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Tissier F, Dussauze M, Lefloch N, Theron M, Lemaire P, Le Floch S, Pichavant-Rafini K. Effect of dispersed crude oil on cardiac function in seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:192-198. [PMID: 25950135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of dispersed oil was assessed in Dicentrarchus labrax, a fish frequently used as an oil contamination indicator species. Fish were exposed for 48h to (mechanically and chemically) dispersed oil and dispersant alone. The impact of these exposure conditions was assessed on cardiac function by measuring (i) the contraction strength, the contraction and the relaxation speeds (ii) the cardiac energy metabolism using respirometry on permeabilized cardiac fibers. Compared to control, the increase of polycyclic aromatic metabolites observed in the bile indicated oil contamination in our fish. Following 48h of oil exposure at realistic oil concentrations, alterations of cardiac performances were observed. A decrease in contraction strength, contraction and relaxation speeds was observed in the presence of oil without effect of dispersant on these three parameters. Looking at cardiac energy metabolism, dispersant alone decreases all the activity of the respiratory chain and increases the proton leak. From these results, it appears that the observed decrease in cardiac performance in fish exposed to oil was not linked to a decrease in energy availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Tissier
- EA 4324 ORPHY (Optimisation des Régulations PHYsiologiques), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, 6 avenue LE GORGEU, CS 93837, 29238 BREST cedex 3, France
| | - Matthieu Dussauze
- EA 4324 ORPHY (Optimisation des Régulations PHYsiologiques), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, 6 avenue LE GORGEU, CS 93837, 29238 BREST cedex 3, France; Cedre: Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux, 15 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 BREST Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nina Lefloch
- Cedre: Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux, 15 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 BREST Cedex 2, France
| | - Michael Theron
- EA 4324 ORPHY (Optimisation des Régulations PHYsiologiques), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, 6 avenue LE GORGEU, CS 93837, 29238 BREST cedex 3, France
| | | | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Cedre: Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux, 15 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 BREST Cedex 2, France
| | - Karine Pichavant-Rafini
- EA 4324 ORPHY (Optimisation des Régulations PHYsiologiques), UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, 6 avenue LE GORGEU, CS 93837, 29238 BREST cedex 3, France
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102
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Li H, Fang CHY, Shi W, Gurusamy S, Li S, Krishnan MN, George S. Size and site dependent biological hazard potential of particulate matters collected from different heights at the vicinity of a building construction. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:20-9. [PMID: 26253280 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although building constructions are a recurring part of urbanization, the health risk of particulate matters (PM) originating from such activities have seldom been subjected to detailed studies. We sought to characterize the relative risk of air borne PM collected from different heights (ground and top floor) of a building adjacent to a building under early phase of construction. We determined the physico-chemical properties such as size and shape, elemental composition and surface charge of the PM. The oxidative stress dependent cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory responses were assessed in BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cell lines using high-content-screening platforms. In comparison to top floor, the total mass of PM collected from ground floor was two-three folds higher and the mass fraction was dominated by PM20-35. Elemental analysis showed abundance of Si, Al, K, Ca and Fe in bigger PM while for PM0.25-0.5 it was mostly constituted by C and crystals rich in S and K. PM caused NFκB activation, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity wherein PM0.25-0.5 was the most potent among the tested PM. Estimated exposure level and lung burden together with the data on hazard potential were used for developing a MATLAB based risk-assessment model which suggested that the potential for health risk is relatively higher at the ground floor. Our studies demonstrated differences in, relative abundance of PM, their physicochemical and biological properties collected from different heights adjacent to a construction site and showed that relative health risk is higher at the ground floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiong Li
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore
| | - Crystal Hay Yu Fang
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore
| | - Wenxiong Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Subramaniam Gurusamy
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Manoj N Krishnan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Saji George
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore.
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103
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Du X, Crawford DL, Oleksiak MF. Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on the Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway of Hepatocytes from Natural Populations of Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 165:231-40. [PMID: 26122720 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), potentially target mitochondria and cause toxicity. We compared the effects of POPs on mitochondrial respiration by measuring oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) metabolism in hepatocytes isolated from lab-depurated Fundulus heteroclitus from a Superfund site contaminated with PAHs (Elizabeth River VA, USA) relative to OxPhos metabolism in individuals from a relatively clean, reference population (King's Creek VA, USA). In individuals from the polluted Elizabeth River population, OxPhos metabolism displayed lower LEAK and lower activities in complex III, complex IV, and E State, but higher activity in complex I compared to individuals from the reference King's Creek population. To test the supposition that these differences were due to or related to the chronic PAH contamination history of the Elizabeth River population, we compared the OxPhos functions of undosed individuals from the polluted and reference populations to individuals from these populations dosed with a PAH {benzo [α] pyrene (BaP)} or a PCB {PCB126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl)}, respectively. Exposure to PAH or PCB affected OxPhos in the reference King's Creek population but had no detectable effects on the polluted Elizabeth River population. Thus, PAH exposure significantly increased LEAK, and exposure to PCB126 significantly decreased State 3, E state and complex I activity in the reference King's Creek population. These data strongly implicate an evolved tolerance in the Elizabeth River fish where dosed fish are not affected by PAH exposure and undosed fish show decreased LEAK and increased State 3 and E state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Du
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Douglas L Crawford
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Marjorie F Oleksiak
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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104
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Lim J, Lim C, Kim S, Hong J. Characterizations of organic compounds in diesel exhaust particulates. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 34:171-183. [PMID: 26257360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter (PM) below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, concentration of identifiable organic compounds in PM ultrafine (34-94 nm) and accumulation (94-1000 nm) modes ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 μg/m(3) and 9.5 to 16.4 μg/m(3), respectively. As a function of driving conditions, the non-oxygen-containing organics exhibited a reversed concentration trend to the oxygen-containing organics. The identified organic compounds were classified into eleven classes: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, ethers, nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds. At all driving conditions, alkane class consistently showed the highest concentration (8.3 to 18.0 μg/m(3)) followed by carboxylic acid, esters, ketones and alcohols. Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 37.9 to 174.8 ng/m(3). In addition, nine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (NPACs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 7.0 to 10.3 ng/m(3). The most abundant PAH (phenanthrene) and NPACs (7,8-benzoquinoline and 3-nitrophenanthrene) comprise a similar molecular (3 aromatic-ring) structure under the highest engine speed and engine load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Lim
- Division of Global Environment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheolsoo Lim
- Division of Global Environment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyun Kim
- Division of Global Environment Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyung Hong
- Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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105
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Sha B, Gao W, Cui X, Wang L, Xu F. The potential health challenges of TiO2nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1086-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyong Sha
- School of Basic Medical Science; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xingye Cui
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Lin Wang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
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106
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Elie MR, Choi J, Nkrumah-Elie YM, Gonnerman GD, Stevens JF, Tanguay RL. Metabolomic analysis to define and compare the effects of PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in developing zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:502-10. [PMID: 26001975 PMCID: PMC4492807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives are ubiquitously present in diesel exhaust, atmospheric particulate matter and soils sampled in urban areas. Therefore, inhalation or non-dietary ingestion of both PAHs and oxy-PAHs are major routes of exposure for people; especially young children living in these localities. While there has been extensive research on the parent PAHs, limited studies exist on the biological effects of oxy-PAHs which have been shown to be more soluble and more mobile in the environment. Additionally, investigations comparing the metabolic responses resulting from parent PAHs and oxy-PAHs exposures have not been reported. To address these current gaps, an untargeted metabolomics approach was conducted to examine the in vivo metabolomic profiles of developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 4 µM of benz[a]anthracene (BAA) or benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (BAQ). By integrating multivariate, univariate and pathway analyses, a total of 63 metabolites were significantly altered after 5 days of exposure. The marked perturbations revealed that both BAA and BAQ affect protein biosynthesis, mitochondrial function, neural development, vascular development and cardiac function. Our previous transcriptomic and genomic data were incorporated in this metabolomics study to provide a more comprehensive view of the relationship between PAH and oxy-PAH exposures on vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Elie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Yasmeen M Nkrumah-Elie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Gregory D Gonnerman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Jan F Stevens
- College of Pharmacy and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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107
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Antiñolo M, Willis MD, Zhou S, Abbatt JPD. Connecting the oxidation of soot to its redox cycling abilities. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6812. [PMID: 25873384 PMCID: PMC4410628 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that soot particles are emitted in large quantities to the atmosphere, our understanding of their environmental effects is limited by our knowledge of how their composition is subsequently altered through atmospheric processing. Here we present an on-line mass spectrometric study of the changing chemical composition of hydrocarbon soot particles as they are oxidized by gas-phase ozone, and we show that the surface-mediated loss rates of adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soot are directly connected to a significant increase in the particle redox cycling abilities. With redox cycling implicated as an oxidative stress mechanism that arises after inhalation of atmospheric particles, this work draws a quantitative connection between the detailed heterogeneous chemistry occurring on atmospheric particles and a potential toxic mechanism attributable to that aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Antiñolo
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada [2] Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Megan D Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
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108
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Xia M, Viera-Hutchins L, Garcia-Lloret M, Noval Rivas M, Wise P, McGhee SA, Chatila ZK, Daher N, Sioutas C, Chatila TA. Vehicular exhaust particles promote allergic airway inflammation through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-notch signaling cascade. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:441-53. [PMID: 25825216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) has been linked to a heightened incidence of asthma and allergic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PM exposure promotes allergic diseases remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the expression, function, and regulation of pathways involved in promotion of allergic airway inflammation by PM. METHODS We used gene expression transcriptional profiling, in vitro culture assays, and in vivo murine models of allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS We identified components of the Notch pathway, most notably Jagged 1 (Jag1), as targets of PM induction in human monocytes and murine dendritic cells. PM, especially ultrafine particles, upregulated TH cytokine levels, IgE production, and allergic airway inflammation in mice in a Jag1- and Notch-dependent manner, especially in the context of the proasthmatic IL-4 receptor allele Il4raR576. PM-induced Jag1 expression was mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which bound to and activated AhR response elements in the Jag1 promoter. Pharmacologic antagonism of AhR or its lineage-specific deletion in CD11c(+) cells abrogated the augmentation of airway inflammation by PM. CONCLUSION PM activates an AhR-Jag1-Notch cascade to promote allergic airway inflammation in concert with proasthmatic alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcan Xia
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Loida Viera-Hutchins
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Maria Garcia-Lloret
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Sean A McGhee
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Zena K Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Nancy Daher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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109
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He XC, Lin M, Li F, Sha BY, Xu F, Qu ZG, Wang L. Advances in studies of nanoparticle–biomembrane interactions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:121-41. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in nanomedicine and diagnostics based on the interactions between NPs and the basic barrier (biomembrane). Understanding the underlying mechanism of these interactions is important for enhancing their beneficial effects and avoiding potential nanotoxicity. Experimental, mathematical and numerical modeling techniques are involved in this field. This article reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in studies of NP–biomembrane interactions with a focus on each technology's advantages and disadvantages. The aim is to better understand the mechanism of NP–biomembrane interactions and provide significant guidance for various fields, such as nanomedicine and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cong He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
| | - Min Lin
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
| | - Bao Yong Sha
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
| | - Zhi Guo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China
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110
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Carlsten C, MacNutt MJ, Zhang Z, Sava F, Pui MM. Anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine diminishes diesel exhaust-induced increased airway responsiveness in person with airway hyper-reactivity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:479-87. [PMID: 24814479 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE) at moderate concentrations causes increased airway responsiveness in asthmatics and increased airway resistance in both healthy and asthmatic subjects, but the effect of baseline airway responsiveness and anti-oxidant supplementation on this dynamic is unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if changes in airway responsiveness due to DE are attenuated by thiol anti-oxidant supplementation, particularly in those with underlying airway hyper-responsiveness. METHODS Participants took N-acetylcysteine (600 mg) or placebo capsules three times daily for 6 days. On the last of these 6 days, participants were exposed for 2 h to either filtered air (FA) or DE (300 μg/m(3) of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns). Twenty-six non-smokers were studied under each of three experimental conditions (filtered air with placebo, diesel exhaust with placebo, and diesel exhaust with N-acetylcysteine) using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, with a 2-week washout between conditions. Methacholine challenge was performed pre-exposure (baseline airway responsiveness) and post-exposure (effect of exposure). RESULTS Anti-oxidant supplementation reduced baseline airway responsiveness in hyper-responsive individuals by 20% (p = 0.001). In hyper-responsive individuals, airway responsiveness increased 42% following DE compared with FA (p = 0.03) and this increase was abrogated with anti-oxidant supplementation (diesel exhaust with N-acetylcysteine vs. filtered air with placebo, p = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Anti-oxidant (N-acetylcysteine) supplementation protects against increased airway responsiveness associated with DE inhalation and reduces need for supplement bronchodilators in those with baseline airway hyper-responsiveness. Individuals with variants in genes of oxidative stress metabolism when exposed to DE are protected from increases in airway responsiveness if taking anti-oxidant supplementation.
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111
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Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Cecchetti S, Tinari A, Mastrofrancesco A, Alfè M, Gargiulo V, Beatrice C, Di Blasio G, Carpinelli G, Ortona E, Giovannetti A, Fiorito S. Diesel exhaust particle exposure in vitro impacts T lymphocyte phenotype and function. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:74. [PMID: 25498254 PMCID: PMC4271360 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are major constituents of ambient air pollution and their adverse health effect is an area of intensive investigations. With respect to the immune system, DEP have attracted significant research attention as a factor that could influence allergic diseases interfering with cytokine production and chemokine expression. With this exception, scant data are available on the impact of DEP on lymphocyte homeostasis. Here, the effects of nanoparticles from Euro 4 (E4) and Euro 5 (E5) light duty diesel engines on the phenotype and function of T lymphocytes from healthy donors were evaluated. Methods T lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from healthy volunteers and subsequently stimulated with different concentration (from 0.15 to 60 μg/ml) and at different time points (from 24 h to 9 days) of either E4 or E5 particles. Immunological parameters, including apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation levels, mitochondrial function, expression of activation markers and cytokine production were evaluated by cellular and molecular analyses. Results DEP exposure caused a pronounced autophagic-lysosomal blockade, thus interfering with a key mechanism involved in the maintaining of T cell homeostasis. Moreover, DEP decreased mitochondrial membrane potential but, unexpectedly, this effect did not result in changes of the apoptosis and/or necrosis levels, as well as of intracellular content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Finally, a down-regulation of the expression of the alpha chain of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (i.e., the CD25 molecule) as well as an abnormal Th1 cytokine expression profile (i.e., a decrease of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ production) were observed after DEP exposure. No differences between the two compounds were detected in all studied parameters. Conclusions Overall, our data identify functional and phenotypic T lymphocyte parameters as relevant targets for DEP cytotoxicity, whose impairment could be detrimental, at least in the long run, for human health, favouring the development or the progression of diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Maselli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS-IFO, Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Alfè
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione (IRC), CNR- Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. .,Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Giovannetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR-Rome, Italy. .,Research Center for Nanotechnologies applied to Engineering-CNIS, Rome, Italy.
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112
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Dussauze M, Camus L, Le Floch S, Pichavant-Rafini K, Geraudie P, Coquillé N, Amérand A, Lemaire P, Theron M. Impact of dispersed fuel oil on cardiac mitochondrial function in polar cod Boreogadus saida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13779-13788. [PMID: 24532208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, impact of dispersed oil on cardiac mitochondrial function was assessed in a key species of Arctic marine ecosystem, the polar cod Boreogadus saida. Mature polar cod were exposed during 48 h to dispersed oil (mechanically and chemically) and dispersants alone. The increase observed in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in bile indicated no difference in contamination level between fish exposed to chemical or mechanical dispersion of oil. Oil induced alterations of O2 consumption of permeabilised cardiac fibres showing inhibitions of complexes I and IV of the respiratory chain. Oil did not induce any modification of mitochondrial proton leak. Dispersants did not induce alteration of mitochondrial activity and did not increase oil toxicity. These data suggest that oil exposure may limit the fitness of polar cod and consequently could lead to major disruption in the energy flow of polar ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Dussauze
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA4324, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue le Gorgeu, CS 93 837, 29 238, Brest Cedex 3, France,
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113
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Elie MR, Williamson RE, Clausen CA, Yestrebsky CL. Application of a magnesium/co-solvent system for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in a spiked soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:793-800. [PMID: 25461950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the capability, efficacy and practicality of a combined approach based on solvent extraction and chemical reduction to simultaneously degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) in spiked soil. The spiked soil was washed using a composite organic solvent consisting of ethanol and ethyl lactate (1:1, v/v) and then degradation of the extracted contaminants using zero-valent magnesium. The extraction conditions were optimized at 25 °C with solvent-soil ratio of 2:1 (v/w) and the ensuing degradation efficiency ranged from 79% to 88% for the OPAHs, and 66% to 87% for the PAHs after 24 h of reaction at pH of 6.1. The reductive degradation of the spiked contaminants followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, comparing the kinetic results of this study to soil-free studies, the degradation rates are significantly reduced. It can be inferred that extracted organic or inorganic components from the soil medium hinder the degradation process, possibly by reducing the reactivity of the activated metal. Furthermore, to our understanding, this study is the first report on the simultaneous degradation of these priority pollutants and their oxygenated derivatives. The experimental results encourage the application of this magnesium/co-solvent system for future pilot-scale remediation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Elie
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
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114
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM, Ko S, Kelly-McNeil K, Cepeda C, Pettit A, Ohman-Strickland P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Gong J, Veleeparambil M, Gow AJ. A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:45. [PMID: 25361615 PMCID: PMC4236446 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For many individuals, daily commuting activities on roadways account for a substantial proportion of total exposure, as well as peak-level exposures, to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS) including ultrafine particles, but the health impacts of these exposures are not well-understood. We sought to determine if exposure to TRAPs particles during commuting causes acute oxidative stress in the respiratory tract or changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic activity. Methods We conducted a randomized, cross-over trial in which twenty-one young adults took two 1.5-hr rides in a passenger vehicle in morning rush-hour traffic. The subjects wore a powered-air-purifying respirator, and were blinded to high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration during one of the rides. At time points before and after the rides, we measured HRV and markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) including nitrite, the sum of nitrite and nitrate, malondialdehyde, and 8-isoprostane. We used mixed linear models to evaluate the effect of exposure on EBC and HRV outcomes, adjusting for pre-exposure response levels. We used linear models to examine the effects of particle concentrations on EBC outcomes at post-exposure time points. Results Mean EBC nitrite and the sum of nitrite and nitrate were increased from baseline at immediately post-exposure comparing unfiltered to filtered rides (2.11 μM vs 1.70 μM, p = 0.02 and 19.1 μM vs 10.0 μM, p = 0.02, respectively). Mean EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were about 10% greater following the unfiltered vs. filtered exposures, although this result was not statistically significant. We found no significant associations between exposure to traffic particles and HRV outcomes at any of the time points. At immediately post-exposure, an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration was associated with statistically significant increases in nitrite (99.4%, 95% CI 32.1% to 166.7%) and nitrite + nitrate (75.7%, 95% CI 21.5% to 130.0%). Conclusions Increases in markers of oxidative stress in EBC may represent early biological responses to widespread exposures to TRAPs particles that affect passengers in vehicles on heavily trafficked roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Susan Ko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Kathie Kelly-McNeil
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Clarimel Cepeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Ashley Pettit
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Pharmacy and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Anderson A, Phair J, Benson J, Meenan B, Davis J. Investigating the use of endogenous quinoid moieties on carbon fibre as means of developing micro pH sensors. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:533-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng WJ, Rong Y, Shi TM, Zhou T, Liu YW, Chen WH. Size-dependent biological effects on vascular endothelial cells induced by different particulate matters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:314-321. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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117
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Lee KY, Wong CKC, Chuang KJ, Bien MY, Cao JJ, Han YM, Tian L, Chang CC, Feng PH, Ho KF, Chuang HC. Methionine oxidation in albumin by fine haze particulate matter: an in vitro and in vivo study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:384-391. [PMID: 24801896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of inhaled fine particulate matter (PM2.5), found in haze episodes, on the oxidation of the proteins in the lungs are not well understood. We investigated the effects of PM2.5 from haze episodes on protein oxidation. PM2.5 was collected from the air pollution in Beijing (BJ), Xian (XA), Xiamen (XM) and Hong Kong (HK) during a period of intensive haze episodes. The chemical characteristics of these samples and their effects on albumin oxidation were investigated. The levels of PM2.5 in BJ and XA were 4-6 times higher than in XM and HK. The concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) components of the PM2.5 from BJ and XA were 10 times higher than those found in XM and HK. The haze PM2.5 increased oxidative stress. Addition of PM2.5 samples collected from haze episodes to albumin in vitro resulted in oxidation of methionine moieties; nasal instillation of PM2.5 suspensions in mice resulted in oxidation of methionine in the albumin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The methionine moieties participate in peptide chain crosslinking, and methionine oxidation in the albumin could be attributed to the PAH compounds. Our findings may be helpful in explaining the potential respiratory effects during haze episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yun Lee
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chris Kong-Chu Wong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution-Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Mauo-Ying Bien
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Linwei Tian
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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118
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Westman O, Larsson M, Venizelos N, Hollert H, Engwall M. An oxygenated metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene increases hepatic β-oxidation of fatty acids in chick embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6243-6251. [PMID: 24385188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens to humans and ecotoxicological effects have been shown in several studies. However, PAHs can also be oxidized into more water soluble-oxygenated metabolites (Oxy-PAHs). The first purpose of the present project was to (1) assess the effects of a mixture containing three parent PAHs: anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene versus a mixture of their oxygenated metabolites, namely: anthracene-9,10-dione, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one on the hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation in chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) exposed in ovo. The second and also main purpose of the project was to (2) assess the effects of the parent PAHs versus their oxy-PAHs analogues when injected individually, followed by (3) additional testing of the individual oxy-PAHs. The hepatic β-oxidation was measured using a tritium release assay with [9,10-(3)H]-palmitic acid (16:0) as substrate. The result from the first part (1) showed reduced hepatic β-oxidation after exposure in ovo to a mixture of three PAHs, however, increased after exposure to the mixture of three oxy-PAHs compared to control. The result from the second part (2) and also the follow-up experiment (3) showed that 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene-7-(8H)-one was the causative oxy-PAH. The implication of this finding on the risk assessment of PAH metabolite exposure in avian wildlife remains to be determined. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Westman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-70182, Sweden,
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119
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Donateo A, Gregoris E, Gambaro A, Merico E, Giua R, Nocioni A, Contini D. Contribution of harbour activities and ship traffic to PM2.5, particle number concentrations and PAHs in a port city of the Mediterranean Sea (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9415-9429. [PMID: 24756672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an assessment of the impact of ship traffic and related harbour activities (loading/unloading of ships and hotelling in harbour) on PM 2.5 and particle number concentrations (PNC) separating the contribution associated to ship traffic from that of harbour-related activities is reported. Further, an assessment of the impact and environmental risks associated to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations was performed. Results refer to the city of Brindisi (88,500 inhabitants) in the south-eastern part of Italy and its harbour (with yearly 9.5 Mt of goods, over 520,000 passengers and over 175,000 vehicles). PM2.5 and PNC concentrations show a clear daily pattern correlated with daily ship traffic pattern in the harbour. High temporal resolution measurements and correlations with wind direction were used to estimate the average direct contribution to measured concentrations of this source. The average relative contribution of ship traffic was 7.4% (±0.5%) for PM2.5 and 26% (±1%) for PNC. When the contribution associated to harbour-related activities is added, the percentages become 9.3% (±0.5%) for PM2.5 and 39% (±1%) for PNC. In the site analysed, air coming from the harbour/industrial sector was richer in PAHs (5.34 ng/m3) than air sampled from all directions (3.89 ng/m3). The major compounds were phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, but the congener profiles were different in the two direction sectors: air from the harbour/industrial sector was richer in phenanthrene and fluorene, which are the most abundant PAHs in ship emissions. Results showed that lighter PAHs are associated to the gas phase, while high molecular weight congeners are mostly present in the particulate phase. The impact on the site studied of the harbour/industrial source to PAHs was 56%(range, 29-87%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Donateo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy,
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Filippi C, Pryde A, Cowan P, Lee T, Hayes P, Donaldson K, Plevris J, Stone V. Toxicology of ZnO and TiO2nanoparticles on hepatocytes: Impact on metabolism and bioenergetics. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:126-34. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.895437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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O’Hagan HM. Chromatin modifications during repair of environmental exposure-induced DNA damage: a potential mechanism for stable epigenetic alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:278-91. [PMID: 24259318 PMCID: PMC4020002 DOI: 10.1002/em.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to environmental toxicants and toxins cause epigenetic changes that likely play a role in the development of diseases associated with exposure. The mechanism behind these exposure-induced epigenetic changes is currently unknown. One commonality between most environmental exposures is that they cause DNA damage either directly or through causing an increase in reactive oxygen species, which can damage DNA. Like transcription, DNA damage repair must occur in the context of chromatin requiring both histone modifications and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. These chromatin changes aid in DNA damage accessibility and signaling. Several proteins and complexes involved in epigenetic silencing during both development and cancer have been found to be localized to sites of DNA damage. The chromatin-based response to DNA damage is considered a transient event, with chromatin being restored to normal as DNA damage repair is completed. However, in individuals chronically exposed to environmental toxicants or with chronic inflammatory disease, repeated DNA damage-induced chromatin rearrangement may ultimately lead to permanent epigenetic alterations. Understanding the mechanism behind exposure-induced epigenetic changes will allow us to develop strategies to prevent or reverse these changes. This review focuses on epigenetic changes and DNA damage induced by environmental exposures, the chromatin changes that occur around sites of DNA damage, and how these transient chromatin changes may lead to heritable epigenetic alterations at sites of chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. O’Hagan
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN
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Totlandsdal AI, Øvrevik J, Cochran RE, Herseth JI, Bølling AK, Låg M, Schwarze P, Lilleaas E, Holme JA, Kubátová A. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives and the proinflammatory potential of fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:383-96. [PMID: 24345236 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion emissions, including diesel engine exhaust and wood smoke particles (DEPs and WSPs), has been associated with inflammatory responses. To investigate the possible role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-derivatives, the DEPs and WSPs methanol extracts were fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE), and the fractions were analyzed for more than ∼120 compounds. The pro-inflammatory effects of the fractionated extracts were characterized by exposure of bronchial epithelial lung cells (BEAS-2B). Both native DEPs and WSPs caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release and cytotoxicity. This is consistent with the finding of a rather similar total content of PAHs and PAH-derivatives. Yet, the samples differed in specific components, suggesting that different species contribute to the toxicological response in these two types of particles. The majority of the IL-6 release and cytotoxicity was induced upon exposure to the most polar (methanol) SPE fraction of extracts from both samples. In these fractions hydroxy-PAHs, carboxy-PAHs were observed along with nitro-amino-PAHs in DEP. However, the biological effects induced by the polar fractions could not be attributed only to the occurrence of PAH-derivatives. The present findings indicate a need for further characterization of organic extracts, beyond an extensive analysis of commonly suspected PAH and PAH-derivatives. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, to view the supplemental file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annike I Totlandsdal
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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123
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Gehr P, Clift MJD, Brandenberger C, Lehmann A, Herzog F, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Endocytosis of environmental and engineered micro- and nanosized particles. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1159-74. [PMID: 23733639 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many studies with cells to find out how particles interact with them. In contrast to micronsized particles, which are actively taken up by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis, nanosized particles may be taken up by cells through different endocytic pathways or by another, yet to be defined mechanism. There is increasing evidence that it is the nanosized particles, which are a particular risk because of their high content of organic chemicals and their pro-oxidative potential due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the particles as compared to the bulk material. It is the goal of this article to create an understanding for the interaction of particles with biological systems, with particular consideration of the interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with lung cells. One is attempting to understand, how NPs interact with cellular membranes, as it is hardly known, how they are taken up by cells, how they are trafficking in cells, and how they interact with subcellular compartments, such as with mitochondria or with the nucleus. Cells tend to defend themselves against any foreign material, which is taken up. In general, they try to eliminate particulate intruders and this is what they usually manage with micronsized particles. However, with NPs it is different. NPs may not be eliminated easily, and, hence may stimulate the cells to react in an unfavorable way. What we can learn is that NPs behave differently than microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gehr
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Chu S, Zhang H, Maher C, McDonald JD, Zhang X, Ho SM, Yan B, Chillrud S, Perera F, Factor P, Miller RL. Prenatal and postnatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, airway hyperreactivity, and Beta-2 adrenergic receptor function in sensitized mouse offspring. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:603581. [PMID: 24454363 PMCID: PMC3876588 DOI: 10.1155/2013/603581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite data associating exposure to traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in asthma, mechanistic support has been limited. We hypothesized that both prenatal and early postnatal exposure to PAH would increase airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and that the resulting AHR may be insensitive to treatment with a β 2AR agonist drug, procaterol. Further, we hypothesized that these exposures would be associated with altered β 2AR gene expression and DNA methylation in mouse lungs. Mice were exposed prenatally or postnatally to a nebulized PAH mixture versus negative control aerosol 5 days a week. Double knockout β 2AR mice were exposed postnatally only. Prenatal exposure to PAH was associated with reduced β 2AR gene expression among nonsensitized mice offspring, but not increases in DNA methylation or AHR. Postnatal exposure to PAH was borderline associated with increased AHR among sensitized wildtype, but not knockout mice. In the first study that delivers PAH aerosols to mice in a relatively physiological manner, small effects on AHR and β 2AR gene expression, but not β 2AR agonist drug activity, were observed. If confirmed, the results may suggest that exposure to PAH, common ambient urban pollutants, affects β 2AR function, although the impact on the efficacy of β 2AR agonist drugs used in treating asthma remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christina Maher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87101, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45201, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45201, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Steven Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Frederica Perera
- Department of Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Phillip Factor
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Chiang LL, Chen HC, Lee CN, Chuang KJ, Chen TT, Yeh CT, Wang LS, Lee WH, Lin LY, Tseng HE, Chuang HC. Serum protein oxidation by diesel exhaust particles: effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:385-93. [PMID: 24161433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence shows a key role for protein modification in the adverse effects of chemicals; however, the interaction of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) with proteins and the resulting biological activity remains unclear. DEP and carbon black (CB) suspensions with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used to elucidate the biological effects of air pollutants. The DEP and CB samples were then divided into suspensions and supernatants. Two important goals of the interaction of DEP with BSA were as follows: (1) understanding BSA modification by particles and (2) investigating the effects of particles bound with BSA and the corresponding supernatants on cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. We observed significant free amino groups production was caused by DEP. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we observed that BSA was significantly oxidised by DEP in the supernatants and that the peptides ETYGDMADCCEK, MPCTEDYLSLILNR and TVMENFVAFVDK, derived BSA-DEP conjugates, were also oxidised. In A549 cells, DEP-BSA suspensions and the corresponding supernatants reduced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) production and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels when compared to DEP solutions without BSA. Our findings suggest that oxidatively modified forms of BSA caused by DEP could lead to oxidative stress and the activation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chiang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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126
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Yang M, Zhang X. Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10868-76. [PMID: 24024886 DOI: 10.1021/es401841t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using seawater for toilet flushing may introduce high levels of bromide and iodide into a city's sewage treatment works, and result in the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination to disinfect sewage effluents. In a previous study, the authors' group has detected the presence of many brominated DBPs and identified five new aromatic brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline sewage effluents. The presence of brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline effluents may pose adverse implications for marine ecology. In this study, besides the detection and identification of another seven new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent, their developmental toxicity was evaluated using the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. For comparison, the developmental toxicity of some commonly known halogenated DBPs was also examined. The rank order of the developmental toxicity of 20 halogenated DBPs was 2,5-dibromohydroquinone > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol ≥ 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol ≥ 4-bromophenol > 2,4-dibromophenol ≥ 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol > 2-bromo-4-chlorophenol > 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-tribromophenol > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > bromoform ≥ 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,6-dibromophenol > 2,6-dichlorophenol > iodoacetic acid ≥ tribromoacetic acid > bromoacetic acid > chloroacetic acid. On the basis of developmental toxicity data, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was established. The QSAR involved two physical-chemical property descriptors (log P and pKa) and two electronic descriptors (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy) to indicate the transport, biouptake, and biointeraction of these DBPs. It can well predict the developmental toxicity of most of the DBPs tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong SAR, China
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127
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Kanaly RA, Hamamura N. 9,10-Phenanthrenedione biodegradation by a soil bacterium and identification of transformation products by LC/ESI-MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1442-1449. [PMID: 23611246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of 9,10-phenanthrenedione, a cytotoxic derivative of phenanthrene, was shown to occur by a soil bacterium belonging to the genus Sphingobium. Phenanthrene-grown cells of this strain were exposed to 50mgL(-1) 9,10-phenanthrenedione in liquid cultures, extracted, and extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ionization mode. Full scan analyses of exposed cells over the range from m/z 50 to m/z 500 were compared to abiotic and biotic controls. Product and precursor ion scan mode analyses indicated that at least three aromatic ring-cleavage transformation products of 9,10-phenanthrenedione were present and structures for these products, corresponding to [M-H](-)=271, [M-H](-)=241, and [M-H](-)=339 were proposed to be 4-(1-hydroxy-3,4-dioxo-2-naphthyl)-2-oxo-but-3-enoic acid, 2,2'-diphenic acid and 2-[(6-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxy-phenyl)-hydroxy-methyl]-5-oxo-hex-3-enedioic acid. The identity of 2,2'-diphenic acid was confirmed by comparison to an authentic standard and when the strain was exposed to 50mgL(-1) 2,2'-diphenic acid in separate assays, a transformation product with a similar mass spectrum as 9,10-phenanthrenedione-derived [M-H](-)=339 was revealed. Based upon these results, pathways for the transformation of 9,10-phenanthrenedione by strain KK22 were proposed. Strain KK22 appeared unable to use 9,10-phenanthrenedione as a growth substrate under these conditions. This is the first report of potential biotransformation pathways of 9,10-phenanthrenedione by a bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kanaly
- Department of Genome System Science, Faculty of Bionanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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128
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Kioumourtzoglou MA, Zanobetti A, Schwartz JD, Coull BA, Dominici F, Suh HH. The effect of primary organic particles on emergency hospital admissions among the elderly in 3 US cities. Environ Health 2013; 12:68. [PMID: 23981468 PMCID: PMC3765898 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particle (PM2.5) pollution related to combustion sources has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes. Although poorly understood, it is possible that organic carbon (OC) species, particularly those from combustion-related sources, may be partially responsible for the observed toxicity of PM2.5. The toxicity of the OC species may be related to their chemical structures; however, few studies have examined the association of OC species with health impacts. METHODS We categorized 58 primary organic compounds by their chemical properties into 5 groups: n-alkanes, hopanes, cyclohexanes, PAHs and isoalkanes. We examined their impacts on the rate of daily emergency hospital admissions among Medicare recipients in Atlanta, GA and Birmingham, AL (2006-2009), and Dallas, TX (2006-2007). We analyzed data in two stages; we applied a case-crossover analysis to simultaneously estimate effects of individual OC species on cause-specific hospital admissions. In the second stage we estimated the OC chemical group-specific effects, using a multivariate weighted regression. RESULTS Exposures to cyclohexanes of six days and longer were significantly and consistently associated with increased rate of hospital admissions for CVD (3.40%, 95%CI = (0.64, 6.24%) for 7-d exposure). Similar increases were found for hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. For respiratory related hospital admissions, associations with OC groups were less consistent, although exposure to iso-/anteiso-alkanes was associated with increased respiratory-related hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that week-long exposures to traffic-related, primary organic species are associated with increased rate of total and cause-specific CVD emergency hospital admissions. Associations were significant for cyclohexanes, but not hopanes, suggesting that chemical properties likely play an important role in primary OC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen H Suh
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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129
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Chan JKW, Charrier JG, Kodani SD, Vogel CF, Kado SY, Anderson DS, Anastasio C, Van Winkle LS. Combustion-derived flame generated ultrafine soot generates reactive oxygen species and activates Nrf2 antioxidants differently in neonatal and adult rat lungs. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:34. [PMID: 23902943 PMCID: PMC3735485 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban particulate matter (PM) has been epidemiologically correlated with multiple cardiopulmonary morbidities and mortalities, in sensitive populations. Children exposed to PM are more likely to develop respiratory infections and asthma. Although PM originates from natural and anthropogenic sources, vehicle exhaust rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be a dominant contributor to the PM2.5 and PM0.1 fractions and has been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). OBJECTIVES Current studies of ambient PM are confounded by the variable nature of PM, so we utilized a previously characterized ethylene-combusted premixed flame particles (PFP) with consistent and reproducible physiochemical properties and 1) measured the oxidative potential of PFP compared to ambient PM, 2) determined the ability of PFPs to generate oxidative stress and activate the transcription factor using in vitro and ex vivo models, and 3) we correlated these responses with antioxidant enzyme expression in vivo. METHODS We compared oxidative stress response (HMOX1) and antioxidant enzyme (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and PRDX6) expression in vivo by performing a time-course study in 7-day old neonatal and young adult rats exposed to a single 6-hour exposure to 22.4 μg/m3 PFPs. RESULTS We showed that PFP is a potent ROS generator that induces oxidative stress and activates Nrf2. Induction of the oxidative stress responsive enzyme HMOX1 in vitro was mediated through Nrf2 activation and was variably upregulated in both ages. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme expression had age and lung compartment variations post exposure. Of particular interest was SOD1, which had mRNA and protein upregulation in adult parenchyma, but lacked a similar response in neonates. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PFPs are effective ROS generators, comparable to urban ambient PM2.5, that induce oxidative stress in neonatal and adult rat lungs. PFPs upregulate a select set of antioxidant enzymes in young adult animals, that are unaffected in neonates. We conclude that the inability of neonatal animals to upregulate the antioxidant response may, in part, explain enhanced their susceptibility to ultrafine particles, such as PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie K W Chan
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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130
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Abstract
Electrostatics continues to play an important role in pharmaceutical aerosols for inhalation. Despite its ubiquitous nature, the charging process is complex and not well understood. Nonetheless, significant advances in the past few years continue to improve understanding and lead to better control of electrostatics. The purpose of this critical review is to present an overview of the literature, with an emphasis on how electrostatic charge can be useful in improving pulmonary drug delivery.
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131
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Hoogendoorn B, Berube K, Gregory C, Jones T, Sexton K, Brennan P, Brewis IA, Murison A, Arthur R, Price H, Morgan H, Matthews IP. Gene and protein responses of human lung tissue explants exposed to ambient particulate matter of different sizes. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 24:966-75. [PMID: 23216157 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.742600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to understand causal pathways driving the observed health effects, particularly if they are differentially associated with particle size. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of different size ranges of ambient particulate matter (PM) on gene and protein expression in an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human tracheobronchial epithelium (NHTBE) three-dimensional cell constructs were exposed for 24 h to washed ambient PM of different sizes (size 1: 7-615 nm; size 2: 616 nm-2.39 µm; size 3: 2.4-10 µm) collected from a residential street. A human stress and toxicity PCR array was used to investigate gene expression and iTRAQ was used to perform quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Eighteen different genes of the 84 on the PCR array were significantly dysregulated. Treatment with size 2 PM resulted in the greatest number of genes with altered expression, followed by size 1 and lastly size 3. ITRAQ identified 317 proteins, revealing 20 that were differentially expressed. Enrichment for gene ontology classification revealed potential changes to various pathways. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Different size fractions of ambient PM are associated with dysregulatory effects on the cellular proteome and on stress and toxicity genes of NHTBE cells. This approach not only provides an investigative tool to identify possible causal pathways but also permits the relationship between particle size and responses to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Hoogendoorn
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Neuadd Meirionnydd, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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132
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Elie MR, Clausen CA, Yestrebsky CL. Reductive degradation of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using an activated magnesium/co-solvent system. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1273-1280. [PMID: 23538090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the capability of zero-valent magnesium and a protic co-solvent to promote the degradation of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compounds, specifically 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, 7,12-benz(a)anthraquionone, and 7H-benz(de)anthracene-7-one. At room temperature conditions, greater than 86% degradation efficiency is observed after 24h of reaction time for a mixture containing 0.05 g of magnesium and four selected oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons with 250 mg L(-1) concentrations. It is noted that glacial acetic acid is needed as an activator for the degradation reaction to proceed. It is also presumed that the acid removes oxide and hydroxide species from the magnesium surface. With the GC-MS analysis of the reaction products, possible reductive pathways are suggested. Furthermore, this study is the first report on the degradation of these emerging contaminants and it is proposed that the magnesium-powder/protic-solvent system is a promising low-cost reagent and may allow for the future development of an economic and environmentally-friendly remediation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Elie
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
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133
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Meyer JN, Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Sendoel A, Hengartner MO, Kisby GE, Bess AS. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:1-17. [PMID: 23629515 PMCID: PMC3693132 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous strides have recently been made in our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria. Many diseases have been identified as caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and many pharmaceuticals have been identified as previously unrecognized mitochondrial toxicants. A much smaller but growing literature indicates that mitochondria are also targeted by environmental pollutants. We briefly review the importance of mitochondrial function and maintenance for health based on the genetics of mitochondrial diseases and the toxicities resulting from pharmaceutical exposure. We then discuss how the principles of mitochondrial vulnerability illustrated by those fields might apply to environmental contaminants, with particular attention to factors that may modulate vulnerability including genetic differences, epigenetic interactions, tissue characteristics, and developmental stage. Finally, we review the literature related to environmental mitochondrial toxicants, with a particular focus on those toxicants that target mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental health should focus more strongly on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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134
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Gini M, Lianou M, Chalbot MC, Kotronarou A, Kavouras IG, Helmis CG. Quantification of environmental tobacco smoke contribution on outdoor particulate aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:347-356. [PMID: 23223937 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the sources of fine particulate aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban area in southeastern Europe. A total of 91 urban PM2.5 samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for alkanes and PAHs. Exploratory statistical tools were applied to resolve a decreased number of components based on the variation of measurements. Molecular markers and diagnostic ratios were examined to assign retained components to specific sources. The contributions of the sources were estimated by multivariate linear regression. Sources of aliphatic and PAHs hydrocarbons included primary particles from traffic (3.9 ng/m(3) for alkanes and 240 pg/m(3) for PAHs), evaporative fugitive (4.0 ng/m(3) for alkanes and 93 pg/m(3) for PAHs), and unburnt fuels and oil residues (1.1 ng/m(3) for alkanes and 230 pg/m(3) for PAHs). For the first time, we quantified the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which accounted for 5.2 ng/m(3) of alkanes and 128 pg/m(3) of PAHs. The findings of this study underlined the persistence of ETS and possible exposures to significant quantities of tobacco residues outdoors. Tobacco smoke is known to induce adverse respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and increased risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gini
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, 11810, Greece
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135
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Vattanasit U, Navasumrit P, Khadka MB, Kanitwithayanun J, Promvijit J, Autrup H, Ruchirawat M. Oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and in humans exposed to traffic-related particles. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:23-33. [PMID: 23567252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is a major public health concern because epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to particles is associated with respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), which is classified as a human carcinogen (IARC, 2012), are considered a major contributor to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) in urban areas. DEP consists of various compounds, including PAHs and metals which are the principal components that contribute to the toxicity of PM. The present study aimed to investigate effects of PM on induction of oxidative DNA damage and inflammation by using lymphocytes in vitro and in human exposed to PM in the environment. Human lymphoblasts (RPMI 1788) were treated with DEP (SRM 2975) at various concentrations (25-100 μg/ml) to compare the extent of responses with alveolar epithelial cells (A549). ROS generation was determined in each cell cycle phase of DEP-treated cells in order to investigate the influence of the cell cycle stage on induction of oxidative stress. The oxidative DNA damage was determined by measurement of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) whereas the inflammatory responses were determined by mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and -8 (IL-6 and IL-8), Clara cell protein (CC16), and lung surfactant protein-A (SP-A). The results showed that RPMI 1788 and A549 cells had a similar pattern of dose-dependent responses to DEP in terms of particle uptake, ROS generation with highest level found in G2/M phase, 8-OHdG formation, and induction of IL-6 and IL-8 expression. The human study was conducted in 51 healthy subjects residing in traffic-congested areas. The effects of exposure to PM2.5 and particle-bound PAHs and toxic metals on the levels of 8-OHdG in lymphocyte DNA, IL-8 expression in lymphocytes, and serum CC16 were evaluated. 8-OHdG levels correlated with the exposure levels of PM2.5 (P<0.01) and PAHs (P<0.05), but this was not the case with IL-8. Serum CC16 showed significantly negative correlations with B[a]P equivalent (P<0.05) levels, but positive correlation with Pb (P<0.05). In conclusion, a similar pattern of the dose-dependent responses to DEP in the lymphoblasts and lung cells suggests that circulating lymphocytes could be used as a surrogate for assessing PM-induced oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in the lung. Human exposure to PM leads to oxidative DNA damage whereas PM-induced inflammation was not conclusive and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomratana Vattanasit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak si, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Thailand; Inter-University Program in Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management (Chulabhorn Research Institute, Asian Institute of Technology, Mahidol University), Thailand
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136
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Sato K, Minai Y, Watanabe H. Effect of monochromatic visible light on intracellular superoxide anion production and mitochondrial membrane potential of B16F1 and B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:633-7. [PMID: 23404540 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of visible light on animal cells using light-emitting diodes to emit monochromatic visible light (red, yellow, green and blue light). To explore the relevant mechanism of apoptosis, we assessed the intracellular superoxide anion production and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of B16F1 and B16F10 murine melanoma cells after monochromatic light irradiation. Blue light caused ΔΨm depolarization subsequent to elevation of intracellular superoxide production. However, red and yellow light had no affect on both cell lines. Green light induced ΔΨm collapse only in B16F1 melanoma cells. ΔΨm is a key indicator of mitochondrial function, therefore its disruption causes mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Thus, blue light causes mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Sato
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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137
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Oxidative stress and cytokine expression in respiratory epithelial cells exposed to well-characterized aerosols from Kabul, Afghanistan. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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138
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Koizumi R, Taguchi K, Hisamori M, Kumagai Y. Interaction of 9,10-phenanthraquinone with dithiol causes oxidative modification of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) through redox cycling. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:317-24. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Koizumi
- Master’s Program in Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Miwa Hisamori
- Master’s Program in Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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139
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Betha R, Balasubramanian R. Emissions of particulate-bound elements from biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel: size distribution and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1005-15. [PMID: 22925425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Use of waste cooking oil derived biodiesel (WCOB) as an alternative fuel in diesel engines has increased significantly in recent years. The impact of WCOB on particulate emissions from diesel engines needs to be investigated thoroughly. This study was conducted to make a comparative evaluation and size-differentiated speciation of the particulate bound elements from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and WCOB and a blend of both of the fuels (B50). Particle mass and their elemental size distributions ranging from 0.01-5.6 μm were measured. It was observed that more ultrafine particles (UFPs, <100 nm) were emitted when the engine was fueled with WCOB. Fifteen particulate-bound elements such as K, Al, Mg, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As, Ba, Pb, Zn and Sr were investigated and reported in this study. Potential health risk associated with these particulate bound elements upon inhalation was also evaluated based on dose-response assessments for both adults and children. The findings indicate that the exposure to PM of the B100 exhaust is relatively more hazardous and may pose adverse health effects compared to that of ULSD. Also, investigations on human health risk due to exposure to UFPs indicate that UFPs contribute a major fraction (>70%) of the total estimated health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Betha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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140
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Mao Z, Zhou X, Gao C. Influence of structure and properties of colloidal biomaterials on cellular uptake and cell functions. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:896-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm00137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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141
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Li Y, Zhu T, Zhao J, Xu B. Interactive enhancements of ascorbic acid and iron in hydroxyl radical generation in quinone redox cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10302-10309. [PMID: 22891791 DOI: 10.1021/es301834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are toxicological substances in inhalable particulate matter (PM). The mechanisms by which quinones cause hazardous effects can be complex. Quinones are highly active redox molecules that can go through a redox cycle with their semiquinone radicals, leading to formation of reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance spectra have been reported for semiquinone radicals in PM, indicating the importance of ascorbic acid and iron in quinone redox cycling. However, these findings are insufficient for understanding the toxicity associated with quinone exposure. Herein, we investigated the interactions among anthraquinone (AQ), ascorbic acid, and iron in hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation through the AQ redox cycling process in a physiological buffer. We measured ·OH concentration and analyzed the free radical process. Our results showed that AQ, ascorbic acid, and iron have synergistic effects on ·OH generation in quinone redox cycling; i.e., ascorbyl radical oxidized AQ to semiquinone radical and started the redox cycling, iron accelerated this oxidation and enhanced ·OH generation through Fenton reactions, while ascorbic acid and AQ could help iron to release from quartz surface and enhance its bioavailability. Our findings provide direct evidence for the redox cycling hypothesis about airborne particle surface quinone in lung fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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142
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Chuang HC, Fan CW, Chen KY, Chang-Chien GP, Chan CC. Vasoactive alteration and inflammation induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals of vehicle exhaust particles. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:131-6. [PMID: 22940192 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To characterise ambient PM collected from a coach station in an urban area, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals were evaluated, and diagnostic ratios were then used to determine the sources based on the PAHs identified in PM. To elucidate the mechanism of PM-induced vascular toxicology, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to PM, PM-free supernatant and residual PM, and the associations between PAHs and trace metals, nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were investigated. Petrogenic-related particulate emissions, such as vehicle exhaust, accounted for 68.75% and 75.00% of mass in the 0.1-1-μm PM (PM(0.1-1)) and <0.1-μm PM (PM(0.1)) size fractions, respectively. Vehicle exhaust particles (VEPs) caused significant NO suppression and increase in ET-1 and IL-6, whereas residual PM caused an increase in NO, ET-1 and IL-6 compared with the effects of the corresponding supernatants. PAHs in PM, particularly those with 4-6 rings, were associated with NO suppression, and ET-1 and IL-6 were positively correlated with the amount of trace metal compounds. These findings suggest that chemical components affect the regulation of vasoactive function and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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143
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Jaiswal PK, Srivastava S, Gupta J, Thakur IS. Dibenzofuran induces oxidative stress, disruption of trans-mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and G1 arrest in human hepatoma cell line. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:137-44. [PMID: 22944260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins are a class of extremely toxic environmentally persistent pollutant, comprised of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. Despite significant human exposure via multiple routes, very little is known about toxicity induced by dibenzofuran (DF). Current study shed lights on the potential toxicity mechanism of DF using human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). It was observed that the exposure to DF potentiate oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis at 10μM within 8h in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, when we pre-incubated the cells with α-NF (1nM) for 12h, an aromatic hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, the IC(50) of DF increased by 14 folds indicating the cytoprotective ability of α-NF from DF induced toxicity. Furthermore, three additional metabolites were observed while studying the metabolic profile of DF in HepG2 cells with and without pre-incubation with α-NF using chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Of these, two metabolites were characterized as dihydroxylated derivative of DF and third metabolite was characterized as quinone derivative of DF. By flow cytometry and confocal laser microscopy analysis we followed the ROS formation after DF (10μM) exposure for 3h. Significantly low ROS was generated in cells which were pre-incubated with α-NF than cells which were not pre-incubated with α-NF underlining the importance of metabolism in DF toxicity. The same pattern of protection was consistent while measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), i.e., less MMP dip was observed in 'with α-NF pre-incubated and DF (10μM) exposed cells' than 'without α-NF pre-incubated but DF exposed cells'. In cell cycle studies, it was confirmed that cell population of HepG2 at G1 stage progressively increased in number (∼74%) within 24h. Thus, DF and its metabolites induce significantly higher cytotoxicity after metabolism in HepG2 cells than its parent compound (DF) by ROS formation, MMP dip and impaired cell cycle.
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144
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Maynard RL. Nano-technology and nano-toxicology. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2012; 5:EHTJ-5-17508. [PMID: 22662021 PMCID: PMC3365440 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.17508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid developments in nano-technology are likely to confer significant benefits on mankind. But, as with perhaps all new technologies, these benefits are likely to be accompanied by risks, perhaps by new risks. Nano-toxicology is developing in parallel with nano-technology and seeks to define the hazards and risks associated with nano-materials: only when risks have been identified they can be controlled. This article discusses the reasons for concern about the potential effects on health of exposure to nano-materials and relates these to the evidence of the effects on health of the ambient aerosol. A number of hypotheses are proposed and the dangers of adopting unsubstantiated hypotheses are stressed. Nano-toxicology presents many challenges and will need substantial financial support if it is to develop at a rate sufficient to cope with developments in nano-technology.
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145
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Traffic-related air pollution and DNA damage: a longitudinal study in Taiwanese traffic conductors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37412. [PMID: 22629390 PMCID: PMC3357412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating epidemiologic evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and polyaromatic hydro carbons (PAHs), plays a role in etiology and prognosis of a large scale of illnesses, although the role of specific causal agents and underlying mechanisms for different health outcomes remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our general objective was to assess the relations between personal exposure to traffic exhausts, in particular ambient PM(2.5) and PAHs, and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks by applying personal monitoring of PM and biomarkers of exposure (urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide, 1-OHPG) and effect (urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG and DNA strand breaks). METHODS We recruited 91 traffic conductors and 53 indoor office workers between May 2009 and June 2011 in Taipei City, Taiwan. We used PM(2.5) personal samplers to collect breathing-zone particulate PAHs samples. Spot urine and blood samples after work shift of 2 consecutive days were analyzed for 1-OHPG, 8-OHdG and DNA strand breaks, respectively. Statistical methods included linear regression and mixed models. RESULTS Urinary 8-OHdG levels and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks in traffic conductors significantly exceeded those in indoor office workers in mixed models. Particulate PAHs levels showed a positive association with urinary 1-OHPG in the regression model (β = 0.056, p = 0.01). Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly associated with urinary 8-OHdG levels in the mixed model (β = 0.101, p = 0.023). Our results provide evidence that exposure to fine particulates causes DNA damage. Further, particulate PAHs could be biologically active constituents of PM(2.5) with reference to the induction of oxidative DNA damages.
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146
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Health and cellular impacts of air pollutants: from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:493894. [PMID: 22550588 PMCID: PMC3328890 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution as one of the ravages of our modern societies is primarily linked to urban centers, industrial activities, or road traffic. These atmospheric pollutants have been incriminated in deleterious health effects by numerous epidemiological and in vitro studies. Environmental air pollutants are a heterogeneous mixture of particles suspended into a liquid and gaseous phase which trigger the disruption of redox homeostasis—known under the term of cellular oxidative stress—in relation with the establishment of inflammation and cell death via necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. Activation or repression of the apoptotic process as an adaptative response to xenobiotics might lead to either acute or chronic toxicity. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the central role of oxidative stress induced by air pollutants and to focus on the subsequent cellular impacts ranging from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity by decreasing or stimulating apoptosis, respectively.
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147
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Shang Y, Chen C, Li Y, Zhao J, Zhu T. Hydroxyl radical generation mechanism during the redox cycling process of 1,4-naphthoquinone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2935-2942. [PMID: 22288565 DOI: 10.1021/es203032v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Airborne quinones contribute to adverse health effects of ambient particles probably because of their ability to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) via redox cycling, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the chemical mechanisms through which 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) induced ·OH, and the redox interactions between 1,4-NQ and ascorbate acid (AscH(2)). First, ·OH formation by 1,4-NQ was observed in cellular and acellular systems, and was enhanced by AscH(2). AscH(2) also exacerbated the cytotoxicity of 1,4-NQ in Ana-1 macrophages, at least partially due to enhanced ·OH generation. The detailed mechanism was studied in an AscH(2)/H(2)O(2) physiological system. The existence of a cyclic 1,4-NQ process was shown by detecting the corresponding semiquinone radical (NSQ·-) and hydroquinone (NQH(2)). 1,4-NQ was reduced primarily to NSQ·- by O2·- (which was from AscH(2) reacting with H(2)O(2)), not by AscH(2) as normally thought. At lower doses, 1,4-NQ consumed O2·- to suppress ·OH; however, at higher doses, 1,4-NQ presented a positive association with ·OH. The reaction of NSQ·- with H(2)O(2) to release ·OH was another important channel for OH radical formation except for Haber-Weiss reaction. As a reaction precursor for O2·-, the enhanced ·OH response to 1,4-NQ by AscH(2) was indirect. Reducing substrates were necessary to sustain the redox cycling of 1,4-NQ, leading to more ·OH and a deleterious end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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148
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Cheng WY, Currier J, Bromberg PA, Silbajoris R, Simmons SO, Samet JM. Linking oxidative events to inflammatory and adaptive gene expression induced by exposure to an organic particulate matter component. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:267-74. [PMID: 21997482 PMCID: PMC3279454 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicological studies have correlated inflammatory effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) with its organic constituents, such as the organic electrophile 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ). OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanisms involved in 1,2-NQ-induced inflammatory responses, we examined the role of oxidant stress in 1,2-NQ-induced expression of inflammatory and adaptive genes in a human airway epithelial cell line. METHODS We measured cytosolic redox status and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in living cells using the genetically encoded green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based fluorescent indicators roGFP2 and HyPer, respectively. Expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA was measured in BEAS-2B cells exposed to 1,2-NQ for 1-4 hr. Catalase overexpression and metabolic inhibitors were used to determine the role of redox changes and H2O2 in 1,2-NQ-induced gene expression. RESULTS Cells expressing roGFP2 and HyPer showed a rapid loss of redox potential and an increase in H2O2 of mitochondrial origin following exposure to 1,2-NQ. Overexpression of catalase diminished the H2O2-dependent signal but not the 1,2-NQ-induced loss of reducing potential. Catalase overexpression and inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration diminished elevations in IL-8 and COX-2 induced by exposure to 1,2-NQ, but potentiated HO-1 mRNA levels in BEAS cells. CONCLUSION These data show that 1,2-NQ exposure induces mitochondrial production of H2O2 that mediates the expression of inflammatory genes, but not the concurrent loss of reducing redox potential in BEAS cells. 1,2-NQ exposure also causes marked expression of HO-1 that appears to be enhanced by suppression of H2O2. These findings shed light into the oxidant-dependent events that underlie cellular responses to environmental electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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RISTOVSKI ZORAND, MILJEVIC BRANKA, SURAWSKI NICHOLASC, MORAWSKA LIDIA, FONG KWUNM, GOH FELICIA, YANG IANA. Respiratory health effects of diesel particulate matter. Respirology 2012; 17:201-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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150
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Vecchio G, Galeone A, Brunetti V, Maiorano G, Sabella S, Cingolani R, Pompa PP. Concentration-dependent, size-independent toxicity of citrate capped AuNPs in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29980. [PMID: 22238688 PMCID: PMC3251612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expected potential benefits promised by nanotechnology in various fields have led to a rapid increase of the presence of engineered nanomaterials in a high number of commercial goods. This is generating increasing questions about possible risks for human health and environment, due to the lack of an in-depth assessment of the physical/chemical factors responsible for their toxic effects. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of monodisperse citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes (5, 15, 40, and 80 nm) in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, upon ingestion. To properly evaluate and distinguish the possible dose- and/or size-dependent toxicity of the AuNPs, we performed a thorough assessment of their biological effects, using two different dose-metrics. In the first approach, we kept constant the total surface area of the differently sized AuNPs (Total Exposed Surface area approach, TES), while, in the second approach, we used the same number concentration of the four different sizes of AuNPs (Total Number of Nanoparticles approach, TNN). We observed a significant AuNPs-induced toxicity in vivo, namely a strong reduction of Drosophila lifespan and fertility performance, presence of DNA fragmentation, as well as a significant modification in the expression levels of genes involved in stress responses, DNA damage recognition and apoptosis pathway. Interestingly, we found that, within the investigated experimental conditions, the toxic effects in the exposed organisms were directly related to the concentration of the AuNPs administered, irrespective of their size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vecchio
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
- * E-mail: (PPP); (GV)
| | - Antonio Galeone
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
| | - Virgilio Brunetti
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
| | - Gabriele Maiorano
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
| | - Roberto Cingolani
- Italian Institute of Technology, Central Research Laboratories, Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Bio-Molecular , Arnesano (Lecce), ItalyNanotechnologies@UniLe
- * E-mail: (PPP); (GV)
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