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Lebda MA, Sadek KM, El-Sayed YS. Aspartame and Soft Drink-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Rats: Implication of Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Signaling Pathways, Electrolytes and Hormonal Levels. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1639-1647. [PMID: 28660358 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant association between fructose corn syrup in sweetened beverages consumption and increased risk of detrimental central nervous system effects has been recently reported. We hypothesized that the aspartame and soft drink induced disturbances in energy production and endocrine function, which play a role in the induction of brain damage. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of aspartame and soft drink on brain function and the link between energy status in the brain, oxidative stress and molecular pathways of apoptosis. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to drink water, aspartame (240 mg/kg orally) and cola soft drinks (free access) daily for two months. Subchronic intake of aspartame and soft drink significantly disrupted the brain energy production, as indicated by inhibited serum and brain creatine kinase, specifically in soft drink-received rats. Moreover, they substantially altered serum electrolytes (increased Ca and Na, and depleted Cu, Fe, Zn and K levels), and accordingly the related hormonal status (increased T4 and PTH, and lowered T3 and aldosterone levels), particularly in soft drink-received rats reflecting brain damage. Additionally, significant increment of acetylcholine esterase activity concomitant with the reduction of antioxidant molecules (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH), and induction of malondialdehyde level are precisely indicative of oxidative brain damage. Brain mRNA transcripts of target genes showed that aspartame and soft drink induced upregulation of BAX, Casp3, P27 and Mdm2 (1.5-fold) and down-regulation of Bcl2, suggesting an activation of cellular apoptosis. Collectively, subchronic aspartame and soft drink-induced brain damage in rats may be driven via a mechanism that involves energy production disruption, electrolytes and hormonal imbalance, increased oxidative stress and activation of molecular pathway of neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies in Diabetic Nephropathy: New Avenues for Calcium Dobesilate-Free Radical Scavenger and Growth Factor Inhibition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1909258. [PMID: 29082239 PMCID: PMC5634607 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1909258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and is responsible for 40–50% of all cases of end stage renal disease. The therapeutic strategies in diabetic nephropathy need to be targeted towards the pathophysiology of the disease. The earlier these therapeutic strategies can bring about positive effects on vascular changes and prevent the vasculature in patients with diabetes from deteriorating, the better the renal function can be preserved. Studies evaluating anti-inflammatory and antioxidative strategies in diabetic nephropathy demonstrate the need and value of these novel treatment avenues. CaD is an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug that has shown a unique, multitarget mode of action in several experimental studies and in different animal models of diabetic microvascular complications. On the molecular level, CaD reduces oxidative stress and inhibits growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factors. Recent findings have demonstrated a strong rationale for its use in reducing urine albumin excretion rate and markers of inflammation as well as improving endothelial function. Its beneficial effects make it an attractive therapeutic compound especially in the early stages of the disease. These findings, although promising, need further confirmation in prospective clinical trials with CaD.
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Abstract
Glycemic fluctuations, characterized by short-term oscillations in plasma glucose, are important when managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and may be considered a target of glucose-lowering therapies. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been used to evaluate the effects of different treatments on glycemic fluctuations. This review examines approaches to and the importance of minimizing glycemic fluctuations among patients with T2D. Measures of HbA1c, fructosamine, and glycated albumin reflect a long-term average of plasma glucose, and are therefore unable to provide an accurate measure of short-term glycemic oscillations. CGM provides accurate monitoring of real-time glucose fluctuations and has been used to investigate the effects of lifestyle and treatment on daily glycemic control. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated significant improvements in measures such as the mean amplitude of glucose excursions and standard deviation of CGM. Case studies of two patients with T2D utilizing CGM are also included in this review, which demonstrated that CGM was a useful tool for diagnosing unrecognized hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in situations in which it was impractical to check fingerstick concentrations. Altogether, the evidence suggests that glycemic fluctuations are a potential target to consider when managing T2D. CGM allows for the real-time evaluation of glycemic fluctuations and may assist in the development of an individualized treatment plan to adequately control short-term oscillations in blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Dandona
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, USA
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104
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Montes-Nieto R, Insenser M, Murri M, Fernández-Durán E, Ojeda-Ojeda M, Martínez-García MÁ, Luque-Ramírez M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in young adults: Obesity increases fasting levels only in men whereas glucose ingestion, and not protein or lipid intake, increases postprandial concentrations regardless of sex and obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28722287 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Oxidative stress and damage participate in the pathophysiology of obesity and its metabolic complications. We studied the influence of sex, obesity, and ingestion of different macronutrients on fasting and postprandial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which can be considered as an index of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 19 men and 17 women, out of whom nine men and eight women had obesity. We collected blood samples in the fasting state and, on alternate days, following the ingestion of 300 kcal in the form of glucose, lipids, or proteins. Fasting TBARS concentrations correlated with waist circumference and were increased in obese men compared with nonobese men. This increase was not, however, observed in women. TBARS concentrations showed a marked increase following the ingestion of glucose in parallel to the increase in plasma glucose when considering all subjects as a whole, but did not increase after the oral intake of lipids and proteins. CONCLUSION Plasma TBARS concentrations are increased in the fasting state only in obese men in association with abdominal adiposity, and increases markedly after the ingestion of glucose, but not after oral intake of lipids and proteins, regardless of sex and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Montes-Nieto
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Insenser
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mora Murri
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Durán
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Ojeda-Ojeda
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez-García
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Luque-Ramírez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor F Escobar-Morreale
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
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Saha SK, Lee SB, Won J, Choi HY, Kim K, Yang GM, Dayem AA, Cho SG. Correlation between Oxidative Stress, Nutrition, and Cancer Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1544. [PMID: 28714931 PMCID: PMC5536032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate or excessive nutrient consumption leads to oxidative stress, which may disrupt oxidative homeostasis, activate a cascade of molecular pathways, and alter the metabolic status of various tissues. Several foods and consumption patterns have been associated with various cancers and approximately 30-35% of the cancer cases are correlated with overnutrition or malnutrition. However, several contradictory studies are available regarding the association between diet and cancer risk, which remains to be elucidated. Concurrently, oxidative stress is a crucial factor for cancer progression and therapy. Nutritional oxidative stress may be induced by an imbalance between antioxidant defense and pro-oxidant load due to inadequate or excess nutrient supply. Oxidative stress is a physiological state where high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are generated. Several signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis can additionally control ROS generation and regulate ROS downstream mechanisms, which could have potential implications in anticancer research. Cancer initiation may be modulated by the nutrition-mediated elevation in ROS levels, which can stimulate cancer initiation by triggering DNA mutations, damage, and pro-oncogenic signaling. Therefore, in this review, we have provided an overview of the relationship between nutrition, oxidative stress, and cancer initiation, and evaluated the impact of nutrient-mediated regulation of antioxidant capability against cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jihye Won
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Lixandru D, Alexandru P, Mihai A, Roşca A, Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C, Braşoveanu LI, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B. Decreased paraoxonase 2 enzymatic activity in monocyte/macrophages cells. A comparative in vivo and in vitro study for diabetes. Free Radic Res 2017. [PMID: 28637359 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1344983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mᴓ) paraoxonase 2 (PON2) in diabetes and the factors modulating its activity. METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with newly diagnosed uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus were compared regarding clinical, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters with 80 healthy subjects. The capacity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) to release pro-oxidants and to neutralise them was determined by measuring the respiratory burst (RB) and the intracellular antioxidant enzyme PON2. In vitro experiments were conducted on a differentiated monocytes cell line (dU937) that was exposed to serum deprivation followed by addition of isolated lipoproteins (VLDL or LDL). RESULTS Paraoxonase 2 activity in Mo/Mᴓ was significantly lower in type 2 diabetes patients (0.042 ± 0.044 vs 0.165 ± 0.133U lactonase activity/mg protein in controls, p < .0005) and decreased in the obese in all groups. It was inversely correlated to parameters of adiposity (BMI and Waist Circumference), of glucose control (blood glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In multivariate regression models, 15-34% of the PON2 variance was explained by diabetes. The in vitro addition of VLDL normalised the RB of serum deprived dU937 cells, S- (to 82 ± 18% of the cells incubated with serum, S+) and PON2 activity (from 0.524 ± 0.061 in S - to 0.298 ± 0.048 U/mg protein). In contrast, when LDL was added, the RB remained lower (61 ± 12% of S+, p = .03) and PON2 higher (0.580 ± 0.030 U/mg protein, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in monocyte/macrophage PON2 enzymatic activity observed in type 2 diabetes cannot be totally explained by abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. The underlying molecular mechanisms need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lixandru
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - P Alexandru
- b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - A Mihai
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,c National Institute of Diabetes , Nutrition and Metabolic Disease "Prof. N. Paulescu" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - A Roşca
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - C Ionescu-Tîrgovişte
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" , Bucharest , Romania.,c National Institute of Diabetes , Nutrition and Metabolic Disease "Prof. N. Paulescu" , Bucharest , Romania
| | - L I Braşoveanu
- d Center of Immunology, Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - B Manuel-Y-Keenoy
- e Department of Pharmacy , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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107
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Markers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Romanian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050714. [PMID: 28468307 PMCID: PMC6154306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with obesity. The adipose tissue secretes bioactive adipokines leading to low grade inflammation, amplified by oxidative stress, which promotes the formation of advanced glycation end products and eventually leads to dyslipidemia and vascular complications. The aim of this study was to correlate anthropometric, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in newly diagnosed (ND) T2DM patients and to investigate the role of oxidative stress in T2DM associated with obesity. A group of 115 ND- T2DM patients was compared to a group of 32 healthy subjects in terms of clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. ND-T2DM patients had significantly lower adiponectin, glutathione (GSH) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) and elevated insulin, proinsulin, HOMA-IR index, proinsulin/insulin (P/I) and proinsulin/adiponectin (P/A) ratio, fructosamine, and total oxidant status (TOS). The total body fat mass was positively correlated with total oxidant status (TOS). Positive correlations were found between TOS and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and between TOS and glycaemia. Negative correlations were identified between: GPx and glycaemia, GPx and HbA1c, and also between GSH and fructosamine. The total antioxidant status was negatively correlated with the respiratory burst. The identified correlations suggest the existence of a complex interplay between diabetes, obesity and oxidative stress.
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108
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Cho K, Moon JS, Kang JH, Jang HB, Lee HJ, Park SI, Yu KS, Cho JY. Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals urinary biomarkers for discriminating obese from normal-weight adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:93-101. [PMID: 26910390 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood and adolescent obesity may lead to obesity and related complications in adulthood. Biomarkers of obesity can be useful for screening for obesity complications and promoting early intervention during school age. Thus, the metabolomic differences in obese children and adolescents should be investigated for identification of potential biomarkers. OBJECTIVES We investigated urinary biomarkers to distinguish metabolomic characteristics between obesity and normal weight in adolescents. METHODS Adolescent subjects were divided into non-obese (n = 91) and obese (n = 93) groups according to body mass index. Untargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling of urine was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (LC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS), LC-MS/MS and flow injection analysis-MS/MS systems, respectively. RESULTS Multivariate statistical analysis showed clear discrimination between the untargeted metabolomes of non-obese and obese groups. Seven endogenous metabolites were distinguished in the obese group, and inflammation-related metabolite markers showed strong predictive power for group classification. From targeted metabolomics, 45 metabolites mostly related to inflammation were significantly different in the obese group. CONCLUSIONS Significantly different metabolome signatures were identified between normal-weight and obese adolescents. Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomics demonstrated that inflammation-driven insulin resistance, ammonia toxicity and oxidative stress may represent crucial metabolomic signatures in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Research Institute, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H B Jang
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - S I Park
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - K-S Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-Y Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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109
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Effects of glucose ingestion on circulating inflammatory mediators: Influence of sex and weight excess. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:522-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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110
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Wang L, Chen H, Xu J, Xu Q, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang L, Song L. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormones directly modulate the immune response of hemocytes in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:164-174. [PMID: 28089897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A robust immune response against invading pathogens is crucial for host to survive, which depends greatly on the well balance of metabolism. Increasing evidence has indicated that some metabolic hormones, such as insulin, could modulate immune responses directly. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family is a group of ecdysozoans-specific peptide hormone involved in glucose metabolism and other biological events. In the present study, two members of CHH family (designated as LvCHH I and LvCHH II) in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with one and two crustacean neurohormone domains respectively were chosen to investigate their putative modulatory roles in both glucose metabolism and immune response. LvCHH I and LvCHH II were both expressed in the sinus gland and lamina ganglionalis of eyestalks and were significantly induced after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Meanwhile, significant increases of hemolymph glucose levels were observed in shrimp at 12 and 24 h after WSSV infection while the glucose inside the hemocytes decreased at 6 h and then increased at 12 h. Gain-of-function of rLvCHHs was subsequently conducted in vivo by injecting the recombinant proteins (rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II). The hemolymph glucose increased significantly from 0.5 h to 3 h after the shrimps received an injection of rLvCHH I, while it decreased at 0.5 h and increased afterward at 3 h post rLvCHH II injection. At the meantime, significant decreases of reactive oxygen species level in hemocytes were observed at 3 h and 6 h post rLvCHH I injection, while it remained unchanged in rLvCHH II injection group. rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II could bind to the cytomembrane of primary shrimp hemocytes in vitro, and the expressions of superoxide dismutase and LvRelish increased when the hemocytes were incubated with rLvCHH I for 3 h. Meanwhile, the expression of antimicrobial peptides, crustin and penaeidin-4, were also induced by rLvCHH I and rLvCHH II. These results demonstrated that host immune response, in addition to glucose metabolism, could be directly modulated by LvCHH family, and the present study provided new insights into the immunomodulation role of metabolic hormones in invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Yin WJ, Yi YH, Guan XF, Zhou LY, Wang JL, Li DY, Zuo XC. Preprocedural Prediction Model for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004498. [PMID: 28159819 PMCID: PMC5523753 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Several models have been developed for prediction of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN); however, they only contain patients receiving intra‐arterial contrast media for coronary angiographic procedures, which represent a small proportion of all contrast procedures. In addition, most of them evaluate radiological interventional procedure‐related variables. So it is necessary for us to develop a model for prediction of CIN before radiological procedures among patients administered contrast media. Methods and Results A total of 8800 patients undergoing contrast administration were randomly assigned in a 4:1 ratio to development and validation data sets. CIN was defined as an increase of 25% and/or 0.5 mg/dL in serum creatinine within 72 hours above the baseline value. Preprocedural clinical variables were used to develop the prediction model from the training data set by the machine learning method of random forest, and 5‐fold cross‐validation was used to evaluate the prediction accuracies of the model. Finally we tested this model in the validation data set. The incidence of CIN was 13.38%. We built a prediction model with 13 preprocedural variables selected from 83 variables. The model obtained an area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.907 and gave prediction accuracy of 80.8%, sensitivity of 82.7%, specificity of 78.8%, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 61.5%. For the first time, 3 new factors are included in the model: the decreased sodium concentration, the INR value, and the preprocedural glucose level. Conclusions The newly established model shows excellent predictive ability of CIN development and thereby provides preventative measures for CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yin
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Hu Yi
- Xiangya School of Medical Science of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guan
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling-Yun Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Wang
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dai-Yang Li
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Zuo
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Exercise and Glycemic Control: Focus on Redox Homeostasis and Redox-Sensitive Protein Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28529499 PMCID: PMC5418238 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, excess energy consumption, and obesity are associated with elevated systemic oxidative stress and the sustained activation of redox-sensitive stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Sustained SAPK activation leads to aberrant insulin signaling, impaired glycemic control, and the development and progression of cardiometabolic disease. Paradoxically, acute exercise transiently increases oxidative stress and SAPK signaling, yet postexercise glycemic control and skeletal muscle function are enhanced. Furthermore, regular exercise leads to the upregulation of antioxidant defense, which likely assists in the mitigation of chronic oxidative stress-associated disease. In this review, we explore the complex spatiotemporal interplay between exercise, oxidative stress, and glycemic control, and highlight exercise-induced reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive protein signaling as important regulators of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker, ,
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
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Young AMH, Adams H, Donnelly J, Guilfoyle MR, Fernandes H, Garnett MR, Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Plummer M, Agrawal S, Hutchinson PJ. Glycemia Is Related to Impaired Cerebrovascular Autoregulation after Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Observational Study. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:205. [PMID: 28993802 PMCID: PMC5622298 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A strong association exists between hyperglycemia and outcome in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Herein, we describe observations of serum markers of glucose metabolism in a cohort of pediatric TBI patients and how these variables are related to parameters of intracranial pathophysiology. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on pediatric severe TBI patients admitted to Addenbrookes Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) between January 2001 and December 2013. Demographic, outcome, systemic physiological, and cerebral autoregulatory data were extracted for patients who had received continuous invasive monitoring (ICM+, Cambridge Enterprise, Cambridge, UK). Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model. RESULTS Forty-four patients with an average age of 12.2 years were admitted to the PICU with a TBI requiring invasive neurosurgical monitoring. Thirty-two patients (73%) survived, with favorable outcomes in 62%. The mean (SD) intracranial pressure (ICP) was 17.6 + 9.0 mmHg, MAP was 89.7 + 9.0 mmHg, and pressure-reactivity index (PRx) was -0.01 + 0.23 a.u. The mean (SD) serum lactate was 2.2 (3.3) mmol/L. and the mean (SD) serum glucose was 6.1 (1.6) mmol/L. Early hyperglycemia was strongly associated with both PRx (Pearson correlation 0.351, p < 0.001) and ICP (Pearson correlation 0.240, p = 0.002) death (p = 0.021) and impaired cerebral autoregulation (p = 0.02). There was a strong association between ICP and serum lactate (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Increases in systemic glucose are associated with impaired cerebrovasular autoregulation after severe pediatric TBI. Moreover, deranged blood glucose is a marker of poor prognosis. Further studies are required to delineate putative mechanisms of hyperglycemia induced cerebral harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M H Young
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hadie Adams
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew R Guilfoyle
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Fernandes
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew R Garnett
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Czosnyka
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Plummer
- Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Justicia C, Salas-Perdomo A, Pérez-de-Puig I, Deddens LH, van Tilborg GAF, Castellví C, Dijkhuizen RM, Chamorro Á, Planas AM. Uric Acid Is Protective After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Hyperglycemic Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:294-305. [PMID: 27981484 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia at stroke onset is associated with poor long-term clinical outcome in numerous studies. Hyperglycemia induces intracellular acidosis, lipid peroxidation, and peroxynitrite production resulting in the generation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the ischemic tissue. Here, we studied the effects of acute hyperglycemia on in vivo intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, neutrophil recruitment, and brain damage after ischemia/reperfusion in mice and tested whether the natural antioxidant uric acid was protective. Hyperglycemia was induced by i.p. administration of dextrose 45 min before transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 24 h to measure lesion volume. A group of normoglycemic and hyperglycemic mice received an i.v. injection of micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIOs), conjugated with either anti-ICAM-1 antibody or control IgG, followed by T2*w MRI. Neutrophil infiltration was studied by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. A group of hyperglycemic mice received an i.v. infusion of uric acid (16 mg/kg) or the vehicle starting after 45 min of reperfusion. ICAM-1-targeted MPIOs induced significantly larger MRI contrast-enhancing effects in the ischemic brain of hyperglycemic mice, which also showed more infiltrating neutrophils and larger lesions than normoglycemic mice. Uric acid reduced infarct volume in hyperglycemic mice but it did not prevent vascular ICAM-1 upregulation and did not significantly reduce the number of neutrophils in the ischemic brain tissue. In conclusion, hyperglycemia enhances stroke-induced vascular ICAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration and exacerbates the brain lesion. Uric acid reduces the lesion size after ischemia/reperfusion in hyperglycemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Justicia
- Departament d'Isquemia Cerebral i Neurodegeneracio, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Angélica Salas-Perdomo
- Departament d'Isquemia Cerebral i Neurodegeneracio, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Pérez-de-Puig
- Departament d'Isquemia Cerebral i Neurodegeneracio, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisette H Deddens
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Castellví
- Departament d'Isquemia Cerebral i Neurodegeneracio, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Departament d'Isquemia Cerebral i Neurodegeneracio, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rossello 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hwang JS, Kwon MY, Kim KH, Lee Y, Lyoo IK, Kim JE, Oh ES, Han IO. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated iNOS Induction Is Increased by Glucosamine under Normal Glucose Conditions but Is Inhibited by Glucosamine under High Glucose Conditions in Macrophage Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1724-1736. [PMID: 27927986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory effect of glucosamine (GlcN) for the production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) under various glucose conditions in macrophage cells. At normal glucose concentrations, GlcN dose dependently increased LPS-stimulated production of NO/iNOS. However, GlcN suppressed NO/iNOS production under high glucose culture conditions. Moreover, GlcN suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNAs under 25 mm glucose conditions yet did not inhibit up-regulation under 5 mm glucose conditions. Glucose itself dose dependently increased LPS-induced iNOS expression. LPS-induced MAPK and IκB-α phosphorylation did not significantly differ at normal and high glucose conditions. The activity of LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and DNA binding of c-Rel to the iNOS promoter were inhibited under high glucose conditions in comparison with no significant changes under normal glucose conditions. In addition, we found that the LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation as well as DNA binding of c-Rel to the iNOS promoter were further increased by GlcN under normal glucose conditions. However, both O-GlcNAcylation and DNA binding of c-Rel decreased under high glucose conditions. The NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression under high glucose conditions but it did not influence iNOS induction under normal glucose conditions. In addition, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibited NF-κB DNA binding and c-Rel O-GlcNAcylation only under high glucose conditions. By blocking transcription with actinomycin D, we found that stability of LPS-induced iNOS mRNA was increased by GlcN under normal glucose conditions. These results suggest that GlcN regulates inflammation by sensing energy states of normal and fuel excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Hwang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Mi-Youn Kwon
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hong Kim
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jieun E Kim
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- the Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Kucukaydın Z, Duran C, Basaran M, Camlica F, Erdem SS, Basaran A, Kutlu O, Burnik FS, Elmas H, Gonen MS. Plasma total oxidant and antioxidant status after oral glucose tolerance and mixed meal tests in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1139-48. [PMID: 27300033 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin resistance (IR) and increased oxidative stress (OS) are the characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and mixed meal tests (MMT) on plasma total oxidant (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in patients with PCOS and the relationship between these parameters and IR, calculated via homeostasis of model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda's insulin sensitivity index (ISI) derived from OGTT and MMT. METHODS Twenty-two patients with PCOS, and age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched 20 women as controls were enrolled into the study. Five-hour OGTT and MMT were performed on different days, and before and after these tests, plasma TOS and TAS levels were investigated. IR was calculated with HOMA-IR and Matsuda's ISI. RESULTS HOMA-IR levels were higher in patients with PCOS, compared to controls, while Matsuda's ISI derived from OGTT and MMT was higher in controls. Plasma TOS levels before OGTT and MMT were higher in patients with PCOS than controls, while TAS levels were similar. After OGTT, plasma TOS levels became decreased at 5th hour, when compared to baseline values in PCOS group. Likewise, the same decrement was found in controls, but the decrement was not significant. After OGTT and MMT at 5th hour, no changes were observed in TAS levels, compared to baseline. CONCLUSION Matsuda's ISIs derived from OGTT and MMT can be used instead of each other, and interestingly, we found a decrease in TOS levels after OGTT in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Kucukaydın
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Cevdet Duran
- Division of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Meram Yeniyol, 42100, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Basaran
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Sami Said Erdem
- Division of Biochemistry, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Basaran
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Orkide Kutlu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Sevimli Burnik
- Division of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Halis Elmas
- Division of Internal Medicine, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sait Gonen
- Division of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Luna P, Guarner V, Farías JM, Hernández-Pacheco G, Martínez M. Importance of Metabolic Memory in the Development of Vascular Complications in Diabetic Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:1369-78. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Effects of exchanging carbohydrate or monounsaturated fat with saturated fat on inflammatory and thrombogenic responses in subjects with abdominal obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1250-1258. [PMID: 27642057 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Modification of the amount and type of dietary fat has diverse effects on cardiovascular risk. METHODS We recruited 54 abdominally obese subjects to participate in a prospective cross-over design, single-blind trial comparing isocaloric 2000 kcal MUFA or carbohydrate-enriched diet with SFA-enriched diet (control). The control diet consisted of 15E% protein, 53E% carbohydrate and 32E% fat (12E% SFA, 13E% MUFA). A total of ∼7E% of MUFA or refined carbohydrate was exchanged with SFA in the MUFA-rich and carbohydrate-rich diets respectively for 6-weeks. Blood samples were collected at fasting upon trial commencement and at week-5 and 6 of each dietary-intervention phase to measure levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β), C-reactive protein (CRP), thrombogenic markers (E-selectin, PAI-1, D-dimer) and lipid subfractions. Radial pulse wave analysis and a 6-h postprandial mixed meal challenge were carried out at week-6 of each dietary intervention. Blood samples were collected at fasting, 15 and 30 min and hourly intervals thereafter till 6 h after a mixed meal challenge (muffin and milkshake) with SFA or MUFA (872.5 kcal, 50 g fat, 88 g carbohydrates) or CARB (881.3 kcal, 20 g fat, 158 g carbohydrates)- enrichment corresponding to the background diets. RESULTS No significant differences in fasting inflammatory and thrombogenic factors were noted between diets (P > 0.05). CARB meal was found to increase plasma IL-6 whereas MUFA meal elevated plasma D-dimer postprandially compared with SAFA meal (P < 0.05). Comparing the 3 meals, there were similar postprandial elevations in IL-6 and D-dimer and postprandial reductions in PAI-1, augmentation index and pressure (time effect: P < 0.05). CARB diet was found to reduce HDL3 by 7.8% and increase small dense HDL (sdHDL) by 8.6% compared with SFA diet (P < 0.05). SFA diet increased large HDL subfractions compared with both CARB and MUFA diets by 4.9% and 6.6% (P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the evidence presented in this study suggests that the replacement of SFA with MUFA or refined carbohydrates may not improve inflammatory and thrombogenic markers in abdominally overweight individuals. Indeed increased refined carbohydrates consumption adversely impacts fasting HDL subfractions. This trial was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier no. NCT01665482.
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Chouthai NS, Sobczak H, Khan R, Subramanian D, Raman S, Rao R. Hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcome in newborn infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2016; 8:125-31. [PMID: 26410436 DOI: 10.3233/npm-15814075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Both, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are common in infants with HIE. The relationship between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and immediate outcome has not been well described. METHODS A retrospective analysis of newborn infants with HIE (N = 56) was conducted. Blood glucose concentrations recorded during the first 96 hours were noted. Glucose levels of infants who underwent TH (TH group, N = 20) were compared with those that did not undergo TH (No-TH group, N = 36). The relationship between blood glucose and mortality and/or moderate/severe disability was determined. RESULTS Mean ± SD blood glucose concentration during the first 24 hours of age was significantly higher in the TH group (148 ± 65 mg/dl), compared with the No-TH group (113 ± 50 mg/dl; p = 0.02), despite a lower glucose infusion rate in the former (4.05 ± 1.77 mg/kg/hr vs. 5.36 ± 2.51 mg/kg/hr; p = 0.04). One hundred percent of infants (n = 9) in the TH group with blood glucose levels >200 mg/dl during the first 24 hours of age died or had moderate/severe disability, compared with 54.5% of those with blood glucose <200 mg/dl in this group (p = 0.03). A similar effect was not present in the No-TH group. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia on the first day portends poor outcome in newborn infants undergoing TH for HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin S Chouthai
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Holly Sobczak
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Reshma Khan
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Divya Subramanian
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sim Raman
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Smit JWA, Romijn JA. Acute Insulin Resistance in Myocardial Ischemia: Causes and Consequences. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 10:215-9. [PMID: 16959753 DOI: 10.1177/1089253206291153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular mortality because of multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. Acute stress-induced hyper-glycemia during acute myocardial infarction has gained much attention, as blood glucose levels seem to be an independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction–related death. Clinical studies that identify stress-induced hyperglycemia as a risk factor are reviewed and its causes are discussed. They can be summarized as the consequence of acute insulin resistance, which in its turn is caused by stress hormones and by proinflammatory cytokines. Hyperglycemia causes the release of proinflammatory cytokines, the induction of reactive radicals, alterations in cardiovascular substrate metabolism, and propagation of coagulation and apoptosis. These all have harmful effects during and after acute myocardial infarction. Recommendations are for strict glycemic control in hyperglycemic patients with acute myocar-dial infarction, although the target glucose level is still a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseasis, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Protein/amino-acid modulation of bone cell function. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:827. [PMID: 28149508 PMCID: PMC5238414 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fats) have traditionally been thought of as fuels simply providing the energy for cellular metabolic activity. According to the classic view, if nutrients are available, then anabolic pathways are activated, and if nutrients are not available, catabolic pathways are activated. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that nutrient effects on bone cells (stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts) are complex, some nutrients promote bone formation, whereas others interfere with bone formation or actually promote bone break down. At an organ level, nutrient intake can suppress bone breakdown and modulate the activity of the calcium/vitamin D/parathyroid hormone axis. At a cellular level, nutrient intake can impact cellular energetics either through a direct mechanism (binding or uptake of the nutrient into the cell) or indirect (by elevating nutrient-related hormones such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 or incretin hormones). It is also becoming clear that within a nutrient class (for example, protein), individual components (that is, amino acids) can have markedly different effects on cell function and impact bone formation. The focus of this review will be on one nutrient class in particular, dietary protein. As the prevalence of inadequate dietary protein intake increases with age, these findings may have translational implications as to the optimal dietary protein content in the setting of age-associated bone loss.
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Di Marco E, Gray S, Chew P, Kennedy K, Cooper M, Schmidt H, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Differential effects of NOX4 and NOX1 on immune cell-mediated inflammation in the aortic sinus of diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1363-1374. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are central mediators of atherosclerosis particularly in the context of diabetes. The potential interactions between the major producers of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes and immune-inflammatory processes remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study we investigated the roles of the NADPH oxidase subunit isoforms, NOX4 and NOX1, in immune cell activation and recruitment to the aortic sinus atherosclerotic plaque in diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Plaque area analysis showed that NOX4- and NOX1-derived ROS contribute to atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus following 10 weeks of diabetes. Immunohistochemical staining of the plaques revealed that NOX4-derived ROS regulate T-cell recruitment. In addition, NOX4-deficient mice showed a reduction in activated CD4+ T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of the aortic sinus coupled with reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression in the aortic sinus. Conversely, NOX1-derived ROS appeared to play a more important role in macrophage accumulation. These findings demonstrate distinct roles for NOX4 and NOX1 in immune-inflammatory responses that drive atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Di Marco
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Gray
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phyllis Chew
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kit Kennedy
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E. Cooper
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harald H.H.W. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A.M. Jandeleit-Dahm
- Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lattanzi S, Bartolini M, Provinciali L, Silvestrini M. Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Functional Outcome after Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:1786-1791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Salazar JJ, Ennis WJ, Koh TJ. Diabetes medications: Impact on inflammation and wound healing. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:746-52. [PMID: 26796432 PMCID: PMC4834268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a common complication in patients with diabetes that often lead to amputation. These non-healing wounds are described as being stuck in a persistent inflammatory state characterized by accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages, cytokines and proteases. Some medications approved for management of type 2 diabetes have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties independent of their marketed insulinotropic effects and thus have underappreciated potential to promote wound healing. In this review, the potential for insulin, metformin, specific sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to promote healing is evaluated by reviewing human and animal studies on inflammation and wound healing. The available evidence indicates that diabetic medications have potential to prevent wounds from becoming arrested in the inflammatory stage of healing and to promote wound healing by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulating growth factors, lowering matrix metalloproteinases, stimulating angiogenesis, and increasing epithelization. However, no clinical recommendations currently exist on the potential for specific diabetic medications to impact healing of chronic wounds. Thus, we encourage further research that may guide physicians on providing personalized diabetes treatments that achieve glycemic goals while promoting healing in patients with chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Salazar
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William J Ennis
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Preinjury Fed State Alters the Physiologic Response in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Polytrauma. Shock 2016; 44 Suppl 1:103-13. [PMID: 25565641 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemorrhagic shock and injury lead to dramatic changes in metabolic demands and continue to be a leading cause of death. We hypothesized that altering the preinjury metabolic state with a carbohydrate load prior to injury would affect subsequent metabolic responses to injury and lead to improved survival. METHODS Sixty-four pigs were randomized to fasted (F) or carbohydrate prefeeding (CPF) groups and fasted 12 h prior to experiment. The CPF pigs received an oral carbohydrate load 1 h prior to anesthesia. All pigs underwent a standardized injury/hemorrhagic shock protocol. Physiologic parameters and laboratory values were obtained at set time points. RESULTS Carbohydrate prefeeding did not convey a survival benefit; instead, CPF animals had greater mortality rates (47% vs. 28%; P = 0.153; log-rank [Mantel-Cox]). Carbohydrate prefeeding animals also had higher rates of acute lung injury (odds ratio, 4.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-16.3) and altered oxygen utilization. Prior to shock and throughout resuscitation, CPF animals had significantly higher serum glucose levels than did the F animals. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate prefeeding did not provide a survival benefit to swine subjected to hemorrhagic shock and polytrauma. Carbohydrate prefeeding led to significantly different metabolic profile than in fasted animals, and prefeeding led to a greater incidence of lung injury, increased multiorgan dysfunction, and altered oxygen utilization.
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Fatani SH, Babakr AT, NourEldin EM, Almarzouki AA. Lipid peroxidation is associated with poor control of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S64-S67. [PMID: 26806326 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which results in an imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant defense system of the cells. A positive correlation was reported between lipid peroxide levels and diabetic complication. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the state of oxidative stress in controlled and uncontrolled diabetic patients. METHODS One hundred thirty nine participants were included in this study, grouped as: Group-I: Healthy Control group of non-diabetic normal subjects, Group-II: Controlled type-2 DM group of subjects with type-2 DM and HbA1c≤8% and Group-III: Uncontrolled type-2 DM group of subjects with type-2 DM and HbA1c>8%. Fasting blood glucose, 2h postprandial glucose, MDA and HbA1c were quantified. The association between diabetic control and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was evaluated. RESULTS The mean HbA1c increased significantly in uncontrolled type-2 DM subjects compared to controlled type-2 DM group. Lipid peroxidation as expressed in MDA was significantly increased in uncontrolled type-2 DM group compared to controlled type-2 DM, both groups show significant elevation in this parameter compared to healthy subjects. There is a significant positive correlation between MDA and HbA1c in the studied subjects. CONCLUSION The core problem during diabetes is poor glycemic control, which leads to protein glycation, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and finally varieties of complications. Periodic evaluation of lipid peroxidation products in diabetes mellitus is recommended as it could contribute to the early identification and management of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Hassan Fatani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, K.S.A., Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullatif Taha Babakr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, K.S.A., Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Abdalla A Almarzouki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, K.S.A., Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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Uppalapati A, Gogineni S, Espiritu JR. Association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 10:652-658. [PMID: 26774499 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is characterised by chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation. Elevated FeNO levels reflect airway inflammation in various lung diseases including asthma. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from NHANES 2007-2010. Participants younger than 20 years old with history of cough/cold symptoms in the past 7 days, smoking, exercise in the previous hour, consumption of nitric oxide rich meats/vegetables, or use of inhaled corticosteroids during the previous 2 days were excluded. BMI (in kg/m2) was divided in to 4 categories: underweight (UW) (0-18.5), Normal (N) (≥18.5 to <25), Overweight (OW) (≥25 and <30) and Obese (O) ≥30. RESULTS There were a total of 149,629,652 weighted participants: UW (22,235,218), N (45,021,536), OW (5,1670,522) and O (50,199,974); 50.36% were men and 49.63% were women. The mean age increased with BMI category [p<.0001]. Mean FeNO levels (in ppb) increased with increasing BMI category: UW (12.52±1.05) N (16.25±0.64), OW (16.62±0.34), and O (16.78±0.39) [p=0.0035]. FEV1/FVC (%) decreased with increasing BMI category: UW (80.68) compared to N (78.51), OW (77.67) and O (78.72) [p=0.0014]. There is a weak yet statistically significant correlation between FeNO levels and both age, BMI. Multivariate analysis predicting FeNO based on BMI category, adjusting for age, gender, race and airway obstruction found age less than 60 years, male gender, certain races and UW BMI category were associated with statistically significantly lower FeNO levels. CONCLUSIONS Older age and male gender are associated with increased FeNO levels. Controlling for age, gender, and race, obese individuals have a statistically significantly higher FENO than underweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Uppalapati
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sindhura Gogineni
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R Espiritu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Yang CM, Lin CC, Hsieh HL. High-Glucose-Derived Oxidative Stress-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression from Astrocytes Contributes to the Neuronal Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:470-483. [PMID: 26742524 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An elevated level of glucose has been found in the blood of hyperglycemia and diabetes patients associated with several central nervous system (CNS) complications. These disorders may be due to the up-regulation of many neurotoxic mediators by host cells triggered by high glucose (HG). Moreover, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a crucial role in tissue pathological changes such as brain injuries. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HG-induced HO-1 expression in brain cells remain poorly defined. Thus, we use the rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1) as a model to investigate the signaling mechanisms of HO-1 induction by HG and its effects on neuronal cells. We demonstrated that HG induced HO-1 expression via a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway. NADPH oxidase (Nox)- and mitochondrion-dependent ROS generation led to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and then activated the downstream transcriptional factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and c-Fos/activator protein 1 (AP-1), respectively. Subsequently, the activated NF-κB and AP-1 turned on transcription of HO-1 gene. These results indicated that in brain astrocytes, activation of MAPK-mediated NF-κB and c-Fos/AP-1 cascades by Nox/ROS and mitoROS-dependent events is essential for HO-1 up-regulation induced by HG. Moreover, we found that HG-induced extracellular ROS increase and HO-1 expression from astrocytes resulted in neuronal apoptosis. These results offers new insights into the mechanisms and effects of the action of HG, supporting that HG may cause brain disorders in the development of diabetes- and hyperglycemia-induced CNS complications such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Gui-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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129
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is comprised of a cluster of closely related risk factors, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; all of which increase the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A chronic state of inflammation appears to be a central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS. In this review, we summarize recent research which has provided insight into the mechanisms by which inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of the individual components of MetS including visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. On the basis of these mechanisms, we summarize therapeutic modalities to target inflammation in the MetS and its individual components. Current therapeutic modalities can modulate the individual components of MetS and have a direct anti-inflammatory effect. Lifestyle modifications including exercise, weight loss, and diets high in fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and low in saturated fat and glucose are recommended as a first line therapy. The Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets are especially beneficial and have been shown to prevent development of MetS. Moreover, the Mediterranean diet has been associated with reductions in total and cardiovascular mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists lower high levels of triglyceride; their role in targeting inflammation is reviewed. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers comprise pharmacologic therapies for hypertension but also target other aspects of MetS including inflammation. Statin drugs target many of the underlying inflammatory pathways involved in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tarec K Elajami
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Stentz FB, Brewer A, Wan J, Garber C, Daniels B, Sands C, Kitabchi AE. Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2016; 4:e000258. [PMID: 27843552 PMCID: PMC5093372 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Remission of pre-diabetes to normal is an important health concern which has had little success in the past. This study objective was to determine the effect on remission of pre-diabetes with a high protein (HP) versus high carbohydrate (HC) diet and effects on metabolic parameters, lean and fat body mass in prediabetic, obese subjects after 6 months of dietary intervention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited and randomized 24 pre-diabetes women and men to either a HP (30% protein, 30% fat, 40% carbohydrate; n=12) or HC (15% protein, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate; n=12) diet feeding study for 6 months in this randomized controlled trial. All meals were provided to subjects for 6 months with daily food menus for HP or HC compliance with weekly food pick-up and weight measurements. At baseline and after 6 months on the respective diets oral glucose tolerance and meal tolerance tests were performed with glucose and insulin measurements and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. RESULTS After 6 months on the HP diet, 100% of the subjects had remission of their pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance, whereas only 33.3% of subjects on the HC diet had remission of their pre-diabetes. The HP diet group exhibited significant improvement in (1) insulin sensitivity (p=0.001), (2) cardiovascular risk factors (p=0.04), (3) inflammatory cytokines (p=0.001), (4) oxidative stress (p=0.001), (5) increased percent lean body mass (p=0.001) compared with the HC diet at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This is the first dietary intervention feeding study, to the best of our knowledge, to report 100% remission of pre-diabetes with a HP diet and significant improvement in metabolic parameters and anti-inflammatory effects compared with a HC diet at 6 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT0164284.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie B Stentz
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Amy Brewer
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Jim Wan
- Departments of Preventive Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Channing Garber
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Blake Daniels
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Chris Sands
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
| | - Abbas E Kitabchi
- Departments of Medicine , The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee , USA
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131
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Bhata V, Nayak BS. Renoprotective Effects, Protein Thiols and Liver Glycogen Content of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Different Fractions of Heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:1843-1846. [PMID: 26749811 DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to be a pathogenic factor in the development of diabetic complications. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different fractions of heart wood of Pterocarpus marsupium on antioxidant enzyme like protein thiols and also check the efficacy of the extract for the protection of the renal function in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The present study also investigates the levels of liver glycogen which are considered as the best biomarker for assaying the hypoglycemic activity of any drug. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan dissolved in saline, while the normal control group was given propylene glycol. Diabetes induced animals were randomly assigned into different groups. Blood samples were collected from all the experimental and control groups. Estimation of urea, uric acid and creatinine along with protein thiols was made on day 30 only. At the end, all the animals were sacrificed to collect liver tissue to analyze glycogen content. The 30 days treatment with various extracts (75 mg/kg body wt) significantly lowered protein thiol levels, which probably represents increased utilization for neutralizing free radicals. There was no significant increase in the levels of renal parameters in the extract treated groups which revealed that the employed dose of the extract is nontoxic to the kidney. There was also a significant decrease in the glycogen content in insulin and alcohol-extract treated groups and should be encouraging for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The extract showed a promising antioxidant effect, as well as hypoglycemic activity, and should be encouraged for the treatment of diabetes.
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132
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Paul SK, Klein K, Thorsted BL, Wolden ML, Khunti K. Delay in treatment intensification increases the risks of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:100. [PMID: 26249018 PMCID: PMC4528846 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of delay in treatment intensification (IT; clinical inertia) in conjunction with glycaemic burden on the risk of macrovascular events (CVE) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was carried out using United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink, including T2DM patients diagnosed from 1990 with follow-up data available until 2012. RESULTS In the cohort of 105,477 patients mean HbA1c was 8.1% (65 mmol/mol) at diagnosis, 11% had a history of cardiovascular disease, and 7.1% experienced at least one CVE during 5.3 years of median follow-up. In patients with HbA1c consistently above 7/7.5% (53/58 mmol/mol, n = 23,101/11,281) during 2 years post diagnosis, 26/22% never received any IT. Compared to patients with HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol), in patients with HbA1c ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol), a 1 year delay in receiving IT was associated with significantly increased risk of MI, stroke, HF and composite CVE by 67% (HR CI: 1.39, 2.01), 51% (HR CI: 1.25, 1.83), 64% (HR CI: 1.40, 1.91) and 62% (HR CI: 1.46, 1.80) respectively. One year delay in IT in interaction with HbA1c above 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) was also associated with similar increased risk of CVE. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, 22% remained under poor glycaemic control over 2 years, and 26% never received IT. Delay in IT by 1 year in conjunction with poor glycaemic control significantly increased the risk of MI, HF, stroke and composite CVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy K Paul
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Kerenaftali Klein
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | | | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Garcia-Anguita A, Kakourou A, Tsilidis KK. Biomarkers of Inflammation and Immune Function and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015; 11:250-258. [PMID: 26321888 PMCID: PMC4550652 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A substantial number of prospective epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the association between biomarkers of inflammation and immune function and risk of colorectal cancer. Although pre-diagnostic concentrations of these biomarkers, especially C-reactive protein, have been associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer in some studies, this association does not seem to have a robust support without hints of bias. Future prospective studies should evaluate multiple inflammatory biomarkers with longitudinal measures over the follow-up taking advantage of new multiplex cytokine quantification arrays and use more sophisticated joint or biomarker pattern statistical approaches to capture the complex and dynamic interplay between biomarkers and risk of colorectal cancer. Large collaborative consortia and Mendelian randomization studies should be encouraged to diminish the threat of biases and improve the reliability of this literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garcia-Anguita
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Artemisia Kakourou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Park JH, Cho KI, Nam H, Choe NH, Suh JG. Anti-apoptotic effects of silk fibroin hydrolysate in RIN5F cell on high glucose condition. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1042045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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135
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Kim E, Kim YS, Kim KM, Jung S, Yoo SH, Kim Y. D-Xylose as a sugar complement regulates blood glucose levels by suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats and by enhancing glucose uptake in vitro. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 10:11-8. [PMID: 26865911 PMCID: PMC4742304 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more frequently diagnosed and is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. D-Xylose, a sucrase inhibitor, may be useful as a functional sugar complement to inhibit increases in blood glucose levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of D-xylose both in vitro and stretpozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced models in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: (i) normal control; (ii) diabetic control; (iii) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 5% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose; and (iv) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 10% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose. These groups were maintained for two weeks. The effects of D-xylose on blood glucose levels were examined using oral glucose tolerance test, insulin secretion assays, histology of liver and pancreas tissues, and analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) expression in liver tissues of a STZ-NA-induced experimental rat model. Levels of glucose uptake and insulin secretion by differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and INS-1 pancreatic β-cells were analyzed. RESULTS In vivo, D-xylose supplementation significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels (P < 0.05), it slightly reduced the area under the glucose curve, and increased insulin levels compared to the diabetic controls. D-Xylose supplementation enhanced the regeneration of pancreas tissue and improved the arrangement of hepatocytes compared to the diabetic controls. Lower levels of PEPCK were detected in the liver tissues of D-xylose-supplemented rats (P < 0.05). In vitro, both 2-NBDG uptake by C2C12 cells and insulin secretion by INS-1 cells were increased with D-xylose supplementation in a dose-dependent manner compared to treatment with glucose alone. CONCLUSIONS In this study, D-xylose exerted anti-diabetic effects in vivo by regulating blood glucose levels via regeneration of damaged pancreas and liver tissues and regulation of PEPCK, a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of gluconeogenesis. In vitro, D-xylose induced the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and the secretion of insulin cells by β-cells. These mechanistic insights will facilitate the development of highly effective strategy for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sangwon Jung
- R&D center, TS Corporation, Incheon 400-201, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, BK21 Plus Team, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
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136
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Brotfain E, Hadad N, Shapira Y, Avinoah E, Zlotnik A, Raichel L, Levy R. Neutrophil functions in morbidly obese subjects. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:156-63. [PMID: 25809538 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine different peripheral blood neutrophil functions in 18 morbidly obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) ranging between 35 and 69 kg/m(2) in parallel with age- and gender-matched lean controls. Peripheral blood neutrophil functions of obese subjects and matched lean controls were determined. Neutrophils of obese subjects showed significant elevation of the release of basal superoxides (P < 0.0001), formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated superoxides (P < 0.0001) and opsonized zymosan (OZ)-stimulated superoxides (P < 0.045) compared with lean controls. Interestingly, there were no differences in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated superoxide production by neutrophils of the obese subjects and controls. There was also a significant elevation of chemotactic (P < 0.0003) and random (P < 0.0001) migration of neutrophils from obese subjects compared with lean controls. Phagocytosis, CD11b surface expression and adherence of neutrophils from obese subjects were not significantly different from those of the lean controls. The elevated superoxide production and chemotactic activity, together with the normal phagocytosis and adherence, suggest that neutrophils from obese subjects are primed and have the capability to combat infections. However, neutrophils in the priming state may participate in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brotfain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
| | - N Hadad
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
| | - Y Shapira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
| | - E Avinoah
- Department of General Surgery A, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka Medical University Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - A Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
| | - L Raichel
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
| | - R Levy
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
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137
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McCullough LE, Eng SM, Bradshaw PT, Cleveland RJ, Steck SE, Terry MB, Shen J, Crew KD, Rossner P, Ahn J, Ambrosone CB, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair and oxidative stress pathways may modify the association between body size and postmenopausal breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:263-9. [PMID: 25703993 PMCID: PMC4369423 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is associated with increased bioavailability of estrogen, hyperinsulinemia, and chronic inflammation, all of which may promote tumor growth. Given DNA repair and oxidative stress pathways may work together with these mechanisms to influence carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that genetic variation in these pathways may modify the obesity-postmenopausal breast cancer (BC) association. METHODS Resources from a population-based case-control study (990 cases and 970 controls) were used to construct logistic regression models. Body mass index (BMI, weight [kilogram]/height [square meter]) was assessed 1 year before reference date. We characterized interactions between BMI and 29 genetic polymorphisms in oxidative stress and DNA repair pathways. RESULTS Age-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for postmenopausal BC were 1.24 (1.00-1.52) and 1.35 (1.09-1.71) for 25 ≥ BMI < 30 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2), respectively. We observed multiplicative interactions (P ≤ .05) for eight gene polymorphisms in DNA repair and oxidative stress pathways. For example, among MPO variant allele carriers, obesity was associated with a twofold increased risk of postmenopausal BC (2.13 [1.35-3.36]); however, in wild-type homozygotes, the relationship was less pronounced (1.33 [0.93-1.89]). Our findings were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS Obesity may be particularly deleterious for postmenopausal BC development in the presence of biologically plausible DNA repair or oxidative stress genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sybil M Eng
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Katherine D Crew
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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Wang B, Sun J, Li L, Zheng J, Shi Y, Le G. Regulatory effects of resveratrol on glucose metabolism and T-lymphocyte subsets in the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. Food Funct 2015; 5:1452-63. [PMID: 24812660 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is often associated with immune dysfunction. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), which has well-founded immunity-related beneficial properties, was used to elucidate the regulatory effect on glucose metabolism and T-lymphocyte subsets in the development of HFD-induced obesity. Resveratrol, being associated with decreases of plasma leptin and plasma lipids and the release of oxidative stress, significantly decreased the body weight and fat masses in HF mice after 26 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, resveratrol decreased the fasting blood glucose and fasting plasma insulin and increased the CD3(+)CD4(+)/CD3(+)CD8(+) subsets percentages and the regulatory T cells (Tregs) production after 13 and 26 weeks of feeding. The results indicate that resveratrol, as an effective supplement for HFD, maintained glucose homeostasis by activating the PI3K and SIRT1 signaling pathways. Moreover, resveratrol activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression to alleviate inflammation by protecting against oxidative damage and T-lymphocyte subset-related chronic inflammatory response in the development of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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139
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Riboldi BP, Luft VC, de Castilhos CD, de Cardoso LO, Schmidt MI, Barreto SM, de Sander MF, Alvim SM, Duncan BB. Glucose and triglyceride excursions following a standardized meal in individuals with diabetes: ELSA-Brasil study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:21. [PMID: 25855488 PMCID: PMC4329202 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess glucose and triglyceride excursions 2 hours after the ingestion of a standardized meal and their associations with clinical characteristics and cardiovascular complications in individuals with diabetes. Research design and methods Blood samples of 898 subjects with diabetes were collected at fasting and 2 hours after a meal containing 455 kcal, 14 g of saturated fat and 47 g of carbohydrates. Self-reported morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics and clinical measures were obtained by interview and exams performed at the baseline visit of the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Results Median (interquartile range, IQR) for fasting glucose was 150.5 (123–198) mg/dL and for fasting triglycerides 140 (103–199) mg/dL. The median excursion for glucose was 45 (15–76) mg/dL and for triglycerides 26 (11–45) mg/dL. In multiple linear regression, a greater glucose excursion was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin (10.7, 95% CI 9.1–12.3 mg/dL), duration of diabetes (4.5; 2.6–6.4 mg/dL, per 5 year increase), insulin use (44.4; 31.7–57.1 mg/dL), and age (6.1; 2.5–9.6 mg/dL, per 10 year increase); and with lower body mass index (−5.6; −8.4– -2.8 mg/dL, per 5 kg/m2 increase). In adjusted logistic regression models, a greater glucose excursion was marginally associated with the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and angina) in those with obesity. Conclusions A greater postprandial glycemic response to a small meal was positively associated with indicators of a decreased capacity for insulin secretion and negatively associated with obesity. No pattern of response was observed with a greater postprandial triglyceride excursion.
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140
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Vajapey R, Rini D, Walston J, Abadir P. The impact of age-related dysregulation of the angiotensin system on mitochondrial redox balance. Front Physiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25505418 PMCID: PMC4241834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). A main rate-controlling step in RAS is renin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II binds with equal affinity to two main angiotensin receptors—type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). The binding of Ang II to AT1R activates NADPH oxidase, which leads to increased generation of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Ang II-AT1R–NADPH-ROS signal triggers the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and mitochondrial ROS production in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, RAS has been implicated in the decrease of many of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby leading to detrimental levels of free radicals in the cell. AT2R is less understood, but evidence supports an anti-oxidative and mitochondria-protective function for AT2R. The overlap between age related changes in RAS and mitochondria, and the consequences of this overlap on age-related diseases are quite complex. RAS dysregulation has been implicated in many pathological conditions due to its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased age-related, renal and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction was seen in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The aim of this review is to: (a) report the most recent information elucidating the role of RAS in mitochondrial redox hemostasis and (b) discuss the effect of age-related activation of RAS on generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Vajapey
- School of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - David Rini
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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141
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Timmins-Schiffman E, Coffey WD, Hua W, Nunn BL, Dickinson GH, Roberts SB. Shotgun proteomics reveals physiological response to ocean acidification in Crassostrea gigas. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:951. [PMID: 25362893 PMCID: PMC4531390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocean acidification as a result of increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions is occurring in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. The coastal ocean experiences additional daily and seasonal fluctuations in pH that can be lower than projected end-of-century open ocean pH reductions. In order to assess the impact of ocean acidification on marine invertebrates, Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were exposed to one of four different p CO2 levels for four weeks: 400 μatm (pH 8.0), 800 μatm (pH 7.7), 1000 μatm (pH 7.6), or 2800 μatm (pH 7.3). RESULTS At the end of the four week exposure period, oysters in all four p CO2 environments deposited new shell, but growth rate was not different among the treatments. However, micromechanical properties of the new shell were compromised by elevated p CO2. Elevated p CO2 affected neither whole body fatty acid composition, nor glycogen content, nor mortality rate associated with acute heat shock. Shotgun proteomics revealed that several physiological pathways were significantly affected by ocean acidification, including antioxidant response, carbohydrate metabolism, and transcription and translation. Additionally, the proteomic response to a second stress differed with p CO2, with numerous processes significantly affected by mechanical stimulation at high versus low p CO2 (all proteomics data are available in the ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD000835). CONCLUSIONS Oyster physiology is significantly altered by exposure to elevated p CO2, indicating changes in energy resource use. This is especially apparent in the assessment of the effects of p CO2 on the proteomic response to a second stress. The altered stress response illustrates that ocean acidification may impact how oysters respond to other changes in their environment. These data contribute to an integrative view of the effects of ocean acidification on oysters as well as physiological trade-offs during environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - William D Coffey
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Wilber Hua
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Brook L Nunn
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355065, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Steven B Roberts
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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142
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Kong X, Ma MZ, Huang K, Qin L, Zhang HM, Yang Z, Li XY, Su Q. Increased plasma levels of the methylglyoxal in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes 2. J Diabetes 2014; 6:535-40. [PMID: 24720446 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive-dicarbonyl that is thought to contribute to the development of diabetes either as a precursor for advanced glycation end products or as a direct toxin. The present study was designed to determine plasma MG level in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate the relationship between MG and other parameters, such as oxidative stress and metabolic indices. METHODS Methylglyoxal was measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry in plasma from 48 subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM. The relationship between two variables was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of plasma MG and other parameters. RESULTS Plasma MG level in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (65.2 ± 19.2 ng/mL) were significantly higher than that in control individuals (40.1 ± 11.1 ng/mL, P < 0.05). The plasma level of MG was positively correlated with the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, r = 0.670, P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA, r = 0.694, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that both HbA1c and MDA are significant independent determinants of plasma MG level. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased plasma MG level is associated with the elevation of HbA1c and MDA in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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143
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Chang T, Neelakandan C, DeFine L, Alexander T, Kyu T. Effects of glucose on cell viability and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of phytochemicals and phytochemically modified membranes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11993-2001. [PMID: 25247624 DOI: 10.1021/jp5080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of antioxidant and anti-inflammable properties, plant-derived phytochemicals such as mangiferin and genistein have attracted considerable attention for functionalization of polymeric hemodialysis (HD) membranes via solution blending. In-vitro dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay of the genistein-modified membranes revealed drastic reduction in the level of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, mangiferin-modified HD membrane manifested the pro-oxidant activity. We suspected that such difference in ROS generation may be attributed to the glucose unit on the xanthone backbone of mangiferin. This hypothesis was confirmed by comparing the ROS levels of genistein versus genistin, and mangiferin versus xanthone and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone. Phytochemicals without the glucose unit show better antioxidant property related to the glycosides. Anti-inflammatory property was further conducted by measuring the level of TNF-α in blood after contacting with the same selected phytochemicals. Of particular interest is that the glucose unit promotes the generation of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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144
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Wan Z, Durrer C, Mah D, Simtchouk S, Robinson E, Little JP. Reduction of AMPK activity and altered MAPKs signalling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to acute glucose ingestion following a short-term high fat diet in young healthy men. Metabolism 2014; 63:1209-16. [PMID: 25037151 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are known to respond to systematic changes in nutrient availability. The impact of a short-term high fat diet (HFD), with and without acute glucose ingestion, on the energy-sensing enzyme 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins in PBMCs is currently unknown. METHODS Nine healthy, lean young males participated in a 7 day HFD intervention, designed to induce transient glucose intolerance. The phosphorylation status and total protein content of AMPK and inflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and total OXPHOS protein in PBMCs, along with circulating cytokines, were assessed in the fasted state and following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after the HFD. RESULTS One week of HFD resulted in relative glucose intolerance. The HFD resulted in a reduction of AMPK phosphorylation under fasting basal conditions and following the OGTT (both P<0.05), while there were no differences in OXPHOS protein expression. Although the short-term HFD had no effect on basal phosphorylation of p38, JNK or ERK1/2, the activation of MAPKs signalling in response to glucose ingestion was attenuated post-HFD as compared to pre-HFD (P<0.05 for all). Circulating cytokines were not significantly affected by the HFD. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that impaired glucose tolerance in response to 7 day HFD resulted in decreased AMPK activity and impaired glucose-stimulated MAPK activation following glucose ingestion in vivo in PBMCs from young, lean subjects. Further studies are warranted to explore how dietary manipulations impact interplay between AMPK and inflammatory signalling, along with immune function, in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wan
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cody Durrer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dorrian Mah
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Robinson
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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145
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Wei CH, Litwin SE. Hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: is serum glucose the provocateur or innocent bystander? Diabetes 2014; 63:2209-12. [PMID: 24962919 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Wei
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Sheldon E Litwin
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
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146
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Mahalle N, Kulkarni MV, Naik SS, Garg MK. Association of dietary factors with insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in subjects with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease in Indian population. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:536-41. [PMID: 24746438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation have been implicated in pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Dietary factors have been reported to be associated to insulin resistance and inflammation. Hence, we studied the association of dietary factors with IR and inflammation in known patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease with the hypothesis that carbohydrate and fat will be positively; and protein, fiber and mineral will be negatively associated with IR and inflammatory markers. METHODS Three hundred patients (M: 216; F: 84, age: 25-92) who had coronary disease on angiography were included in this study consecutively. All patients were evaluated for anthropometry and cardiovascular risk factors, and blood samples were collected for biochemical and inflammatory markers. Nutrition assessment was done once at the time of recruitment, based on 24h dietary recall. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Diabetic patients had significantly lower protein and total dietary fiber intake as compared to non diabetics. Diabetic patients had lower intake of vitamin A, riboflavin and vitamin B12. There was significantly lower intake of minerals by diabetic patients. Dietary carbohydrate and fat were positively, and protein and dietary fiber intakes were negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and IL-6. There was no correlation of individual amino acids with HOMA-IR but showed strong negative correlation with inflammatory markers (hsCRP; IL-6 and TNF-α). Intake of vitamins and minerals was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and inflammatory markers. There is a strong correlation between dietary factors, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahalle
- Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center, Biochemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Erandawane, Pune-411004, India; Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune.
| | - M V Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune
| | - S S Naik
- Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center, Biochemistry Section, Department of Pathology, Erandawane, Pune-411004, India; Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune
| | - M K Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune
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147
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Bialasiewicz P, Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Krol M, Glusac J, Nowak P, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Addition of strawberries to the usual diet decreases resting chemiluminescence of fasting blood in healthy subjects-possible health-promoting effect of these fruits consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:274-87. [PMID: 24912053 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.870502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regular strawberry consumption augmented plasma antioxidant activity and decreased lipid peroxidation suggests preventive potential of these fruits against oxidative stress-dependent disorders. Blood phagocytes are important source of oxidants that may contribute to systemic oxidative stress. We examined the effect of strawberry consumption on the luminol enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) reflecting oxidants generation by circulating phagocytes in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-one healthy subjects (being on their usual diet) consumed 500 g of strawberry pulp daily (between 11.00-14.00) for 30 days (1st strawberry course) and after 10 day wash-out the cycle was repeated (2nd strawberry course). Fasting blood and spot morning urine samples were collected before and after each strawberry course for measuring resting and agonist (fMLP)-induced LBCL, various phenolics and plasma antioxidant activity. Twenty subjects served as a control in respect to LBCL changes over the study period. RESULTS Strawberry consumption decreased median resting LBCL and this effect was more evident after the 1st course (by 38.2%, p < 0.05) than after the the 2nd one (18.7%), while fMLP-induced LBCL was constant. No changes in LBCL were noted in controls. Strawberries increased fasting plasma levels of caffeic acid and homovanillic acid as well as urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid in spot urine. Plasma antioxidant activity and the number of circulating phagocytes did not change over the study period. Resting LBCL correlated positively with the number of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes at all occasions and negative correlation with plasma 4-hydroxyhippuric acid was noted especially after the first strawberry course (r = -0.46, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in resting LBCL suggests that regular strawberry consumption may suppress baseline formation of oxidants by circulating phagocytes. This may decrease the risk of systemic imbalance between oxidants and anti-oxidants and be one of mechanisms of health-promoting effect of these fruits consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bialasiewicz
- a Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , POLAND
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148
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Influence of acute exercise of varying intensity and duration on postprandial oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1913-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Short-term obesity results in detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular changes that may not be reversed with weight loss in an obese dog model. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:647-56. [PMID: 24877650 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The time course of metabolic and cardiovascular changes with weight gain and subsequent weight loss has not been elucidated. The goal of the present study was to determine how weight gain, weight loss and altered body fat distribution affected metabolic and cardiovascular changes in an obese dog model. Testing was performed when the dogs were lean (scores 4-5 on a nine-point scale), after ad libitum feeding for 12 and 32 weeks to promote obesity (>5 score), and after weight loss. Measurements included serum glucose and insulin, plasma leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein, echocardiography, flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure. Body fat distribution was assessed by computed tomography. Fasting serum glucose concentrations increased significantly with obesity (P< 0·05). Heart rate increased by 22 (SE 5) bpm after 12 weeks of obesity (P= 0·003). Systolic left ventricular free wall thickness increased after 12 weeks of obesity (P= 0·002), but decreased after weight loss compared with that observed in the lean phase (P= 0·03). Ventricular free wall thickness was more strongly correlated with visceral fat (r 0·6, P= 0·001) than with total body fat (r 0·4, P= 0·03) and was not significantly correlated with subcutaneous body fat (r 0·3, P= 0·1). The present study provides evidence that metabolic and cardiovascular alterations occur within only 12 weeks of obesity in an obese dog model and are strongly predicted by visceral fat. These results emphasise the importance of obesity prevention, as weight loss did not result in the return of all metabolic indicators to their normal levels. Moreover, systolic cardiac muscle thickness was reduced after weight loss compared with the pre-obesity levels, suggesting possible acute adverse cardiovascular effects.
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150
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Jauch-Chara K, Oltmanns KM. Glycemic control after brain injury: boon and bane for the brain. Neuroscience 2014; 283:202-9. [PMID: 24814022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon in the early phase of brain injury (BI). The management of blood glucose levels after BI, however, is subject of a growing debate. The occurrence of elevated blood glucose concentrations is linked to increased mortality and worse neurologic outcomes indicating the necessity for therapeutic glucose-lowering. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy, on the other hand, inevitably results in an increased rate of hypoglycemic episodes with detrimental effects on the injured brain. In this review, we give an overview on the current knowledge about causes and pathophysiological consequences of dysglycemia in patients with BI and offer some suggestions for clinical glucose management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jauch-Chara
- Division of Psychoneurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - K M Oltmanns
- Division of Psychoneurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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