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Xu M, Chang HH, Jung X, Moro A, Chou CEN, King J, Hines OJ, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E, Eibl G. Deficiency in hormone-sensitive lipase accelerates the development of pancreatic cancer in conditional KrasG12D mice. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:797. [PMID: 30086728 PMCID: PMC6081906 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is a neutral lipase that preferentially catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol contributing to triacylglycerol breakdown in the adipose tissue. HSL has been implicated to play a role in tumor cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by progressive loss of adipose tissue. Consequently, pharmacological inhibitors of HSL have been proposed for the treatment of cancer-associated cachexia. In the present study we used the conditional KrasG12D (KC) mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with a deficiency in HSL to determine the impact of HSL suppression on the development of PDAC. METHODS KC;Hsl+/+ and KC;Hsl-/- mice were fed standard rodent chow for 20 weeks. At sacrifice, the incidence of PDAC was determined and inflammation in the mesenteric adipose tissue and pancreas was assessed histologically and by immunofluorescence. To determine statistical significance, ANOVA and two-tailed Student's t-tests were performed. To compare PDAC incidence, a two-sided Fisher's exact test was used. RESULTS Compared to KC;Hsl+/+ mice, KC;Hsl-/- mice gained similar weight and displayed adipose tissue and pancreatic inflammation. In addition, KC;Hsl-/- mice had reduced levels of plasma insulin and leptin. Importantly, the increased adipose tissue and pancreatic inflammation was associated with a significant increase in PDAC incidence in KC;Hsl-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS HSL deficiency is associated with adipose tissue and pancreatic inflammation and accelerates PDAC development in the KC mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Xu
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hui-Hua Chang
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiaoman Jung
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aune Moro
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Caroline Ei Ne Chou
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jonathan King
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - O. Joe Hines
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 72-236, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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Diedrich JD, Herroon MK, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I. The Lipid Side of Bone Marrow Adipocytes: How Tumor Cells Adapt and Survive in Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:443-457. [PMID: 29869753 PMCID: PMC6853185 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipocytes have emerged in recent years as key contributors to metastatic progression in bone. In this review, we focus specifically on their role as the suppliers of lipids and discuss pro-survival pathways that are closely linked to lipid metabolism, affected by the adipocyte-tumor cell interactions, and likely impacting the ability of the tumor cell to thrive in bone marrow space and evade therapy. RECENT FINDINGS The combined in silico, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence shows that in adipocyte-rich tissues such as bone marrow, tumor cells rely on exogenous lipids for regulation of cellular energetics and adaptation to harsh metabolic conditions of the metastatic niche. Adipocyte-supplied lipids have a potential to alter the cell's metabolic decisions by regulating glycolysis and respiration, fatty acid oxidation, lipid desaturation, and PPAR signaling. The downstream effects of lipid signaling on mitochondrial homeostasis ultimately control life vs. death decisions, providing a mechanism for gaining survival advantage and reduced sensitivity to treatment. There is a need for future research directed towards identifying the key metabolic and signaling pathways that regulate tumor dependence on exogenous lipids and consequently drive the pro-survival behavior in the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Diedrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Quiroga AD, Lehner R. Pharmacological intervention of liver triacylglycerol lipolysis: The good, the bad and the ugly. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:233-241. [PMID: 30006193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation is the distinctive feature of obesity. In the liver, sustained TG accretion leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), eventually progressing to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, which is associated with complications including hepatic failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Pharmacological interventions are actively pursued to prevent lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and, therefore, to ameliorate the associated pathophysiological conditions. Here, we sought to provide an overview of the pharmacological approaches to up- or downregulate the expression and activities of the enzymes involved in hepatic TG hydrolysis. Fatty acids (FA) released by hydrolysis of hepatic TG can be used for β-oxidation, signaling, and for very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG synthesis. Originally, lipolysis was believed to be centered in the adipose and to be catalyzed by only two lipases, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). However, genetic ablation of HSL expression in mice failed to erase TG hydrolysis in adipocytes leading to the identification of a third lipase termed adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Although these three enzymes are considered to be the main players governing lipolysis in the adipocyte, other lipolytic enzymes have been described to contribute to hepatic TG metabolism. These include adiponutrin/patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), some members of the carboxylesterase family (CES/Ces), arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) and hepatic lipase (HL). This review highlights the consequences of pharmacological interventions of liver lipases that degrade TG in cytosolic lipid droplets, in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the late endosomes/lysosomes and along the secretory route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Liu KL, Kuo WC, Lin CY, Lii CK, Liu YL, Cheng YH, Tsai CW. Prevention of 4-hydroxynonenal-induced lipolytic activation by carnosic acid is related to the induction of glutathione S-transferase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:1-8. [PMID: 29698741 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Induction of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major lipid peroxidation aldehyde, is observed in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The lipolytic response by 4-HNE has been linked to insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of carnosic acid (CA) on 4-HNE-induced lipolysis and the inhibition of β-oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results indicated that cells pretreated with CA reduced 4-HNE-mediated free fatty acid (FFA) release. Furthermore, CA reversed the inhibition of phosphorylation of Tyr632 of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt and the phosphorylation of Ser307 of IRS-1. CA inhibited 4-HNE-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and reversed the suppression by 4-HNE of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p < 0.05). Pretreatment of cells with forskolin (a cAMP agonist) and compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) reversed these effects, respectively (p < 0.05). In human subcutaneous adipocytes, CA also attenuated 4-HNE-induced FFA release and the phosphorylation of PKA and HSL (p < 0.05). Moreover, CA increased the protein expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) A and M. Pretreatment with ethacrynic acid, a GST inhibitor, prevented the 4-HNE-conjugated proteins suppression, the PKA and HSL phosphorylation reduction, and the FFA release inhibition by CA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The attenuation by CA of the lipolytic response by 4-HNE is likely related to the induction of GST, which in turn reduced 4-HNE-conjugated proteins and decreased the activation of the PKA/HSL pathway. The observed effects may explain how CA improves 4-HNE-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dietitian, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Kuo
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Liu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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105
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Thaller S, Blomberg BB. Secretion of autoimmune antibodies in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197472. [PMID: 29768501 PMCID: PMC5955545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) contributes to systemic and B cell intrinsic inflammation, reduced B cell responses and secretion of autoimmune antibodies. In this study we show that adipocytes in the human obese subcutaneous AT (SAT) secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the establishment and maintenance of local and systemic inflammation, and consequent suboptimal immune responses in obese individuals, as we have previously shown. We also show that pro-inflammatory chemokines recruit immune cells expressing the corresponding receptors to the SAT, where they also contribute to local and systemic inflammation, secreting additional pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we show that the SAT generates autoimmune antibodies. During the development of obesity, reduced oxygen and consequent hypoxia and cell death lead to further release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, “self” protein antigens, cell-free DNA and lipids. All these stimulate class switch and the production of autoimmune IgG antibodies which have been described to be pathogenic. In addition to hypoxia, we have measured cell cytotoxicity and DNA damage mechanisms, which may also contribute to the release of “self” antigens in the SAT. All these processes are significantly elevated in the SAT as compared to the blood. We definitively found that fat-specific IgG antibodies are secreted by B cells in the SAT and that B cells express mRNA for the transcription factor T-bet and the membrane marker CD11c, both involved in the production of autoimmune IgG antibodies. Finally, the SAT also expresses RNA for cytokines known to promote Germinal Center formation, isotype class switch, and plasma cell differentiation. Our results show novel mechanisms for the generation of autoimmune antibody responses in the human SAT and allow the identification of new pathways to possibly manipulate in order to reduce systemic inflammation and autoantibody production in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Seth Thaller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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106
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Xu S, Zhang X, Liu P. Lipid droplet proteins and metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1968-1983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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107
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Matriptase-2 deficiency protects from obesity by modulating iron homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1350. [PMID: 29636509 PMCID: PMC5893555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in iron status have frequently been associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders. The hormone hepcidin stands out as a key regulator in the maintenance of iron homeostasis by controlling the main iron exporter, ferroportin. Here we demonstrate that the deficiency in the hepcidin repressor matriptase-2 (Tmprss6) protects from high-fat diet-induced obesity. Tmprss6−/− mice show a significant decrease in body fat, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and are protected against hepatic steatosis. Moreover, these mice exhibit a significant increase in fat lipolysis, consistent with their dramatic reduction in adiposity. Rescue experiments that block hepcidin up-regulation and restore iron levels in Tmprss6−/− mice via anti-hemojuvelin (HJV) therapy, revert the obesity-resistant phenotype of Tmprss6−/− mice. Overall, this study describes a role for matritpase-2 and hepcidin in obesity and highlights the relevance of iron regulation in the control of adipose tissue function. Iron homeostasis dysfunctions have been associated with several metabolic disorders including obesity, steatosis and diabetes. Here the authors demonstrate that the hepcidin repressor matriptase-2 regulates adiposity and its deficiency protects mice against obesity and promotes lipolysis.
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108
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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mRNA m 6A plays opposite role in regulating UCP2 and PNPLA2 protein expression in adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1912-1924. [PMID: 29487348 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA plays an important role in regulating adipogenesis. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using Jinhua and Landrace pigs as fat and lean models, we presented a comprehensive transcriptome-wide m6A profiling in adipose tissues from these two pig breeds. Two differentially methylated genes were selected to explore the mechanisms of m6A-mediated regulation of gene function. RESULTS The ratio of m6A/A in the layer of backfat (LB) was significantly higher in Landrace than that in Jinhua. Transcriptome-wide m6A profiling revealed that m6A modification on mRNA occurs in the conserved sequence motif of RRACH and that the pig transcriptome contains 0.53-0.91 peak per actively expressed transcript. The relative density of m6A peaks in the 3'UTR were higher than in 5'UTR. Genes with common m6A peaks from both Landrace (L-LB) and Jinhua (J-LB) were enriched in RNA splicing and cellular lipid metabolic process. The unique m6A peak genes (UMGs) from L-LB were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen catabolic process, whereas the UMGs from J-LB are mainly involved in RNA splicing, etc. Lipid metabolism processes were not significantly enriched in the UMGs from L-LB or J-LB. Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2) were two of the UMGs in L-LB. Synonymous mutations (MUT) were conducted to reduce m6A level of UCP2 and PNPLA2 mRNAs. Adipogenesis test showed that UCP2-MUT further inhibited adipogenesis, while PNPLA2-MUT promoted lipid accumulation compared with UCP2-WT and PNPLA2-WT, respectively. Further study showed m6A negatively mediates UCP2 protein expression and positively mediates PNPLA2 protein expression. m6A modification affects the translation of PNPLA2 most likely through YTHDF1, whereas UCP2 is likely neither the target of YTHDF2 nor the target of YTHDF1. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated a conserved and yet dynamically regulated m6A methylome in pig transcriptomes and provided an important resource for studying the function of m6A epitranscriptomic modification in obesity development.
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110
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Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:12. [PMID: 29387386 PMCID: PMC5775576 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has revealed a strong inflammatory response within adipose (AT) tissue during the transition into lactation. Whether this effect is a result of oxidative stress induced by lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation associated with differences in prepartum body condition score remains to be determined. The objectives of this study were to investigate systemic biomarkers of energy balance and inflammation and the expression of lipid metabolism- and inflammation-related genes in AT during the transition period in dairy cows. Results Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by body condition score (BCS) prior to parturition into two groups (10 cows/group): BCS ≤ 3.25 (LoBCS) and BCS ≥ 3.75 (HiBCS). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was biopsied from the tail-head region at d − 10, 7 and 20 relative to parturition. Plasma was used to evaluate biomarkers of energy balance (EBAL) [free fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, insulin] and inflammation [IL-1β, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM)]. Although insulin concentration was not affected by BCS, NEFA was overall greater and glycerol lower in HiBCS cows. Greater activity of myeloperoxidase in plasma coincided with increased haptoglobin and IL-1β postpartum in LoBCS cows. Among genes related with oxidative stress, the expression of the cytosolic antioxidant enzyme SOD1 was greater in LoBCS compared to HiBCS. Cows in LoBCS compared with HiBCS had greater overall expression of ABDH5 and ATGL along with ADIPOQ, indicating enhanced basal lipolysis and secretion of adiponectin. Expression of CPT1A, ACADVL, and ACOX1 was greater overall in HiBCS than LoBCS indicating enhanced NEFA oxidation. Although the temporal increase in plasma NEFA regardless of BCS coincided with the profile of CPT1A, the gradual decrease in genes related with re-esterification of NEFA (PCK1) and glycerol efflux (AQP7) coupled with an increase in glycerol kinase (GK) suggested some stimulation of NEFA utilization within adipose tissue. This idea is supported in part by the gradual decrease in insulin regardless of BCS. Although expression of the inflammation-related gene toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was greater in HiBCS versus LoBCS cows at −10 d, expression of TLR9 was greater in HiBCS versus LoBCS at 20 d. These profiles did not seem to be associated with concentrations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers or ROM. Conclusions Overall, data indicated that cows with BCS 3.25 or lower before calving experienced greater alterations in systemic inflammation and basal lipolysis without excessive increases in NEFA plasma concentrations. Despite the greater plasma NEFA around parturition, cows with BCS 3.75 or higher seemed to have a more active system for catabolism of NEFA and utilization of glycerol within adipose tissue. A linkage between those pathways and risk of disorders postpartum remains to be determined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-017-0221-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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111
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Usman A. Initial Potassium Replacement in Diabetic Ketoacidosis: The Unnoticed Area of Gap. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:109. [PMID: 29619008 PMCID: PMC5871863 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Usman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Atif Usman,
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112
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Pelletier RM, Akpovi CD, Chen L, Vitale ML. Cholesterol metabolism and Cx43, Cx46, and Cx50 gap junction protein expression and localization in normal and diabetic and obese ob/ob and db/db mouse testes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E21-E38. [PMID: 28851737 PMCID: PMC5866387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreased fertility and birth rates arise from metabolic disorders. This study assesses cholesterol metabolism and Cx46, Cx50, and Cx43 expression in interstitium- and seminiferous tubule-enriched fractions of leptin-deficient ( ob/ob) and leptin receptor-deficient ( db/db) mice, two type 2 diabetes and obesity models associated with infertility. Testosterone levels decreased and glucose and free and esterified cholesterol (FC and EC) levels increased in serum, whereas FC and EC levels decreased in the interstitium, in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, a decrease in EC caused FC-to-EC ratios to increase in db/db mice. In tubules, only acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl transferase type 1 and 2 protein levels significantly decreased in ob/ob, but not db/db, mice compared with wild-type mice, and imbalances in the cholesterol transporters Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI), and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) were observed in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, 14-kDa Cx46 prevailed during development, 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 prevailed during adulthood, and total Cx46 changed little. Compared with wild-type mice, 14-kDa Cx46 increased, whereas 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 decreased, in tubules, whereas the opposite occurred in the interstitium, in db/db and ob/ob mice. Total and 51-kDa Cx50 increased in db/db and ob/ob interstitium and tubules. Cx43 levels decreased in ob/ob interstitium and tubules, whereas Cx43 decreased in db/db interstitium but increased in db/db tubules. Apoptosis levels measured by ELISA and numbers of apostain-labeled apoptotic cells significantly increased in db/db, but not ob/ob, tubules. Testicular db/db capillaries were Cx50-positive but weakly Cx43-positive with a thickened lamina, suggesting altered permeability. Our findings indicate that the db mutation-induced impairment of meiosis may arise from imbalances in cholesterol metabolism and upregulated Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Marc Pelletier
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Casimir D Akpovi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - María Leiza Vitale
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
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113
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Korber M, Klein I, Daum G. Steryl ester synthesis, storage and hydrolysis: A contribution to sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1534-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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114
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Sherlin D, Anishetty S. A pipeline for proteome-scale identification and studies on hormone sensitive lipases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 71:201-206. [PMID: 29145154 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hormone sensitive lipases (HSLs) play an important role in the survival of M. tuberculosis during dormancy. They help in the utilization of fatty acids from stored lipids. The objective of the current study was to identify all HSLs from the proteome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. We have developed a novel HSL identification pipeline, based on amino acid sequence homology, presence of conserved motifs and other sequence features deciphered from known HSL dataset. Through this pipeline, we identified 10 proteins as putative HSLs in M. tuberculosis. We have annotated a lipase LipT, as putative p-nitrobenzyl esterase and also identified a new motif "PGG" which is a possible characteristic motif of a subfamily of HSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Sherlin
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India
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115
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Eaton JC, Iannotti LL. Genome-nutrition divergence: evolving understanding of the malnutrition spectrum. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:934-950. [PMID: 29112753 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans adapted over a period of 2.3 million years to a diet high in quality and diversity. Genome-nutrition divergence describes the misalignment between modern global diets and the genome formed through evolution. A survey of hominin diets over time shows that humans have thrived on a broad range of foods. Earlier diets were highly diverse and nutrient dense, in contrast to modern food systems in which monotonous diets of staple cereals and ultraprocessed foods play a more prominent role. Applying the lens of genome-nutrition divergence to malnutrition reveals shared risk factors for undernutrition and overnutrition at nutrient, food, and environmental levels. Mechanisms for food system shifts, such as crop-neutral agricultural policy, agroecology, and social policy, are explored as a means to realign modern diets with the nutritional patterns to which humans may be better adapted to thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Eaton
- Institute for Public Health, Brown School, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lora L Iannotti
- Institute for Public Health, Brown School, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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116
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Mast N, Lin JB, Anderson KW, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Transcriptional and post-translational changes in the brain of mice deficient in cholesterol removal mediated by cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187168. [PMID: 29073233 PMCID: PMC5658173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol and thereby controls the major pathways of cholesterol removal from the brain. Cyp46a1-/- mice have a reduction in the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis in the brain and significant impairments to memory and learning. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying Cyp46a1-/- phenotype, we used Cyp46a1-/- mice and quantified their brain sterol levels and the expression of the genes pertinent to cholesterol homeostasis. We also compared the Cyp46a1-/- and wild type brains for protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The data obtained enable the following inferences. First, there seems to be a compensatory upregulation in the Cyp46a1-/- brain of the pathways of cholesterol storage and CYP46A1-independent removal. Second, transcriptional regulation of the brain cholesterol biosynthesis via sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors is not significantly activated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain to explain a compensatory decrease in cholesterol biosynthesis. Third, some of the liver X receptor target genes (Abca1) are paradoxically upregulated in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, possibly due to a reduced activation of the small GTPases RAB8, CDC42, and RAC as a result of a reduced phosphorylation of RAB3IP and PAK1. Fourth, the phosphorylation of many other proteins (a total of 146) is altered in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, including microtubule associated and neurofilament proteins (the MAP and NEF families) along with proteins related to synaptic vesicles and synaptic neurotransmission (e.g., SLCs, SHANKs, and BSN). Fifth, the extent of protein ubiquitination is increased in the Cyp46a1-/- brain, and the affected proteins pertain to ubiquitination (UBE2N), cognition (STX1B and ATP1A2), cytoskeleton function (TUBA1A and YWHAZ), and energy production (ATP1A2 and ALDOA). The present study demonstrates the diverse potential effects of CYP46A1 deficiency on brain functions and identifies important proteins that could be affected by this deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kyle W. Anderson
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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117
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Hu Z, Shen WJ, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Regulation of adrenal and ovarian steroidogenesis by miR-132. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:269-283. [PMID: 28729436 PMCID: PMC6376965 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
miR-132 is hormonally regulated in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland, ovary and testis. Here, we examined the potential role of miR-132 in the control of steroidogenesis. Transfection of Y1 adrenal cells with miR-132 increased mRNAs of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD enzymes, which catalyze the sequential conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone to biologically inactive 20α-hydroxyprogesterone (20α-OHP). Overexpression of miR-132 reduced MeCP2 and StAR protein expression, basal progestin (progesterone and 20α-OHP) production, but enhanced their production in response to cAMP stimulation. Use of [3H] pregnenolone and free-diffusible 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol further confirmed that miR-132 promotes the production of 20α-OHP by upregulating 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD. Evidence is also presented that StAR is a direct target of miR-132. Transient transfection of Y1 cells with miR-132 demonstrated that miR-132 induction of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD was accompanied by significant suppression of one of its target gene products, MeCP2. In contrast, co-expression of miR-132 plus MeCP2 protein partially blocked the ability of miR-132 to upregulate the expression and function of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD. Moreover, suppression of MeCP2 protein with siRNA resulted in increased expression of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD, further demonstrating that miR-132 induces the expression of these two enzymes via inhibition of MeCP2. Likewise, overexpression of miR-132 increased 20α-OHP production with and without HDL loading, while knockdown of miR-132 resulted in a significant decrease of 20α-OHP production by granulosa cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR-132 attenuates steroidogenesis by repressing StAR expression and inducing 20α-HSD via inhibition of MeCP2 to generate a biologically inactive 20α-OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Hu
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyGerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Ruiz M, Coderre L, Allen BG, Des Rosiers C. Protecting the heart through MK2 modulation, toward a role in diabetic cardiomyopathy and lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1914-1922. [PMID: 28735097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various signaling pathways have been identified in the heart as important players during development, physiological adaptation or pathological processes. This includes the MAPK families, particularly p38MAPK, which is involved in several key cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, metabolism and survival. Disrupted p38MAPK signaling has been associated with several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as diabetes and its related complications. Despite efforts to translate this knowledge into therapeutic avenues, p38 inhibitors have failed in clinical trials due to adverse effects. Inhibition of MK2, a downstream target of p38, appears to be a promising alternative strategy. Targeting MK2 activity may avoid the adverse effects linked to p38 inhibition, while maintaining its beneficial effects. MK2 was first considered as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid polyarthritis. A growing body of evidence now supports a key role of MK2 signaling in the pathogenesis of CVD, particularly ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and hypertension and that its inhibition or inactivation is associated with improved heart and vascular functions. More recently, MK2 was shown to be a potential player in diabetes and related complications, particularly in liver and heart, and perturbations in calcium handling and lipid metabolism. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the role of MK2 in p38MAPK-mediated signaling and the benefits of its loss of function in CVD and diabetes, with an emphasis on the roles of MK2 in calcium handling and lipid metabolism. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lise Coderre
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce Gordon Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a dynamic system regulating glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the adrenal glands. Many key factors within the adrenal steroidogenic pathway have been identified and studied, but little is known about how these factors function collectively as a dynamic network of interacting components. To investigate this, we developed a mathematical model of the adrenal steroidogenic regulatory network that accounts for key regulatory processes occurring at different timescales. We used our model to predict the time evolution of steroidogenesis in response to physiological adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) perturbations, ranging from basal pulses to larger stress-like stimulations (e.g., inflammatory stress). Testing these predictions experimentally in the rat, our results show that the steroidogenic regulatory network architecture is sufficient to respond to both small and large ACTH perturbations, but coupling this regulatory network with the immune pathway is necessary to explain the dissociated dynamics between ACTH and glucocorticoids observed under conditions of inflammatory stress.
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120
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Saxena A, Sachin K, Bhatia AK. System Level Meta-analysis of Microarray Datasets for Elucidation of Diabetes Mellitus Pathobiology. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:298-304. [PMID: 28659725 PMCID: PMC5476948 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170105093339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common multi-factorial disease that is primarily ac-counted to ineffective insulin action in lowering blood glucose level and later escalates to impaired insu-lin secretion by pancreatic β cells. Deregulation in insulin signaling to its target organs is attributed to this disease phenotype. Various genome-wide microarray studies from multiple insulin responsive tis-sues have been conducted in past but due to inherent noise in microarray data and heterogeneity in dis-ease etiology; reproduction of prioritized pathways/genes is very low across various studies. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to identify consensus signaling and metabolic pathways through system level meta-analysis of multiple expression-sets to elucidate T2D pathobiology. METHOD We used 'R', an open source statistical environment, which is routinely used for Microarray data analysis particularly using special sets of packages available at Bioconductor. We primarily focused on gene-set analysis methods to elucidate various aspects of T2D. RESULT Literature-based evidences have shown the success of our approach in exploring various known aspects of diabetes pathophysiology. CONCLUSION Our study stressed the need to develop novel bioinformatics workflows to advance our understanding further in insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.) India
- Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun (U.K.) India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, S.B.S. (PG) Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research, Dehradun (U.K.) India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.) India
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121
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Shen P, Yue Y, Kim KH, Park Y. Piceatannol Reduces Fat Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Med Food 2017; 20:887-894. [PMID: 28514198 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess fat accumulation and abnormal metabolism are involved in numerous diseases and thus the research on identification of compounds that can regulate energy homeostasis could significantly facilitate the current effort to prevent and/or treat metabolic disorders. Piceatannol, one of the natural stilbenes, was previously found to decrease lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, its role in fat metabolism in vivo is not known. Thus, Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model was used in the current study to determine the effect of piceatannol on fat accumulation and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 50 and 100 μM piceatannol significantly reduced fat accumulation of wild-type worms grown in normal and high-glucose conditions without altering the growth rate, worm length, pumping rate, or moving speed. The current study further indicated that piceatannol decreased the expression of sbp-1 (encodes an ortholog of mammalian sterol regulatory element-binding protein) and its target gene fasn-1 (encodes an ortholog of fatty acid synthase) as well as increased the expression of hosl-1 (encodes an ortholog of hormone-sensitive lipase) in glucose-treated worms. These data suggested that piceatannol reduced fat accumulation in C. elegans by suppression of genes involved in lipid synthesis and possibly through stimulation of lipolysis. Given that piceatannol exerts similar effects in both C. elegans and 3T3-L1 cells, our finding could provide a mechanistic insight into the role of piceatannol in lipid metabolism in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Shen
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- 2 Department of Food Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, USA .,3 Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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122
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Fang X, Zhao Z, Jiang P, Yu H, Xiao H, Yang R. Identification of the bovine HSL gene expression profiles and its association with fatty acid composition and fat deposition traits. Meat Sci 2017; 131:107-118. [PMID: 28501436 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is an intracellular neutral lipase capable of hydrolysing a variety of esters and is considered to be a candidate gene affecting fat deposition traits. Gene expression profiles of HSL were analysed in various adipose tissues of cattle, and the effect of HSL on lipid metabolism genes was analysed by a PCR array. Novel polymorphisms were identified within the HSL regulatory domain by sequencing, and the relationship between HSL variants and fat deposition traits was analysed. HSL mRNA was highly expressed in the subcutaneous and visceral fat of cattle. CPT1B/CPT1C and other lipocatabolic genes were upregulated, and lipogenesis-related genes (FASN, LPL and ACOT12) were downregulated by HSL overexpression in BFFs. Five novel variants in the HSL functional domain were significantly associated with fat deposition traits, including FCR, LBT, MFW and fatty acid composition. HSL plays a pivotal role in the regulation of lipolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibi Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Haibin Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Runjun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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Perani CV, Langgartner D, Uschold-Schmidt N, Füchsl AM, Neumann ID, Reber SO, Slattery DA. Adrenal gland plasticity in lactating rats and mice is sufficient to maintain basal hypersecretion of corticosterone. Stress 2017; 20:303-311. [PMID: 28460556 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1325462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased basal glucocorticoid secretion and a reduced glucocorticoid response during acute stress, despite only minor changes in the secretion of the major secretagogue adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), have been documented in the peripartum period in several species. We recently showed that the adrenal gland, the site of glucocorticoid synthesis, undergoes substantial postpartum-associated plasticity in the rat at mid-lactation. Here, we asked the question whether adrenal changes already take place around parturition in the rat and in another species, namely the mouse. After demonstrating that several components of the adrenal machinery mediating cholesterol supply for steroidogenesis, including protein levels of hormone-sensitive lipase, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class-B type-1 (SRB1), are upregulated, while hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is downregulated in the lactating rat one day after delivery, as previously observed at mid-lactation, we demonstrated profound changes in the mouse. In detail, protein expression of LDLR, SRB1, HMGCR and adrenal lipid store density were increased in the mouse adrenal one day after parturition as tested via western blot analysis and oil-red lipid staining, respectively. Moreover, using in vitro culture techniques, we observed that isolated adrenal explants from lactating mice secreted higher levels of corticosterone under basal conditions, but showed impaired responsiveness to ACTH, mimicking the in vivo scenario. These results suggest that mechanisms of adaptation in the maternal adrenal after delivery, namely increased cholesterol availability and decreased ACTH sensitivity, are crucial for the basal increase in circulating glucocorticoids and maternal stress hyporesponsiveness that are typical of this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara V Perani
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- b Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- d Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Andrea M Füchsl
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Inga D Neumann
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - David A Slattery
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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Martin AM, Young RL, Leong L, Rogers GB, Spencer NJ, Jessup CF, Keating DJ. The Diverse Metabolic Roles of Peripheral Serotonin. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1049-1063. [PMID: 28323941 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a multifunctional bioamine with important signaling roles in a range of physiological pathways. Almost all of the 5-HT in our bodies is synthesized in specialized enteroendocrine cells within the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa called enterochromaffin (EC) cells. These cells provide all of our circulating 5-HT. We have long appreciated the important contributions of 5-HT within the gut, including its role in modulating GI motility. However, evidence of the physiological and clinical significance of gut-derived 5-HT outside of the gut has recently emerged, implicating 5-HT in regulation of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, bone density, and diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although a new picture has developed in the last decade regarding the various metabolic roles of peripheral serotonin, so too has our understanding of the physiology of EC cells. Given that they are scattered throughout the lining of the GI tract within the epithelial cell layer, these cells are typically difficult to study. Advances in isolation procedures now allow the study of pure EC-cell cultures and single cells, enabling studies of EC-cell physiology to occur. EC cells are sensory cells that are capable of integrating cues from ingested nutrients, the enteric nervous system, and the gut microbiome. Thus, levels of peripheral 5-HT can be modulated by a multitude of factors, resulting in both local and systemic effects for the regulation of a raft of physiological pathways related to metabolism and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Martin
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5001, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Lex Leong
- Infection and Immunity, SAHMRI, Adelaide 5001, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Infection and Immunity, SAHMRI, Adelaide 5001, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Claire F Jessup
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide 5001, Australia
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125
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Park PJ, Cho JY, Cho EG. Specific visible radiation facilitates lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes via rhodopsin-dependent β3-adrenergic signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:301-311. [PMID: 28483278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fat metabolism is important for maintaining functional and structural tissue homeostasis in biological systems. Reducing excessive lipids has been an important concern due to the concomitant health risks caused by metabolic disorders such as obesity, adiposity and dyslipidemia. A recent study revealed that unlike conventional care regimens (e.g., diet or medicine), low-energy visible radiation (VR) regulates lipid levels via autophagy-dependent hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation in differentiated human adipose-derived stem cells. To clarify the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, we first verified the photoreceptor and photoreceptor-dependent signal cascade in nonvisual 3T3-L1 adipocytes. For a better understanding of the concomitant phenomena that result from VR exposure, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to four different wavelengths of VR (410, 505, 590 and 660nm) in this study. The results confirmed that specific VR wavelengths, especially 505nm than 590nm, increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and decrease lipid droplets. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein levels of the Opn2 (rhodopsin) photoreceptor increased after VR exposure in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Subsequent treatment of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes at a specific VR wavelength induced rhodopsin- and β3-adrenergic receptor (AR)-dependent lipolytic responses that consequently led to increases in intracellular cAMP and phosphorylated HSL protein levels. Our study indicates that photoreceptors are expressed and exert individual functions in nonvisual cells, such as adipocytes. We suggest that the VR-induced photoreceptor system could be a potential therapeutic target for the regulation of lipid homeostasis in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil June Park
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea; Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea.
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126
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Trainor PJ, Hill BG, Carlisle SM, Rouchka EC, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, DeFilippis AP. Systems characterization of differential plasma metabolome perturbations following thrombotic and non-thrombotic myocardial infarction. J Proteomics 2017; 160:38-46. [PMID: 28341595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute event characterized by myocardial necrosis. Thrombotic MI is caused by spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque disruption that results in a coronary thrombus; non-thrombotic MI occurs secondary to oxygen supply-demand mismatch. We sought to characterize the differential metabolic perturbations associated with these subtypes utilizing a systems approach. Subjects presenting with thrombotic MI, non-thrombotic MI and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) were included. Whole blood was collected at two acute time-points and at a time-point representing the quiescent stable disease state. Plasma metabolites were analyzed by untargeted UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS. A weighted network was constructed, and modules were determined from the resulting topology. To determine perturbed modules, an enrichment analysis for metabolites that demonstrated between-group differences in temporal change across the disease state transition was then conducted. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report evidence of metabolic perturbations of acute MI and determine perturbations specific to thrombotic MI. Specifically, a module characterized by elevated glucocorticoid steroid metabolites following acute MI showed greatest perturbation following thrombotic MI. Modules characterized by elevated pregnenolone metabolites, monoacylglycerols, and acylcarnitines were perturbed following acute MI. A module characterized by a decrease in plasma amino acids following thrombotic MI was differentially perturbed between MI subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Trainor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Samantha M Carlisle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States; KentuckyOne/Jewish Hospital, United States; Johns Hopkins University, United States.
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127
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Lu J, Varghese RT, Zhou L, Vella A, Jensen MD. Glucose tolerance and free fatty acid metabolism in adults with variations in TCF7L2 rs7903146. Metabolism 2017; 68:55-63. [PMID: 28183453 PMCID: PMC5308561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 and glucose tolerance on free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 120 individuals, half homozygous for the major CC allele and half homozygous for the minor TT allele at rs7903146; each underwent a 2-h, 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations were measured on blood collected before and during the OGTT. RESULTS Total FFA concentrations and percent FA species during OGTT were not different in CC and TT carriers when males and females were considered together. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations and percentages were greater in TT than CC females during the OGTT. TT carriers with high HOMA-IR had significantly greater fasting FFA concentrations, lower disposition index (DI) and greater AUC of glucose than high HOMA-IR CC carriers, whereas no such differences were observed in the low HOMA-IR group. We found that fasting (826±25 vs. 634±22μmol/L, P<0.0001) and OGTT plasma FFA concentrations were greater in IGT than NGT subjects, and the difference remained after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, and genotype. Finally, IGT subjects had greater MUFA concentrations and percentages than NGT subjects during OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Despite similar fasting insulin and glucose, fasting plasma FFA are greater in IGT than NGT adults. Insulin resistance and sex influence plasma FFA responses amongst carriers of the minor T allele of TCF7L2 rs7903146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Ron T Varghese
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Lianzhen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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128
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Feng J, Li L, Ou Z, Li Q, Gong B, Zhao Z, Qi W, Zhou T, Zhong J, Cai W, Yang X, Zhao A, Gao G, Yang Z. IL-25 stimulates M2 macrophage polarization and thereby promotes mitochondrial respiratory capacity and lipolysis in adipose tissues against obesity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:493-505. [PMID: 28194019 PMCID: PMC6068125 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic diseases are characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state with the infiltration of many inflammatory cells, especially macrophages. Immune molecules, including some cytokines, have a close relationship with metabolism. Interleukin (IL)-25 is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family that can regulate macrophages and alleviate some metabolic dysfunction; however, its role and mechanisms in lipid metabolism remain to be extensively clarified. Human serum and liver biopsy specimens, high-fat diet-induced obesity mice and DB/DB (Lepr−/−) animal models were used to examine IL-25 expression in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). To observe the role of IL-25 in lipid metabolism, model mice were administered with IL-25 or adoptively transferred with IL-25-educated macrophages in vivo, whereas bone marrow-derived macrophages, the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 were used in vitro. IL-25 was decreased in NAFLD patients and obese mice. In addition, IL-25 reduced body weight gain and lipid accumulation, enhanced lipid uptake by macrophages and increased the expression of lipolysis and β-oxidation enzymes via alternatively activating macrophages. IL-25 also promoted lipolysis and suppressed lipogenesis in adipocytes co-cultured with the IL-25-educated macrophages. Furthermore, IL-25 improved the mitochondrial respiratory capacity and oxygen consumption rate of macrophages and produced more NAD+/NADH and ATP. In conclusion, IL-25 can stimulate M2 macrophage polarization and thereby promote lipolysis and mitochondrial respiratory capacity, highlighting the potential for IL-25 to be used as a therapeutic agent against obesity and associated metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lingyi Li
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baoyong Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, 510063, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhao
- Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weibin Cai
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, SUN Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 21201, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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129
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Roy D, Mondal S, Khurana A, Jung DB, Hoffmann R, He X, Kalogera E, Dierks T, Hammond E, Dredge K, Shridhar V. Loss of HSulf-1: The Missing Link between Autophagy and Lipid Droplets in Ovarian Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41977. [PMID: 28169314 PMCID: PMC5294412 DOI: 10.1038/srep41977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective autophagy and deranged metabolic pathways are common in cancer; pharmacologic targeting of these two pathways could provide a viable therapeutic option. However, how these pathways are regulated by limited availability of growth factors is still unknown. Our study shows that HSulf-1 (endosulfatase), a known tumor suppressor which attenuates heparin sulfate binding growth factor signaling, also regulates interplay between autophagy and lipogenesis. Silencing of HSulf-1 in OV202 and TOV2223 cells (ovarian cancer cell lines) resulted in increased lipid droplets (LDs), reduced autophagic vacuoles (AVs) and less LC3B puncta. In contrast, HSulf-1 proficient cells exhibit more AVs and reduced LDs. Increased LDs in HSulf-1 depleted cells was associated with increased ERK mediated cPLA2S505 phosphorylation. Conversely, HSulf-1 expression in SKOV3 cells reduced the number of LDs and increased the number of AVs compared to vector controls. Furthermore, pharmacological (AACOCF3) and ShRNA mediated downregulation of cPLA2 resulted in reduced LDs, and increased autophagy. Finally, in vivo experiment using OV202 Sh1 derived xenograft show that AACOCF3 treatment effectively attenuated tumor growth and LD biogenesis. Collectively, these results show a reciprocal regulation of autophagy and lipid biogenesis by HSulf-1 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert Hoffmann
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Keith Dredge
- Zucero Therapeutics. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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130
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Albreiki MS, Middleton B, Hampton SM. A single night light exposure acutely alters hormonal and metabolic responses in healthy participants. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:100-110. [PMID: 28270559 PMCID: PMC5424773 DOI: 10.1530/ec-16-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many animal studies have reported an association between melatonin suppression and the disturbance of metabolic responses; yet, few human studies have investigated bright light effects on metabolic and hormonal responses at night. This study investigated the impact of light on plasma hormones and metabolites prior to, and after, an evening meal in healthy participants. Seventeen healthy participants, 8 females (22.2 ± 2.59 years, mean ± s.d.) and 9 males (22.8 ± 3.5 years) were randomised to a two-way cross-over design protocol; dim light (DL) (<5 lux) and bright light (BL) (>500 lux) sessions, separated by at least seven days. Saliva and plasma samples were collected prior to and after a standard evening meal at specific intervals. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were significantly higher pre-meal in DL compared to BL (P < 0.01). Plasma glucose and insulin levels were significantly greater post-meal in the BL compared to DL session (P = 0.02, P = 0.001), respectively. Salivary melatonin levels were significantly higher in the DL compared to those in BL session (P = 0.005). BL at night was associated with significant increases in plasma glucose and insulin suggestive of glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Raised pre-prandial NEFA levels may be due to changes in insulin sensitivity or the presence of melatonin and/or light at night. Plasma triglyceride (TAG) levels were the same in both sessions. These results may explain some of the health issues reported in shift workers; however, further studies are needed to elucidate the cause of these metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Albreiki
- Department of Biochemistry and PhysiologyCentre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Benita Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and PhysiologyCentre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Shelagh M Hampton
- Department of Biochemistry and PhysiologyCentre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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131
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Expression of Lipid Metabolism-Related Proteins Differs between Invasive Lobular Carcinoma and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010232. [PMID: 28124996 PMCID: PMC5297861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We comparatively investigated the expression and clinical implications of lipid metabolism-related proteins in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. A total of 584 breast cancers (108 ILC and 476 IDC) were subjected to tissue microarray and immunohistochemical analysis for lipid metabolism-related proteins including hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), perilipin A, fatty acid binding protein (FABP)4, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, and fatty acid synthetase (FASN). HSL, perilipin A, and FABP4 expression (all p < 0.001) differed significantly: HSL and FABP4 were more frequently present in ILC, whereas perilipin A was more frequently detected in IDC. Among all invasive cancers, HSL and FABP4 were highly expressed in luminal A-type ILC (p < 0.001) and perilipin A in luminal A-type IDC (p = 0.007). Among luminal B-type cancers, HSL and FABP4 were more highly expressed in ILC (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis found associations of shorter disease-free survival with CPT-1 positivity (p = 0.004) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 positivity (p = 0.032) and of shorter overall survival with acyl-CoA oxidase 1 positivity (p = 0.027). In conclusion, ILC and IDC exhibited different immunohistochemical lipid metabolism-related protein expression profiles. Notably, ILC exhibited high HSL and FABP4 and low perilipin A expression.
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132
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Bai J, Chow BKC. Secretin is involved in sodium conservation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. FASEB J 2017; 31:1689-1697. [PMID: 28082350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600911r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Secretin (SCT) and its receptor (SCTR) are important in fluid regulation at multiple levels via the modulation of expression and translocation of renal aquaporin 2 and functions of central angiotensin II (ANGII). The functional interaction of SCT with peripheral ANGII, however, remains unknown. As the ANGII-aldosterone axis dominates the regulation of renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function, we therefore tested whether SCT/SCTR can regulate sodium homeostasis via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. SCTR-knockout (SCTR-/-) mice showed impaired aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression and, consequently, aldosterone release upon intraperitoneal injection of ANGII. Endogenous ANGII production induced by dietary sodium restriction was higher in SCTR-/- than in C57BL/6N [wild-type (WT)] mice, but CYP11B2 and aldosterone synthesis were not elevated. Reduced accumulation of cholesteryl ester-the precursor of aldosterone-was observed in adrenal glands of SCTR-/- mice that were fed a low-sodium diet. Absence of SCTR resulted in elevated basal transcript levels of adrenal CYP11B2 and renal ENaCs. Although transcript and protein levels of ENaCs were similar in WT and SCTR-/- mice under sodium restriction, ENaCs in SCTR-/- mice were less sensitive to amiloride hydrochloride. In summary, the SCT/SCTR axis is involved in aldosterone precursor uptake, and the knockout of SCTR results in defective aldosterone biosynthesis/release and altered sensitivity of ENaCs to amiloride.-Bai, J., Chow, B. K. C. Secretin is involved in sodium conservation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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133
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Lee J, Jefcoate C. Monitoring of Dual CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Gene Deletion and Cholesterol Accumulation Using High-Resolution Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in a Single Cell. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:289. [PMID: 29118738 PMCID: PMC5660980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy, coupled with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, provide opportunities for understanding gene regulation at the single-cell level. The application of direct imaging shown here provides an in situ side-by-side comparison of CRISPR/Cas9-edited cells and adjacent unedited cells. We apply this methodology to the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene in Y-1 adrenal cells and MA-10 testis cells. StAR is a gatekeeper protein that controls the access of cholesterol from the cytoplasm to the inner mitochondria. The loss of this mitochondrial cholesterol transfer mediator rapidly increases lipid droplets in cells, as seen in StAR-/- mice. Here, we describe a dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy marked by GFP/mCherry expression that deletes StAR activity within 12 h. We used single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (sm-FISH) imaging to directly monitor the time course of gene editing in single cells. We achieved StAR gene deletion at high efficiency dual gRNA targeting to the proximal promoter and exon 2. Seventy percent of transfected cells showed a slow DNA deletion as measured by PCR, and loss of Br-cAMP stimulated transcription. This DNA deletion was seen by sm-FISH in both loci of individual cells relative to non-target Cyp11a1 and StAR exon 7. sm-FISH also distinguishes two effects on stimulated StAR expression without this deletion. Br-cAMP stimulation of primary and spliced StAR RNA at the gene loci were removed within 4 h in this dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy before any effect on cytoplasmic mRNA and protein occurred. StAR mRNA disappeared between 12 and 24 h in parallel with this deletion, while cholesterol ester droplets increased fourfold. These alternative changes match distinct StAR expression processes. This dual gRNA and sm-FISH approach to CRISPR/Cas9 editing facilitates rapid testing of editing strategies and immediate assessment of single-cell adaptation responses without the perturbation of clonal expansion procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jinwoo Lee, ; Colin Jefcoate,
| | - Colin Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jinwoo Lee, ; Colin Jefcoate,
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134
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Bandyopadhyay GK, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A Regulation of Obesity and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28228748 PMCID: PMC5296320 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a prohormone and granulogenic factor in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as in neurons, and has a regulated secretory pathway. The intracellular functions of CgA include the initiation and regulation of dense-core granule biogenesis and sequestration of hormones in neuroendocrine cells. This protein is co-stored and co-released with secreted hormones. The extracellular functions of CgA include the generation of bioactive peptides, such as pancreastatin (PST), vasostatin, WE14, catestatin (CST), and serpinin. CgA knockout mice (Chga-KO) display: (i) hypertension with increased plasma catecholamines, (ii) obesity, (iii) improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and (iv) muscle insulin resistance. These findings suggest that individual CgA-derived peptides may regulate different physiological functions. Indeed, additional studies have revealed that the pro-inflammatory PST influences insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, whereas CST alleviates adiposity and hypertension. This review will focus on the different metabolic roles of PST and CST peptides in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant models, and their potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Sushil K. Mahata,
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135
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Su Y, Foppen E, van der Eerden BCJ, Koedam M, Bravenboer N, Kalsbeek A, Boelen A, Fliers E, Bisschop PH. Effects of Chronic Estrogen Administration in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (VMH) on Fat and Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4930-4942. [PMID: 27911148 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency after ovariectomy (OVX) results in increased adiposity and bone loss, which can be prevented by systemic 17-β estradiol (E2) replacement. Studies in transgenic mice suggested that in addition to direct actions of estrogen in peripheral tissues, also estrogen signaling in the hypothalamus regulates fat distribution and bone metabolism. We hypothesized that the protective effect of systemic E2 on fat and bone metabolism in the OVX model is partly mediated through the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of systemic, central, and targeted VMH administration of E2 on fat and bone metabolism in OVX rats. Subcutaneous administration of E2 for 4 weeks decreased body weight, gonadal and perirenal fat, and bone formation rate in OVX rats. This effect was completely mimicked by intracerebroventricular injections of E2, once every 4 days for 4 weeks. Administration of E2 locally in the VMH by retromicrodialysis (3 h) acutely increased expression of the lipolytic gene hormone-sensitive lipase in gonadal and perirenal fat. Finally, chronic administration of E2 in the VMH for 8 weeks decreased perirenal fat but did not affect body weight, trabecular bone volume, or cortical thickness. In conclusion, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular E2 replacement reduces body weight gain, ameliorates intraabdominal fat accumulation, and reduces bone formation in the OVX rats. E2 administration selectively in the VMH also reduced intraabdominal fat but did not affect bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - J Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A G Veldhuis-Vlug
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - Y Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - E Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - M Koedam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - N Bravenboer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - E Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - P H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
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136
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Kory N, Grond S, Kamat SS, Li Z, Krahmer N, Chitraju C, Zhou P, Fröhlich F, Semova I, Ejsing C, Zechner R, Cravatt BF, Farese RV, Walther TC. Mice lacking lipid droplet-associated hydrolase, a gene linked to human prostate cancer, have normal cholesterol ester metabolism. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:226-235. [PMID: 27836991 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the gene LDAH (C2ORF43), which encodes lipid droplet-associated hydrolase (LDAH), are among few loci associated with human prostate cancer. Homologs of LDAH have been identified as proteins of lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are cellular organelles that store neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols and sterol esters, as precursors for membrane components and as reservoirs of metabolic energy. LDAH is reported to hydrolyze cholesterol esters and to be important in macrophage cholesterol ester metabolism. Here, we confirm that LDAH is localized to LDs in several model systems. We generated a murine model in which Ldah is disrupted but found no evidence for a major function of LDAH in cholesterol ester or triacylglycerol metabolism in vivo, nor a role in energy or glucose metabolism. Our data suggest that LDAH is not a major cholesterol ester hydrolase, and an alternative metabolic function may be responsible for its possible effect on development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kory
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zhihuan Li
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ivana Semova
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christer Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
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137
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Wang F, Chen Z, Ren X, Tian Y, Wang F, Liu C, Jin P, Li Z, Zhang F, Zhu B. Hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency alters gene expression and cholesterol content of mouse testis. Reproduction 2016; 153:175-185. [PMID: 27920259 PMCID: PMC5148802 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase-knockout (HSL−/−) mice exhibit azoospermia for unclear reasons. To explore the basis of sterility, we performed the following three experiments. First, HSL protein distribution in the testis was determined. Next, transcriptome analyses were performed on the testes of three experimental groups. Finally, the fatty acid and cholesterol levels in the testes with three different genotypes studied were determined. We found that the HSL protein was present from spermatocyte cells to mature sperm acrosomes in wild-type (HSL+/+) testes. Spermiogenesis ceased at the elongation phase of HSL−/− testes. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes involved in lipid metabolism, cell membrane, reproduction and inflammation-related processes were disordered in HSL−/− testes. The cholesterol content was significantly higher in HSL−/− than that in HSL+/+ testis. Therefore, gene expression and cholesterol ester content differed in HSL−/− testes compared to other testes, which may explain the sterility of male HSL−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Ren
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fucheng Wang
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Jin
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyue Li
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Feixiong Zhang
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Baochang Zhu
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University, Beijing, China
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138
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Lipases and their inhibitors in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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139
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Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 deficiency reduces lipid accumulation in the heart by activating lipolysis independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2029-2037. [PMID: 27751891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) has recently been shown to be a critical control point in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and function. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is an important regulator of myocardial fatty acid uptake and utilization. The present study used SCD1 and PPARα double knockout (SCD1-/-/PPARα-/-) mice to test the hypothesis that PPARα is involved in metabolic changes in the heart that are caused by SCD1 downregulation/inhibition. SCD1 deficiency decreased the intracellular content of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and ceramide in the heart of SCD1-/- and SCD1-/-/PPARα-/- mice. SCD1 ablation in PPARα-/- mice decreased diacylglycerol content in cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that the reduction of fat accumulation in the heart associated with SCD1 deficiency occurs independently of the PPARα pathway. To elucidate the mechanism of the observed changes, we treated HL-1 cardiomyocytes with the SCD1 inhibitor A939572 and/or PPARα inhibitor GW6471. SCD1 inhibition decreased the level of lipogenic proteins and increased lipolysis, reflected by a decrease in the content of adipose triglyceride lipase inhibitor G0S2 and a decrease in the ratio of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser565 to HSL (pHSL[Ser565]/HSL). PPARα inhibition alone did not affect the aforementioned protein levels. Finally, PPARα inhibition decreased the phosphorylation level of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, indicating lower mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In summary, SCD1 ablation/inhibition decreased cardiac lipid content independently of the action of PPARα by reducing lipogenesis and activating lipolysis. The present data suggest that SCD1 is an important component in maintaining proper cardiac lipid metabolism.
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140
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Casado ME, Pastor O, García-Seisdedos D, Huerta L, Kraemer FB, Lasunción MA, Martín-Hidalgo A, Busto R. Hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency disturbs lipid composition of plasma membrane microdomains from mouse testis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1142-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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141
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Synergistic effects of caffeine and catechins on lipid metabolism in chronically fed mice via the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2309-2318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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142
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Jin FJ, Katayama T, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Comparative genomic analysis identified a mutation related to enhanced heterologous protein production in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9163-9174. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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143
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Abstract
The domestication and urbanization of dogs and cats has dramatically altered their environment and behavior. Human and pet obesity is a global concern, particularly in developed countries. An increased incidence of chronic disease is associated with obesity secondary to low-grade systemic inflammation. This article reviews current research into the genetic, dietary, and physiologic factors associated with obesity, along with use of "omics" technology to better understand and characterize this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Hamper
- Hamper Veterinary Nutritional Consulting, 9160 Crestview Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46240, USA.
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144
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Zhang HQ, Chen SY, Wang AS, Yao AJ, Fu JF, Zhao JS, Chen F, Zou ZQ, Zhang XH, Shan YJ, Bao YP. Sulforaphane induces adipocyte browning and promotes glucose and lipid utilization. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2185-2197. [PMID: 27218607 PMCID: PMC5111775 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obesity is closely related to the imbalance of white adipose tissue storing excess calories, and brown adipose tissue dissipating energy to produce heat in mammals. Recent studies revealed that acquisition of brown characteristics by white adipocytes, termed "browning," may positively contribute to cellular bioenergetics and metabolism homeostasis. The goal was to investigate the putative effects of natural antioxidant sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanate-4-methyl-sulfonyl butane; SFN) on browning of white adipocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS 3T3-L1 mature white adipocytes were treated with SFN for 48 h, and then the mitochondrial content, function, and energy utilization were assessed. SFN was found to induce 3T3-L1 adipocytes browning based on the increased mitochondrial content and activity of respiratory chain enzymes, whereas the mechanism involved the upregulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/sirtuin1/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha signaling. SFN enhanced uncoupling protein 1 expression, a marker for brown adipocyte, leading to the decrease in cellular ATP. SFN also enhanced glucose uptake and oxidative utilization, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CONCLUSION SFN-induced browning of white adipocytes enhanced the utilization of cellular fuel, and application of SFN is a promising strategy to combat obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Q Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Ningbo Second Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi Y Chen
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Hospital Infection-Control Department, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - An S Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - An J Yao
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian F Fu
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin S Zhao
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zu Q Zou
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao H Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu J Shan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong P Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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145
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Wan A, Rodrigues B. Endothelial cell-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:172-83. [PMID: 27288009 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing globally, with cardiovascular disease accounting for a substantial number of diabetes-related deaths. Although atherosclerotic vascular disease is a primary reason for this cardiovascular dysfunction, heart failure in patients with diabetes might also be an outcome of an intrinsic heart muscle malfunction, labelled diabetic cardiomyopathy. Changes in cardiomyocyte metabolism, which encompasses a shift to exclusive fatty acid utilization, are considered a leading stimulus for this cardiomyopathy. In addition to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells (ECs) make up a significant proportion of the heart, with the majority of ATP generation in these cells provided by glucose. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic machinery that drives energy metabolism in the cardiomyocyte and EC, its breakdown following diabetes, and the research direction necessary to assist in devising novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay diabetic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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146
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Dotzert MS, Murray MR, McDonald MW, Olver TD, Velenosi TJ, Hennop A, Noble EG, Urquhart BL, Melling CWJ. Metabolomic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Aerobic Exercise Training in Insulin Resistant Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26379. [PMID: 27197730 PMCID: PMC4873835 DOI: 10.1038/srep26379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of insulin resistance in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is unknown, however it affects approximately 20% of T1D patients. Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) have been identified as a mechanism of insulin resistance. We examined skeletal muscle of T1D rats to determine if alterations in lipid metabolism were evident and whether aerobic exercise training improves IMCL and insulin resistance. To do so, 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (C), sedentary diabetes (D) and diabetes exercise (DX) groups. Following multiple low-dose Streptozotocin (STZ) injections (20 mg/kg), glycemia (9-15 mM) was maintained using insulin treatment. DX were treadmill trained at high intensity (~75% V02max; 5days/week) for 10 weeks. The results demonstrate that D exhibited insulin resistance compared with C and DX, indicated by decreased glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (p < 0.05). There were no differences between C and DX, suggesting that exercise improved insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis revealed a significant shift in lipid metabolism whereby notable fatty acid metabolites (arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and several polyunsaturated fatty acids) were significantly elevated in D compared to C and DX. Based on the intermediates observed, insulin resistance in T1D is characterized by an insulin-desensitizing intramyocellular fatty acid metabolite profile that is ameliorated with exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Dotzert
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R. Murray
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew W. McDonald
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Dylan Olver
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Velenosi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anzel Hennop
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Earl G. Noble
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad L. Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. W. James Melling
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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147
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Lipid droplet-associated proteins in atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4527-34. [PMID: 27082419 PMCID: PMC4878557 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in arterial walls leads to major cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Macrophages/foam cells are central components of atherosclerotic plaques, which populate the arterial wall in order to remove harmful modified low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, resulting in the accumulation of lipids, mostly LDL‑derived cholesterol ester, in cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs). At present, LDs are recognized as dynamic organelles that govern cellular metabolic processes. LDs consist of an inner core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and free cholesterol, and contain LD‑associated proteins (LDAPs) that regulate LD functions. Foam cells are characterized by an aberrant accumulation of cytosolic LDs, and are considered a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions through all stages of development. Previous studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying foam cell formation, aiming to discover therapeutic strategies that target foam cells and intervene against atherosclerosis. It is well established that LDAPs have a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases caused by dysfunction of lipid metabolism, and several studies have linked LDAPs to the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, several foam cell‑targeting pathways have been described, with an emphasis on the role of LDAPs in cholesterol mobilization from macrophages. In addition, the potential of LDAPs as therapeutic targets to prevent the progression and/or facilitate the regression of the disease has been discussed.
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148
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Selvaraju K, Gowsalya R, Vijayakumar R, Nachiappan V. MGL2/YMR210w encodes a monoacylglycerol lipase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1174-86. [PMID: 26991558 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In silico analysis of the uncharacterized open reading frame YMR210w in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that it possesses both an α/β hydrolase domain (ABHD) and a typical lipase (GXSXG) motif. The purified protein displayed monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase activity and preferred palmitoyl-MAG. Overexpression of YMR210w in the known MAG lipase mutant yju3Δ clearly revealed that the protein had MAG lipase activity, hence we named the ORF MGL2. Overexpression of YMR210w decreased the cellular triacylglycerol levels. Analysis of the overexpressed strains showed reduction in the lipid droplets number and size. Phenotype studies revealed that the double deletion yju3Δmgl2Δ displayed a growth defect that was partially restored by MGL2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Selvaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Gowsalya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chrysin induces brown fat-like phenotype and enhances lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition 2016; 32:1002-10. [PMID: 27133810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies have to do with promising therapeutic phytochemicals such as flavonoids to treat obesity and related complications, and a number of dietary compounds have been proposed as tools for increasing energy expenditure and decreasing fat accumulation in mammals. Here, we show that the flavonoid chrysin induces browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via enhanced expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins as well as enhances lipid metabolism. METHODS Chrysin-induced fat browning was investigated by determining expression levels of brown fat-specific genes and proteins by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Chrysin enhanced expression of brown fat-specific markers and increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARγ, PPARδ, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), suggesting its possible role in augmentation of lipolysis, fat oxidation, and thermogenesis as well as reduction of lipogenesis. Increased expression of UCP-1 and other brown fat-specific markers was possibly mediated by chrysin-induced activation of AMPK based on the fact that inhibition of AMPK by dorsomorphin abolished expression of PR domain-containing 16, UCP-1, and PGC-1α while the activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide elevated expression of these brown marker proteins. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chrysin plays a dual modulatory role in the form of inducing the brown-like phenotype as well as enhancing lipid metabolism and thus may be explored as a potentially promising food additive for prevention of obesity.
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Berryman DE, Henry B, Hjortebjerg R, List EO, Kopchick JJ. Developments in our understanding of the effects of growth hormone on white adipose tissue from mice: implications to the clinic. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:197-207. [PMID: 28435436 PMCID: PMC5397118 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1147950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a well-established target of growth hormone (GH) and is altered in clinical conditions associated with excess, deficiency and absence of GH action. Due to the difficulty in collecting AT from clinical populations, genetically modified mice have been useful in better understanding how GH affects this tissue. Recent findings in mice would suggest that the impact of GH on AT is beyond alterations of lipolysis, lipogenesis or proliferation/ differentiation. AT depot-specific alterations in immune cells, extracellular matrix, adipokines, and senescence indicate an expanded role for GH in AT physiology. This mouse data will guide additional studies necessary to evaluate the therapeutic potential and safety of GH for conditions associated with altering AT, such as obesity. In this review, we introduce several relatively new intricacies of GH's effect on AT, focusing on recent studies in mice. Finally, we summarize the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E Berryman
- Executive Director, The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, (740) 593-9661 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
| | - Brooke Henry
- 108 Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, (740) 593-9665
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, +45 6166 8045 - phone, +45 7846 2150 - fax
| | - Edward O List
- Senior Scientist, 218 Konneker Research Labs, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, (740) 593-4620 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
| | - John J Kopchick
- Distinguished Professor, Goll Ohio Eminent Scholar, 172 Water Tower Drive, Ohio University, (740) 593-4534 - phone, (740) 593-4795 - fax
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