101
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Associations of maternal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-D with birth outcomes and anogenital distance at 3 months in the Odense Child Cohort. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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102
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Heggeseth BC, Jewell NP. How Gaussian mixture models might miss detecting factors that impact growth patterns. Ann Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1214/17-aoas1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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103
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Yildizdas HY, Ozlu F, Efeoglu P, Daglioglu N, Satar M. Non-persistent pesticides in breast milk in an agricultural area in Turkey. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2387-2392. [PMID: 29463139 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1438395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates, pythyreoids, carbamate pesticides and fungicides are heavily used in agriculture. They may have dangerous effects on newborn health especially on immune system and growth via prenatal transmission by placenta or postnatal transmission by breastfeeding. METHODS In 2015, 144 non-persistent pesticides in 64 milk samples of 32 mothers were studied by OuEChERS method in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer in neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Adana, a city in Cukurova region which is an important agricultural area in Turkey. RESULTS Pesticides were detected in milk samples of 11 mothers (34.3%) and 21 (32.8%) of milk samples. In five mothers, fungicides (in 5/10 samples propicanozole-PP, in 4/10 samples bromucanozole-BM), in five mothers, organophosphates (in 10/10 samples primyphosphomethyl-PPM), in one mother, both organophosphates and fungicide (in 1/2 samples PPM and in 1/2 samples buprimate) were detected. However, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) were less than acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for PPM, PP and BM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although pesticides levels in human milk did not exceed the ADIs, we suggest monitoring pesticides in human breast milk especially for newborn health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferda Ozlu
- a Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Pinar Efeoglu
- b Department of Forensic Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- b Department of Forensic Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Satar
- b Department of Forensic Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
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104
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Sjödin A, Jones RS, Gunier RB, Wong LY, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Bradman A. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene in 7- and 9-Year-Old Children and Their Mothers in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2287-2294. [PMID: 29341602 PMCID: PMC5894514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report longitudinal serum concentrations of select persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children at ages 7 and 9 years and in their mothers prenatally and again when the children were 9 years old. The participating families were enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a longitudinal birth cohort study of low-income Hispanic families residing in the Salinas Valley, California. We observed decreasing concentrations in the mothers with year of serum collection (2009 vs 2011) for six out of seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and for 2,2',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (CB-99; p < 0.05). The 9-year-old children had similarly decreasing serum concentrations of all seven PBDE congeners, CB-99, and 2,2',3,4,4',5'- and 2,3,3',4,4',6-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-138/158) with year of serum collection (2009 vs 2011; p < 0.05). In mixed effect models accounting for weight gain as the children aged from 7 to 9 years, we observed an annual decrease (-8.3% to -13.4%) in tri- to hexaBDE concentrations (p < 0.001), except for 2,2',3,4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153). The concentrations of these congeners were not associated with time of serum collection and instead showed an -0.9% to -2.6% decrease per kilogram of weight gain during the study period (p < 0.05). In the case of tetra- to heptachlorobiphenyls, we observed -0.5% to -0.7% decrease in serum concentration per kilogram of weight gain (p < 0.05) and -3.0% to -3.7% decrease in serum concentration per year of aging (p < 0.05), except for 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (CB-118) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153), which were not associated with time of serum draw. 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (p,p'-DDE) decreased -2.4%/kg of weight gain between the two sampling points (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that as children grow, dilution in a larger body size plays an important role in explaining reductions in body burden in the case of traditional POPs such as PCBs and p,p'-DDE. By contrast, in the case of PBDEs, reductions are likely explained by reduction in exposure, as illustrated by decreased concentrations in more recent years, possibly amplified by presumed shorter biological half-life than other POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Richard S Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California , 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California , 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California , 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California , 1995 University Avenue, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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105
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Froes Asmus CIR, Camara VM, Landrigan PJ, Claudio L. A Systematic Review of Children's Environmental Health in Brazil. Ann Glob Health 2018; 82:132-48. [PMID: 27325071 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the region of the Americas, approximately 100,000 children under the age of 5 years die each year due to environmental hazards. Brazil, due to its large size and wide range of environmental challenges, presents numerous hazards to children's health. The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature that describes children's exposures to environmental pollutants in Brazil and their effects on Brazilian children's health. A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed without language restrictions and time of publication (years). The literature search was conducted in the following key resources: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science with the MeSH Terms: Environmental exposure AND Brazil (filters: Human, Child [birth to 18 years] and Affiliation Author). The Virtual Health Library was also employed to access the databases Scielo and Lilacs. The search strategy was [DeCS Terms]: Child OR adolescent AND Environmental exposure AND Brazil. Health effects in children associated with exposure to environmental pollutants in Brazil were reported in 74 studies, during the period between 1995 and 2015. The most frequently cited effect was hospital admission for respiratory causes including wheezing, asthma, and pneumonia among children living in areas with high concentrations of air pollutants. A broad spectrum of other health effects possibly linked to pollutants also was found such as prematurity, low birth weight, congenital abnormality (cryptorchidism, hypospadia, micropenis), poor performance in tests of psychomotor and mental development, and behavioral problems. Exposure to pesticides in utero and postnatally was associated with a high risk for leukemia in children <2 years old. These results show that there is a need in Brazil for stricter monitoring of pollutant emissions and for health surveillance programs especially among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I R Froes Asmus
- Public Health Institute, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Volney M Camara
- Public Health Institute, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Arnhold Global Health Institute, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Luz Claudio
- Preventive Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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106
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Huang YF, Pan WC, Tsai YA, Chang CH, Chen PJ, Shao YS, Tsai MS, Hou JW, Lu CA, Chen ML. Concurrent exposures to nonylphenol, bisphenol A, phthalates, and organophosphate pesticides on birth outcomes: A cohort study in Taipei, Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1126-1135. [PMID: 28724251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to phenols, phthalates (PAEs), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides may increase the risk of abnormal birth outcomes. However, many previous studies have examined exposure to a limited number of chemical classes or exposure profiles limited to a specific stage of pregnancy. This study aims to characterize the concurrent exposure scenario throughout pregnancy by simultaneously monitoring internal doses of several endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), including 2 phenols (nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA)), 9 PAEs, and 6 OP pesticide metabolites and to assess the relationships between concurrent exposure to EDCs and infant birth weight, length, and head and chest circumference. One hundred and sixty two women provided three spot urine samples at approximately 11 and 26weeks gestation and at delivery. We applied multivariable linear regression and ridge regression models to estimate the effects of separate and correlated exposures. Multivariable linear regression models revealed that women with short birth-length infants had significantly higher urinary second-trimester NP levels (50th percentile, 5.03μg/g creatinine) (β=-0.47cm; 95% CI=-0.93 to -0.01). Similarly significant relationships were observed between second-trimester mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) exposure and short birth length, second-trimester ΣPAEs and short birth length, second-trimester ΣPAEs exposure and reduced head and chest circumference, second-trimester diethylphosphate (DEP) exposure and reduced birth weight and length, and second-trimester ΣDEPs exposure and short birth length. Women with urinary BPA above the 75th percentile or ΣPAEs levels above the 50th percentile in the third trimester had infants with significantly reduced head circumference. These observations suggest that the second trimester may be the critical stage of susceptibility for fetal development. In ridge regression models, for which women with fewer measures for exposure to NP, BPA, MMP, ΣPAEs, DEP and ΣDEPs simultaneously were available, no relationships were found with infant size at birth. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-An Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huang Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuan Shao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Song Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Woei Hou
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chensheng Alex Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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107
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Gunier RB, Bradman A, Harley KG, Eskenazi B. Will buffer zones around schools in agricultural areas be adequate to protect children from the potential adverse effects of pesticide exposure? PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004741. [PMID: 29267268 PMCID: PMC5739348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
California has proposed limiting agricultural pesticide use within 0.4 km of schools and childcare facilities. However, the 0.4-km buffer may not be appropriate for all pesticides because of differing toxicities, fate, and application methods. Living near pesticide use has been associated with poorer birth outcomes, neurodevelopment, and respiratory function in children. More research about exposures in schools, childcare facilities, and homes is needed. Despite incomplete science, this regulation is an important step to reduce potential exposures to children. The most vulnerable exposure period may be in utero, and future regulations should also aim to reduce exposures to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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108
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Castorina R, Bradman A, Stapleton HM, Butt C, Avery D, Harley KG, Gunier RB, Holland N, Eskenazi B. Current-use flame retardants: Maternal exposure and neurodevelopment in children of the CHAMACOS cohort. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:574-580. [PMID: 28963974 PMCID: PMC6353563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are commonly used in consumer products found in U.S. households. Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants have resulted in increased use of replacement chemicals, including Firemaster 550® (FM 550®) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs): tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Animal research suggests that PFRs may affect neurodevelopment through noncholinergic mechanisms similar to some organophosphate (OP) pesticides. Despite the widespread presence of these compounds in home environments, and their structural similarity to neurotoxic OP pesticides, understanding of human exposure and health effects of PFRs is limited. We measured four urinary PFR metabolites from pregnant women in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study (n = 310) and assessed neurodevelopment of their children at age 7. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in >75% of urine samples, and isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), a metabolite of one component of FM 550®, was detected in 72% of urine samples. We observed decreases of 2.9 points (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -6.3, 0.5) and 3.9 points (95% CI: -7.3,-0.5) in Full-Scale intelligence quotient and Working Memory, respectively, for each ten-fold increase in DPHP in adjusted regression models (n = 248). Decreases in Full-Scale IQ and Working Memory were greater in models of the molar sum of the PFR metabolites compared to the DPHP models. This is the first study to examine PFR and FM 550® exposures and potential neurodevelopmental outcomes in pregnant women and children. Additional research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Craig Butt
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dylan Avery
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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109
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ji L, Hu Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Ding G, Chen L, Kamijima M, Ueyama J, Gao Y, Tian Y. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and childhood neurodevelopment in Shandong, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:119-126. [PMID: 28843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies in laboratory animals demonstrate neurodevelopmental deficits caused by prenatal or postnatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure, there is limited evidence on effects induced by not only prenatal but also postnatal exposure of children to OPs. METHODS We measured diethylphosphate (DE), dimethylphosphate (DM), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal and child urine at 12 and 24months of age and examined their relationship with developmental quotients (DQs) in 12-month-old infants and 24-month-old children in Shandong, China. RESULTS The median concentrations of total DAP metabolites (DAPs) in child urine [371.97nmol/g creatinine (12-month-old infants), 538.64nmol/g creatinine (24-month-old children)] were higher than those in maternal urine (352.67nmol/g creatinine). Prenatal OP exposure was negatively associated with 24-month-old children's DQs, especially among boys. A 10-fold increase in prenatal DEs and DAPs was associated with a 2.59- and 2.49-point decrease in social domain DQ scores in 24-month-old children (n=262), respectively. However, positive association of postnatal exposure to OPs and 24-month-old children's DQs was observed (n=237). Neither prenatal nor postnatal exposure to OPs was related to 12-month-old infants' DQs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that prenatal OP exposure could adversely affect children's neurodevelopment at 24months of age, especially among boys. The prenatal period might be a critical window of OP exposure. In view of the positive association with postnatal OP exposure, it is necessary to interpret findings with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neonatology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caifeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Basic Medicine Faculty, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Provience, China
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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110
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Warner M, Ye M, Harley K, Kogut K, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Prenatal DDT exposure and child adiposity at age 12: The CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:606-612. [PMID: 28917205 PMCID: PMC6380491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) birth cohort study, we assessed the association of in utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) with child adiposity at age 12. METHODS We included 240 children with o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE concentrations measured in maternal serum collected during pregnancy (ng/g lipid) and complete 12-year follow-up data. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated from CDC growth charts. Children with BMI z-scores ≥ 85th percentile were classified as overweight or obese. RESULTS At 12 years, BMI z-score averaged 1.09 (±1.03) and 55.4% of children were overweight or obese. Prenatal DDT and DDE exposure was associated with several adiposity measures in boys but not girls. Among boys, 10-fold increases in prenatal DDT and DDE concentrations were associated with increased BMI z-score (o,p'-DDT, adj-β=0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.65; p,p'-DDT, adj-β = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.48; p,p'-DDE, adj-β = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.59). Results for girls were nonsignificant. The difference by sex persisted after considering pubertal status. CONCLUSIONS These results support the chemical obesogen hypothesis, that in utero exposure to DDT and DDE may increase risk of obesity in males later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Morgan Ye
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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111
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Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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112
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Quintana MM, Vera B, Magnarelli G, Guiñazú N, Rovedatti MG. Neonatal, placental, and umbilical cord blood parameters in pregnant women residing in areas with intensive pesticide application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20736-20746. [PMID: 28718019 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In rural populations, the proximity to areas with intensive pesticide application represents a risk factor of xenobiotic exposure. Here, we investigated whether newborns born to mothers residing in an area with intensive pesticide application show alterations in placental and neonatal morphometric standards, umbilical cord blood (UCB) biochemical parameters, and/or biomarkers related to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. Samples were collected from 151 healthy pregnant women residing in a rural area (rural group; RG) during the pesticide spraying (SS) and nonspraying (NSS) seasons, as well as from women from an urban population (control group; CG), and grouped according to the delivery type (vaginal or cesarean). In the vaginal delivery group, the placental weight and placental index were higher in the RG groups than in the CG (p = 0.01), whereas in the cesarean delivery group, newborn weight was lower in the RG-SS group than in the CG. In the RG-SS group, UCB erythrocyte osmotic fragility and the DNA damage index (DI) were higher, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was lower than in the RG-NSS group. Acetylcholinesterase and SOD activities were found to be inversely correlated with the DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martha Quintana
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, 8324, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Berta Vera
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, 8324, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gladis Magnarelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, 8324, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAAC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Rovedatti
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas (LATOMEQ), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to piso, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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113
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Larsen AE, Gaines SD, Deschênes O. Agricultural pesticide use and adverse birth outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Nat Commun 2017; 8:302. [PMID: 28851866 PMCID: PMC5575123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all agricultural communities worldwide are exposed to agricultural pesticides. Yet, the health consequences of such exposure are poorly understood, and the scientific literature remains ambiguous. Using individual birth and demographic characteristics for over 500 000 birth observations between 1997–2011 in the agriculturally dominated San Joaquin Valley, California, we statistically investigate if residential agricultural pesticide exposure during gestation, by trimester, and by toxicity influences birth weight, gestational length, or birth abnormalities. Overall, our analysis indicates that agricultural pesticide exposure increases adverse birth outcomes by 5–9%, but only among the population exposed to very high quantities of pesticides (e.g., top 5th percentile, i.e., ~4200 kg applied over gestation). Thus, policies and interventions targeting the extreme right tail of the pesticide distribution near human habitation could largely eliminate the adverse birth outcomes associated with agricultural pesticide exposure documented in this study. The health consequences of exposure to pesticides are uncertain and subject to much debate. Here, the effect of exposure during pregnancy is investigated in an agriculturally dominated residential area, showing that an increase in adverse birth outcomes is observed with very high levels of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Larsen
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-5131, USA.
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-5131, USA
| | - Olivier Deschênes
- Economics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-9210, USA
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114
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Exposure to benzophenone-3 and reproductive toxicity: A systematic review of human and animal studies. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:175-183. [PMID: 28844799 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, also known as benzophenone-3 (BP-3), is a commonly used ultraviolet filter in skincare and as a food additive. Large concentrations of similar phenolic compounds have been detected in urine, amniotic fluid, and placental tissue, thereby raising questions about its impact on reproduction. The objective of this paper was to investigate the reproductive toxicity of BP-3 in humans and animals. In humans, studies showed that high levels of BP-3 exposure could be linked to an increase in male birth weight but a decline in female birth weight and male gestational age. In fish, BP-3 exposure resulted in a decline in egg production, hatching, and testosterone, along with a down-regulation of steroidogenic genes. In rats, a decrease in epididymal sperm density and a prolonged estrous cycle for females was observed. These positive associations may be attributed to an altered estrogen and testosterone balance as a result of endocrine disrupting effects of BP-3. However, the current body of literature is limited by non-uniform exposure and outcome measurements in studies both across and within species and future studies will need to be conducted in a standardized fashion to allow for a more significant contribution to the literature that allows for better comparison across studies.
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115
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Impact of chlorpyrifos on human villous trophoblasts and chorionic villi. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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116
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Woskie S, Kongtip P, Thanasanpaiboon W, Kiatdamrong N, Charoonrungsirikul N, Nankongnab N, Surach A, Phamonphon A. A pilot study of maternal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and newborn neurodevelopment in Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 23:193-201. [PMID: 29543129 PMCID: PMC6060864 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1450324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether prenatal exposures to organophosphate (OP) pesticides from maternal agricultural use are associated with neonatal neurobehavioral effects. A pilot study conducted in three provinces in Thailand measured maternal urinary metabolites of OP pesticides in pregnant women at 7 months gestation and at birth. Within 3 days of birth, 82 newborns underwent neurobehavioral testing using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Comparison of the NBAS test results with maternal OP metabolite levels found the neonates NBAS Habituation cluster score increased with maternal dimethylphosphate (DMP) levels (p = 0.04) while the Range of State score increased with total diethylphosphate (DEP) levels (p = 0.01). The Number of Abnormal Reflexes in the neonate also increased as maternal urinary total DEP levels increased (p = 0.06). These preliminary findings suggest that pre-natal exposures to OP pesticides can impact newborn neurodevelopment and support the need for a longitudinal evaluation of childhood neurodevelopment in relation to pesticide exposures in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Woskie
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pornpimol Kongtip
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anu Surach
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akkarat Phamonphon
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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117
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Hyland C, Laribi O. Review of take-home pesticide exposure pathway in children living in agricultural areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:559-570. [PMID: 28437652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of farmworkers may be chronically exposed to pesticides via the take-home exposure pathway. OBJECTIVE The goal of this review was to analyze scientific literature evaluating the role of the take-home pesticide exposure pathway in children of agricultural workers. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken and inclusion criteria were applied to identify original articles of interest. Of the 30 articles included in this review, some belonged to the same studies, resulting in a total of 23 studies. Eight studies assessed environmental samples, nine collected biological samples, and the remaining six analyzed both. Eleven studies compared pesticide levels between farm and non-farm families. RESULTS There is convincing evidence that children of farmworkers are exposed to pesticides at higher levels than "non-agricultural" children, even when residing in the same agricultural communities. These levels were shown to depend on the season, occupation, number of farmworkers per home, and type of crops. Other factors such as age, gender and, sex seem to also influence this pathway. Some studies have shown that pesticides used solely in agriculture are found only in households of farmworkers spraying these pesticides. Moreover, intervention studies have shown that behaviors among farmworkers can significantly lower exposure of people living in the same households as farmworkers. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The evidence presented here raises concerns regarding health effects associated with exposure to pesticides in children living in agricultural communities, and indicates that strategies should be developed to reduce exposures in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ouahiba Laribi
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Oakland, CA, USA.
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118
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Castorina R, Butt C, Stapleton HM, Avery D, Harley KG, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Bradman A. Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:159-166. [PMID: 28365501 PMCID: PMC5491392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster® 550 (FM® 550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM® 550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n = 125) and metabolites in urine (n = 310) collected in 2000-2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM® 550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho = 0.17; p = 0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000's and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
| | - Craig Butt
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA
| | - Dylan Avery
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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119
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Llop S, Murcia M, Iñiguez C, Roca M, González L, Yusà V, Rebagliato M, Ballester F. Distributions and determinants of urinary biomarkers of organophosphate pesticide exposure in a prospective Spanish birth cohort study. Environ Health 2017; 16:46. [PMID: 28514952 PMCID: PMC5436449 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) has been associated with impaired child development. Pesticide exposure determinants need to be studied in order to identify sources and pathways of pesticide exposure. The aim of this paper is to describe prenatal exposure to OPs and evaluate the associated factors in pregnant women. METHODS The study population consisted of pregnant women (n = 573) who participated in the INMA birth cohort study in Valencia (Spain, 2003-2006). OP metabolites were analyzed in maternal urine at the 32nd week of gestation using a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method. The analysis included non-specific (diethyl phosphate [DEP], diethyl thiophosphate [DETP], dimethyl thiophosphate [DMTP], dimethyl dithiophosphate [DMDTP]) and specific metabolites (2-diethylamino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol [DEAMPY], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine [IMPY], para-nitrophenol [PNP], and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPY]). Information about the sociodemographic, environmental, and dietary characteristics was obtained by questionnaire. The association between log-transformed OPs and covariates was analyzed using multivariable interval censored regression. RESULTS The detection frequencies were low, DMTP and TCPY being the most frequently detected metabolites (53.8% and 39.1%, respectively). All the OP metabolites were positively associated with maternal intake of fruits and vegetables. Other maternal characteristics related to the OPs were body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and smoking habit during pregnancy. Women with lower BMI and those who did not smoke presented higher OP concentrations. Moreover, mothers who had a yard or garden with plants at home or who lived in an urban area were also more exposed to OPs. CONCLUSIONS The OP detection frequencies and the concentrations observed in our study population were low, compared with most of the previously published studies. Given the high vulnerability of the fetus to neurotoxicant exposure, further research on the determinants of the body burden of OPs during pregnancy would be necessary. The knowledge gained from such studies would enhance the effectiveness of public health control and future recommendations in order to reduce the risk to both the health of pregnant women and the health and development of their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Llop
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avda. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Roca
- Analytical Unit, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106- Torre A, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Llúcia González
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Marisa Rebagliato
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wylie BJ, Ae-Ngibise KA, Boamah EA, Mujtaba M, Messerlian C, Hauser R, Coull B, Calafat AM, Jack D, Kinney PL, Whyatt R, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP. Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040354. [PMID: 28353657 PMCID: PMC5409555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of pesticides by households in rural Ghana is common for residential pest control, agricultural use, and for the reduction of vectors carrying disease. However, few data are available about exposure to pesticides among this population. Our objective was to quantify urinary concentrations of metabolites of organophosphate (OP), pyrethroid, and select herbicides during pregnancy, and to explore exposure determinants. In 2014, 17 pregnant women from rural Ghana were surveyed about household pesticide use and provided weekly first morning urine voids during three visits (n = 51 samples). A total of 90.1% (46/51) of samples had detectable OP metabolites [geometric mean, GM (95% CI): 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 0.54 µg/L (0.36–0.81), para-nitrophenol 0.71 µg/L (0.51–1.00)], 75.5% (37/49) had detectable pyrethroid metabolites [GM: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid 0.23 µg/L (0.17, 0.32)], and 70.5% (36/51) had detectable 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid levels, a herbicide [GM: 0.46 µg/L (0.29–0.73)]. Concentrations of para-nitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in Ghanaian pregnant women appear higher when compared to nonpregnant reproductive-aged women in a reference U.S. population. Larger studies are necessary to more fully explore predictors of exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair J Wylie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Ae-Ngibise
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo 00233, Ghana.
| | - Ellen A Boamah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo 00233, Ghana.
| | - Mohammed Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo 00233, Ghana.
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Statistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Robin Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo 00233, Ghana.
| | - Kwaku P Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P.O. Box 200, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo 00233, Ghana.
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121
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Ferguson KK, Chin HB. Environmental chemicals and preterm birth: Biological mechanisms and the state of the science. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2017; 4:56-71. [PMID: 28944158 PMCID: PMC5608103 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-017-0099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preterm birth is a significant worldwide health problem of uncertain origins. The extant body of literature examining environmental contaminant exposures in relation to preterm birth is extensive but results remain ambiguous for most organic pollutants, metals and metalloids, and air pollutants. In the present review we examine recent epidemiologic studies investigating these associations, and identify recent advances and the state of the science. Additionally, we highlight biological mechanisms of action in the pathway between chemical exposures and preterm birth, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption, that deserve more attention in this context. RECENT FINDINGS Important advances have been made in the study of the environment and preterm birth, particularly in regard to exposure assessment methods, exploration of effect modification by co-morbidities and exposures, and in identification of windows of vulnerability during gestation. There is strong evidence for an association between maternal exposure to some persistent pesticides, lead, and fine particulate matter, but data on other contaminants is sparse and only suggestive trends can be noted with the current data. SUMMARY Beyond replicating current findings, further work must be done to improve understanding of mechanisms underlying the associations observed between environmental chemical exposures and preterm birth. By examining windows of vulnerability, disaggregating preterm birth by phenotypes, and measuring biomarkers of mechanistic pathways in these epidemiologic studies we can improve our ability to detect associations with exposure, provide additional evidence for causality in an observational setting, and identify opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Helen B. Chin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Abreu-Villaça Y, Levin ED. Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:55-77. [PMID: 27908457 PMCID: PMC5285268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are by design toxic. They must be toxic to effectively kill target species of insects. Unfortunately, they also have off-target toxic effects that can harm other species, including humans. Developmental neurotoxicity is one of the most prominent off-target toxic risks of insecticides. Over the past seven decades several classes of insecticides have been developed, each with their own mechanisms of effect and toxic side effects. This review covers the developmental neurotoxicity of the succeeding generations of insecticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotinoids. The goal of new insecticide development is to more effectively kill target species with fewer toxic side effects on non-target species. From the experience with the developmental neurotoxicity caused by the generations of insecticides developed in the past advice is offered how to proceed with future insecticide development to decrease neurotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiologicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Chen XP, Chao YS, Chen WZ, Dong JY. Mother gestational exposure to organophosphorus pesticide induces neuron and glia loss in daughter adult brain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:77-83. [PMID: 28099088 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1239973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide with developmental neurotoxicity such as morphogenesis toxicity. In the present study, we assessed the effects of prenatal CPF exposure on systemic parameters and cytoarchitecture of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in adulthood. Gestational dams were exposed to 5mg/kg/d of CPF during gestational days 13-17, while body weight, organ coefficient, and neuron and glia counts of offspring were determined on postnatal day 60. Our results showed that CPF treatment induced little or no effects on body weight and organ coefficients. There were also no significant pathological changes in mPFC. However, neuron and glia count analysis showed that CPF treatment reduced neuron and glia counts in anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic areas of mPFC. The CPF react pattern was similar in both sexes, and there was no statistical difference in most of the sub-regions. Thus, our results revealed an embryonic origin brain deficit induced by gestational mother pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao P Chen
- a College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yong S Chao
- a College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wen Z Chen
- a College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jing Y Dong
- b School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Zhejiang University City College , Hangzhou , China
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Muñoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Iglesias V, Levy K, Muñoz MP, Achú E, Cornejo C, Concha C, Brito AM, Villalobos M. Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and health conditions in agricultural and non-agricultural workers from Maule, Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:82-93. [PMID: 28002976 PMCID: PMC5479415 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1268679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the characteristics of exposure to OP pesticides and health status in Chilean farm workers from the Maule Region. An occupational health questionnaire was administered in 207 agricultural and non-agricultural workers. For the group of agricultural workers, we asked about specific occupational exposure history and symptoms of OP pesticide poisoning. The main health problem of the exposed group was previous OP pesticide poisoning (p < 0.001). Fifty-six percent of agricultural workers reported symptoms consistent with acute OP pesticide poisoning. The use of respiratory personal protective equipment and younger age were protective against these symptoms, and number of years of OP pesticide exposure was positively associated with reporting symptoms of poisoning. Of the pesticide applicators 47 % reported using chlorpyrifos. The regulations regarding use and application of pesticides should be strengthened, as should training and intervention with workers to improve the use of personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Lucero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- laboratory of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - María Pía Muñoz
- laboratory of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Eduardo Achú
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia Cornejo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Concha
- Health Ministerial Regional Secretariat of the Maule, Government of Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Marcos Villalobos
- The Agricultural and Livestock Service of the Maule Region, Government of Chile, Talca, Chile
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125
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Volberg V, Yousefi P, Huen K, Harley K, Eskenazi B, Holland N. CpG Methylation across the adipogenic PPARγ gene and its relationship with birthweight and child BMI at 9 years. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:7. [PMID: 28122515 PMCID: PMC5267417 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background To examine methylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene and its relationship with child weight status, at birth and 9 years. Methods We measured PPARγ methylation across 23 CpG sites using the Infinium Illumina 450 k array for children from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort at birth (N = 373) and 9 years (N = 245). Results Methylation level correlation patterns across the 23 PPARγ CpG sites were conserved between birth and 9-year ages. We found high inter-CpG correlations between sites 1–3 (methylation block 1) and also between sites 18–23 (methylation block 2) for both time points, although these patterns were less pronounced at 9 years. Additionally, sites 1–3 (north shore) had the highest intra-CpG correlations over time (r = 0.24, 0.42, and 0.3; P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). PPARγ methylation levels tended to increase with age, and the largest differences were observed for north shore sites (7.4%). Adjusting for sex, both site 1 and site 20 (gene body) methylation at birth was significantly and inversely associated with birth weight (β = −0.13, P = 0.033; β = −0.09, P = 0.025, respectively). Similarly, we found that site 1 and site 20 methylation at 9 years was significantly and inversely associated with 9-year BMI z-score (β = −0.41, P = 0.015; β = −0.23, P = 0.045, respectively). Conclusion Our results indicate that PPARγ methylation is highly organized and conserved over time, and highlight the potential functional importance of north shore sites, adding to a better understanding of regional human methylome patterns. Overall, our results suggest that PPARγ methylation may be associated with child body size. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0365-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Paul Yousefi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
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Du J, Gridneva Z, Gay MCL, Trengove RD, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. Pesticides in human milk of Western Australian women and their influence on infant growth outcomes: A cross-sectional study. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:247-254. [PMID: 27728883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants in human milk (HM) at high levels are considered to be detrimental to the breastfed infant. To determine the pesticide concentration in HM, a pilot cross-sectional study of 40 Western Australian (WA) women was carried out. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with a validated QuEChERS was used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with a mean concentration of 62.8 ± 54.5 ng/g fat was found, whereas other organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids were not detected in HM. Overall, no association was observed between HM p,p'-DDE concentrations and maternal age, parity, body mass index and percentage fat mass. Furthermore, for the first time no significant association was found between p,p'-DDE concentrations in HM and infant growth outcomes such as weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass. The calculated daily intake was significantly different to the estimated daily intake of total DDTs and was well below the guideline proposed by WHO. The DDTs levels in WA have also significantly decreased by 42 - fold since the 1970s and are currently the lowest in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Melvin C L Gay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Robert D Trengove
- Separation Science Laboratory, Research and Development, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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Lizarraga D, Huen K, Combs M, Escudero-Fung M, Eskenazi B, Holland N. miRNAs differentially expressed by next-generation sequencing in cord blood buffy coat samples of boys and girls. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1619-1635. [PMID: 27882772 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Differences in children's development and susceptibility to diseases and exposures have been observed by sex, yet human studies of sex differences in miRNAs are limited. MATERIALS & METHODS The genome-wide miRNA expression was characterized by sequencing-based EdgeSeq assay in cord blood buffy coats from 89 newborns, and 564 miRNAs were further analyzed. RESULTS Differential expression of most miRNAs was higher in boys. Neurodevelopment, RNA metabolism and metabolic ontology terms were enriched among miRNA targets. The majority of upregulated miRNAs (86%) validated by nCounter maintained positive-fold change values; however, only 21% reached statistical significance by false discovery rate. CONCLUSION Accounting for host factors like sex may improve the sensitivity of epigenetic analyses for epidemiological studies in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneida Lizarraga
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mary Combs
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maria Escudero-Fung
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, Center for Environmental Research on Children's Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Eskenazi B, Rauch SA, Tenerelli R, Huen K, Holland NT, Lustig RH, Kogut K, Bradman A, Sjödin A, Harley KG. In utero and childhood DDT, DDE, PBDE and PCBs exposure and sex hormones in adolescent boys: The CHAMACOS study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:364-372. [PMID: 27876543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are believed to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in humans and animals. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of in utero and childhood exposure to these purported EDCs and reproductive hormones in adolescent boys who participated in CHAMACOS, an ongoing birth cohort in California's Salinas Valley. We measured o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, PBDEs and PCBs in serum collected from mothers during pregnancy or at delivery and from their sons at 9 years. We measured concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and total testosterone (T) from 234 of their sons at 12 years. In adjusted models, we found that a 10-fold increase in maternal prenatal serum concentrations of BDE-153 was associated with a 22.2% increase (95% CI: 1.0, 47.9) in FSH, a 96.6% increase (95% CI: 35.7, 184.7) in LH, and a 92.4% increase (95% CI: 20.9, 206.2) increase in T. Similarly, BDE-100 concentrations were associated with increases in boys' LH levels. A 10-fold increase in total prenatal ΣPCBs was associated with a 64.5% increase (95% CI: 8.6, 149.0) in FSH, primarily driven by non- dioxin-like congeners. Boys' hormone levels were only marginally associated with prenatal DDT or DDE in primary models, but when boys' Tanner stage at age 12 was added to models, prenatal maternal DDT levels were associated with decreases in LH (adjusted percent change per 10-fold increase=-18.5%, 95% CI: -29.8, -5.4) and T (percent change=-18.2%, 95% CI: -30.2, -4.2) and DDE with LH (percent change=-18.3%, 95% CI: -32.9, -0.6). Exposures measured in the children's serum at 9 years also showed associations between BDE-153 and ΣPCBs. However, there is evidence that these associations appear to be mediated by child BMI. This study suggests associations on male hormones of 12year old boys related to exposure to certain EDC exposure prenatally. The implications on future reproductive function in puberty and adulthood should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen A Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Tenerelli
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina T Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Tette PAS, da Silva Oliveira FA, Pereira ENC, Silva G, de Abreu Glória MB, Fernandes C. Multiclass method for pesticides quantification in honey by means of modified QuEChERS and UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2016; 211:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Liu P, Wu C, Chang X, Qi X, Zheng M, Zhou Z. Adverse Associations of both Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides with Infant Neurodevelopment in an Agricultural Area of Jiangsu Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1637-1643. [PMID: 27153333 PMCID: PMC5047773 DOI: 10.1289/ehp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides has been found to be associated with adverse effects on child neurodevelopment, but evidence on potential effects induced by both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure in infants is limited. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the associations of both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with birth outcomes and infant neurodevelopment. METHODS Exposure to OP in 310 mother-infant pairs was assessed by measuring dimethylphosphate (DM), diethylphosphate (DE), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in urines from pregnant women and their children at 2 years of age. The Gesell Developmental Schedules was administered to examine neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children. RESULTS Based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules, the proportions of children with developmental delays were < 6%. Adverse associations between head circumference at birth and prenatal OP exposure were demonstrated. Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of being developmentally delayed. Specifically, odds ratio (OR) value for prenatal DEs was 9.75 (95% CI: 1.28, 73.98, p = 0.028) in the adaptive area, whereas in the social area, OR values for postnatal DEs and DAPs were 9.56 (95% CI: 1.59, 57.57, p = 0.014) and 12.00 (95% CI: 1.23, 117.37, p = 0.033), respectively. Adverse associations were observed only in boys, not in girls. CONCLUSIONS Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure may adversely affect the neurodevelopment of infants living in the agricultural area. The present study adds to the accumulating evidence on associations of prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with infant neurodevelopment. CITATION Liu P, Wu C, Chang X, Qi X, Zheng M, Zhou Z. 2016. Adverse associations of both prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphorous pesticides with infant neurodevelopment in an agricultural area of Jiangsu Province, China. Environ Health Perspect 124:1637-1643; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to C. Wu: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.Telephone: 86-21-54237159. E-mail: ; or Z. Zhou: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. Telephone: 86-21-54237675. E-mail:
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minglan Zheng
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation & Research (NCDSER), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to C. Wu: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.Telephone: 86-21-54237159. E-mail: ; or Z. Zhou: School of Public Health, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Building No. 8, No. 130, Doan Rd., Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. Telephone: 86-21-54237675. E-mail:
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Rowe C, Gunier R, Bradman A, Harley KG, Kogut K, Parra K, Eskenazi B. Residential proximity to organophosphate and carbamate pesticide use during pregnancy, poverty during childhood, and cognitive functioning in 10-year-old children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:128-137. [PMID: 27281690 PMCID: PMC5207345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-income communities and communities of color have been shown to experience disproportionate exposure to agricultural pesticides, which have been linked to poorer neurobehavioral outcomes in infants and children. Few studies have assessed health impacts of pesticide mixtures in the context of socioeconomic adversity. OBJECTIVES To examine associations between residential proximity to toxicity-weighted organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticide use during pregnancy, household- and neighborhood-level poverty during childhood, and IQ scores in 10-year-old children. METHODS We evaluated associations between both nearby agricultural pesticide use and poverty measures and cognitive abilities in 10-year-old children (n = 501) using data from a longitudinal birth cohort study linked with data from the California Pesticide Use Reporting system and the American Community Survey. Associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Children of mothers in the highest quartile compared to the lowest quartile of proximal pesticide use had lower performance on Full Scale IQ [β = -3.0; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = (-5.6, -0.3)], Perceptual Reasoning [β = -4.0; (-7.6, -0.4)], and Working Memory [β = -2.8; (-5.6, -0.1)]. Belonging to a household earning an income at or below the poverty threshold was associated with approximately two point lower scores on Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, and Working Memory. Living in the highest quartile of neighborhood poverty at age 10 was associated with approximately four point lower performance on Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, and Working memory. CONCLUSIONS Residential proximity to OP and carbamate pesticide use during pregnancy and both household- and neighborhood-level poverty during childhood were independently associated with poorer cognitive functioning in children at 10 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rowe
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Robert Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Kimberly Parra
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas (CSVS), Salinas, CA, United States.
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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Sokoloff K, Fraser W, Arbuckle TE, Fisher M, Gaudreau E, LeBlanc A, Morisset AS, Bouchard MF. Determinants of urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphates among pregnant women in Canada - Results from the MIREC study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:133-140. [PMID: 27243443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly used in agriculture. Their use decreased in recent years as they were gradually replaced by other pesticides, but some OPs are still among the insecticides most used in Canada. Exposure to elevated levels of OPs during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poorer neurodevelopment in children. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between the concentrations of OP pesticides urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites and various factors that are potential sources of exposure or determinants of DAP levels. In the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, six DAPs were measured in 1st trimester urine samples of 1884 pregnant women living in Canada. They were grouped into sums of dimethyl alkyl phosphates (DMAP) and diethyl alkyl phosphates (DEAP) for statistical analysis. We found that 93% of women had at least one DAP detected in their urine. Geometric means (GM) of specific gravity-corrected levels for urine dilution were 59 (95% CI 56-62) and 21 (95% CI 20-22) nmol/L for DMAP and DEAP, respectively. The following characteristics were significantly associated with higher urinary concentrations of DMAP or DEAP: higher education, nulliparous, normal pre-pregnancy body mass index, non-smoker, not fasting at sampling, winter season at sampling, and early and late day collection times. Dietary items that were significantly related with higher urinary concentrations included higher intake of citrus fruits, apple juice, sweet peppers, tomatoes, beans and dry peas, soy and rice beverages, whole grain bread, white wine and green and herbal teas. This study indicates that exposure to these compounds is quasi-ubiquitous. The factors associated with greater DAP levels identified here could be useful to regulatory agencies for risk analysis and management. However, some exposure misclassification might occur due to the single DAP measurement available, and to the presence of preformed DAPs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sokoloff
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Dept. Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - William Fraser
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Dr., AL 0801A, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Dr., AL 0801A, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSPQ), 945 avenue Wolfe, Québec, Québec G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Alain LeBlanc
- Centre de Toxicologie (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSPQ), 945 avenue Wolfe, Québec, Québec G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Anne-Sophie Morisset
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Dept. Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture. Front Public Health 2016; 4:148. [PMID: 27486573 PMCID: PMC4947579 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrialization of the agricultural sector has increased the chemical burden on natural ecosystems. Pesticides are agrochemicals used in agricultural lands, public health programs, and urban green areas in order to protect plants and humans from various diseases. However, due to their known ability to cause a large number of negative health and environmental effects, their side effects can be an important environmental health risk factor. The urgent need for a more sustainable and ecological approach has produced many innovative ideas, among them agriculture reforms and food production implementing sustainable practice evolving to food sovereignty. It is more obvious than ever that the society needs the implementation of a new agricultural concept regarding food production, which is safer for man and the environment, and to this end, steps such as the declaration of Nyéléni have been taken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sotirios Maipas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Kotampasi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Stamatis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Luc Hens
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO) , Mol , Belgium
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Harley KG, Engel SM, Vedar MG, Eskenazi B, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Bradman A, Rauh VA, Yolton K, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Barr DB, Perera FP, Wolff MS. Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides and Fetal Growth: Pooled Results from Four Longitudinal Birth Cohort Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1084-92. [PMID: 26685281 PMCID: PMC4937849 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides are associated with reduced fetal growth in animals, but human studies are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We pooled data from four cohorts to examine associations of prenatal OP exposure with birth weight (n = 1,169), length (n = 1,152), and head circumference (n = 1,143). METHODS Data were from the CHAMACOS, HOME, Columbia, and Mount Sinai birth cohorts. Concentrations of three diethyl phosphate (ΣDEP) and three dimethyl phosphate (ΣDMP) metabolites of OP pesticides [summed to six dialkyl phosphates (ΣDAPs)] were measured in maternal urine. Linear regression and mixed-effects models were used to examine associations with birth outcomes. RESULTS We found no significant associations of ΣDEP, ΣDMP, or ΣDAPs with birth weight, length, or head circumference overall. However, among non-Hispanic black women, increasing urinary ΣDAP and ΣDMP concentrations were associated with decreased birth length (β = -0.4 cm; 95% CI: -0.9, 0.0 and β = -0.4 cm; 95% CI: -0.8, 0.0, respectively, for each 10-fold increase in metabolite concentration). Among infants with the PON1192RR genotype, ΣDAP and ΣDMP were negatively associated with length (β = -0.4 cm; 95% CI: -0.9, 0.0 and β = -0.5 cm; 95% CI: -0.9, -0.1). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms previously reported associations of prenatal OP exposure among black women with decreased infant size at birth, but finds no evidence of smaller birth weight, length, or head circumference among whites or Hispanics. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found stronger inverse associations of DAPs and birth outcome in infants with the less susceptible PON1192RR genotype. The large pooled data set facilitated exploration of interactions by race/ethnicity and PON1 genotype, but was limited by differences in study populations. CITATION Harley KG, Engel SM, Vedar MG, Eskenazi B, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Bradman A, Rauh VA, Yolton K, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Barr DB, Perera FP, Wolff MS. 2016. Prenatal exposure to organophosphorous pesticides and fetal growth: pooled results from four longitudinal birth cohort studies. Environ Health Perspect 124:1084-1092; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Address correspondence to K.G. Harley, Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94707 USA. Telephone: (510) 643-1310. E-mail:
| | - Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle G. Vedar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robin M. Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Virginia A. Rauh
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard W. Hornung
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina T. Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Luo D, Pu Y, Tian H, Cheng J, Zhou T, Tao Y, Yuan J, Sun X, Mei S. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in umbilical cord blood and related lifestyle and dietary intake factors among pregnant women of the Huaihe River Basin in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:276-283. [PMID: 27123771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with highly lipophilic properties, long half-lives, and persistence in the environment, are prevalent in the environment even though they have been banned for >30years. We aimed to investigate the current OCP exposure levels in cord blood from healthy pregnant women residing in the Huaihe River Basin, China, and examined the association between OCP levels and dietary habits and lifestyle factors. In this study, we measured the exposure levels of 17 OCPs in the umbilical cord blood from 999 healthy pregnant women; we also administered 1000 self-reported questionnaires regarding the general characteristics and dietary habits of those women. Our results showed that ρ,ρ'-DDE, ρ,ρ'-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and methoxychlor, which had higher measured concentrations (2.01±1.89, 4.31±5.68, 7.29±8.74, 5.27±7.65, and 0.98±1.42ng/mL, respectively) and detection frequencies (99.69%, 100.00%, 81.79%, 75.00%, and 74.49%, respectively), were the predominant OCPs in cord blood, and the higher levels of DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin, and methoxychlor were mainly due to recent use. In addition, most of the HCHs in cord blood were derived not only from historical use of technical HCH, but also from the additional use of lindane. In addition, we found that the education level of the pregnant women and monthly household income were positively correlated with OCP levels, particularly ρ,ρ'-DDE, aldrin, and dieldrin. Furthermore, the consumption of red meat (pork, beef, and lamb), fish, and bean products may be an important contributing factor to the increased concentrations of OCPs in cord blood, while the intake of poultry and pickles was negatively correlated with aldrin level. This study is the first to provide adequate data on current OCP exposure levels in cord blood from pregnant women in the Huaihe River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yabing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Haoyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, West City District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, West City District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Surong Mei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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136
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Schenk G, Mateen I, Ng TK, Pedroso MM, Mitić N, Jafelicci M, Marques RF, Gahan LR, Ollis DL. Organophosphate-degrading metallohydrolases: Structure and function of potent catalysts for applications in bioremediation. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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137
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Engel SM, Bradman A, Wolff MS, Rauh VA, Harley KG, Yang JH, Hoepner LA, Barr DB, Yolton K, Vedar MG, Xu Y, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Eskenazi B. Prenatal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Child Neurodevelopment at 24 Months: An Analysis of Four Birth Cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:822-30. [PMID: 26418669 PMCID: PMC4892910 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are used in agriculture worldwide. Residential use was common in the United States before 2001. OBJECTIVES We conducted a pooled analysis of four birth cohorts (children's centers; n = 936) to evaluate associations of prenatal exposure to OPs with child development at 24 months. METHODS Using general linear models, we computed site-specific and pooled estimates of the association of total dialkyl (ΣDAP), diethyl (ΣDEP), and dimethylphosphate (ΣDMP) metabolite concentrations in maternal prenatal urine with mental and psychomotor development indices (MDI/PDI) and evaluated heterogeneity by children's center, race/ethnicity, and PON1 genotype. RESULTS There was significant heterogeneity in the center-specific estimates of association for ΣDAP and ΣDMP and the MDI (p = 0.09, and p = 0.05, respectively), as well as heterogeneity in the race/ethnicity-specific estimates for ΣDAP (p = 0.06) and ΣDMP (p = 0.02) and the MDI. Strong MDI associations in the CHAMACOS population per 10-fold increase in ΣDAP (β = -4.17; 95% CI: -7.00, -1.33) and ΣDMP (β = -3.64; 95% CI: -5.97, -1.32) were influential, as were associations among Hispanics (β per 10-fold increase in ΣDAP = -2.91; 95% CI: -4.71, -1.12). We generally found stronger negative associations of ΣDAP and ΣDEP with the 24-month MDI for carriers of the 192Q PON1 allele, particularly among blacks and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS Data pooling was complicated by center-related differences in subject characteristics, eligibility, and changes in regulations governing residential use of OPs during the study periods. Pooled summary estimates of prenatal exposure to OPs and neurodevelopment should be interpreted with caution because of significant heterogeneity in associations by center, race/ethnicity, and PON1 genotype. Subgroups with unique exposure profiles or susceptibilities may be at higher risk for adverse neurodevelopment following prenatal exposure. CITATION Engel SM, Bradman A, Wolff MS, Rauh VA, Harley KG, Yang JH, Hoepner LA, Barr DB, Yolton K, Vedar MG, Xu Y, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Eskenazi B. 2016. Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment at 24 months: an analysis of four birth cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 124:822-830; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to S. M. Engel, Department of Epidemiology CB#7435, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-7435. E-mail:
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Virginia A. Rauh
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jenny H. Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lori A. Hoepner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle G. Vedar
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard W. Hornung
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James G. Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina T. Holland
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robin M. Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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138
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Davé V, Street K, Francis S, Bradman A, Riley L, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Bacterial microbiome of breast milk and child saliva from low-income Mexican-American women and children. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:846-54. [PMID: 26756784 PMCID: PMC4899194 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The childhood salivary microbiome, which plays an important role in healthy development, may be influenced by breast milk consumption. The composition of the milk microbiome and the role it plays in the establishment of the infant microbiome are not well understood. METHODS Here, we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to characterize microbial communities in breast milk and 5-year-old child saliva from 10 low-income, Mexican-American mother-child pairs with a high prevalence of obesity. RESULTS Members of the genus Streptococcus dominated both milk and salivary microbial communities in most subjects. Staphylococcus was observed predominately in milk samples while Prevotella was more prevalent in child saliva. No statistically significant relationships were observed between maternal and child microbiomes or between child microbiome and BMI. However, prepregnancy BMI was correlated with both lower Streptococcus abundance (r = -0.67) and higher microbial diversity (r = 0.77) in breast milk (P < 0.05 for both). Diversity estimates were notably similar to data from other low-income cohorts or children. CONCLUSION These findings contribute to the currently limited state of knowledge regarding the breast milk and salivary microbiomes in mother-child pairs and may inform future studies seeking to elucidate the relationship between early-life microbial exposures and pediatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Street
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Francis
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA,Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lee Riley
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA,Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA,Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Dr. Nina Holland, 1301 South 46th Street, Building 112 Room 30, Berkeley Global Campus, Richmond, CA 94804, Phone: 510-665-2200, Fax: 510-665-2202,
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139
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Handal AJ, Hund L, Páez M, Bear S, Greenberg C, Fenske RA, Barr DB. Characterization of Pesticide Exposure in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Ecuador. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:627-39. [PMID: 26311023 PMCID: PMC4769681 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have detailed the prenatal pesticide exposure levels of women employed in or residing near large-scale agricultural industries. This study reports pesticide metabolite levels during and shortly after pregnancy in a pilot study of workers in Ecuador. Urine samples were collected for 16 rose workers and 10 nonagricultural workers enrolled into the study in early pregnancy. We measured six nonspecific organophosphatedialkylphosphate (DAP) pesticide metabolites, two alkylenebis-dithiocarbamate pesticide metabolites [ethylene thiourea (ETU) and propylene thiourea (PTU)], 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), malathion dicarboxylic acid, and two pyrethroid metabolites (2,2-dimethylcyclo propanecarboxylic acid and 3-phenooxybenzoic acid). We collected 141 urine samples (mean: 5.4 per woman). We observed high detection frequencies for five DAP metabolites and ETU, PTU, and TCPy. We report elevated levels of ETU in the entire sample (median 4.24 ng/mL, IQR 2.23, 7.18), suggesting other possible non-occupational pathways of exposure. We found no statistical differences in pesticide levels by current employment status, although the highest pesticide levels were among rose workers. We observed within-woman correlation in TCPy and PTU levels, but not in ETU or DAP levels. The present study is the first to characterize prenatal pesticide exposure levels among working women in Ecuador. Limitations include a small sample size and use of a convenience sample. Strengths include a longitudinal design and multiple urine samples per woman. Results provide an initial characterization of prenatal pesticide exposure levels and how these levels vary over pregnancy in a community impacted by agricultural industry and will inform further studies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Handal
- Public Health Program, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Lauren Hund
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Maritza Páez
- College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbaya, Ecuador
| | - Samantha Bear
- Public Health Program, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Carolyn Greenberg
- Public Health Program, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Richard A Fenske
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Saraei F, Sadoughi M, Kaka G, Sadraie SH, Foaddodini M. Study of the Effects of Diazinon on Fetal Liver in BALB/c Mice. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e28076. [PMID: 27330832 PMCID: PMC4913036 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.28076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Diazinon is an organophosphate that is broadly used as a pesticide to control insects and environmental pollutions. This toxic material is absorbed via inhalation, contact, or digestion and affects different tissues. Objectives This research was a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study of the fetal liver of mice after exposure to Diazinon. Materials and Methods Twenty-five pregnant BALB/c mice (25 - 30 gr) were divided into five equal groups in the animal lab of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The normal group was without any intervention, and two sham groups received an emulsifier as 0.52 and 5.2 μL/volume (5000 cc in desiccator) and two experimental groups received Diazinon 1.3 and 13μL/volume from the seventh to eighteenth days of pregnancy every other day via forty minutes of inhalation. The pregnant mice were killed on the eighteenth day of gestation and their fetuses were removed and evaluated for fetal growth and liver development. Five fixed fetuses were dehydrated through a series of graded ethanol, embedded in paraffin wax and their whole bodies were sectioned sagittally and stained via the hematoxylin-eosin method. Quantitative computer-assisted morphometric studies were done on the fetal liver tissues occupied by hepatocytes, blood islands, liver sinusoids, and apoptosis. Results The mean crown-rump of the fetuses and their mean weight were increased in the experimental group as compared to the sham and normal groups, but the differences were not significant. The mean percentage of the hepatocyte area significantly increased in the experimental group as compared to the sham and control groups (P < 0.0001). However, the mean sinusoid area significantly decreased in the experimental group as compared to the sham and control groups. The mean percentage of the area occupied by apoptotic hepatocytes in the experimental group - 13 μL /volume (8.6143 ± 1.00945) and 1.3 μL /volume (6.1091 ± 0.93093) - significantly increased as compared to the normal and sham groups (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Our data showed that inhalation of Diazinon during pregnancy increased the hepatocyte area and hepatocyte apoptosis while it decreased the sinusoid area of the fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saraei
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Sadoughi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Gholamreza Kaka
- Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Gholamreza Kaka, Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2126127286, E-mail:
| | | | - Mohsen Foaddodini
- Department of Physiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
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Rivero Osimani VL, Valdez SR, Guiñazú N, Magnarelli G. Alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the placenta of rural residents. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:47-57. [PMID: 26939719 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of environmental organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure on respiratory complexes, enzymatic antioxidant defense activities, and oxidative damage markers in the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast mitochondria was evaluated. Placental progesterone (PG) levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were studied. Samples from women non-exposed (control group-CG) and women living in a rural area (rural group-RG) were collected during pesticide spraying season (RG-SS) and non-spraying season (RG-NSS). In RG-SS, the exposure biomarker placental carboxylesterase decreased and syncytiotrophoblast cytochrome c oxidase activity increased, while 4-hydroxynonenal levels decreased. PG levels decreased in RG-SS and in the RG. Nitric oxide synthase expression decreased in RG, RG-SS and RG-NSS. No significant changes in mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activities were found. These results suggest that the alteration of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondrial complex IV activity and steroidogenic function may be associated to pesticide exposure. Reduction in placental PG and eNOS expression may account for low newborn weight in RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L Rivero Osimani
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Susana R Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; IMBECU-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Gladis Magnarelli
- LIBIQUIMA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
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142
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Winchester P, Proctor C, Ying J. County-level pesticide use and risk of shortened gestation and preterm birth. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:e107-15. [PMID: 26613363 PMCID: PMC5067698 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study assesses the association between pesticide exposure in pregnancy, preterm birth (PTB) and shortened gestation. Methods Pregnancy information was abstracted from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Non‐Public Use Natality Datasets 1990–2005. Pesticide use in maternal county of residence was calculated using California Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data 1990–2005. Counties were ranked by pesticide use, and birth months were sorted by peak (May–June) or nonpeak (other months) pesticide use. Multivariate logistical regression models were used. Results Counties with higher pesticide use were associated with higher PTB (low 8.59 ± 0.11%, moderate 9.25 ± 0.07%, high 10.0 ± 0.06%, p's < 0.001) and shorter gestations (low 39.197 ± 0.014 weeks, moderate 39.126 ± 0.011 weeks, high 39.049 ± 0.011 weeks, p's < 0.001). Peak pesticide months were associated with higher PTB (10.01 ± 0.05% vs. 9.36 ± 0.05%, p < 0.001) and shorter gestations (39.069 ± 0.007 weeks vs. 39.122 ± 0.007 weeks, p < 0.001). The pesticide effect on shortened gestation and higher PTB was found in all racial groups. Pesticide use was highest for fungicides > insecticides > fumigants > herbicides > others. Each pesticide type was found to be associated with higher PTB and shorter gestation. Conclusion PTB and shortened gestation were significantly associated with pesticide use in maternal county of residence regardless of race, gestation at birth, and in most risk categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Winchester
- Section of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Cathy Proctor
- Section of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental Health University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA
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143
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Rezende Chrisman J, Mattos IE, Koifman RJ, Koifman S, Moraes Mello Boccolini P, Meyer A. Prevalence of very low birthweight, malformation, and low Apgar score among newborns in Brazil according to maternal urban or rural residence at birth. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:496-504. [PMID: 26890127 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adverse birth outcomes are a major public health issue in rural areas, where several environmental risk factors, including pesticides, may endanger the health of women of reproductive age. We investigated the prevalence of selected birth outcomes among newborns from mothers living in urban and rural areas of a Brazilian municipality. METHODS Information about all live births that occurred between 2004 and 2006 in the Municipality of Nova Friburgo, Brazil, was retrieved from the Live Birth Information System. Newborns were classified as rural or urban, according to the mother's residence address. RESULTS Newborns from rural areas had a higher prevalence of very low-birthweight, low Apgar score, and malformation. On Poisson regression with adjustment for several confounders, rural offspring were more likely to have the aforementioned outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Women in rural areas are at higher risk of giving birth to an infant with very low-birthweight, low 5-min Apgar score and malformations detectable at birth, regardless of socioeconomic and gestational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Eschenique Mattos
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalina Jorge Koifman
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Koifman
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Moraes Mello Boccolini
- Environmental and Occupational Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- Environmental and Occupational Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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144
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Abstract
A wide array of infectious diseases can occur in pregnancy. Their acquisition, clinical presentation, and course during gestation may be altered due to an impairment of the maternal cellular immunity. Some infectious diseases can lead to serious consequences for the mother or the offspring, including congenital malformations. This review describes in detail the clinical presentation, course, management, and associated maternal and fetal risks of selected viral (varicella-zoster virus infections, condylomata acuminata), fungal (candida vulvovaginitis), bacterial (Lyme borreliosis), and parasitic (scabies) infections. The treatment options are critically reviewed. First-line therapies include acyclovir and varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin for varicella-zoster virus infections, surgical modalities for genital warts, topical clotrimazole and oral fluconazole for Candida vulvovaginitis, amoxicillin and cefuroxime for Lyme borreliosis, and permethrin for scabies. A synopsis of maternal and fetal risks of other important infections is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Müllegger
- Department of Dermatology, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Corvinusring 3-5, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
| | - Nina S Häring
- Department of Dermatology, State Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Martin Glatz
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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145
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Patel VM, Lambert WC, Schwartz RA. Safety of Topical Medications for Scabies and Lice in Pregnancy. Indian J Dermatol 2016; 61:583-587. [PMID: 27904173 PMCID: PMC5122270 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.193659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Medications should be employed with caution in women of childbearing age. Topical medications have little systemic absorption. Therefore, they are considered safer than oral or parenteral agents and less likely to be embryotoxic or fetotoxic. However, their safety profile must be assessed cautiously as the available data are limited. In this article, we aggregate human and animal studies to provide recommendations on using topical anti-scabies and anti-lice therapy in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral M Patel
- Dermatology and Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Dermatology and Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert A Schwartz
- Dermatology and Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration Newark, New Jersey, USA
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146
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Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture. Front Public Health 2016. [PMID: 27486573 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The industrialization of the agricultural sector has increased the chemical burden on natural ecosystems. Pesticides are agrochemicals used in agricultural lands, public health programs, and urban green areas in order to protect plants and humans from various diseases. However, due to their known ability to cause a large number of negative health and environmental effects, their side effects can be an important environmental health risk factor. The urgent need for a more sustainable and ecological approach has produced many innovative ideas, among them agriculture reforms and food production implementing sustainable practice evolving to food sovereignty. It is more obvious than ever that the society needs the implementation of a new agricultural concept regarding food production, which is safer for man and the environment, and to this end, steps such as the declaration of Nyéléni have been taken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sotirios Maipas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Kotampasi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Stamatis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Luc Hens
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO) , Mol , Belgium
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147
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González-Alzaga B, Hernández AF, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Gómez I, Aguilar-Garduño C, López-Flores I, Parrón T, Lacasaña M. Pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides and neurodevelopmental effects in children living in agricultural communities from South-Eastern Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:229-37. [PMID: 26425806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childrens exposure to neurotoxic compounds poses a major problem to public health because oftheir actively developing brain that makes them highly vulnerable. However, limited information is available on neuropsychological effects in children associated with pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between current and pre- and postnatal exposures to pesticides and their effects on neurodevelopment in children aged 6–11 years living in agricultural communities from South-Eastern Spain. METHODS An ambispective study was conducted on 305 children aged 6–11 years randomly selected from public schools of the study area. Current exposure to organophosphate pesticides was assessed measuring children's urinary levels of dialkylphosphates (DAPs). Both prenatal and postnatal residential exposure to pesticides was estimated by developing a geographical information system (GIS) technology-based index that integrated distance-weighted measure of agricultural surface, time-series of crop areas per municipality and year, and land-use maps. Neuropsychological performance was evaluated with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). The association of pre- and postnatal and current pesticide exposure with WISC-IV scale scores was assessed using multivariate linear regression models and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, respectively. RESULTS Greater urinary DAP levels were associated with a poorer performance on intelligence quotient and verbal comprehension domain, with effects being more prominent in boys than in girls. The influence of an increase in 10 ha per year in crop surface around the child's residence during the postnatal period was associated with decreased intelligence quotient, processing speed and verbal comprehension scores. As regards prenatal exposure to pesticides, a poor processing speed performance was observed. These effects were also more prominent in boys than in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that postnatal exposure to pesticides can negatively affect children's neuropsychological performance. Prenatal exposure was weakly associated to neurodevelopment impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería, Department of Neurosciences and Health Sciences, Almería, Spain; Andalusian Council of Health at Almería Province, Almería, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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148
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Gaspar FW, Harley KG, Kogut K, Chevrier J, Mora AM, Sjödin A, Eskenazi B. Prenatal DDT and DDE exposure and child IQ in the CHAMACOS cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:206-12. [PMID: 26414943 PMCID: PMC5152618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although banned in most countries, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) continues to be used for vector control in some malaria endemic areas. Previous findings from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort study found increased prenatal levels of DDT and its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) to be associated with altered neurodevelopment in children at 1 and 2years of age. In this study, we combined the measured maternal DDT/E concentrations during pregnancy obtained for the prospective birth cohort with predicted prenatal DDT and DDE levels estimated for a retrospective birth cohort. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) and linear regression models, we evaluated the relationship of prenatal maternal DDT and DDE serum concentrations with children's cognition at ages 7 and 10.5years as assessed using the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and 4 subtest scores (Working Memory, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Processing Speed) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). In GEE analyses incorporating both age 7 and 10.5 scores (n=619), we found prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales (p-value>0.05). In linear regression analyses assessing each time point separately, prenatal DDT levels were inversely associated with Processing Speed at age 7years (n=316), but prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales at age 10.5years (n=595). We found evidence for effect modification by sex. In girls, but not boys, prenatal DDE levels were inversely associated with Full Scale IQ and Processing Speed at age 7years. We conclude that prenatal DDT levels may be associated with delayed Processing Speed in children at age 7years and the relationship between prenatal DDE levels and children's cognitive development may be modified by sex, with girls being more adversely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser W Gaspar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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149
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Yousefi P, Huen K, Quach H, Motwani G, Hubbard A, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Estimation of blood cellular heterogeneity in newborns and children for epigenome-wide association studies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:751-8. [PMID: 26332589 PMCID: PMC4636959 DOI: 10.1002/em.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Confounding by cellular heterogeneity has become a major concern for epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in peripheral blood samples from population and clinical studies. Adjusting for white blood cell percentage estimates produced by the minfi implementation of the Houseman algorithm (minfi) during statistical analysis is now an established method to account for this bias in adults. However, minfi has not been benchmarked against white blood cell counts in children that may differ substantially from the reference dataset used in its estimation. We compared estimates of white blood cell type percentages produced by two methods, minfi and differential cell count (DCC), in a birth cohort at two time points (birth and 12 years of age). We found that both minfi and DCC had similar trends as children aged, and neither count method differed by sex among newborns (P > 0.10). However, minfi estimates did not correlate well with DCC in samples from newborns (ρ = -0.05 for granulocytes; ρ = -0.03 for lymphocytes). In older children, correlation improved substantially (ρ = 0.77 for granulocytes; ρ = 0.75 for lymphocytes), likely due to increasing similarity with minfi's adult reference data as children aged. Our findings suggest that the minfi method may provide suitable estimates of white blood cell composition for samples from adults and older children, but may not currently be appropriate for EWAS involving newborns or young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hong Quach
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Girish Motwani
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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150
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Yousefi P, Huen K, Davé V, Barcellos L, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Sex differences in DNA methylation assessed by 450 K BeadChip in newborns. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:911. [PMID: 26553366 PMCID: PMC4640166 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark that can potentially link early life exposures to adverse health outcomes later in life. Host factors like sex and age strongly influence biological variation of DNA methylation, but characterization of these relationships is still limited, particularly in young children. METHODS In a sample of 111 Mexican-American subjects (58 girls , 53 boys), we interrogated DNA methylation differences by sex at birth using the 450 K BeadChip in umbilical cord blood specimens, adjusting for cell composition. RESULTS We observed that ~3% of CpG sites were differentially methylated between girls and boys at birth (FDR P < 0.05). Of those CpGs, 3031 were located on autosomes, and 82.8% of those were hypermethylated in girls compared to boys. Beyond individual CpGs, we found 3604 sex-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) where the majority (75.8%) had higher methylation in girls. Using pathway analysis, we found that sex-associated autosomal CpGs were significantly enriched for gene ontology terms related to nervous system development and behavior. Among hits in our study, 35.9% had been previously reported as sex-associated CpG sites in other published human studies. Further, for replicated hits, the direction of the association with methylation was highly concordant (98.5-100%) with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first reported epigenome-wide analysis by sex at birth that examined DMRs and adjusted for confounding by cell composition. We confirmed previously reported trends that methylation profiles are sex-specific even in autosomal genes, and also identified novel sex-associated CpGs in our methylome-wide analysis immediately after birth, a critical yet relatively unstudied developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Veronica Davé
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Lisa Barcellos
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
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