/CD204 proteins were detected in the TECM-exposed model TAMs by immunofluorescence. A software-assisted immunofluorescent cell image analysis showed increased CD163/CD204 positivity in the model TAMs and a weak to moderate positive correlation between the cytoplasmic area and the sum fluorescent intensity of CD204. Morphological changes of the cells were significantly reflected by several cytomorphometric parameters. PBMos were elongated with M-CSF treatment, then enlarged with TECM exposure. The cytoplasmic aspect ratio was decreased by M-CSF treatment and slightly increased by TECM exposure. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio decreased during the whole process of cell differentiation. This system is useful for quantitative assessments of TAM-like morphological changes of macrophages and the induction of CD163/CD204 in a model ESCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Urakawa
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Takase
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yumi Ichihara
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriaki Arai
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yu-ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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108
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Macrophages: Regulators of the Inflammatory Microenvironment during Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4549676. [PMID: 26884646 PMCID: PMC4739263 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4549676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of inflammation and important regulators of developmental processes. As a key phagocytic cell type, macrophages evolved as part of the innate immune system to engulf and process cell debris and pathogens. Macrophages produce factors that act directly on their microenvironment and also bridge innate immune responses to the adaptive immune system. Resident macrophages are important for acting as sensors for tissue damage and maintaining tissue homeostasis. It is now well-established that macrophages are an integral component of the breast tumor microenvironment, where they contribute to tumor growth and progression, likely through many of the mechanisms that are utilized during normal wound healing responses. Because macrophages contribute to normal mammary gland development and breast cancer growth and progression, this review will discuss both resident mammary gland macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages with an emphasis on describing how macrophages interact with their surrounding environment during normal development and in the context of cancer.
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109
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High post-treatment absolute monocyte count predicted hepatocellular carcinoma risk in HCV patients who failed peginterferon/ribavirin therapy. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7129-37. [PMID: 26662957 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salient studies have investigated the association between host inflammatory response and cancer. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that peripheral absolute monocyte counts (AMC) could impart an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients after a failed peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) combination therapy. A total of 723 chronic HCV-infected patients were treated with PR, of which 183 (25.3 %) patients did not achieve a sustained virological response (non-SVR). Post-treatment AMC values were measured at 6 months after end of PR treatment. Fifteen (2.8 %) of 540 patients with an SVR developed HCC during a median follow-up period of 41.4 months, and 14 (7.7 %) of 183 non-SVR patients developed HCC during a median follow-up of 36.8 months (log rank test for SVR vs. non-SVR, P = 0.002). Cox regression analysis revealed that post-treatment AFP level (HR 1.070; 95 % CI = 1.024-1.119, P = 0.003) and post-treatment aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) ≥0.5 (HR 4.401; 95 % CI = 1.463-13.233, P = 0.008) were independent variables associated with HCC development for SVR patients. For non-SVR patients, diabetes (HR 5.750; 95 % CI = 1.387-23.841, P = 0.016), post treatment AMC ≥370 mm(-3) (HR 5.805; 95 % CI = 1.268-26.573, P = 0.023), and post-treatment APRI ≥1.5 (HR 10.905; 95 % CI = 2.493-47.697, P = 0.002) were independent risks associated with HCC. In conclusion, post-treatment AMC has a role in prognostication of HCC development in HCV-infected patients who failed to achieve an SVR after PR combination therapy.
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110
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Liu RX, Wei Y, Zeng QH, Chan KW, Xiao X, Zhao XY, Chen MM, Ouyang FZ, Chen DP, Zheng L, Lao XM, Kuang DM. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3-positive B cells link interleukin-17 inflammation to protumorigenic macrophage polarization in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2015; 62:1779-90. [PMID: 26235097 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED B cells consistently represent abundant cellular components in tumors; however, direct evidence supporting a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of human cancers is lacking, as is specific knowledge of their trafficking mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3-positive (CXCR3(+)) B cells constitute approximately 45% of B-cell infiltrate in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and that their levels are positively correlated with early recurrence of HCC. These cells selectively accumulate at the invading edge of HCC and undergo further somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin G-secreting plasma cell differentiation. Proinflammatory interleukin-17(+) cells are important for the induction of epithelial cell-derived CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, which subsequently promote the sequential recruitment and further maturation of CXCR3(+) B cells. More importantly, we provide evidence that CXCR3(+) B cells, but not their CXCR3(-) counterparts, may operate in immunoglobulin G-dependent pathways to induce M2b macrophage polarization in human HCC. Depletion of B cells significantly suppresses M2b polarization and the protumorigenic activity of tumor-associated macrophages and restores the production of antitumorigenic interleukin-12 by those cells in vivo. CONCLUSION Selective recruitment of CXCR3(+) B cells bridges proinflammatory interleukin-17 response and protumorigenic macrophage polarization in the tumor milieu, and blocking CXCR3(+) B-cell migration or function may help defeat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ka-Wo Chan
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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111
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Effects of Nanosized Lithium Carbonate Particles on the Functional Activity of Macrophages During Development of Hepatocarcinoma 29. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:490-3. [PMID: 26388569 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The functional activity of macrophages in response to injection of nanosized lithium carbonate particles after initiation of hepatocarcinoma 29 in male CBA mice was evaluated by the production of NO, arginase activity, and absorption of zymosan granules. In intact animals, NO production by peritoneal macrophages increased by 4 times and arginase activity 3.1 times in response to a single injection of nanosized particles into the hip muscle. The level of NO production by macrophages remained high after 4 and 5 injections, while arginase activity returned to normal. The level of phagocytic peritoneal macrophages increased by 1.4 times after 5 injections of the particles. The level of NO production by macrophages gradually increased in animals with hepatocarcinoma developing in the hip muscle: by 1.6 times on day 3, 3.2 times on day 7, and by 2.6 times on day 13 in comparison with the corresponding parameters in intact animals. The increase of NO production by peritoneal macrophages after tumor process initiation was not paralleled by changes in arginase activity and absorption of zymosan granules. The results indicated that injection of nanosized lithium carbonate particles after inoculation of hepatocarcinoma 29 cells in the right hip muscle tissue was inessential for the function of peritoneal macrophages by the studied parameters.
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112
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Beider K, Bitner H, Leiba M, Gutwein O, Koren-Michowitz M, Ostrovsky O, Abraham M, Wald H, Galun E, Peled A, Nagler A. Multiple myeloma cells recruit tumor-supportive macrophages through the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis and promote their polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11283-96. [PMID: 25526031 PMCID: PMC4294328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells specifically attract peripheral-blood monocytes, while interaction of MM with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly increased monocyte recruitment (p<0.01). The CXCL12 chemokine, produced by both the MM and BMSCs, was found to be a critical regulator of monocyte migration. CXCL12 production was up-regulated under MM-BMSCs co-culture conditions, whereas blockage with anti-CXCR4 antibodies significantly abrogated monocyte recruitment toward a MM-derived conditioned medium (p<0.01). Furthermore, elevated levels of CXCL12 were detected in MM, but not in normal BM samples, whereas malignant MM cells often represented the source of increased CXCL12 in the BM. Blood-derived macrophages effectively supported MM cells proliferation and protected them from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Importantly, MM cells affected macrophage polarization, elevating the expression of M2-related scavenger receptor CD206 in macrophages and blocking LPS-induced TNFα secretion (a hallmark of M1 response). Of note, MM-educated macrophages suppressed T-cell proliferation and IFNγ production in response to activation. Finally, increased numbers of CXCR4-expressing CD163+CD206+ macrophages were detected in the BM of MM patients (n=25) in comparison to MGUS (n=11) and normal specimens (n=8). Taken together, these results identify macrophages as important players in MM tumorogenicity, and recognize the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis as a critical regulator of MM-stroma interactions and microenvironment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hanna Bitner
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Merav Leiba
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Odit Gutwein
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maya Koren-Michowitz
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Olga Ostrovsky
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Abraham
- Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Science Park, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hanna Wald
- Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Science Park, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Peled
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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113
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Chanmee T, Ontong P, Kimata K, Itano N. Key Roles of Hyaluronan and Its CD44 Receptor in the Stemness and Survival of Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2015; 5:180. [PMID: 26322272 PMCID: PMC4530590 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a unique subpopulation of self-renewing oncogenic cells that drive cancer initiation and progression. CSCs often acquire multidrug and oxidative stress resistance and are thereby thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence following treatment and remission. Although the mechanisms responsible for CSC generation, maintenance, and expansion have become a major focus in cancer research, the molecular characteristics of CSCs remain poorly understood. The stemness and subsequent expansion of CSCs are believed to be highly influenced by changes in microenvironmental signals as well as genetic and epigenetic alterations. Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, has recently been demonstrated to provide a favorable microenvironment for the self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells. HA directly and indirectly affects CSC self-renewal by influencing the behavior of both cancer and stromal cells. For instance, HA in the tumor microenvironment modulates the function of tumor-associated macrophages to support CSC self-renewal, and excessive HA production promotes the acquisition of CSC signatures through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The importance of HA in mediating CSC self-renewal has been strengthened by the finding that interactions between HA and its receptor, CD44, propagate the stemness of CSCs. HA–CD44 interactions evoke a wide range of signals required for CSC self-renewal and maintenance. CD44 also plays a critical role in the preservation and multidrug resistance (MDR) of CSCs by transmitting survival and anti-apoptotic signals. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HA and CD44 control of CSC stemness may help in the design of more effective therapies for cancer patients. In this review, we address the key roles of HA and CD44 in CSC self-renewal and maintenance. We also discuss the involvement of CD44 in the oxidative stress and MDR of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Pawared Ontong
- Biotechnology, Division of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Research Complex for Medical Frontiers, Aichi Medical University , Nagakute , Japan
| | - Naoki Itano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan ; Biotechnology, Division of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan ; Institute of Advanced Technology, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
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114
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Zhao L, Wu Y, Xie XD, Chu YF, Li JQ, Zheng L. c-Met identifies a population of matrix metalloproteinase 9-producing monocytes in peritumoural stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2015; 237:319-29. [PMID: 26108200 DOI: 10.1002/path.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕ) are prominent components of solid tumours and exhibit distinct phenotypes in different microenvironments. Previously, we found that tumours could alter the normal developmental process of Mϕ to trigger transient activation of monocytes in the peritumoural stroma of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we showed that a fraction of monocytes in the peritumoural stroma, but not in HCC cancer nests, expressed surface c-Met molecules. Monocytes exposed to tumours strongly expressed c-Met proteins with kinetics similar to their activation status, and significant correlations were found between c-Met levels and HLA-DR expression on tumour-infiltrating monocytes. NF-κB-mediated autocrine TNF-α stimulated the expression of c-Met on activated monocytes, and by interacting with its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met increased the motility and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9-producing capacity of tumour-associated monocytes. The intensity of c-Met expression on tumour-infiltrating monocytes was associated with high mortality and reduced survival of patients with HCC. Therefore, the expression of c-Met on activated monocytes/Mϕ may represent a novel mechanism by which a tumour actively and precisely regulates the distribution and functions of these cells to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jin-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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115
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Rayahin JE, Buhrman JS, Zhang Y, Koh TJ, Gemeinhart RA. High and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid differentially influence macrophage activation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:481-493. [PMID: 26280020 PMCID: PMC4533115 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages exhibit phenotypic diversity permitting wide-ranging roles in maintaining physiologic homeostasis. Hyaluronic acid, a major glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has been shown to have differential signaling based on its molecular weight. With this in mind, the main objective of this study was to elucidate the role of hyaluronic acid molecular weight on macrophage activation and reprogramming. Changes in macrophage activation were assessed by activation state selective marker measurement, specifically quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, and cytokine enzyme-linked immunoassays, after macrophage treatment with differing molecular weights of hyaluronic acid under four conditions: the resting state, concurrent with classical activation, and following inflammation involving either classically or alternatively activated macrophages. Regardless of initial polarization state, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid induced a classically activated-like state, confirmed by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including nos2, tnf, il12b, and cd80, and enhanced secretion of nitric oxide and TNF-α. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid promoted an alternatively activated-like state, confirmed by up regulation of pro-resolving gene transcription, including arg1, il10, and mrc1, and enhanced arginase activity. Overall, our observations suggest that macrophages undergo phenotypic changes dependent on molecular weight of hyaluronan that correspond to either (1) pro-inflammatory response for low molecular weight HA or (2) pro-resolving response for high molecular weight HA. These observations bring significant further understanding of the influence of extracellular matrix polymers, hyaluronic acid in particular, on regulating the inflammatory response of macrophages. This knowledge can be used to guide the design of HA-containing biomaterials to better utilize the natural response to HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Rayahin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Jason S. Buhrman
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Timothy J. Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7246, USA
| | - Richard A. Gemeinhart
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-4319, USA
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116
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Aya KL, Stern R. Hyaluronan in wound healing: rediscovering a major player. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 22:579-93. [PMID: 25039417 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing involves a series of carefully modulated steps, from initial injury and blood clot to the final reconstituted tissue or scar. A dynamic reciprocity exists throughout between the wound, blood elements, extracellular matrix, and cells that participate in healing. Multiple cytokines and signal transduction pathways regulate these reactions. A major component throughout most of the process is hyaluronan, a straight-chain carbohydrate extracellular matrix polymer. Hyaluronan occurs in multiple forms, chain length being the only distinguishing characteristic between them. Levels of hyaluronan in its high-molecular-weight form are prominent in the earliest stages of wound repair. Progressively more fragmented forms occur in a manner not previously appreciated. We outline here steps in the wound healing cascade in which hyaluronan participates, as well as providing a review of its metabolism. Although described by necessity in a series of quantum steps, the healing process is constituted by a smooth continuum of overlapping reactions. The prevalence of hyaluronan in the wound (initially termed "hexosamine-containing mucopolysaccharide"), particularly in its early stages, was pointed out over half a century ago by the Harvard surgeon J. Engelbert Dunphy. It appears we are now returning to where we started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessiena L Aya
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, New York
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117
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Schwertfeger KL, Cowman MK, Telmer PG, Turley EA, McCarthy JB. Hyaluronan, Inflammation, and Breast Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26106384 PMCID: PMC4459097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer-induced inflammation in the tumor reactive stroma supports invasion and malignant progression and is contributed to by a variety of host cells including macrophages and fibroblasts. Inflammation appears to be initiated by tumor cells and surrounding host fibroblasts that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) to create a pro-inflammatory “cancerized” or tumor reactive microenvironment that supports tumor expansion and invasion. The tissue polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is an example of an ECM component within the cancerized microenvironment that promotes breast cancer progression. Like many ECM molecules, the function of native high-molecular weight HA is altered by fragmentation, which is promoted by oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and release of hyaluronidases within the tumor microenvironment. HA fragments are pro-inflammatory and activate signaling pathways that promote survival, migration, and invasion within both tumor and host cells through binding to HA receptors such as CD44 and RHAMM/HMMR. In breast cancer, elevated HA in the peri-tumor stroma and increased HA receptor expression are prognostic for poor outcome and are associated with disease recurrence. This review addresses the critical issues regarding tumor-induced inflammation and its role in breast cancer progression focusing specifically on the changes in HA metabolism within tumor reactive stroma as a key factor in malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Biomatrix Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering , New York, NY , USA
| | - Patrick G Telmer
- Department of Oncology, London Health Science Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Biochemistry and Surgery, London Health Science Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Eva A Turley
- Department of Oncology, London Health Science Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Biochemistry and Surgery, London Health Science Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA
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118
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Chai ZT, Zhu XD, Ao JY, Wang WQ, Gao DM, Kong J, Zhang N, Zhang YY, Ye BG, Ma DN, Cai H, Sun HC. microRNA-26a suppresses recruitment of macrophages by down-regulating macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression through the PI3K/Akt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:56. [PMID: 26021873 PMCID: PMC4455972 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to modulate macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and macrophages. The aim of this study was to find whether miR-26a can suppress M-CSF expression and the recruitment of macrophages. Methods Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines with decreased or increased expression of miR-26a were established in a previous study. M-CSF expression by tumor cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cell migration assays were used to explore the effect of HCC cell lines on macrophage recruitment in vitro. Real-time PCR measured a panel of mRNAs expressed by macrophages. Xenograft models were used to observe tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to study the relation between miR-26a expression and M-CSF expression and macrophage recruitment in patients with HCC. Results Ectopic expression of miR-26a reduced expression of M-CSF. The conditioned medium (CM) from HepG2 cells that overexpressed miR-26a reduced the migration ability of THP-1 cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) increased expression of interleukin (IL)-12b or IL-23 mRNA and decreased expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)22, CCL17, and IL-10 mRNA, in comparison to the medium from the parental HepG2 cells. These effects could be interrupted by the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002. Ectopic expression of miR-26a in HCC cells suppressed tumor growth, M-CSF expression, and infiltration of macrophages in tumors. Similar results were also found when using HCCLM3 cells. Furthermore, the expression of miR-26a was inversely correlated with M-CSF expression and macrophage infiltration in tumor tissues from patients with HCC. Conclusions miR-26a expression reduced M-CSF expression and recruitment of macrophages in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Tao Chai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Yang Ao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo-Gen Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Ning Ma
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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119
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Monslow J, Govindaraju P, Puré E. Hyaluronan - a functional and structural sweet spot in the tissue microenvironment. Front Immunol 2015; 6:231. [PMID: 26029216 PMCID: PMC4432798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition from homeostatic to reactive matrix remodeling is a fundamental adaptive tissue response to injury, inflammatory disease, fibrosis, and cancer. Alterations in architecture, physical properties, and matrix composition result in changes in biomechanical and biochemical cellular signaling. The dynamics of pericellular and extracellular matrices, including matrix protein, proteoglycan, and glycosaminoglycan modification are continually emerging as essential regulatory mechanisms underlying cellular and tissue function. Nevertheless, the impact of matrix organization on inflammation and immunity in particular and the consequent effects on tissue healing and disease outcome are arguably under-studied aspects of adaptive stress responses. Herein, we review how the predominant glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) contributes to the structure and function of the tissue microenvironment. Specifically, we examine the evidence of HA degradation and the generation of biologically active smaller HA fragments in pathological settings in vivo. We discuss how HA fragments versus nascent HA via alternate receptor-mediated signaling influence inflammatory cell recruitment and differentiation, resident cell activation, as well as tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss how HA fragmentation impacts restoration of normal tissue function and pathological outcomes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priya Govindaraju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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120
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Wang Y, Chen H, Wang N, Guo H, Fu Y, Xue S, Ai A, Lyu Q, Kuang Y. Combined 17β-Estradiol with TCDD Promotes M2 Polarization of Macrophages in the Endometriotic Milieu with Aid of the Interaction between Endometrial Stromal Cells and Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125559. [PMID: 25950905 PMCID: PMC4423913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to elucidate the effects of 17β-estradiol and TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) on macrophage phenotypes in the endometriotic milieu. Co-culture of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and U937 cells (macrophage cell line) was performed to simulate the endometriotic milieu and to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol and/or TCDD on IL10, IL12 production and HLA-DR, CD86 expression by U937 macrophages. We found that combining 17β-estradiol with TCDD has a synergistic effect on inducing M2 activation when macrophages are co-cultured with ESCs. Moreover, the combination of 17β-estradiol and TCDD significantly enhanced STAT3 and P38 phosphorylation in macrophages. Differentiation of M2 macrophages induced by 17β-estradiol and TCDD were effectively abrogated by STAT3 and P38MAPK inhibitors, but not by ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors. In conclusion, 17β-estradiol and TCDD in the ectopic milieu may lead to the development of endometriosis by inducing M2 polarization of macrophages through activation of the STAT3 and P38MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (Y-PK)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - NingLing Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiYan Guo
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglun Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songguo Xue
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai Ai
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai ninth people’s hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (Y-PK)
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Abstract
The fate of both endogenous and transplanted stem cells is dependent on the functional status of the regulatory local microenvironment, which is compromised by disease and therapeutic intervention. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of HA in regulating mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelium in bone marrow (BM) and their crosstalk within the hematopoietic microenvironment. HA not only determines the volume, hydration, and microfluidics of the BM interstitial space, but also, via interactions with specific receptors, regulates multiple cell functions including differentiation, migration, and production of regulatory factors. The effects of HA are dependent on the polymer size and are influenced by the formation of complexes with other molecules. In healthy BM, HA synthases and hyaluronidases form a molecular network that maintains extracellular HA levels within a discrete physiological window, but HA homeostasis is often perturbed in pathological conditions, including hematological malignancies. Recent studies have suggested that HA synthases may have functions beyond HA production and contribute to the intracellular regulatory machinery. We discuss a possible role for HA synthases, intracellular and extracellular HA in the malignant BM microenvironment, and resistance to therapy.
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122
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Shigeoka M, Urakawa N, Nishio M, Takase N, Utsunomiya S, Akiyama H, Kakeji Y, Komori T, Koma YI, Yokozaki H. Cyr61 promotes CD204 expression and the migration of macrophages via MEK/ERK pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2015; 4:437-46. [PMID: 25620088 PMCID: PMC4380969 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to be involved in the progression of various human malignancies. We previously demonstrated that CD204 was a useful marker for TAMs contributing to the angiogenesis, progression, and prognosis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We also showed that conditioned media of ESCC cell lines induced CD204 expression in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells. Here, we performed a cDNA microarray analysis between THP-1 cells stimulated with TPA (macrophage [MΦ]-like THP-1 cells) treated with and without conditioned medium of ESCC cell line to clarify the molecular characteristics of TAMs in ESCC. From the microarray data, we discovered that Cyr61 was induced in CD204-positive-differentiated THP-1 cells (TAM-like THP-1 cells). In the ESCC microenvironment, not only cancer cells but also TAMs expressed Cyr61. Interestingly, the expression levels of Cyr61 showed a significant positive correlation with the number of CD204-positive macrophages in ESCCs by immunohistochemistry. Recombinant human Cyr61 (rhCyr61) promoted cell migration and induced the expression of CD204 along with the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway in MΦ-like THP-1 cells. Pretreatment with a MEK1/2 inhibitor significantly inhibited not only the Cyr61-mediated migration but also the CD204 expression in the MΦ-like THP-1 cells. These results suggest that Cyr61 may contribute to the expression of CD204 and the promotion of cell migration via the MEK/ERK pathway in TAMs in the ESCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Urakawa
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Mari Nishio
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Takase
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Soken Utsunomiya
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akiyama
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Division of Gastro-intestinal Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Takahide Komori
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Yu-ichiro Koma
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobe, Japan
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123
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Xiao Z, Chung H, Banan B, Manning PT, Ott KC, Lin S, Capoccia BJ, Subramanian V, Hiebsch RR, Upadhya GA, Mohanakumar T, Frazier WA, Lin Y, Chapman WC. Antibody mediated therapy targeting CD47 inhibits tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:302-9. [PMID: 25721088 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high rate of tumor recurrence and metastasis, resulting in shortened survival times. The efficacy of current systemic therapies for HCC is limited. In this study, we used xenograft tumor models to investigate the use of antibodies that block CD47 and inhibit HCC tumor growth. Immunostaining of tumor tissue and HCC cell lines demonstrated CD47 over-expression in HCC as compared to normal hepatocytes. Macrophage phagocytosis of HCC cells was increased after treatment with CD47 antibodies (CD47mAbs) that block CD47 binding to SIRPα. Further, CD47 blockade inhibited tumor growth in both heterotopic and orthotopic models of HCC, and promoted the migration of macrophages into the tumor mass. Our results demonstrate that targeting CD47 by specific antibodies has potential immunotherapeutic efficacy in human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haniee Chung
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Katherine C Ott
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shin Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Capoccia
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijay Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Gundumi A Upadhya
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thalachallour Mohanakumar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Frazier
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Tiainen S, Tumelius R, Rilla K, Hämäläinen K, Tammi M, Tammi R, Kosma VM, Oikari S, Auvinen P. High numbers of macrophages, especially M2-like (CD163-positive), correlate with hyaluronan accumulation and poor outcome in breast cancer. Histopathology 2015; 66:873-83. [PMID: 25387851 DOI: 10.1111/his.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS High amounts of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and hyaluronan (HA) correlate with tumour aggressiveness in breast cancer, but the relationship between these parameters is unclear. The aim of this study was to assay the numbers of TAMs in 278 human breast cancer cases, and their correlations with HA-related factors, clinical variables, and outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS The immunoreactivities for CD163 and CD68 were considered as indicators for M2-like and all TAMs, respectively. The numbers of TAMs were counted in at least four hot spots, and averaged to represent the numbers of TAMs in each section. In the statistical analyses, the numbers were graded as either low or high according to the median. High numbers of TAMs correlated with a high tumour HA content, HA synthases, CD44 positivity, and poor outcome. The number of CD163-positive cells represented a strong independent prognostic factor. There was also a significant correlation between obesity and a high number of CD163-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent increases in TAMs and HA in breast cancer indicate that the accumulation of HA facilitates macrophage infiltration and inflammatory responses during human breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Tiainen
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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125
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Li XF, Chen DP, Ouyang FZ, Chen MM, Wu Y, Kuang DM, Zheng L. Increased autophagy sustains the survival and pro-tumourigenic effects of neutrophils in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2015; 62:131-9. [PMID: 25152203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Neutrophils are common cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and are predominantly enriched in many cancers. We recently found that neutrophils are accumulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where they promote disease progression by releasing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). The underlying mechanisms, however, that allow tumour microenvironments to educate neutrophils are largely unknown. METHODS Neutrophils were purified from HCC patients and healthy donors. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used for the evaluation of autophagy in neutrophils. The regulation and function of increased neutrophil autophagy were assessed by both in vitro and ex vivo studies. RESULTS Most neutrophils in HCC intratumoural regions, in contrast to those located in the paired non-tumoural areas and within tumour vessels, substantially expressed autophagy-specific protein LC3. Soluble factors derived from hepatoma, including hyaluronan fragments, triggered a considerable increase of functional LC3 and autophagosomes in neutrophils, but this was unrelated to the deactivation of mTOR signalling. Inhibiting the activation of Erk1/2, p38, and NF-κB signals could significantly attenuate such tumour-elicited autophagy. These neutrophils, undergoing autophagy, exhibited long-lived phenotypes with retained Mcl-1 and significantly more intact mitochondria as well as low cleaved caspase-3, which could be abolished by inhibiting the initiation of autophagy. Moreover, increased neutrophil autophagy also correlated with sustained production of pro-metastatic oncostatin M and MMP9 and advanced migration of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased autophagy in neutrophils may represent a novel mechanism that links the innate response to neoplastic progression in humans. Studying the mechanisms that selectively modulate neutrophil autophagy will provide a novel strategy for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fang-Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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126
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Harris RA. Spatial, Temporal, and Functional Aspects of Macrophages during "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" Phases of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:612. [PMID: 25520719 PMCID: PMC4253962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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127
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Van Overmeire E, Laoui D, Keirsse J, Bonelli S, Lahmar Q, Van Ginderachter JA. STAT of the union: dynamics of distinct tumor-associated macrophage subsets governed by STAT1. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2238-42. [PMID: 24975396 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor stroma has long been ignored as therapeutic target, but it has become clear that several stromal cell types play a nonredundant role during tumor progression. In particular, macrophages possess the capacity to stimulate tumor growth and metastasis via multiple mechanisms. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study by Tymoszuk et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 2247-2262 demonstrates that both monocyte recruitment and local macrophage proliferation determines the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) pool size in HER2/Neu-driven mammary carcinomas. These tumors contain two main TAM subsets--MHC class II (MHC-II)(lo) F4/80(hi) and MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo)--similar to what was observed in other tumor models. Interestingly, only the MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) subset is largely absent in a STAT1-deficient background. STAT1 induces the expression of CSF-1, which in turn drives TAM proliferation and possibly also the M2 gene signature of MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) TAM. Conversely, STAT1 deficiency upregulates M2 gene expression in MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo) TAM, demonstrating that both TAM subsets are differentially regulated, probably as a consequence of their distinct intratumoral localization. In this Commentary, we place these findings in the context of current knowledge and propose new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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128
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Li L, Yan J, Xu J, Liu CQ, Zhen ZJ, Chen HW, Ji Y, Wu ZP, Hu JY, Zheng L, Lau WY. CXCL17 expression predicts poor prognosis and correlates with adverse immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110064. [PMID: 25303284 PMCID: PMC4193880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC ligand 17 (CXCL17) is a novel CXC chemokine whose clinical significance remains largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized the prognostic value of CXCL17 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluated the association of CXCL17 with immune infiltration. We examined CXCL17 expression in 227 HCC tissue specimens by immunohistochemical staining, and correlated CXCL17 expression patterns with clinicopathological features, prognosis, and immune infiltrate density (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that both increased intratumoral CXCL17 (P = 0.015 for overall survival [OS], P = 0.003 for recurrence-free survival [RFS]) and peritumoral CXCL17 (P = 0.002 for OS, P<0.001 for RFS) were associated with shorter OS and RFS. Patients in the CXCL17low group had significantly lower 5-year recurrence rate compared with patients in the CXCL17high group (peritumoral: 53.1% vs. 77.7%, P<0.001, intratumoral: 58.6% vs. 73.0%, P = 0.001, respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified peritumoral CXCL17 as an independent prognostic factor for both OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.066, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.296–3.292, P = 0.002) and RFS (HR = 1.844, 95% CI = 1.218–2.793, P = 0.004). Moreover, CXCL17 expression was associated with more CD68 and less CD4 cell infiltration (both P<0.05). The combination of CXCL17 density and immune infiltration could be used to further classify patients into subsets with different prognosis for RFS. Our results provide the first evidence that tumor-infiltrating CXCL17+ cell density is an independent prognostic factor that predicts both OS and RFS in HCC. CXCL17 production correlated with adverse immune infiltration and might be an important target for anti-HCC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Jun Zhen
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huan-Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wu
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yuan Hu
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yee Lau
- Department of Hepatic and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P. R. China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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129
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Dong B, Dai G, Xu L, Zhang Y, Ling L, Sun L, Lv J. Tumor cell lysate induces the immunosuppression and apoptosis of mouse immunocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2827-34. [PMID: 25310154 PMCID: PMC4227419 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor cell lysate (TCL) is a type of immunocyte stimulator, its immunosuppressive function must not be ignored. The present study reported that TCL prepared from a Lewis lung cancer cell was able to induce the development of immunosuppressive macrophages (MΦ) and tolerogenic dendritic cells. In addition, TCL upregulated the expression of CD69 in mouse splenocytes, and cell apoptosis and the percentage of regulatory T cells in mouse splenocytes simultaneously increased. Furthermore, the present study found that the immunosuppressive factor, hyaluronan, and the apoptosis inducers, Fas ligand and transforming growth factor-β, are present in TCL. These components may be associated with the emergence of immunosuppressive cells or splenocyte apoptosis. Thus, the present study has enriched our understanding of the composition of TCL and its negative regulatory effect on immunocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Guangli Dai
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Liefeng Ling
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
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130
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Kuang DM, Xiao X, Zhao Q, Chen MM, Li XF, Liu RX, Wei Y, Ouyang FZ, Chen DP, Wu Y, Lao XM, Deng H, Zheng L. B7-H1-expressing antigen-presenting cells mediate polarization of protumorigenic Th22 subsets. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4657-67. [PMID: 25244097 PMCID: PMC4191045 DOI: 10.1172/jci74381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical IL-22-producing T helper cells (Th22 cells) mediate inflammatory responses independently of IFN-γ and IL-17; however, nonclassical Th22 cells have been recently identified and coexpress IFN-γ and/or IL-17 along with IL-22. Little is known about how classical and nonclassical Th22 subsets in human diseases are regulated. Here, we used samples of human blood, normal and peritumoral liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to delineate the phenotype, distribution, generation, and functional relevance of various Th22 subsets. Three nonclassical Th22 subsets constituted the majority of all Th22 cells in human liver and HCC tissues, although the classical Th22 subset was predominant in blood. Monocytes activated by TLR2 and TLR4 agonists served as the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that most efficiently triggered the expansion of nonclassical Th22 subsets from memory T cells and classical Th22 subsets from naive T cells. Moreover, B7-H1-expressing monocytes skewed Th22 polarization away from IFN-γ and toward IL-17 through interaction with programmed death 1 (PD-1), an effect that can create favorable conditions for in vivo aggressive cancer growth and angiogenesis. Our results provide insight into the selective modulation of Th22 subsets and suggest that strategies to influence functional activities of inflammatory cells may benefit anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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131
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Tumor-associated macrophages as major players in the tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1670-90. [PMID: 25125485 PMCID: PMC4190561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1124] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, circulating monocytes and macrophages are actively recruited into tumors where they alter the tumor microenvironment to accelerate tumor progression. Macrophages shift their functional phenotypes in response to various microenvironmental signals generated from tumor and stromal cells. Based on their function, macrophages are divided broadly into two categories: classical M1 and alternative M2 macrophages. The M1 macrophage is involved in the inflammatory response, pathogen clearance, and antitumor immunity. In contrast, the M2 macrophage influences an anti-inflammatory response, wound healing, and pro-tumorigenic properties. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) closely resemble the M2-polarized macrophages and are critical modulators of the tumor microenvironment. Clinicopathological studies have suggested that TAM accumulation in tumors correlates with a poor clinical outcome. Consistent with that evidence, experimental and animal studies have supported the notion that TAMs can provide a favorable microenvironment to promote tumor development and progression. In this review article, we present an overview of mechanisms responsible for TAM recruitment and highlight the roles of TAMs in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Finally, we discuss TAM-targeting therapy as a promising novel strategy for an indirect cancer therapy.
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132
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Su S, Liu Q, Chen J, Chen J, Chen F, He C, Huang D, Wu W, Lin L, Huang W, Zhang J, Cui X, Zheng F, Li H, Yao H, Su F, Song E. A positive feedback loop between mesenchymal-like cancer cells and macrophages is essential to breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:605-20. [PMID: 24823638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The close vicinity of cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) at the invasive front of tumors suggests that these two cell type may mutually interact. We show that mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells activate macrophages to a TAM-like phenotype by GM-CSF. Reciprocally, CCL18 from TAMs induces cancer cell EMT, forming a positive feedback loop, in coculture systems and humanized mice. Inhibition of GM-CSF or CCL18 breaks this loop and reduces cancer metastasis. High GM-CSF expression in breast cancer samples is associated with more CCL18(+) macrophages, cancer cell EMT, enhanced metastasis, and reduced patient survival. These findings suggest that a positive feedback loop between GM-CSF and CCL18 is important in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Medical Oncology, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chonghua He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Di Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiuying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fengxi Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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133
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Lee YJ, Jang BK. Can combination of osteopontin and peritumor-infiltrating macrophages be a prognostic marker of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:57-9. [PMID: 24812596 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignancy worldwide. The increasing incidence of HCC in the worldwide has sparked an emerging interest in prognostic markers of HCC. Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein which has been associated with progression and metastasis of HCC. Also, peritumoral macrophage (PTM) have been reported to facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, one study reported that combination of OPN with PTM may predict the prognosis of HCC after curative resection. The authors successfully identified that combination of these two markers is an independent predictor of tumor recurrence and survival in patients with HCC, especially for those with early-stage disease. These findings might support the possibility that combination of OPN and PTM levels can be a prognostic tool. However, further investigations should be conducted before tumor OPN combined with PTMs can be accepted as a valid prognostic marker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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134
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Van Overmeire E, Laoui D, Keirsse J, Van Ginderachter JA, Sarukhan A. Mechanisms driving macrophage diversity and specialization in distinct tumor microenvironments and parallelisms with other tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:127. [PMID: 24723924 PMCID: PMC3972476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are extremely versatile cells that adopt a distinct phenotype in response to a changing microenvironment. Consequently, macrophages are involved in diverse functions, ranging from organogenesis and tissue homeostasis to recognition and destruction of invading pathogens. In cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) often contribute to tumor progression by increasing cancer cell migration and invasiveness, stimulating angiogenesis, and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that these different functions could be exerted by specialized TAM subpopulations. Here, we discuss the potential underlying mechanisms regulating TAM specialization and elaborate on TAM heterogeneity in terms of their ontogeny, activation state, and intra-tumoral localization. In addition, parallels are drawn between TAM and macrophages in other tissues. Together, a better understanding of TAM diversity could provide a rationale for novel strategies aimed at targeting the most potent tumor-supporting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium ; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale , Paris , France
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135
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Moustakas A, Heldin P. TGFβ and matrix-regulated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2621-34. [PMID: 24561266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of cancer through stages that guide a benign hyperplastic epithelial tissue towards a fully malignant and metastatic carcinoma, is driven by genetic and microenvironmental factors that remodel the tissue architecture. The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has evolved to emphasize the importance of plastic changes in tissue architecture, and the cross-communication of tumor cells with various cells in the stroma and with specific molecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM). SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Among the multitude of ECM-embedded cytokines and the regulatory potential of ECM molecules, this article focuses on the cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, and their roles in cancer biology and EMT. For brevity, we concentrate our effort on breast cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both normal and abnormal TGFβ signaling can be detected in carcinoma and stromal cells, and TGFβ-induced EMT requires the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). Correspondingly, hyaluronan is a major constituent of tumor ECM and aberrant levels of both hyaluronan and TGFβ are thought to promote a wounding reaction to the local tissue homeostasis. The link between EMT and metastasis also involves the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). ECM components, signaling networks, regulatory non-coding RNAs and epigenetic mechanisms form the network of regulation during EMT-MET. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanism that controls epithelial plasticity in the mammary gland promises the development of valuable biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer progression and even provides new ideas for a more integrative therapeutic approach against disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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136
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Chyau CC, Ker YB, Chang CH, Huang SH, Wang HE, Peng CC, Peng RY. Schisandra chinensis peptidoglycan-assisted transmembrane transport of lignans uniquely altered the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms in human HepG2 cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85165. [PMID: 24475039 PMCID: PMC3903492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (Turz Baill) (S. chinensis) (SC) fruit is a hepatoprotective herb containing many lignans and a large amount of polysaccharides. A novel polysaccharide (called SC-2) was isolated from SC of MW 841 kDa, which exhibited a protein-to-polysaccharide ratio of 0.4089, and showed a characteristic FTIR spectrum of a peptidoglycan. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed microcrystalline structures within SC-2. SC-2 contained 10 monosaccharides and 15 amino acids (essential amino acids of 78.12%w/w). In a HepG2 cell model, SC-2 was shown by MTT and TUNEL assay to be completely non-cytotoxic. A kinetic analysis and fluorescence-labeling technique revealed no intracellular disposition of SC-2. Combined treatment of lignans with SC-2 enhanced the intracellular transport of schisandrin B and deoxyschisandrin but decreased that of gomisin C, resulting in alteration of cell-killing bioactivity. The Second Law of Thermodynamics allows this type of unidirectional transport. Conclusively, SC-2 alters the transport and cell killing capability by a "Catcher-Pitcher Unidirectional Transport Mechanism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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137
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Fernández-Ruiz I, Arnalich F, Cubillos-Zapata C, Hernández-Jiménez E, Moreno-González R, Toledano V, Fernández-Velasco M, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Esteban-Burgos L, de Diego RP, Llamas-Matias MA, García-Arumi E, Martí R, Boscá L, Andreu AL, López-Sendón JL, López-Collazo E. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes: an observation in patients with myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95073. [PMID: 24797663 PMCID: PMC4010397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte exposure to mitochondrial Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), induces a transient state in which these cells are refractory to further endotoxin stimulation. In this context, IRAK-M up-regulation and impaired p65 activity were observed. This phenomenon, termed endotoxin tolerance (ET), is characterized by decreased production of cytokines in response to the pro-inflammatory stimulus. We also show that monocytes isolated from patients with myocardial infarction (MI) exhibited high levels of circulating mtDNA, which correlated with ET status. Moreover, a significant incidence of infection was observed in those patients with a strong tolerant phenotype. The present data extend our current understanding of the implications of endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, our data suggest that the levels of mitochondrial antigens in plasma, such as plasma mtDNA, should be useful as a marker of increased risk of susceptibility to nosocomial infections in MI and in other pathologies involving tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernández-Jiménez
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Toledano
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Velasco
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Esteban-Burgos
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Diseases, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena García-Arumi
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Martí
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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138
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Zhu W, Guo L, Zhang B, Lou L, Lin Z, Zhu X, Ren N, Dong Q, Ye Q, Qin L. Combination of osteopontin with peritumoral infiltrating macrophages is associated with poor prognosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:1304-13. [PMID: 24366422 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crosstalk between a tumor and the microenvironment plays a key role in tumor progression and metastasis. This study was performed to elucidate the prognostic significance of combining tumor-secreted osteopontin (OPN) with microenvironment-associated peritumoral macrophages (PTMs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially for those with early-stage disease. METHODS Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry was used to investigate OPN and PTMs expression in two independent cohorts consisting of 374 patients with HCC who underwent radical resection. The prognostic value for the two factors alone or in combination was investigated in these patients. RESULTS OPN combined with PTMs was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS; p < 0.0001) and time to recurrence (TTR; p = 0.003) from the learning cohort (n = 96). Their combined value for prognosis was validated in early-stage HCCs using another independent cohort (n = 278; OS, p < 0.001; TTR, p = 0.001). This combination remained significant in HCCs with low α-fetoprotein levels in both cohorts, and was predictive for early recurrence/death risk (<2 years) compared with a single marker. Only OPN+HCCs had a significant correlation of PTMs levels with OS (p = 0.01) or TTR (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Tumor OPN combined with PTMs is a promising predictor of tumor recurrence and survival in patients with HCC, especially for those with early-stage disease. The interplay of OPN and PTMs represents a new insight into tumor progression and therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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139
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Sokolowska M, Chen LY, Eberlein M, Martinez-Anton A, Liu Y, Alsaaty S, Qi HY, Logun C, Horton M, Shelhamer JH. Low molecular weight hyaluronan activates cytosolic phospholipase A2α and eicosanoid production in monocytes and macrophages. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4470-88. [PMID: 24366870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is the major glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix. During inflammation, there is an increased breakdown of HA, resulting in the accumulation of low molecular weight (LMW) HA and activation of monocytes and macrophages. Eicosanoids, derived from the cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IVA (cPLA2α) activation, are potent lipid mediators also attributed to acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LMW HA on cPLA2α activation, arachidonic acid (AA) release, and subsequent eicosanoid production and to examine the receptors and downstream mechanisms involved in these processes in monocytes and differently polarized macrophages. LMW HA was a potent stimulant of AA release in a time- and dose-dependent manner, induced cPLA2α, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation, as well as activated COX2 expression and prostaglandin (PG) E2 production in primary human monocytes, murine RAW 264.7, and wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages. Specific cPLA2α inhibitor blocked HA-induced AA release and PGE2 production in all of these cells. Using CD44, TLR4, TLR2, MYD88, RHAMM or STAB2 siRNA-transfected macrophages and monocytes, we found that AA release, cPLA2α, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK phosphorylation, COX2 expression, and PGE2 production were activated by LMW HA through a TLR4/MYD88 pathway. Likewise, PGE2 production and COX2 expression were blocked in Tlr4(-/-) and Myd88(-/-) mice, but not in Cd44(-/-) mice, after LMW HA stimulation. Moreover, we demonstrated that LMW HA activated the M1 macrophage phenotype with the unique cPLA2α/COX2(high) and COX1/ALOX15/ALOX5/LTA4H(low) gene and PGE2/PGD2/15-HETE(high) and LXA4(low) eicosanoid profile. These findings reveal a novel link between HA-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- From the Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
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140
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Seliger B, Massa C. The dark side of dendritic cells: development and exploitation of tolerogenic activity that favor tumor outgrowth and immune escape. Front Immunol 2013; 4:419. [PMID: 24348482 PMCID: PMC3845009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the regulation of the immune responses by providing the information needed to decide between tolerance, ignorance, or active responses. For this reason different therapies aim at manipulating DC to obtain the desired response, such as enhanced cell-mediated toxicity against tumor and infected cells or the induction of tolerance in autoimmunity and transplantation. In the last decade studies performed in these settings have started to identify (some) molecules/factors involved in the acquisition of a tolerogenic DC phenotype as well as the underlying mechanisms of their regulatory function on different immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
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141
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MicroRNA-17, 20a regulates the proangiogenic function of tumor-associated macrophages via targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77890. [PMID: 24194900 PMCID: PMC3806827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a major component of the leukocyte infiltrate of most solid tumors, and they usually exhibit a proangiogenic phenotype which facilitates tumor growth in most circumstances. However, the precise mechanisms regulating the proangiogenic properties of TAMs remain largely unclear. In the present study, we found that the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) was significantly up-regulated in macrophages from tumor tissues of several solid tumors. Macrophages exposed to tumor cell line derived-culture supernatants (TSN) also expressed high levels of HIF-2α in vitro, without a requirement for hypoxia. We identified miR-17 and miR-20a as the key regulators of HIF-2α expression in TAMs, and autocrine IL-6 played an important role in mediating the expression of miR-17, miR-20a, and thereafter HIF-2α in TAMs. Furthermore, the elevated HIF-2α in TAMs stimulated transcription of a set of proangiogenic genes such as VEGFA and PDGFB, which might in turn contribute to the angiogenic process within tumors. Our data provide evidence in support of the critical role of HIF-2α in the proangiogenic activity of TAMs and also reveal a novel mechanism by which miRNAs regulate TAM functions through modulation of HIF-2α expression under non-hypoxic conditions.
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142
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Wang XF, Wang HS, Zhang F, Guo Q, Wang H, Wang KF, Zhang G, Bu XZ, Cai SH, Du J. Nodal promotes the generation of M2-like macrophages and downregulates the expression of IL-12. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:173-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Ke-Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xian-zhang Bu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hui Cai
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou P.R. China
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143
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Heldin P, Basu K, Olofsson B, Porsch H, Kozlova I, Kahata K. Deregulation of hyaluronan synthesis, degradation and binding promotes breast cancer. J Biochem 2013; 154:395-408. [PMID: 24092768 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate that hyaluronan accumulates in breast cancer compared with normal breast epithelium, which correlates to poor prognosis. In this review, we discuss the expression of genes encoding enzymes that synthesize or degrade hyaluronan, i.e. hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases or bind hyaluronan, i.e. CD44 and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM, also designated as HMMR or CD168), in relation to breast cancer progression. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan receptors have multi-faceted roles in signalling events in breast cancer. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these signalling pathways is highly warranted and may lead to improvement of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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144
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Shigeoka M, Urakawa N, Nakamura T, Nishio M, Watajima T, Kuroda D, Komori T, Kakeji Y, Semba S, Yokozaki H. Tumor associated macrophage expressing CD204 is associated with tumor aggressiveness of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1112-9. [PMID: 23648122 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant cancer stromal cells educated by tumor microenvironment to acquire trophic functions facilitating angiogenesis, matrix breakdown and cancer cell motility. Tumor associated macrophages have anti-inflammatory properties or "alternatively" activated (M2) phenotype expressing CD204 and/or CD163. To know the role of TAMs in the growth and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs), we calculated intratumoral CD204, CD163 or CD68 expressing macrophage count (MϕC) and CD34-positive microvessel density (MVD) by immunohistochemistry in 70 cases of surgically resected ESCCs and compared them with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of patients. MϕC had positive linear association with MVD. High CD204(+) MϕC were significantly correlated with more malignant phenotypes including depth of tumor invasion, lymph and blood vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis as well as clinical stages. On the other hand, CD163(+) MϕC did not associate with these clinicopathological factors with the exception of depth of tumor invasion and blood vessel invasion. Patients with high CD204(+) MϕC ESCCs showed poor disease-free survival (P = 0.021). Conditioned media of five ESCC cell lines (TE-8, -9, -10, -11 and -15) induced mRNA as well as protein expression of CD204 but not of CD163 with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A mRNA in TPA treated human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. These results overall indicate that CD204 is a useful marker for TAMs contributing to the angiogenesis, progression and prognosis of ESCCs whose specific tumor microenvironment may educate macrophages to be CD204(+) M2 TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shigeoka
- Division of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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145
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Cai JL, Li M, Na YQ. Correlation between hyaluronic acid,hyaluronic Acid synthase and human renal clear cell carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 23:59-63. [PMID: 23467480 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-011-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between hyaluronic acid (HA), hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) and human renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC). METHODS The expression of three HAS isoforms' gene and HA in 93 RCCC tissues, 27 nephridial tissues by the side of RCCC from two hospitals were measured with Real-Time RT-PCR、Western Blot and immunohistochemical methods and analyzed. RESULTS All RCCC and adjacent normal tissues expressed three HASs' mRNA & protein; at the mRNA level, both RCCC and adjacent normal tissues, expressed more HAS3 than HAS1 or HAS2, their differences were statistically significant (all P values <0.05); but, at the protein level, all HAS isoforms presented the equivalent expression. Compared with the adjacent non-neoplastic kidney tissues, the expression of all HAS isoforms' mRNA in RCCC tissues were increased evidently and their differences were significant (all P values <0.0001); but at the protein level, only the expression of HAS3 increased evidently (P=0.022). In all adjacent normal tissues, more than 80% renal tubular cells strongly expressed HA, however, only the minority RCCC cases (16/93) presented weakly positive HA staining in few cancer nests (5%-30%), the difference were significant (P<0.0001). In RCCC tissues subgrouped according to clinical stage, pathological grade, lymphatic metastasis or not and distant metastasis or not, the HASs' mRNA & protein differential expression all had no statistical significance (all P values >0.05). CONCLUSION Different from other malignancy, HA and HASs (except for HAS3) may not play important roles in the biological progress of human RCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Liang Cai
- Peking University Wu Jieping Urological Center, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
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146
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Wu Y, Kuang DM, Pan WD, Wan YL, Lao XM, Wang D, Li XF, Zheng L. Monocyte/macrophage-elicited natural killer cell dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma is mediated by CD48/2B4 interactions. Hepatology 2013; 57:1107-16. [PMID: 23225218 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Defects in natural killer (NK) cell functions are necessary for tumor immune escape, but their underlying regulatory mechanisms in human cancers remain largely unknown. Here we show, in detailed studies of NK cells in 294 untreated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), that accumulation of functional NK cells in HCC tissues could predict improved survival of patients. However, in patients with advanced-stage HCC, NK cells were significantly decreased in number with impaired tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. High infiltration of peritumoral stroma monocytes/macrophages was positively correlated with impaired functional activities of NK cells in intratumoral areas. Further kinetic experiments revealed that soon after exposure to tumor-derived monocytes, NK cells underwent a rapid, transient activation, but then they became exhausted, and eventually died. The monocytes from HCC tissues, but not from nontumoral liver, strongly express CD48 proteins; and such monocyte-induced NK cell dysfunction was markedly attenuated by blocking CD48 receptor 2B4 on NK cells, but not by blockade of NKG2D and NKp30. CONCLUSION These data reveal that human NK cells are regulated by a fine-tuned collaborative action between different types of immune cells, which may reflect a novel immune-escape mechanism by which tumors dynamically regulate their functions at distinct tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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147
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Abstract
The tumour microenvironment represents a dynamic complex milieu, which includes tumour cells, cells of the immune system and other (cellular and non-cellular) components. The role of these particular ‘puzzle pieces’ may change substantially due to their mutual interactions. The present review concerns different opinions on interactions that occur between monocytes, tumour cells and TMVs (tumour-derived microvesicles).
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148
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Abstract
Hyaluronan is a high-molecular-weight glycosaminoglycan (GAG) prominent in the extracellular matrix. Emerging relatively late in evolution, it may have evolved to evade immune recognition. Chondroitin is a more ancient GAG and a possible hyaluronan precursor. Epimerization of a 4-hydroxyl in N-acetylgalactosamine in chondroitin to N-acetylglucosamine of hyaluronan is the only structural difference other than chain length between these two polymers. The axial 4-hydroxyl group extends out perpendicular from the equatorial plane of N-acetylgalactosamine in chondroitin. We suspect that this hydroxyl is a prime target for immune recognition. Conversion of a thumbs-up hydroxyl group into a thumbs-down position in the plane of the sugar endows hyaluronan with the ability to avoid immune recognition. Chitin is another potential precursor to hyaluronan. But regardless whether of chondroitin or of chitin origin, an ancient chondroitinase enzyme sequence seems to have been commandeered to catalyze the cleavage of the new hyaluronan substrate. The evolution of six hyaluronidase-like sequences in the human genome from a single chondroitinase as found in Caenorhabditis elegans can now be traced. Confirming our previous predictions, two duplication events occurred, with three hyaluronidase-like sequences occurring in the genome of Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt), the earliest known chordate. This was probably followed by en masse duplication, with six such genes present in the genome of zebra fish onwards. These events occurred, however, much earlier than predicted. It is also apparent on an evolutionary time scale that in several species, this gene family is continuing to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20053, USA
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149
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Izzi V, Chiurchiù V, Doldo E, Palumbo C, Tresoldi I, Bei R, Albonici L, Modesti A. Interleukin-17 Produced by Malignant Mesothelioma-Polarized Immune Cells Promotes Tumor Growth and Invasiveness. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly fatal tumor of inner body membranes, the extensive growth of which is supported by both a weak immunogenicity and the ability to reprogram surrounding immune cells towards tumor-supporting phenotypes. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a major inflammatory cytokine which is now accepted as the paradigmatic cytokine of many autoimmune diseases; however, its role in tumor immunology has only been partially unraveled, and no data exist regarding its possible involvement in MM. Thus, in this work we evaluated the ability of MM to induce IL-17 production in immune cells and the effects of IL-17 on MM growth and invasiveness. Our data show for the first time that macrophages and CD4+ T-cells are polarized by MM to produce IL-17, and that this cytokine exerts multiple tumor-supporting effects on both cell growth and invasiveness. These data provide novel evidence of the crosstalk occurring between MM and immune cells and suggest potential targets for the development of new pharmacological approaches for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Izzi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research and Biocenter Oulu, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Chiurchiù
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - E. Doldo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - C. Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - I. Tresoldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Albonici
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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150
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The inflammatory microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: a pivotal role for tumor-associated macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:187204. [PMID: 23533994 PMCID: PMC3591180 DOI: 10.1155/2013/187204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive human cancers worldwide. HCC is an example of inflammation-related cancer and represents a paradigm of the relation occurring between tumor microenvironment and tumor development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of leukocyte infiltrate of tumors and play a pivotal role in tumor progression of inflammation-related cancer, including HCC. Several studies indicate that, in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs acquire an M2-polarized phenotype and promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and suppression of adaptive immunity through the expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteases. Indeed, an established M2 macrophage population has been associated with poor prognosis in HCC. The molecular links that connect cancer cells and TAMs are not completely known, but recent studies have demonstrated that NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 signaling pathways play key roles in this crosstalk. In this paper, we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TAMs in HCC development, highlighting the role of TAM-derived cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the initiation and progression of liver cancer and outlining the signaling pathways involved in the interplay between cancer cells and TAMs.
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