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Khan MI, Adhami VM, Lall RK, Sechi M, Joshi DC, Haidar OM, Syed DN, Siddiqui IA, Chiu SY, Mukhtar H. YB-1 expression promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer that is inhibited by a small molecule fisetin. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2462-74. [PMID: 24770864 PMCID: PMC4058019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis. The transcription/translation regulatory Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is known to be associated with cancer metastasis. We observed that YB-1 expression increased with tumor grade and showed an inverse relationship with E-cadherin in a human PCa tissue array. Forced YB-1 expression induced a mesenchymal morphology that was associated with down regulation of epithelial markers. Silencing of YB-1 reversed mesenchymal features and decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in PCa cells. YB-1 is activated directly via Akt mediated phosphorylation at Ser102 within the cold shock domain (CSD). We next identified fisetin as an inhibitor of YB-1 activation. Computational docking and molecular dynamics suggested that fisetin binds on the residues from β1 - β4 strands of CSD, hindering Akt's interaction with YB-1. Calculated free binding energy ranged from -11.9845 to -9.6273 kcal/mol. Plasmon Surface Resonance studies showed that fisetin binds to YB-1 with an affinity of approximately 35 µM, with both slow association and dissociation. Fisetin also inhibited EGF induced YB-1 phosphorylation and markers of EMT both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively our data suggest that YB-1 induces EMT in PCa and identify fisetin as an inhibitor of its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Ozawa M, Kobayashi W. Reversibility of the Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition revealed by the Cre-loxP system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:608-613. [PMID: 25681770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in the tumor metastatic cascade, is characterized by the loss of cell-cell junctions and cell polarity, as well as the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. Snail is an EMT-inducer whose expression in several different epithelial cells, e.g., Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), leads to EMT. To further understand EMT induced by Snail expression, the Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system was used to investigate its reversibility. Transfection of MDCK cells with loxP-flanked Snail (Snail-loxP) resulted in EMT induction, which included the acquisition of a spindle-shaped fibroblastic morphology, the downregulation of epithelial markers, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers. DNA methylation of the E-cadherin promoter, which often occurs during E-cadherin downregulation, was not observed in Snail+ cells. After Cre-mediated excision of Snail-loxP, the cells reacquired an epithelial morphology, upregulated epithelial markers, and downregulated mesenchymal markers. Thus, EMT induced by Snail expression was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Wakako Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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103
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Combined silencing of TGF-β2 and Snail genes inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells under hypoxia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:875-84. [PMID: 25875044 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of scar-like fibrous tissue in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with hypoxia. Under hypoxia, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells can secret more transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), which is determined to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at certain concentrations. Whether hypoxia can induce EMT by stimulating RPE cell line secrets TGF-β2 or not remains unknown. To gain a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms of fibrosis in AMD under hypoxic conditions, we investigated EMT in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the effect of TGF-β2 and Snail in this process. METHODS Human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) was incubated with 5 % O2 for different periods of time. The expression of N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β2 , and Snail were determined by Western blot and real-time PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8 kit. RNA interference was used for multi-gene silencing of TGF-β2 and Snail genes. RESULTS N-cadherin was decreased and mesenchymal cell marker α-SMA was increased after the ARPE-19 cell line was incubated with 5 % O2. Meanwhile, the proliferation capability of the cell line was increased. TGF-β2 and Snail expression were increased in a time-dependent manner under hypoxia. After multi-silencing TGF-β2 and Snail genes, N-cadherin was increased and α-SMA was reduced. Meanwhile, the proliferation of the cell line was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Under hypoxic conditions, RPE cells undergo EMT. Endogenic TGF-β2 and Snail are involved in this process. Furthermore, knockdown of both TGF-β2 and Snail inhibited EMT to a greater extent than knockdown of either gene individually.
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Shiozaki A, Shimizu H, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Iitaka D, Nakashima S, Nako Y, Liu M, Otsuji E. Claudin 1 mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell migration in human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17863-17876. [PMID: 25548484 PMCID: PMC4273136 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of claudin 1 in the regulation of genes involved in cell migration and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced gene expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.
METHODS: Knockdown experiments were conducted with claudin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and the effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion were analyzed in human gastric adenocarcinoma MKN28 cells. The gene expression profiles of cells were analyzed by microarray and bioinformatics.
RESULTS: The knockdown of claudin 1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased apoptosis. Microarray analysis identified 245 genes whose expression levels were altered by the knockdown of claudin 1. Pathway analysis showed that the top-ranked molecular and cellular function was the cellular movement related pathway, which involved MMP7, TNF-SF10, TGFBR1, and CCL2. Furthermore, TNF- and nuclear frctor-κB were the top-ranked upstream regulators related to claudin 1. TNF-α treatment increased claudin 1 expression and cell migration in MKN28 cells. Microarray analysis indicated that the depletion of claudin 1 inhibited 80% of the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression changes. Further, TNF-α did not enhance cell migration in the claudin 1 siRNA transfected cells.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that claudin 1 is an important messenger that regulates TNF-α-induced gene expression and migration in gastric cancer cells. A deeper understanding of these cellular processes may be helpful in establishing new therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer.
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105
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García de Herreros A. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in tumor cells as consequence of phenotypic instability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:71. [PMID: 25566541 PMCID: PMC4264508 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years many articles have reported epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) induced by a myriad of gene products either when added to the cell medium or when transfected. Molecularly the EMT is characterized by the up-regulation of transcriptional factors (EMT-TFs) repressing the epithelial gene E-cadherin, a protein essential for the maintenance of the epithelial phenotype. These EMT-TFs are subjected to a complex regulation involving binary self-stimulatory loops, allowing the possibility of the amplification of input signals. The capability of EMT-TFs to promote an EMT is controlled by E-cadherin that limits the transcription of mesenchymal genes. We discuss here the differences between normal and tumor epithelial cells; in the latter a partial inactivation of E-cadherin function enables extracellular signals to be amplified and induce an EMT. This tumor cell phenotypic instability is exacerbated in cell culture conditions. Therefore, it is likely that many of the gene products reported to control this transition act only in very specific cell tumor cell lines; thus, in cells with an unstable phenotype due to pre-existing alterations in E-cadherin safeguard mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut Hospital del Mar d'investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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106
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Yi BR, Kim TH, Kim YS, Choi KC. Alteration of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in human normal ovaries and neoplastic ovarian cancers. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:272-80. [PMID: 25310727 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ovarian cancers originate in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Ovarian cancers might undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to various mediators or regulators such as EMT-inducing factors. In this study, ovarian tumor specimens from patients were analyzed to demonstrate alteration of EMT-related markers according to benign and malignant types of ovarian cancers. In the three ovarian cancer cell lines, OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, and BG-1, the expression of epithelial (E-cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) cell markers was identified by RNA and protein analysis. OVCAR-3 and BG-1 cells strongly expressed E-cadherin as well as morphological features such as epithelial cells, but vimentin was not observed. In contrast to these cancer cells, SKOV-3 showed a phenotype typical of mesenchymal cells. Alteration of EMT markers and EMT-related transcriptional factors were confirmed in clinical ovarian tissue samples obtained from 74 patients. E-cadherin was expressed in 57.1% of benign tumors, while vimentin was expressed in 83.3% of normal ovaries by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of E-cadherin and vimentin revealed the phenomenon in the tissue specimens. Evaluation of the EMT-associated transcriptional factors Snail, Slug, and Twist revealed that Snail was overexpressed by 7.1-fold in malignant ovarian cancer compared to normal ovaries or benign tumors. Although expression levels of other factors were higher in benign and malignant ovarian tumors, they were not closely correlated with the aforementioned ovarian cancer types. Overall, Snail may affect the EMT process in ovarian cancer development and upregulation of Snail expression followed by the downregulation of E-cadherin enhances the invasiveness of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Rim Yi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Cha JH, Wee HJ, Seo JH, Ahn BJ, Park JH, Yang JM, Lee SW, Lee OH, Lee HJ, Gelman IH, Arai K, Lo EH, Kim KW. Prompt meningeal reconstruction mediated by oxygen-sensitive AKAP12 scaffolding protein after central nervous system injury. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4952. [PMID: 25229625 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The meninges forms a critical epithelial barrier, which protects the central nervous system (CNS), and therefore its prompt reconstruction after CNS injury is essential for reducing neuronal damage. Meningeal cells migrate into the lesion site after undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and repair the impaired meninges. However, the molecular mechanisms of meningeal EMT remain largely undefined. Here we show that TGF-β1 and retinoic acid (RA) released from the meninges, together with oxygen tension, could constitute the mechanism for rapid meningeal reconstruction. AKAP12 is an effector of this mechanism, and its expression in meningeal cells is regulated by integrated upstream signals composed of TGF-β1, RA and oxygen tension. Functionally, AKAP12 modulates meningeal EMT by regulating the TGF-β1-non-Smad-SNAI1 signalling pathway. Collectively, TGF-β1, RA and oxygen tension can modulate the dynamic change in AKAP12 expression, causing prompt meningeal reconstruction after CNS injury by regulating the transition between the epithelial and mesenchymal states of meningeal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Cha
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Wee
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Bum Ju Ahn
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Yang
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- 1] SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea [2] Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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108
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Cadherin cytoplasmic domains inhibit the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, blocking desmosome and tight junction formation and inducing cell dissociation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105313. [PMID: 25121615 PMCID: PMC4133371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of E-cadherin function has fundamental consequences with respect to cancer progression, and occurs as part of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we show that the expression of the Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged cadherin cytoplasmic domain in cells inhibited the cell surface localization of endogenous E-cadherin, leading to morphological changes, the inhibition of junctional assembly and cell dissociation. These changes were associated with increased cell migration, but were not accompanied by the down-regulation of epithelial markers and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers. Thus, these changes cannot be classified as EMT. The cadherin cytoplasmic domain interacted with β-catenin or plakoglobin, reducing the levels of β-catenin or plakoglobin associated with E-cadherin, and raising the possibility that β-catenin and plakoglobin sequestration by these constructs induced E-cadherin intracellular localization. Accordingly, a cytoplasmic domain construct bearing mutations that weakened the interactions with β-catenin or plakoglobin did not impair junction formation and adhesion, indicating that the interaction with β-catenin or plakoglobin was essential to the potential of the constructs. E-cadherin–α-catenin chimeras that did not require β-catenin or plakoglobin for their cell surface transport restored cell–cell adhesion and junction formation.
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109
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Snail promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells in part via activation of nuclear ERK2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104987. [PMID: 25122124 PMCID: PMC4133359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Snail transcription factor is up-regulated in several cancers and associated with increased tumor migration and invasion via induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling regulates cellular processes including cell motility, adhesion, and invasion. We investigated the regulation of ERK1/2 by Snail in breast cancer cells. ERK1/2 activity (p-ERK) was higher in breast cancer patient tissue as compared to normal tissue. Snail and p-ERK were increased in several breast cancer cell lines as compared to normal mammary epithelial cells. Snail knockdown in MDA-MB-231 and T47-D breast cancer cells decreased or re-localized p-ERK from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasm. Snail overexpression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced EMT, increased cell migration, decreased cell adhesion and also increased tumorigenicity. Snail induced nuclear translocation of p-ERK, and the activation of its subcellular downstream effector, Elk-1. Inhibiting MAPK activity with UO126 or knockdown of ERK2 isoform with siRNA in MCF-7 Snail cells reverted EMT induced by Snail as shown by decreased Snail and vimentin expression, decreased cell migration and increased cell adhesion. Overall, our data suggest that ERK2 isoform activation by Snail in aggressive breast cancer cells leads to EMT associated with increased cell migration and decreased cell adhesion. This regulation is enhanced by positive feedback regulation of Snail by ERK2. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of ERK2 isoform may be beneficial for breast cancer.
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110
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Steinestel K, Eder S, Schrader AJ, Steinestel J. Clinical significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:17. [PMID: 25050175 PMCID: PMC4094902 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process where cells change their epithelial towards a mesenchymal phenotype, has gained overwhelming attention especially in the cancer research community. Thousands of scientific reports investigated changes in gene, mRNA and protein expression compatible with EMT and their possible correlation with tumor invasion, metastatic spread or patient prognosis; however, up to now, a proof of clinical significance of the concept is still missing. This review, with a main focus on the role of EMT in tumors, will summarize the basic molecular events underlying EMT including the signaling pathways capable of its induction as well as changes in EMT-associated protein expression and will very briefly touch the role of microRNAs in EMT. We then outline protein markers that are used most frequently for the assessment of EMT in research and diagnostic evaluation of tumor specimens and depict the link between EMT, a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and resistance to conventional antineoplastic therapies. Furthermore, we evaluate a possible correlation between EMT marker expression and patient prognosis as well as current therapeutic concepts targeting the EMT process to slow down or prevent metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Steinestel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Eder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
| | - Andres Jan Schrader
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
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111
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Sauer RS, Krug SM, Hackel D, Staat C, Konasin N, Yang S, Niedermirtl B, Bosten J, Günther R, Dabrowski S, Doppler K, Sommer C, Blasig IE, Brack A, Rittner HL. Safety, efficacy, and molecular mechanism of claudin-1-specific peptides to enhance blood–nerve–barrier permeability. J Control Release 2014; 185:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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112
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Abstract
The imbalance between bone formation and resorption during bone remodeling has been documented to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recent evidence suggests a significant role for the tight junction proteins, Claudins (Cldns), in the regulation of bone remodeling processes. In terms of function, whereas Cldns act "canonically" as key determinants of paracellular permeability, there is considerable recent evidence to suggest that Cldns also participate in cell signaling, ie, a "noncanonical function". To this end, Cldns have been shown to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression in a variety of cell types. The present review will discuss Cldns' structure, their expression profile, regulation of expression, and their canonical and non- canonical functions in general with special emphasis on bone cells. In order to shed light on the noncanonical functions of Cldns in bone, we will highlight the role of Cldn-18 in regulating bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Collectively, we hope to provide a framework for guiding future research on understanding how Cldns modulate osteoblast and osteoclast function and overall bone homeostasis. Such studies should provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, and may highlight Cldns as novel targets for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Alshbool
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (F.Z.A., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357; Departments of Medicine (S.M.), Biochemistry (S.M.), Physiology (S.M.), and Pharmacology (F.Z.A., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
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113
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Martin TA, Mason MD, Jiang WG. HGF and the regulation of tight junctions in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:213-24. [PMID: 24858137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) may impact the metastasis of prostate cancer via its action on prostate stem cells or their progeny. Tight junctions (TJs) are crucial to the process of metastasis and have been previously shown to be regulated by HGF. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of HGF on the function of TJs in human prostate epithelial, prostate stem cell-like and prostate cancer cell lines. Four human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, PZHPV-7, CaHPV-10), normal adult prostate parental epithelial cells (RWPE-1) and a stem cell-like derivative of RWPE-1 (WPE-STEM) were used to assess HGF-induced changes in TJs. A significant difference was noted in the behaviour between the WPE-STEM, RWPE-1 and the cancer cell lines which was HGF concentration-dependent. However, in the WPE-STEM cells, the effect was biphasic, with the cells seemingly resistant to HGF-modulated TJ disruption. Closer examination revealed that HGF affected the redistribution of ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 away from the TJs of confluent cells with concurrent loss of claudin-1 and claudin-5, and western blot analysis revealed a loss in TJ protein expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2. We demonstrated for the first time that HGF regulates TJ function in human prostate cells. Moreover, this regulation was dependent on the tumourigenicity of the cells, with the most aggressive cells most susceptible and the stem cell-like cells least susceptible. These data offer an intriguing glimpse of how TJs affect the behaviour of prostate cancer cells and how HGF modulates the expression and function of the molecules maintaining TJ structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Martin
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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114
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Brücher BL, Jamall IS. Epistemology of the origin of cancer: a new paradigm. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:331. [PMID: 24885752 PMCID: PMC4026115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenesis is widely thought to originate from somatic mutations and an inhibition of growth suppressors, followed by cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and risk of metastasis. Fewer than 10% of all cancers are hereditary; the ratio in gastric (1%), colorectal (3-5%) and breast (8%) cancers is even less. Cancers caused by infection are thought to constitute some 15% of the non-hereditary cancers. Those remaining, 70 to 80%, are called “sporadic,” because they are essentially of unknown etiology. We propose a new paradigm for the origin of the majority of cancers. Presentation of hypothesis Our paradigm postulates that cancer originates following a sequence of events that include (1) a pathogenic stimulus (biological or chemical) followed by (2) chronic inflammation, from which develops (3) fibrosis with associated changes in the cellular microenvironment. From these changes a (4) pre-cancerous niche develops, which triggers the deployment of (5) a chronic stress escape strategy, and when this fails to resolve, (6) a transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs. If we are correct, this paradigm would suggest that the majority of the findings in cancer genetics so far reported are either late events or are epiphenomena that occur after the appearance of the pre-cancerous niche. Testing the hypothesis If, based on experimental and clinical findings presented here, this hypothesis is plausible, then the majority of findings in the genetics of cancer so far reported in the literature are late events or epiphenomena that could have occurred after the development of a PCN. Our model would make clear the need to establish preventive measures long before a cancer becomes clinically apparent. Future research should focus on the intermediate steps of our proposed sequence of events, which will enhance our understanding of the nature of carcinogenesis. Findings on inflammation and fibrosis would be given their warranted importance, with research in anticancer therapies focusing on suppressing the PCN state with very early intervention to detect and quantify any subclinical inflammatory change and to treat all levels of chronic inflammation and prevent fibrotic changes, and so avoid the transition from a normal cell to a cancer cell. Implication of the hypothesis The paradigm proposed here, if proven, spells out a sequence of steps, one or more of which could be interdicted or modulated early in carcinogenesis to prevent or, at a minimum, slow down the progression of many cancers.
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115
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Li C, Ma H, Wang Y, Cao Z, Graves-Deal R, Powell AE, Starchenko A, Ayers GD, Washington MK, Kamath V, Desai K, Gerdes MJ, Solnica-Krezel L, Coffey RJ. Excess PLAC8 promotes an unconventional ERK2-dependent EMT in colon cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2172-87. [PMID: 24691442 DOI: 10.1172/jci71103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional program is characterized by repression of E-cadherin (CDH1) and induction of N-cadherin (CDH2), and mesenchymal genes like vimentin (VIM). Placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) has been implicated in colon cancer; however, how PLAC8 contributes to disease is unknown, and endogenous PLAC8 protein has not been studied. We analyzed zebrafish and human tissues and found that endogenous PLAC8 localizes to the apical domain of differentiated intestinal epithelium. Colon cancer cells with elevated PLAC8 levels exhibited EMT features, including increased expression of VIM and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), aberrant cell motility, and increased invasiveness. In contrast to classical EMT, PLAC8 overexpression reduced cell surface CDH1 and upregulated P-cadherin (CDH3) without affecting CDH2 expression. PLAC8-induced EMT was linked to increased phosphorylated ERK2 (p-ERK2), and ERK2 knockdown restored cell surface CDH1 and suppressed CDH3, VIM, and ZEB1 upregulation. In vitro, PLAC8 directly bound and inactivated the ERK2 phosphatase DUSP6, thereby increasing p-ERK2. In a murine xenograft model, knockdown of endogenous PLAC8 in colon cancer cells resulted in smaller tumors, reduced local invasion, and decreased p-ERK2. Using MultiOmyx, a multiplex immunofluorescence-based methodology, we observed coexpression of cytosolic PLAC8, CDH3, and VIM at the leading edge of a human colorectal tumor, supporting a role for PLAC8 in cancer invasion in vivo.
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116
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Li H, Li M, Xu D, Zhao C, Liu G, Wang F. Overexpression of Snail in retinal pigment epithelial triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:347-51. [PMID: 24607896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Snail transcription factor has been implicated as an important regulator in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during tumourigenesis and fibrogenesis. Our previous work showed that Snail transcription factor was activated in transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) induced EMT in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and may contribute to the development of retinal fibrotic disease such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). However, whether Snail alone has a direct role on retinal pigment epithelial-mesenchymal transition has not been investigated. Here, we analyzed the capacity of Snail to drive EMT in human RPE cells. A vector encoding Snail gene or an empty vector were transfected into human RPE cell lines ARPE-19 respectively. Snail overexpression in ARPE-19 cells resulted in EMT, which was characterized by the expected phenotypic transition from a typical epithelial morphology to mesenchymal spindle-shaped. The expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin and Zona occludin-1 (ZO-1) were down-regulated, whereas mesenchymal markers a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and fibronectin were up-regulated in Snail expression vector transfected cells. In addition, ectopic expression of Snail significantly enhanced ARPE-19 cell motility and migration. The present data suggest that overexpression of Snail in ARPE-19 cells could directly trigger EMT. These results may provide novel insight into understanding the regulator role of Snail in the development of retinal pigment epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Chun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliate of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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Exo70 isoform switching upon epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediates cancer cell invasion. Dev Cell 2014; 27:560-73. [PMID: 24331928 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important developmental process hijacked by cancer cells for their dissemination. Here, we show that Exo70, a component of the exocyst complex, undergoes isoform switching mediated by ESRP1, a pre-mRNA splicing factor that regulates EMT. Expression of the epithelial isoform of Exo70 affects the levels of key EMT transcriptional regulators such as Snail and ZEB2 and is sufficient to drive the transition to epithelial phenotypes. Differential Exo70 isoform expression in human tumors correlates with cancer progression, and increased expression of the epithelial isoform of Exo70 inhibits tumor metastasis in mice. At the molecular level, the mesenchymal-but not the epithelial-isoform of Exo70 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and stimulates actin polymerization for tumor invasion. Our findings provide a mechanism by which the exocyst function and actin dynamics are modulated for EMT and tumor invasion.
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118
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Wen YC, Chen WY, Lee WJ, Yang SF, Lee LM, Chien MH. Snail as a potential marker for predicting the recurrence of prostate cancer in patients at stage T2 after radical prostatectomy. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:169-73. [PMID: 24513541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We retrospectively investigated the relationship between immunohistochemical staining of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens for snail and cancer recurrence. METHODS Seventy-six patients with prostate cancer who underwent RP were enrolled, and 53 patients were ultimately collected whose cancer was pathologically defined as T2. We detected the expression of snail using tissue microarrays. The snail image score was determined by the intensity×tumor percentage, and a high score was defined as 8 (1-12 points). RESULTS The snail image scores and Gleason score sums were correlated with recurrence-free survival according to a log-rank test (p<0.05). In a Cox proportional hazard model, only a high snail image score (≥8) (hazard ratio (HR): 3.04, p=0.036) but not a high Gleason score sum (≥7) (HR: 1.33, p=0.215), and a more-advanced pathological T stage (T2c) (HR: 1.5, p=0.461) were significantly correlated with worse recurrence-free survival. The snail image score was determined to be an independent factor for predicting prostate cancer recurrence after RP. CONCLUSION In patients with pathological localized prostate cancer and a high snail image score in cancer tissue, adjuvant therapy might be suggested to prevent early biochemical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Wen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ming Lee
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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119
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Twiss F, Oldenkamp M, Hiemstra A, Zhou H, Matheron L, Mohammed S, de Rooij J. HGF signaling regulates Claudin-3 dynamics through its C-terminal tyrosine residues. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e27425. [PMID: 24665413 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.27425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone HGF regulates morphogenesis and regeneration of multiple organs and increased HGF signaling is strongly associated with metastatic cancer. At the cellular level, one of the distinct effects of HGF is the de-stabilization of cell-cell junctions. Several molecular mechanisms have been shown to be involved that mostly culminate at the E-cadherin adhesion complex. One of the key determinants in HGF-driven morphological changes is the actomyosin cytoskeleton whose organization and physical parameters changes upon stimulation. Here we have investigated how HGF affects the different actomyosin-associated cell-cell junction complexes, Nectin Junctions, Adherens Junctions and Tight Junctions in MDCK cells. We find that components of all complexes stay present at cell-cell contacts until their physical dissociation. We find that at cell-cell junctions, the mobility of Claudin-3, but not that of other cell-cell adhesion receptors, is affected by HGF. This depends on tyrosine residues that likely affect PDZ-domain interactions at the C-terminal tail of Claudin-3, although their phosphorylation is not directly regulated by HGF. Thus we uncovered Claudins as novel targets of HGF signaling at cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Twiss
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Oldenkamp
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Hiemstra
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Houjiang Zhou
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; The Netherlands Proteomics Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Lucrèce Matheron
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; The Netherlands Proteomics Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands ; The Netherlands Proteomics Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bebee TW, Cieply BW, Carstens RP. Genome-wide activities of RNA binding proteins that regulate cellular changes in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 825:267-302. [PMID: 25201109 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1221-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) are developmentally conserved processes that are essential for patterning of developing embryos and organs. The EMT/MET are further utilized in wound healing, but they can also be hijacked by cancer cells to promote tumor progression and metastasis. The molecular pathways governing these processes have historically focused on the transcriptional regulation and networks that control them. Indeed, global profiling of transcriptional changes has provided a wealth of information into how these networks are regulated, the downstream targets, and functional consequence of alterations to the global transcriptome. However, recent evidence has revealed that the posttranscriptional landscape of the cell is also dramatically altered during the EMT/MET and contributes to changes in cell behavior and phenotypes. While studies of this aspect of EMT biology are still in their infancy, recent progress has been achieved by the identification of several RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability, and translational control during EMT. This chapter focuses on the global impact of RBPs that regulate mRNA maturation as well as outlines the functional impact of several key posttranscriptional changes during the EMT. The growing evidence of RBP involvement in the cellular transformation during EMT underscores that a coordinated regulation of both transcriptional and posttranscriptional changes is essential for EMT. Furthermore, new discoveries into these events will paint a more detailed picture of the transcriptome during the EMT/MET and provide novel molecular targets for treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Bebee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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121
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Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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122
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Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a multistep process by which tumor cells disseminate from their primary site and form secondary tumors at a distant site. Metastasis occurs through a series of steps: local invasion, intravasation, transport, extravasation, and colonization. A developmental program termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Recent experimental and clinical studies have improved our knowledge of this dynamic program and implicated EMT and its reverse program, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), in the metastatic process. Here, we review the functional requirement of EMT and/or MET during the individual steps of tumor metastasis and discuss the potential of targeting this program when treating metastatic diseases.
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123
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Kim KJ, Godarova A, Seedle K, Kim MH, Ince TA, Wells SI, Driscoll JJ, Godar S. Rb suppresses collective invasion, circulation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in CD44-dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80590. [PMID: 24324613 PMCID: PMC3851742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast carcinomas (BLCs) present with extratumoral lymphovascular invasion, are highly metastatic, presumably through a hematogenous route, have augmented expression of CD44 oncoprotein and relatively low levels of retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor. However, the causal relation among these features is not clear. Here, we show that Rb acts as a key suppressor of multiple stages of metastatic progression. Firstly, Rb suppresses collective cell migration (CCM) and CD44-dependent formation of F-actin positive protrusions in vitro and cell-cluster based lymphovascular invasion in vivo. Secondly, Rb inhibits the release of single cancer cells and cell clusters into the hematogenous circulation and subsequent metastatic growth in lungs. Finally, CD44 expression is required for collective motility and all subsequent stages of metastatic progression initiated by loss of Rb function. Altogether, our results suggest that Rb/CD44 pathway is a crucial regulator of CCM and metastatic progression of BLCs and a promising target for anti-BLCs therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Retinoblastoma Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoblastoma Protein/genetics
- Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alzbeta Godarova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kari Seedle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tan A. Ince
- Department of Pathology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel Godar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang ZC, Yi MJ, Ran N, Wang C, Fu P, Feng XY, Xu L, Qu ZH. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces bronchial epithelial cells to mesenchymal transition by activating the Snail pathway and promotes airway remodeling in asthma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1663-8. [PMID: 24126595 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is characterized by airway wall thickening, subepithelial fibrosis, increased smooth muscle mass, angiogenesis and an increase in mucous glands, which may lead to a chronic and obstinate asthma with pulmonary function depression. In the present study, we observed substantially thickened lung tissue with extensive fibrosis in ovalbumin-sensitized mice, which was interrelated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that TGF-β1 resulted in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bronchial epithelial cells, which was characterized by the expected decrease in E-cadherin expression and the increase in vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin expression, as well as the associated increase in Snail expression at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the downregulation of Snail by small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated the TGF-β1‑induced EMT-like phenotype. Of note, a significantly increased synthesis of fibronectin was observed following TGF-β1 treatment, which further supported the hypothesis that EMT is a pivotal factor in peribronchial fibrosis. In combination, the results indicated that myofibroblasts deriving from bronchial epithelial cells via EMT may contribute to peribronchial fibrosis and that Snail may be an important factor in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chuan Yang
- Department of Child Health Care, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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125
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Lu Y, Yu L, Yang M, Jin X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Lin D, Liu Y, Wang M, Quan C. The effects of shRNA-mediated gene silencing of transcription factor SNAI1 on the biological phenotypes of breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 388:113-21. [PMID: 24293287 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To research the effects of silencing transcription factor SNAI1 on the in vitro biological phenotypes of breast cancer cell line MCF-7, based on the gene sequence of SNAI1, we linked shRNA with the green fluorescent protein-expressing eukaryotic expression vector pGCsilencer™ U6/Neo/GFP, and transfected it into MCF-7 cells. The SNAI1 gene-silencing effect was authenticated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. We then examined the effect of gene silencing on the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers and on their biological phenotypes of the target cells. Finally, we explained that SNAI1 was bound to E-cadherin in MCF-7 cells by ChIP. Silencing SNAI1 upregulated the expression of epithelial markers claudin-4, claudin-7, and E-cadherin, while expression of the mesenchymal marker matrix metalloproteinase-2 was downregulated. The capacity for proliferation, migration, and invasion was diminished. SNAI1 binds to the E-cadherin gene promoter and inhibits its transcription. We can conclude that silencing gene SNAI1 inhibits expression of properties that are associated with the malignant phenotype of MCF-7 cells and reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by regulating relevant target gene E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, 130021, Changchun, China
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126
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The transcription factor LEF-1 induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MDCK cells independent of β-catenin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:133-8. [PMID: 24269234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in the tumor metastatic cascade, is characterized by the loss of cell-cell junctions and cell polarity, as well as the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. LEF-1 is a member of the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor/T-cell factor (LEF/TCF) family of DNA-binding transcription factors, which interact with nuclear β-catenin and act as central transcriptional mediators of Wnt signaling. To investigate the role of LEF-1 in EMT, we generated stable LEF-1 transfectants using MDCK cells. The transfectants had a spindle-shaped mesenchymal morphology, and enhanced migration and invasiveness relative to control cells. These EMT changes were accompanied by the downregulation of an epithelial marker protein, E-cadherin, and the upregulation of mesenchymal marker proteins, vimentin and N-cadherin. Consistent with these observations, the mRNA levels of Slug, ZEB1, and ZEB2-EMT-related transcription factors-increased significantly. Although the N-terminally deleted mutant LEF-1 cannot interact with β-catenin, it retained the ability to induce EMT. Consistent with these observations, neither the expression of a dominant negative β-catenin/engrailed chimera, nor the expression of a cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin that sequesters β-catenin from binding to LEF/TCF, reversed LEF-1-induced EMT. Together, these data indicated that the nuclear function of β-catenin was not necessary for the induction of Slug, ZEB1, and ZEB2 expression leading to EMT.
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127
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Rao RK. Commentary: acetaldehyde and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colon. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:309-11. [PMID: 24236752 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elamin and colleagues in this issue report that acetaldehyde activates Snail, a transcription factor involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, in an intestinal epithelium. Snail mediates acetaldehyde-induced tight junction disruption and increase in paracellular permeability. Results of this study and other previous studies raise several important questions. This commentary addresses these questions by discussing the acetaldehyde concentration in colon, disruption of epical junctional complexes in the intestinal epithelium by acetaldehyde, and the consequence of long-term exposure to acetaldehyde on colonic epithelial regeneration, carcinogenesis, and metastases. The precise role of acetaldehyde in colonic epithelial modifications and promotion of colorectal cancers still remains to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna K Rao
- Department of Physiology (RKO), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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128
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p120 catenin: an essential regulator of cadherin stability, adhesion-induced signaling, and cancer progression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:409-32. [PMID: 23481205 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
p120 catenin is the best studied member of a subfamily of proteins that associate with the cadherin juxtamembrane domain to suppress cadherin endocytosis. p120 also recruits the minus ends of microtubules to the cadherin complex, leading to junction maturation. In addition, p120 regulates the activity of Rho family GTPases through multiple interactions with Rho GEFs, GAPs, Rho GTPases, and their effectors. Nuclear signaling is affected by the interaction of p120 with Kaiso, a transcription factor regulating Wnt-responsive genes as well as transcriptionally repressing methylated promoters. Multiple alternatively spliced p120 isoforms and complex phosphorylation events affect these p120 functions. In cancer, reduced p120 expression correlates with reduced E-cadherin function and with tumor progression. In contrast, in tumor cells that have lost E-cadherin expression, p120 promotes cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, p120 is required for Src-induced oncogenic transformation and provides a potential target for future therapeutic interventions.
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129
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Alvarez JI, Katayama T, Prat A. Glial influence on the blood brain barrier. Glia 2013; 61:1939-58. [PMID: 24123158 PMCID: PMC4068281 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is a specialized vascular structure tightly regulating central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Endothelial cells are the central component of the BBB and control of their barrier phenotype resides on astrocytes and pericytes. Interactions between these cells and the endothelium promote and maintain many of the physiological and metabolic characteristics that are unique to the BBB. In this review we describe recent findings related to the involvement of astroglial cells, including radial glial cells, in the induction of barrier properties during embryogenesis and adulthood. In addition, we describe changes that occur in astrocytes and endothelial cells during injury and inflammation with a particular emphasis on alterations of the BBB phenotype. GLIA 2013;61:1939–1958
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ivan Alvarez
- Neuroimmunology unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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130
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Samatov TR, Tonevitsky AG, Schumacher U. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: focus on metastatic cascade, alternative splicing, non-coding RNAs and modulating compounds. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:107. [PMID: 24053443 PMCID: PMC3848796 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in embryonic development and metastases formation during malignant progression. This review focuses on transcriptional regulation, non-coding RNAs, alternative splicing events and cell adhesion molecules regulation during EMT. Additionally, we summarize the knowledge with regard to the small potentially druggable molecules capable of modulating EMT for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur R Samatov
- SRC Bioclinicum, Ugreshskaya str 2/85, Moscow 115088, Russia.
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131
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Peglion F, Etienne-Manneville S. p120catenin alteration in cancer and its role in tumour invasion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130015. [PMID: 24062585 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1989 as a substrate of the Src oncogene, p120catenin has been revealed as an important player in cancer initiation and tumour dissemination. p120catenin regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity and cell proliferation and plays a pivotal role in morphogenesis, inflammation and innate immunity. The pleiotropic effects of p120catenin rely on its interactions with numerous partners such as classical cadherins at the plasma membrane, Rho-GTPases and microtubules in the cytosol and transcriptional modulators in the nucleus. Alterations of p120catenin in cancer not only concern its expression level but also its intracellular localization and can lead to both pro-invasive and anti-invasive effects. This review focuses on the p120catenin-mediated pathways involved in cell migration and invasion and discusses the potential consequences of major cancer-related p120catenin alterations with respect to tumour spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS URA 2582, , 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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132
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Martin TA, Lane J, Ozupek H, Jiang WG. Claudin-20 promotes an aggressive phenotype in human breast cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e26518. [PMID: 24665404 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.26518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-20 is a member of the Claudin family of transmembrane proteins located in the tight junction (TJ) of cells of epithelial origin. Due to the increasing evidence supporting the role of TJ proteins in preventing tumor cell metastatic behavior, this study sought to evaluate the distribution of Claudin-20 in human breast cancer and the effect of Claudin-20 overexpression in human breast cancer cells. Q-PCR data from breast cancer primary tumors (n = 114) and matched background tissue (n = 30) showed that high claudin-20 expression was correlated with poor survival of patients with breast cancer (p = 0.022). Following transformation of the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 with a Claudin-20 expression construct functional assays were performed to ascertain changes in cell behavior. Claudin-20 transformed cells showed significantly increased invasion (p < 0.005) and were significantly less adhesive than wild type cells (p < 0.05). There was no effect on growth (either in vitro or in vivo) for either cell line. Overexpression of Claudin-20 resulted in reduced transepithelial resistance (induced by the motogen HGF at 25 ng/ml, p = 0.0007). Interestingly, this was not mirrored by paracellular permeability, as overexpression of Claudin-20 caused a decrease in permeability. The introduction of Claudin-20 into human breast cancer cells resulted in breast cancer cells with an aggressive phenotype and reduced trans-epithelial resistance. There was no corresponding decrease in paracellular permeability, indicating that this Claudin has a differential function in epithelial TJ. This provides further insight into the importance of correctly functioning TJ in preventing the progression of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Martin
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Jane Lane
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Hulya Ozupek
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
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133
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Yang G, Yuan J, Li K. EMT transcription factors: implication in osteosarcoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:697. [PMID: 23975634 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, is a deadly disorder. Its etiology is complex, and treatment is mostly obscure. The transcription factors (TFs) involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) have significant role in osteosarcoma. A number of evidence suggests that overexpression of EMT-TFs, such as Twist, Snails and Zebs, is involved in complex pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Recent research studies have showed some extent of promise in osteosarcoma treatment by targeting these EMT-TFs. However, success in research on osteosarcoma-EMT-TFs axis is just in primary stage, and a long way to go. Targeting Twist, Snail or Zeb by specific molecules or chemotherapeutic agents may provide a new dimension in osteosarcoma treatment by controlling metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87-Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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134
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Choi IK, Strauss R, Richter M, Yun CO, Lieber A. Strategies to increase drug penetration in solid tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:193. [PMID: 23898462 PMCID: PMC3724174 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in modalities for treatment of cancer that led to a longer survival period, the death rate of patients with solid tumors has not changed during the last decades. Emerging studies have identified several physical barriers that limit the therapeutic efficacy of cancer therapeutic agents such as monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-tumor immune cells, and gene therapeutics. Most solid tumors are of epithelial origin and, although malignant cells are de-differentiated, they maintain intercellular junctions, a key feature of epithelial cells, both in the primary tumor as well as in metastatic lesions. Furthermore, nests of malignant epithelial tumor cells are shielded by layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin) whereby tumor vasculature rarely penetrates into the tumor nests. In this chapter, we will review potential strategies to modulate the ECM and epithelial junctions to enhance the intratumoral diffusion and/or to remove physical masking of target receptors on malignant cells. We will focus on peptides that bind to the junction protein desmoglein 2 and trigger intracellular signaling, resulting in the transient opening of intercellular junctions. Intravenous injection of these junction openers increased the efficacy and safety of therapies with monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapeutics, and T cells in mouse tumor models and was safe in non-human primates. Furthermore, we will summarize approaches to transiently degrade ECM proteins or downregulate their expression. Among these approaches is the intratumoral expression of relaxin or decorin after adenovirus- or stem cell-mediated gene transfer. We will provide examples that relaxin-based approaches increase the anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses, monoclonal antibodies, and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
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135
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Aparicio LA, Abella V, Valladares M, Figueroa A. Posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4463-77. [PMID: 23715860 PMCID: PMC3827902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), one of the crucial steps for carcinoma cells to acquire invasive capacity, results from the disruption of cell–cell contacts and the acquisition of a motile mesenchymal phenotype. Although the transcriptional events controlling EMT have been extensively studied, in recent years, several posttranscriptional mechanisms have emerged as critical in the regulation of EMT during tumor progression. In this review, we highlight the regulation of posttranscriptional events in EMT by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs are responsible for controlling pre-mRNA splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, as well as mRNA export, turnover, localization, and translation. We discuss the most relevant aspects of RBPs controlling the metabolism of EMT-related mRNAs, and describe the implication of novel posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating EMT in response to different signaling pathways. Novel insight into posttranscriptional regulation of EMT by RBPs is uncovering new therapeutic targets in cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Aparicio
- Servizo de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, A Coruña, Spain
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136
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Huang RYJ, Guilford P, Thiery JP. Early events in cell adhesion and polarity during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:4417-22. [PMID: 23165231 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
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137
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Ponik SM, Trier SM, Wozniak MA, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ. RhoA is down-regulated at cell-cell contacts via p190RhoGAP-B in response to tensional homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1688-99, S1-3. [PMID: 23552690 PMCID: PMC3667722 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-05-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
p190RhoGAP-B mediates Rho activity and ductal morphogenesis in response to 3D collagen stiffness. p190B associates with p120-catenin at cell–cell contacts, where RhoA activity is decreased compared to cell–ECM adhesions. This suggests that Rho is in an inactive pool at cell–cell contacts and is recruited to cell–ECM contacts in stiff matrices. Breast epithelial cells cultured in three-dimensional (3D) collagen gels undergo ductal morphogenesis when the gel is compliant and they can achieve tensional homeostasis. We previously showed that this process requires down-regulation of Rho in compliant collagen gels, but the mechanism remains undefined. In this study, we find that p190RhoGAP-B, but not p190RhoGAP-A, mediates down-regulation of RhoA activity and ductal morphogenesis in T47D cells cultured in compliant 3D collagen gels. In addition, both RhoA and p190RhoGAP-B colocalize with p120-catenin at sites of cell–cell contact. The association between p190RhoGAP-B and p120-catenin is regulated by matrix compliance such that it increases in compliant vs. rigid collagen gels. Furthermore, knockdown of p120-catenin disrupts ductal morphogenesis, disregulates RhoA activity, and results in loss of p190B at cell–cell contacts. Consistent with these findings, using a RhoA-specific FRET biosensor (RhoA-FLARE.sc), we determined spatial RhoA activity to be significantly decreased at cell–cell contacts versus cell–ECM adhesions, and, of importance, spatial RhoA activity is regulated by p190B. This finding suggests that RhoA exists as an inactive pool at cell–cell contacts and is recruited to cell–ECM contacts within stiff matrices. Overall, these results demonstrate that RhoA is down-regulated at cell–cell contacts through p190RhoGAP-B, which is localized to cell–cell contacts by association with p120-catenin that is regulated by tensional homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cellular and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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138
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Abstract
Claudins are tight junction membrane proteins that are expressed in epithelia and endothelia and form paracellular barriers and pores that determine tight junction permeability. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this large protein family and discusses recent advances in our understanding of their structure and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Günzel
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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139
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Palma-Nicolás JP, López-Colomé AM. Thrombin induces slug-mediated E-cadherin transcriptional repression and the parallel up-regulation of N-cadherin by a transcription-independent mechanism in RPE cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:581-9. [PMID: 22833386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, directional migration to the vitreous and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of quiescent, differentiated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is a major feature in the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) following exposure of the immuno-privileged eye niche to serum components, thrombin among them. We have previously documented thrombin induction of RPE cell proliferation and migration. We here analyzed the effect of thrombin on the E/N cadherin switch, a hallmark of EMT. Results show that thrombin induces the specific repression of epithelial E-cadherin gene transcription, alongside with the up-regulation of mesenchymal N-cadherin protein in RPE cells. We demonstrate, for the first time, that thrombin induces E-cadherin repression by stimulating snail-2 (SLUG) transcription factor expression, and the concomitant up-regulation of N-cadherin through the transcription-independent increase in protein translation promoted by PI3K/PKC-ζ/mTOR signaling. Our present findings suggest that the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) by thrombin induces EMT of RPE cells, further supporting a central role for thrombin in PVR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Prisco Palma-Nicolás
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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140
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Guillemot L, Spadaro D, Citi S. The junctional proteins cingulin and paracingulin modulate the expression of tight junction protein genes through GATA-4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55873. [PMID: 23409073 PMCID: PMC3567034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplamic junctional proteins cingulin and paracingulin have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in different cultured cell models. In renal epithelial MDCK cells, depletion of either protein results in a Rho-dependent increase in the expression of claudin-2. Here we examined MDCK cell clones depleted of both cingulin and paracingulin (double-KD cells), and we found that unexpectedly the expression of claudin-2, and also the expression of ZO-3 and claudin-3, were decreased, while RhoA activity was still higher than in control cells. The decreased expression of claudin-2 and other TJ proteins in double–KD cells correlated with reduced levels of the transcription factor GATA-4, and was rescued by overexpression of GATA-4, but not by inhibiting RhoA activity. These results indicate that in MDCK cells GATA-4 is required for the expression of claudin-2 and other TJ proteins, and that maintenance of GATA-4 expression requires either cingulin or paracingulin. These results and previous studies suggest a model whereby cingulin and paracingulin redundantly control the expression of specific TJ proteins through distinct GATA-4- and RhoA-dependent mechanisms, and that in the absence of sufficient levels of GATA-4 the RhoA-mediated upregulation of claudin-2 is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillemot
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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141
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Shimokawa M, Haraguchi M, Kobayashi W, Higashi Y, Matsushita S, Kawai K, Kanekura T, Ozawa M. The transcription factor Snail expressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and down-regulates COX-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:1078-82. [PMID: 23261444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare, but highly malignant variant of SCC. The presence of spindle-shaped cells with a sarcomatous appearance, which are derived from squamous cells, suggests that these cells are produced as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a complex process in which epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell contacts, while also acquiring increased motility and invasiveness. Snail regulates EMT by binding to proximal E-boxes in the promoter region of E-cadherin and repressing its transcription. When examining the expression of EMT markers and Snail in spindle cell SCCs, we found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was down-regulated. Since it has been shown that COX-2 is constitutively overexpressed in a variety of malignancies, including colon, gastric, and lung carcinomas, the down-regulation of COX-2 expression was unexpected. The presence of E-box-like sequences in the promoter region of COX-2 prompted us to perform a more detailed analysis. We introduced a Snail expression vector into keratinocyte-derived cell lines (HaKaT, HSC5, and A431 cells), and isolated stable transfectants. We determined that COX-2 expression was down-regulated in cells expressing Snail. Consistent with these observations, reporter assays revealed that COX-2 promoter activity was repressed upon Snail overexpression. Thus Snail down-regulates COX-2 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Shimokawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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142
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Ryu ES, Kim MJ, Shin HS, Jang YH, Choi HS, Jo I, Johnson RJ, Kang DH. Uric acid-induced phenotypic transition of renal tubular cells as a novel mechanism of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F471-80. [PMID: 23283992 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00560.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest a causal role of uric acid in the development of chronic kidney disease. Most studies have focused on uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the kidney. The direct effects of uric acid on tubular cells have not been studied in detail, and whether uric acid can mediate phenotypic transition of renal tubular cells such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not known. We therefore investigated whether uric acid could alter E-cadherin expression and EMT in the kidney of hyperuricemic rats and in cultured renal tubular cells (NRK cells). Experimental hyperuricemia was associated with evidence of EMT before the development of significant tubulointerstitial fibrosis at 4 wk, as shown by decreased E-cadherin expression and an increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Allopurinol significantly inhibited uric acid-induced changes in E-cadherin and α-SMA with an amelioration of renal fibrosis at 6 wk. In cultured NRK cells, uric acid induced EMT, which was blocked by the organic anion transport inhibitor probenecid. Uric acid increased expression of transcriptional factors associated with decreased synthesis of E-cadherin (Snail and Slug). Uric acid also increased the degradation of E-cadherin via ubiquitination, which is of importance since downregulation of E-cadherin is considered to be a triggering mechanism for EMT. In conclusion, uric acid induces EMT of renal tubular cells decreasing E-cadherin synthesis via an activation of Snail and Slug as well as increasing the degradation of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sun Ryu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911 Mok-dong Yangcheon-Ku, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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143
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Dubé É, Cyr DG. The Blood-Epididymis Barrier and Human Male Fertility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:218-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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144
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Markham NO, Cooper T, Goff M, Gribben EM, Carnahan RH, Reynolds AB. Monoclonal antibodies to DIPA: a novel binding partner of p120-catenin isoform 1. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:246-54. [PMID: 22894777 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coiled-coil domain-containing delta-interacting protein A (DIPA) is a transcription factor implicated in developmental regulation. DIPA is the first protein discovered to selectively interact with the p120-catenin (p120) isoform 1, an alternatively spliced form of p120 expressed preferentially in mesenchymal cells. Although a small fraction of p120 can be observed in the nucleus under certain circumstances, the vast majority of it associates with classical cadherins at adherens junctions. We observed for the first time that a discrete fraction of DIPA exists at cell-cell junctions, in addition to its predominantly nuclear localization. Thus, the p120-DIPA interaction may regulate cell signaling and/or transcriptional events, as has been described previously for β-catenin and the LEF/TCF transcription factor family. To facilitate further study of DIPA and to determine the physiological relevance of its interaction with p120, we have generated and characterized a panel of five DIPA-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that function in immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Markham
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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145
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Kume K, Haraguchi M, Hijioka H, Ishida T, Miyawaki A, Nakamura N, Ozawa M. The transcription factor Snail enhanced the degradation of E-cadherin and desmoglein 2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:889-94. [PMID: 23261431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in the tumor metastatic cascade, is characterized by the loss of cell-cell junctions and cell polarity as well as the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. However, the precise molecular events that initiate this complex EMT process are poorly understood. Snail is a regulator of EMT that represses E-cadherin transcription through its interaction with proximal E-boxes in the promoter region of target genes. To investigate the role of Snail in EMT, we generated stable Snail transfectants using the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC-4 (Snail/HSC-4). Snail/HSC-4 cells had a spindle-shaped mesenchymal morphology, and enhanced migration and invasiveness relative to control cells. Consistent with these EMT changes, the downregulation of epithelial marker proteins, E-cadherin and desmoglein 2, and the upregulation of mesenchymal marker proteins, vimentin and N-cadherin were detected. Despite these observations, the mRNA levels of E-cadherin and desmoglein 2 did not decrease significantly. Although E-cadherin and desmoglein 2 proteins were stable in parental HSC-4 cells, these proteins were rapidly degraded in Snail/HSC-4 cells. The degradation of E-cadherin, but not desmoglein 2, was inhibited by dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Therefore, in HSC-4 cells Snail regulates levels of these proteins both transcriptionally and post-translationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kume
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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146
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Merikallio H, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Pääkkö P, Mäkitaro R, Riitta K, Salo S, Salo T, Harju T, Soini Y. Snail promotes an invasive phenotype in lung carcinoma. Respir Res 2012; 13:104. [PMID: 23157169 PMCID: PMC3546026 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Snail is a transcriptional factor which is known to influence the epitheliomesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin and claudins as well as matrix metalloproteases (MMP). Methods To evaluate the functional importance of snail, a transciptional factor involved in EMT in lung tumors, we investigated its expression in a large set of lung carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. Expression of snail and effects of snail knockdown was studied in cell lines. Results Nuclear snail expression was seen in 21% of cases this being strongest in small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC). There was significantly greater snail expression in SCLC compared to squamous cell or adenocarcinoma. Positive snail expression was associated with poor survival in the whole material and separately in squamous cell and adenocarcinomas. In Cox regression analysis, snail expression showed an independent prognostic value in all of these groups. In several cell lines knockdown of snail reduced invasion in both matrigel assay and in the myoma tissue model for invasion. The influence of snail knockdown on claudin expression was cell type specific. Snail knockdown in these cell lines modified the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 but did not influence the activation of these MMPs to any significant degree. Conclusions The results show that snail plays an important role in the invasive characteristics of lung carcinoma influencing the survival of the patients. Snail knockdown might thus be one option for targeted molecular therapy in lung cancer. Snail knockdown influenced the expression of claudins individually in a cell-line dependent manner but did not influence MMP expressions or activations to any significant degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Merikallio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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147
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in men. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cancer cells invade and migrate, and is characterized by loss of cell-cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and increased expression of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin; EMT is also associated with resistance to therapy. Snail, a master regulator of EMT, has been extensively studied and reported in cancers such as breast and colon; however, its role in prostate cancer is not as widely reported. The purpose of this review is to put together recent facts that summarize Snail signaling in human prostate cancer. Snail is overexpressed in prostate cancer and its expression and activity is controlled via phosphorylation and growth factor signaling. Snail is involved in its canonical role of inducing EMT in prostate cancer cells; however, it plays a role in non-canonical pathways that do not involve EMT such regulation of bone turnover and neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, studies indicate that Snail signaling contributes to prostate cancer progression and metastasis and therapeutic targeting of Snail in prostate cancer holds promise in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany N Smith
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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148
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Facciuto F, Cavatorta AL, Valdano MB, Marziali F, Gardiol D. Differential expression of PDZ domain-containing proteins in human diseases - challenging topics and novel issues. FEBS J 2012; 279:3538-3548. [PMID: 22776401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The general features of the PDZ domain structure and functions have been extensively studied during the last decade. PDZ domains are generally present in proteins that are involved in multiple interactions to assemble functional protein complexes that control key cellular processes. One of the best characterized functions of PDZ domain-containing proteins is control of epithelial cell polarity and cell-cell contacts. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on regulation of expression of certain PDZ polarity proteins localized at the intercellular junctions. In addition, we provide a critical overview of recent findings regarding the role of these proteins during development of human diseases. Complete understanding of these issues is valuable for the design of novel therapeutic intervention for common pathologies, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Facciuto
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana L Cavatorta
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Federico Marziali
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
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149
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Wu Y, Sato F, Yamada T, Bhawal UK, Kawamoto T, Fujimoto K, Noshiro M, Seino H, Morohashi S, Hakamada K, Abiko Y, Kato Y, Kijima H. The BHLH transcription factor DEC1 plays an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1337-46. [PMID: 22825629 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DEC1 (BHLHE40/Stra13/Sharp2) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation and the response to hypoxia. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step leading to invasion and migration of various tumor cells, and TGF-β treatment has been shown to induce cancer cells to undergo EMT. However, the significance of DEC1 in TGF-β-induced EMT remains unknown. We examined the role of DEC1 in EMT of PANC-1 cells, a human pancreatic cancer cell line. As a result, we found that DEC1 was upregulated by TGF-β in PANC-1 cells, and regulated the expression and the levels of nuclear, cytoplasmic or membrane localization of EMT-related factors, including phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3), snail, claudin-4 and N-cadherin. In the presence of TGF-β, DEC1 knockdown by siRNA inhibited morphological changes during EMT processes, while TGF-β induced PANC-1 cells to taken on a spindle-shaped morphology. Furthermore, a combination treatment of DEC1 expression with TGF-β was closely linked to the migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells. Immunohistochemically, DEC1 and pSmad3 were detected within pancreatic cancer tissues, whereas claudin-4 expression was weaker in the cancer tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancer pancreatic tissues. These findings suggest that DEC1 plays an important role in the regulation of these EMT-related factors in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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150
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Le Bras GF, Taubenslag KJ, Andl CD. The regulation of cell-cell adhesion during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, motility and tumor progression. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:365-73. [PMID: 22796940 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are essential for the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis and a key factor in the regulation of cell migration and tumor progression. AJs maintain cell-cell adhesion by linking transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Additionally, they participate in recruitment of signaling receptors and cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane. During cellular invasion or migration, AJs are dynamically regulated and their composition modified to initiate changes in signaling pathways and cytoskeleton organization involved in cellular motility. Loss of E-cadherin, a key component of AJs, is characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) and is associated with tumor cell invasion. We will review recent findings describing novel mechanisms involved in E-cadherin transcription regulation, endocytosis of E-cadherin and signaling associated with loss of AJs as well as reorganization of the AJ during EMT.
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