101
|
Wieder R, Shafiq B, Adam N. African American Race is an Independent Risk Factor in Survival from Initially Diagnosed Localized Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1587-1598. [PMID: 27698895 PMCID: PMC5039379 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: African American race negatively impacts survival from localized breast cancer but co-variable factors confound the impact. METHODS: Data sets were analyzed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) directories from 1973 to 2011 consisting of patients with designated diagnosis of breast adenocarcinoma, race as White or Caucasian, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, age, stage I, II or III, grade 1, 2 or 3, estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor positive or negative, marital status as single, married, separated, divorced or widowed and laterality as right or left. The Cox Proportional Hazards Regression model was used to determine hazard ratios for survival. Chi square test was applied to determine the interdependence of variables found significant in the multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards Regression analysis. Cells with stratified data of patients with identical characteristics except African American or Caucasian race were compared. RESULTS: Age, stage, grade, ER and PR status and marital status significantly co-varied with race and with each other. Stratifications by single co-variables demonstrated worse hazard ratios for survival for African Americans. Stratification by three and four co-variables demonstrated worse hazard ratios for survival for African Americans in most subgroupings with sufficient numbers of values. Differences in some subgroupings containing poor prognostic co-variables did not reach significance, suggesting that race effects may be partly overcome by additional poor prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: African American race is a poor prognostic indicator for survival from breast cancer independent of 6 associated co-variables with prognostic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieder
- 1. Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Basit Shafiq
- 2. Rutgers Institute for Data Science, Learning, and Applications and the Center for Information Management, Integration, and Connectivity, Rutgers Newark
| | - Nabil Adam
- 2. Rutgers Institute for Data Science, Learning, and Applications and the Center for Information Management, Integration, and Connectivity, Rutgers Newark
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Vallega KA, Liu N, Myers JS, Yu K, Sang QXA. Elevated Resistin Gene Expression in African American Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Negative Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157741. [PMID: 27314854 PMCID: PMC4912107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African American (AA) women diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to have aggressive subtypes. Investigating differentially expressed genes between patient populations may help explain racial health disparities. Resistin, one such gene, is linked to inflammation, obesity, and breast cancer risk. Previous studies indicated that resistin expression is higher in serum and tissue of AA breast cancer patients compared to Caucasian American (CA) patients. However, resistin expression levels have not been compared between AA and CA patients in a stage- and subtype-specific context. Breast cancer prognosis and treatments vary by subtype. This work investigates differential resistin gene expression in human breast cancer tissues of specific stages, receptor subtypes, and menopause statuses in AA and CA women. METHODS Differential gene expression analysis was performed using human breast cancer gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We performed inter-race resistin gene expression level comparisons looking at receptor status and stage-specific data between AA and CA samples. DESeq was run to test for differentially expressed resistin values. RESULTS Resistin RNA was higher in AA women overall, with highest values in receptor negative subtypes. Estrogen-, progesterone-, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2- negative groups showed statistically significant elevated resistin levels in Stage I and II AA women compared to CA women. In inter-racial comparisons, AA women had significantly higher levels of resistin regardless of menopause status. In whole population comparisons, resistin expression was higher among Stage I and III estrogen receptor negative cases. In comparisons of molecular subtypes, resistin levels were significant higher in triple negative than in luminal A breast cancer. CONCLUSION Resistin gene expression levels were significantly higher in receptor negative subtypes, especially estrogen receptor negative cases in AA women. Resistin may serve as an early breast cancer biomarker and possible therapeutic target for AA breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Vallega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - NingNing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaixian Yu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Koru-Sengul T, Santander AM, Miao F, Sanchez LG, Jorda M, Glück S, Ince TA, Nadji M, Chen Z, Penichet ML, Cleary MP, Torroella-Kouri M. Breast cancers from black women exhibit higher numbers of immunosuppressive macrophages with proliferative activity and of crown-like structures associated with lower survival compared to non-black Latinas and Caucasians. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:113-126. [PMID: 27283835 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Racial disparities in breast cancer incidence and outcome are a major health care challenge. Patients in the black race group more likely present with an early onset and more aggressive disease. The occurrence of high numbers of macrophages is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in solid malignancies. Macrophages are observed in adipose tissues surrounding dead adipocytes in "crown-like structures" (CLS). Here we investigated whether the numbers of CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and/or CD163+ CLS are associated with patient survival and whether there are significant differences across blacks, non-black Latinas, and Caucasians. Our findings confirm that race is statistically significantly associated with the numbers of TAMs and CLS in breast cancer, and demonstrate that the highest numbers of CD163+ TAM/CLS are found in black breast cancer patients. Our results reveal that the density of CD206 (M2) macrophages is a significant predictor of progression-free survival univariately and is also significant after adjusting for race and for HER2, respectively. We examined whether the high numbers of TAMs detected in tumors from black women were associated with macrophage proliferation, using the Ki-67 nuclear proliferation marker. Our results reveal that TAMs actively divide when in contact with tumor cells. There is a higher ratio of proliferating macrophages in tumors from black patients. These findings suggest that interventions based on targeting TAMs may not only benefit breast cancer patients in general but also serve as an approach to remedy racial disparity resulting in better prognosis patients from minority racial groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Koru-Sengul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Santander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue Rosenstiel Medical School Building Suite 3123A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Feng Miao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lidia G Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue Rosenstiel Medical School Building Suite 3123A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Merce Jorda
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Glück
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Tan A Ince
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mehrad Nadji
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue Rosenstiel Medical School Building Suite 3123A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margot P Cleary
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue Rosenstiel Medical School Building Suite 3123A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Toro AL, Costantino NS, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL, Ellsworth RE. Effect of obesity on molecular characteristics of invasive breast tumors: gene expression analysis in a large cohort of female patients. BMC OBESITY 2016; 3:22. [PMID: 27148454 PMCID: PMC4850667 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women and is associated with decreased survival and less favorable clinical characteristics such as greater tumor burden, higher grade, and poor prognosis, regardless of menopausal status. Despite the negative impact of obesity on clinical outcome, molecular mechanisms through which excess adiposity influences breast cancer etiology are not well-defined. Methods Affymetrix U133 2.0 gene expression data were generated for 405 primary breast tumors using RNA isolated from laser microdissected tissues. Patients were classified as normal-weight (BMI < 25), overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥ 30). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA using Partek Genomics Suite version 6.6 using a false discovery rate <0.05 to define significance. Results Obese patients were significantly more likely to be diagnosed ≥50 years or with African American ancestry compared to lean or overweight women. Pathological characteristics including tumor stage, size or grade, lymph node status, intrinsic subtype, and breast cancer mortality did not differ significantly between groups. No significant gene expression differences were detected by BMI in a non-stratified analysis which included all subtypes or within luminal B, HER2-enriched or basal-like subtypes. Within luminal A tumors, however, 44 probes representing 42 genes from pathways such as cell cycle, p53 and mTOR signaling, DNA repair, and transcriptional misregulation were differentially expressed. Conclusions Identification of transcriptome differences in luminal A tumors from normal-weight compared to obese women suggests that obesity alters gene expression within ER+ tumor epithelial cells. Alterations of pathways involved in cell cycle control, tumorigenesis and metabolism may promote cellular proliferation and provide a molecular explanation for less favorable outcome of obese women with breast cancer. Targeted treatments, such as mTOR inhibitors, may allow for improved treatment and survival of obese women, especially African American women, who are more likely to be obese and suffer outcome disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Toro
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, 620 Seventh Street, Windber, PA 15963 USA
| | - Nicholas S Costantino
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, 620 Seventh Street, Windber, PA 15963 USA
| | - Craig D Shriver
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and Uniformed Services University, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA
| | - Darrell L Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, 620 Seventh Street, Windber, PA 15963 USA
| | - Rachel E Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Murtha Cancer Center, 620 Seventh Street, Windber, PA 15963 USA
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Deshmukh SK, Srivastava SK, Bhardwaj A, Singh AP, Tyagi N, Marimuthu S, Dyess DL, Dal Zotto V, Carter JE, Singh S. Resistin and interleukin-6 exhibit racially-disparate expression in breast cancer patients, display molecular association and promote growth and aggressiveness of tumor cells through STAT3 activation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11231-41. [PMID: 25868978 PMCID: PMC4484452 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African-American (AA) women with breast cancer (BC) are diagnosed with more aggressive disease, have higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis as compared to Caucasian American (CA) women. Therefore, it is imperative to define the factors associated with such disparities to reduce the unequal burden of cancer. Emerging data suggest that inherent differences exist in the tumor microenvironment of AA and CA BC patients, however, its molecular bases and functional impact have remained poorly understood. Here, we conducted cytokine profiling in serum samples from AA and CA BC patients and identified resistin and IL-6 to be the most differentially-expressed cytokines with relative greater expression in AA patients. Resistin and IL-6 exhibited positive correlation in serum levels and treatment of BC cells with resistin led to enhanced production of IL-6. Moreover, resistin also enhanced the expression and phosphorylation of STAT3, and treatment of BC cells with IL-6-neutralizing antibody prior to resistin stimulation abolished STAT3 phosphorylation. In addition, resistin promoted growth and aggressiveness of BC cells, and these effects were mediated through STAT3 activation. Together, these findings suggest a crucial role of resistin, IL-6 and STAT3 in BC racial disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Deshmukh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Srivastava
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Nikhil Tyagi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Saravanakumar Marimuthu
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Donna L Dyess
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Valeria Dal Zotto
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - James E Carter
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Schmitz KH, Gehlert S, Patterson RE, Colditz GA, Chavarro JE, Hu FB, Neuhouser ML, Sturgeon KM, Thornquist M, Tobias D, Nebeling LC. TREC to WHERE? Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1565-71. [PMID: 26792261 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When information is exchanged across disciplinary boundaries, resources are shared, and discipline-specific approaches are altered to achieve a common scientific goal, we create a new intellectual space for transdisciplinary research. This approach, fostered heavily by multiple NCI-funded initiatives, has the potential to forge new understanding of major public health issues. By breaking down disciplinary barriers, we work toward making real, meaningful, and lasting forward motion in addressing key public health issues. One of the transdisciplinary initiatives of the NCI is TREC: Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer. In this article, we review the goals and scope of TREC, as well as the ways in which the initiative promotes transdisciplinary science. A particular focus is on multiple examples of the most unique aspect of the initiative: the funding of developmental projects across multiple TREC centers, toward the goal of incubating high-risk science that has the potential to translate into major leaps forward in understanding energetics in cancer. As we enter an era of greater focus on investigator-initiated science, new approaches may be needed to ensure that the peer review process is not solely organized along disciplinary lines. Inclusion of expertise regarding transdisciplinarity, as well as representation from multiple scientific disciplines within a panel, may allow transdisciplinary research to receive an educated hearing. The body of researchers trained to work in a transdisciplinary research space is ideally suited to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Schmitz
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sarah Gehlert
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ruth E Patterson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Hu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kathleen M Sturgeon
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Deirdre Tobias
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Nalwoga H, Ahmed L, Arnes JB, Wabinga H, Akslen LA. Strong Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) Is Associated with Axl Expression and Features of Aggressive Tumors in African Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146823. [PMID: 26760782 PMCID: PMC4711940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is being evaluated for targeted therapy in solid tumors. Both HIF-1α and Axl influence tumor growth and metastatic potential, and they have been linked to treatment failure in many cancers. However, there is a lack of reports on HIF-1α expression in African breast cancer, which has a poor prognosis, and novel treatment targets must therefore be established. Here, we aimed to evaluate HIF-1α in relation to Axl expression, angiogenesis markers, and other tumor characteristics in a series of African breast cancer. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we examined 261 invasive breast cancers on tissue microarrays for HIF-1α and Axl as well as several other markers, and a subset of 185 cases had information on VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, microvessel density (MVD), proliferating microvessel density (pMVD) and vascular proliferation index (VPI) for important comparisons. RESULTS Strong HIF-1α expression was associated with increased Axl (p = 0.007), VEGF (p<0.0005), and p53 (p = 0.032) expression, as well as high tumor cell proliferation by Ki-67 (p = 0.006), and high tumor grade (p = 0.003). Tumors with strong HIF-1α expression had significantly higher MVD (p = 0.019) and higher pMVD (p = 0.027) than tumors with weak expression. CONCLUSIONS High HIF-1α expression is significantly associated with Axl and VEGF expression, and with markers of poor prognosis in this series of breast cancer, suggesting HIF-1α and Axl as potential therapeutic targets in African breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Nalwoga
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lavina Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- BerGenBio AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jarle B. Arnes
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henry Wabinga
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (or LCM) allows for isolation of cells from specific tissue compartments, which can then be followed by DNA, RNA, and/or protein isolation and downstream characterization. Unlike other methods for cell isolation, LCM can be directed towards cells situated in specific anatomical contexts, and is therefore of significant value when investigating the tumor microenvironment, where localization is often key to function. Here, we present a summary of ways in which LCM can be utilized, as well as protocols for the isolation of tumor and tumor-associated stromal elements from frozen breast cancer samples, with a focus on preparation of samples for RNA characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Bertos
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Casey SC, Amedei A, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland AE, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Crawford S, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Honoki K, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Samadi A, Singh N, Talib WH, Venkateswaran V, Whelan RL, Yang X, Felsher DW. Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S199-S223. [PMID: 25865775 PMCID: PMC4930000 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises in the context of an in vivo tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment is both a cause and consequence of tumorigenesis. Tumor and host cells co-evolve dynamically through indirect and direct cellular interactions, eliciting multiscale effects on many biological programs, including cellular proliferation, growth, and metabolism, as well as angiogenesis and hypoxia and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we highlight specific biological processes that could be exploited as targets for the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, we describe how inhibition of targets such as cholesterol synthesis and metabolites, reactive oxygen species and hypoxia, macrophage activation and conversion, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation of dendritic cells, vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis inhibition, endoglin, and Janus kinase signaling emerge as examples of important potential nexuses in the regulation of tumorigenesis and the tumor microenvironment that can be targeted. We have also identified therapeutic agents as approaches, in particular natural products such as berberine, resveratrol, onionin A, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, curcumin, naringenin, desoxyrhapontigenin, piperine, and zerumbone, that may warrant further investigation to target the tumor microenvironment for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Crawford
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sid P Kerkar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Richard L Whelan
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Ferguson LR, Chen H, Collins AR, Connell M, Damia G, Dasgupta S, Malhotra M, Meeker AK, Amedei A, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Bilsland A, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Fujii H, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Keith WN, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Yang X, Honoki K, Parslow VR, Prakash S, Rezazadeh S, Shackelford RE, Sidransky D, Tran PT, Yang ES, Maxwell CA. Genomic instability in human cancer: Molecular insights and opportunities for therapeutic attack and prevention through diet and nutrition. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S5-S24. [PMID: 25869442 PMCID: PMC4600419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability can initiate cancer, augment progression, and influence the overall prognosis of the affected patient. Genomic instability arises from many different pathways, such as telomere damage, centrosome amplification, epigenetic modifications, and DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous sources, and can be perpetuating, or limiting, through the induction of mutations or aneuploidy, both enabling and catastrophic. Many cancer treatments induce DNA damage to impair cell division on a global scale but it is accepted that personalized treatments, those that are tailored to the particular patient and type of cancer, must also be developed. In this review, we detail the mechanisms from which genomic instability arises and can lead to cancer, as well as treatments and measures that prevent genomic instability or take advantage of the cellular defects caused by genomic instability. In particular, we identify and discuss five priority targets against genomic instability: (1) prevention of DNA damage; (2) enhancement of DNA repair; (3) targeting deficient DNA repair; (4) impairing centrosome clustering; and, (5) inhibition of telomerase activity. Moreover, we highlight vitamin D and B, selenium, carotenoids, PARP inhibitors, resveratrol, and isothiocyanates as priority approaches against genomic instability. The prioritized target sites and approaches were cross validated to identify potential synergistic effects on a number of important areas of cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marisa Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Instituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, United States
| | | | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and BioTechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Research & Development, Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and BioTechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Satya Prakash
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarallah Rezazadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Rodney E Shackelford
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Jhaveri K, Teplinsky E, Silvera D, Valeta-Magara A, Arju R, Giashuddin S, Sarfraz Y, Alexander M, Darvishian F, Levine PH, Hashmi S, Zolfaghari L, Hoffman HJ, Singh B, Goldberg JD, Hochman T, Formenti S, Esteva FJ, Moran MS, Schneider RJ. Hyperactivated mTOR and JAK2/STAT3 Pathways: Molecular Drivers and Potential Therapeutic Targets of Inflammatory and Invasive Ductal Breast Cancers After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Clin Breast Cancer 2015; 16:113-22.e1. [PMID: 26774497 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive and rare cancer with a poor prognosis and a need for novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Preclinical IBC data showed strong activation of the phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Archival tumor tissue from 3 disease types (IBC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy [NAC], n = 45; invasive ductal carcinoma [IDC] treated with NAC [n = 24; 'treated IDC'; and untreated IDC [n = 27; 'untreated IDC']) was analyzed for the expression of biomarkers phospho-S6 (pS6) (mTOR), phospho-JAK2 (pJAK2), pSTAT3, interleukin (IL)-6, CD68 (monocytes, macrophages), and CD163 (TAMs). Surrounding nontumor tissue was also analyzed. RESULTS Biomarker levels and surrogate activity according to site-specific phosphorylation were shown in the tumor tissue of all 3 disease types but were greatest in IBC and treated IDC and least in untreated IDC for pS6, pJAK2, pSTAT3, and IL-6. Of 37 IBC patients with complete biomarker data available, 100% were pS6-positive and 95% were pJAK2-positive. In nontumor tissue, biomarker levels were observed in all groups but were generally greatest in untreated IDC and least in IBC, except for JAK2. CONCLUSION IBC and treated IDC display similar levels of mTOR and JAK2 biomarker activation, which suggests a potential mechanism of resistance after NAC. Biomarker levels in surrounding nontumor tissue suggested that the stroma might be activated by chemotherapy and resembles the oncogenic tumor-promoting environment. Activation of pS6 and pJAK2 in IBC might support dual targeting of the mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways, and the need for prospective studies to investigate combined targeted therapies in IBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Jhaveri
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Eleonora Teplinsky
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Deborah Silvera
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Amanda Valeta-Magara
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rezina Arju
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Yasmeen Sarfraz
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Paul H Levine
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Salman Hashmi
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ladan Zolfaghari
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Heather J Hoffman
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Judith D Goldberg
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Tsivia Hochman
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Silvia Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Francisco J Esteva
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Meena S Moran
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Keenan T, Moy B, Mroz EA, Ross K, Niemierko A, Rocco JW, Isakoff S, Ellisen LW, Bardia A. Comparison of the Genomic Landscape Between Primary Breast Cancer in African American Versus White Women and the Association of Racial Differences With Tumor Recurrence. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3621-7. [PMID: 26371147 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE African American women are more likely to die as a result of breast cancer than white women. The influence of somatic genomic profiles on this racial disparity is unclear. We aimed to compare the racial distribution of tumor genomic characteristics and breast cancer recurrence. METHODS We assessed white and African American women with stage I to III breast cancer diagnosed from 1988 to 2013 and primary tumors submitted to The Cancer Genome Atlas from 2010 to 2014. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association of race and genetic traits with tumor recurrence. RESULTS We investigated exome sequencing and gene expression data in 663 and 711 white and 105 and 159 African American women, respectively. African Americans had more TP53 mutations (42.9% v 27.6%; P = .003) and fewer PIK3CA mutations (20.0% v 33.9%; P = .008). Intratumor genetic heterogeneity was greater in African American than white tumors overall by 5.1 units (95% CI, 2.4 to 7.7) and within triple-negative tumors by 4.1 units (95% CI, 1.4 to 6.8). African Americans had more basal tumors by the 50-gene set predictor using the predication analysis of microarray method (PAM50; 39.0% v 18.6%; P < .001) and fewer PAM50 luminal A tumors (17.0% v 34.7%; P < .001). Among triple-negative subtypes, African Americans had more basal-like 1 and mesenchymal stem-like tumors. African Americans had a higher risk of tumor recurrence than whites (hazard ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.05 to 4.67). Racial differences in TP53 mutation, PAM50 basal subtype, and triple-negative tumor prevalence but not intratumor genetic heterogeneity influenced the magnitude and significance of the racial disparity in tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION African Americans had greater intratumor genetic heterogeneity and more basal gene expression tumors, even within triple-negative breast cancer. This pattern suggests more aggressive tumor biology in African Americans than whites, which could contribute to racial disparity in breast cancer outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Keenan
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Beverly Moy
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Edmund A Mroz
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth Ross
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrzej Niemierko
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James W Rocco
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven Isakoff
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Tanya Keenan, Beverly Moy, Kenneth Ross, Andrzej Niemierko, Steven Isakoff, Leif W. Ellisen, and Aditya Bardia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Edmund A. Mroz and James W. Rocco, Ohio State University/Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Abstract
It is well established that cancer development ensues based on reciprocal interactions between genomically altered neoplastic cells and diverse populations of recruited "host" cells co-opted to support malignant progression. Among the host cells recruited into tumor microenvironments, several subtypes of myeloid cells, including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes contribute to tumor development by providing tumor-promoting factors as well as a spectrum of molecules that suppress cytotoxic activities of T lymphocytes. Based on compelling preclinical data revealing that inhibition of critical myeloid-based programs leads to tumor suppression, novel immune-based therapies and approaches are now entering the clinic for evaluation. This review discusses mechanisms underlying protumorigenic programming of myeloid cells and discusses how targeting of these has potential to attenuate solid tumor progression via the induction and of mobilization CD8 cytotoxic T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cotechini
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Terry R. Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Tao L, Gomez SL, Keegan THM, Kurian AW, Clarke CA. Breast Cancer Mortality in African-American and Non-Hispanic White Women by Molecular Subtype and Stage at Diagnosis: A Population-Based Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1039-45. [PMID: 25969506 PMCID: PMC4490947 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher breast cancer mortality rates for African-American than non-Hispanic White women are well documented; however, it remains uncertain if this disparity occurs in disease subgroups defined by tumor molecular markers and stage at diagnosis. We examined racial differences in outcome according to subtype and stage in a diverse, population-based series of 103,498 patients. METHODS We obtained data for all invasive breast cancers diagnosed between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2012, and followed through December 31, 2012, among 93,760 non-Hispanic White and 9,738 African-American women in California. Molecular subtypes were categorized according to tumor expression of hormone receptor (HR, based on estrogen and progesterone receptors) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate relative hazard (RH) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS After adjustment for patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics, outcomes were comparable by race for stage I or IV cancer regardless of subtype, and HR(+)/HER2(+) or HR(-)/HER2(+) cancer regardless of stage. We found substantially higher hazards of breast cancer death among African-American women with stage II/III HR(+)/HER2(-) (RH, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03-1.65; and RH, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.75, respectively) and stage III triple-negative cancers relative to Whites. CONCLUSIONS There are substantial racial/ethnic disparities among patients with stages II/III HR(+)/HER2(-) and stage III triple-negative breast cancers but not for other subtype and stage. IMPACT These data provide insights to assess barriers to targeted treatment (e.g., trastuzumab or endocrine therapy) of particular subtypes of breast cancer among African-American patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California. Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Theresa H M Keegan
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California. Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christina A Clarke
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California. Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Race-associated biological differences among Luminal A breast tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 152:437-48. [PMID: 26109344 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African-American (AA) women have higher breast cancer-specific mortality rates. A higher prevalence of the worse outcome Basal-like breast cancer subtype contributes to this, but AA women also have higher mortality even within the more favorable outcome Luminal A breast cancers. These differences may reflect treatment or health care access issues, inherent biological differences, or both. To identify potential biological differences by race among Luminal A breast cancers, gene expression data from 108 CAU and 57 AA breast tumors were analyzed. Race-associated genes were evaluated for associations with survival. Finally, expression of race- and survival-associated genes was evaluated in normal tissue of AA and CAU women. Six genes (ACOX2, MUC1, CRYBB2, PSPH, SQLE, TYMS) were differentially expressed by race among Luminal A breast cancers and were associated with survival (HR <0.8, HR >1.25). For all six genes, tumors in AA had higher expression of poor prognosis genes (CRYBB2, PSPH, SQLE, TYMS) and lower expression of good prognosis genes (ACOX2, MUC1). A score based on all six genes predicted survival in a large independent dataset (HR = 1.9 top vs. bottom quartile, 95% CI: 1.4-2.5). For four genes, normal tissue of AA and CAU women showed similar expression (ACOX2, MUC1, SQLE, TYMS); however, the poor outcome-associated genes CRYBB2 and PSPH were more highly expressed in AA versus CAU women's normal tissue. This analysis identified gene expression differences that may contribute to mortality disparities and suggests that among Luminal A breast tumors there are biological differences between AA and CAU patients. Some of these differences (CRYBB2 and PSPH) may exist from the earliest stages of tumor development, or may even precede malignancy.
Collapse
|
116
|
Faruque MU, Paul R, Ricks-Santi L, Jingwi EY, Ahaghotu CA, Dunston GM. Analyzing the Association of Polymorphisms in the CRYBB2 Gene with Prostate Cancer Risk in African Americans. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:2565-2570. [PMID: 25964531 PMCID: PMC4743665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Prostate cancer (PCa) shows disproportionately higher incidence and disease-associated mortality in African Americans. The human crystallin beta B2 (CRYBB2) gene has been reported as one tumor signature gene differentially expressed between African American and European American cancer patients. We investigated the role of CRYBB2 genetic variants in PCa in African Americans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects comprised of 233 PCa cases and 294 controls. Nine haplotype-tagged single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around the CRYBB2 gene were genotyped by pyrosequencing. Association analyses were performed for PCa with adjustment for age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), under an additive genetic model. RESULTS Out of the nine SNPs examined, rs9608380 was found to be nominally associated with PCa (odds ratio (OR)=2.619 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.156-5.935), p=0.021). rs9306412 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs9608380 that showed an association p-value of 0.077. Using ENCODE data, we found rs9608380 mapped to a region annotated with regulatory motifs, such as DNase hypersensitive sites and histone modifications. CONCLUSION This is the first study to analyze the association between genetic variations in the CRYBB2 gene with PCa. rs9608380, associated with PCa, is a potentially functional variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mezbah U Faruque
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
| | - Rabindra Paul
- Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | | | - Emmanuel Y Jingwi
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | | | - Georgia M Dunston
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Dietze EC, Sistrunk C, Miranda-Carboni G, O'Regan R, Seewaldt VL. Triple-negative breast cancer in African-American women: disparities versus biology. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:248-54. [PMID: 25673085 PMCID: PMC5470637 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately affects BRCA1 mutation carriers and young women of African origin. There is evidence that African-American women with TNBC have worse clinical outcomes than women of European descent. However, it is unclear whether survival differences persist after adjusting for disparities in access to health-care treatment, co-morbid disease and income. It remains controversial whether TNBC in African-American women is a molecularly distinct disease or whether African-American women have a higher incidence of aggressive biology driven by disparities: there is evidence in support of both. Understanding the relative contributions of biology and disparities is essential for improving the poor survival rate of African-American women with TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Dietze
- 1] Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. [2]
| | | | | | - Ruth O'Regan
- 1] Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University and Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. [2]
| | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Mozhui K, Smith AK, Tylavsky FA. Ancestry dependent DNA methylation and influence of maternal nutrition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118466. [PMID: 25742137 PMCID: PMC4350920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive variation in DNA methylation between individuals and ethnic groups. These differences arise from a combination of genetic and non-genetic influences and potential modifiers include nutritional cues, early life experience, and social and physical environments. Here we compare genome-wide DNA methylation in neonatal cord blood from African American (AA; N = 112) and European American (EA; N = 91) participants of the CANDLE Study (Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood). Our goal is to determine if there are replicable ancestry-specific methylation patterns that may implicate risk factors for diseases that have differential prevalence between populations. To identify the most robust ancestry-specific CpG sites, we replicate our results in lymphoblastoid cell lines from Yoruba African and CEPH European panels of HapMap. We also evaluate the influence of maternal nutrition--specifically, plasma levels of vitamin D and folate during pregnancy--on methylation in newborns. We define stable ancestry-dependent methylation of genes that include tumor suppressors and cell cycle regulators (e.g., APC, BRCA1, MCC). Overall, there is lower global methylation in African ancestral groups. Plasma levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are also considerably lower among AA mothers and about 60% of AA and 40% of EA mothers have concentrations below 20 ng/ml. Using a weighted correlation analysis, we define a network of CpG sites that is jointly modulated by ancestry and maternal vitamin D. Our results show that differences in DNA methylation patterns are remarkably stable and maternal micronutrients can exert an influence on the child epigenome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Wang M, Wu CP, Pan JY, Zheng WW, Cao XJ, Fan GK. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in a human HEp-2 established laryngeal xenografted tumor are not derived from cancer cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition, phenotypically activated but karyotypically normal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117405. [PMID: 25658113 PMCID: PMC4319834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in cancer progression and even initiation. However, the origins of CAFs in various cancer types remain controversial, and one of the important hypothesized origins is through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) from cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether the HEp-2 laryngeal cancer cells are able to generate CAFs via EMT during tumor formation, which is now still unknown. The laryngeal xenografted tumor model was established by inoculating the HEp-2 laryngeal cancer cell line in nude mice. Primary cultured CAFs from the tumor nodules and matched normal fibroblasts (NFs) from the adjacent connective tissues were subcultured, purified, and verified by immunofluorescence. Migration, invasion, and proliferation potentials were compared between the CAFs and NFs. A co-culture of CAFs with HEp-2 cells and a co-injection of CAFs with HEp-2 cells in nude mice were performed to examine the cancer-promoting potential of CAFs to further verify their identity. Karyotypic analyses of the CAFs, NFs, and HEp-2 cells were conducted. A co-culture of NFs with HEp-2 cells was also performed to examine the expression of activated markers of CAFs. A pathological examination confirmed that the laryngeal xenografted tumor model was successfully established, containing abundant CAFs. Immunocytochemical staining verified the purities and identities of the CAFs and NFs. Although the CAFs manifested higher migration, invasion, proliferation, and cancer-promoting capacities compared with the NFs, an analysis of chromosomes revealed that both the CAFs and NFs showed typical normal mouse karyotypes. In addition, the NFs co-cultured with HEp-2 cells did not show induced expressions of activated markers of CAFs. Our findings reveal that the CAFs in the HEp-2 established laryngeal xenografted tumor are not of laryngeal cancer origin but of mouse origin, indicating that the HEp-2 laryngeal cancer cells cannot generate their own CAFs via EMT in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ping Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yan Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wei Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Kang Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Morandi F, Corrias MV, Pistoia V. Evaluation of bone marrow as a metastatic site of human neuroblastoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1335:23-31. [PMID: 25315505 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arising from neural crest cells, neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor. The clinical presentation of NB is heterogeneous, ranging from patients with asymptomatic tumor masses, who require minimal treatment, to patients with metastatic disease who are treated with multimodal therapies. Clinical outcome is also variable, with overall survival ranging from 98% to 100% in infants with stage 1 NB, to less than 30% in patients with stage 4 MYCN-amplified NB. More than 50% of patients show metastasis at diagnosis, with the involvement of different vascularized tissues, including the bone marrow (BM). In this paper, we focus on BM infiltration by NB cells, which is considered an adverse prognostic factor. In particular, we discuss the role of different biological factors that may favor the dissemination of NB cells in the BM, such as chromosomic abnormalities, gene amplification, transcription factors, cell-surface receptors, products of oncogenes, and, more importantly, cytokines and chemokines. In addition, we analyze different techniques to evaluate BM infiltration by malignant cells (i.e., flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Finally, we review recent data regarding phenotypic and genetic characterization of BM-infiltrating malignant cells and characterization of the BM microenvironment in NB patients compared to healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Eralp Y, Kılıç L, Alço G, Başaran G, Doğan M, Dinçol D, Demirci S, İçli F, Onur H, Saip P, Haydaroğlu A. The Outcome of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The Turkish Oncology Group Experience. THE JOURNAL OF BREAST HEALTH 2014; 10:209-215. [PMID: 28331673 DOI: 10.5152/tjbh.2014.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is generally considered as a poorer prognostic subgroup, with propensity for earlier relapse and visceral involvement. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of non-metastatic TNBC patients from different centers in Turkey and identify clinical and pathologic variables that may effect survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1993-2007, from five different centers in Turkey, 316 nonmetastatic triple negative breast cancer patients were identified with follow-up of at least 12 months. The data was collected retrospectively from patient charts. The prognostic impact of several clinical variables were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariate anayses. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 49 years (range: 24-82). The majority of the patient group had invasive ductal carcinoma (n: 260, 82.3%) and stage II disease (n: 164; 51.9%). Majority of the patients (87.7%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. 5 year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 84.6% and 71.6%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed locally advanced disease (p: 0.001), advanced pathological stage (p: 0.021), larger tumor size (T1&T2 vs T3&T4) (p<0.001), nodal positivity (p: 0.006), and extensive nodal involvement (p<0.001) as significant factors for DFS; whereas, advanced pathological stage (p: 0.017), extensive nodal involvement (p<0.001) and larger tumor size (p: 0,001) and presence of breast cancer-affected member in the family (p=0.05) were identified as prognostic factors with an impact on OS. Multivariate analysis revealed larger tumor size (T3&T4 vs T1&T2) and presence of lymph node metastases (node-positive vs node-negative) as significant independent prognostic factors for DFS (Hazard ratio (HR): 3.03, 95% CI: 1.71-5.35, p<0.001 and HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.05-3.0, p=0.03, respectively). Higher tumor stage was the only independent factor affecting overall survival (HR: 2.81; 95% CI, 1.27-6.22, p=0.01). CONCLUSION The outcome of patients with TNBC in this cohort is comparable to other studies including TNBC patients. Tumor size and presence of lymph node metastasis are the major independent factors that have effect on DFS, however higher tumor stage was the only negative prognostic factor for OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Eralp
- Department of Medical Oncology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Kılıç
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fırat University Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Gül Alço
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Florence Nightingale Gayrettepe Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Başaran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Doğan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Dinçol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senem Demirci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fikri İçli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handan Onur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Saip
- Department of Medical Oncology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Haydaroğlu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Kim H, Yoo WG, Park J, Kim H, Kang BC. Semantic Modeling for SNPs Associated with Ethnic Disparities in HapMap Samples. Genomics Inform 2014; 12:35-41. [PMID: 24748859 PMCID: PMC3990764 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2014.12.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been emerging out of the efforts to research human diseases and ethnic disparities. A semantic network is needed for in-depth understanding of the impacts of SNPs, because phenotypes are modulated by complex networks, including biochemical and physiological pathways. We identified ethnicity-specific SNPs by eliminating overlapped SNPs from HapMap samples, and the ethnicity-specific SNPs were mapped to the UCSC RefGene lists. Ethnicity-specific genes were identified as follows: 22 genes in the USA (CEU) individuals, 25 genes in the Japanese (JPT) individuals, and 332 genes in the African (YRI) individuals. To analyze the biologically functional implications for ethnicity-specific SNPs, we focused on constructing a semantic network model. Entities for the network represented by "Gene," "Pathway," "Disease," "Chemical," "Drug," "ClinicalTrials," "SNP," and relationships between entity-entity were obtained through curation. Our semantic modeling for ethnicity-specific SNPs showed interesting results in the three categories, including three diseases ("AIDS-associated nephropathy," "Hypertension," and "Pelvic infection"), one drug ("Methylphenidate"), and five pathways ("Hemostasis," "Systemic lupus erythematosus," "Prostate cancer," "Hepatitis C virus," and "Rheumatoid arthritis"). We found ethnicity-specific genes using the semantic modeling, and the majority of our findings was consistent with the previous studies - that an understanding of genetic variability explained ethnicity-specific disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoyoung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Codes Division, Insilicogen, Inc., Suwon 441-813, Korea
| | - Junhyung Park
- Codes Division, Insilicogen, Inc., Suwon 441-813, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Rummel S, Penatzer CE, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. PSPHL and breast cancer in African American women: causative gene or population stratification? BMC Genet 2014; 15:38. [PMID: 24650299 PMCID: PMC3994543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phophoserine phosphatase-like (PSPHL) is expressed at significantly higher levels in breast tumors from African American women (AAW) compared to Caucasian women (CW). How overexpression of PSPHL contributes to outcome disparities is unclear, thus, molecular mechanisms driving expression differences between populations were evaluated. Results PCR was used to detect deletion of 30-Kb of chromosome 7p11 including the first three exons of PSPHL using genomic DNA from AAW (199 with invasive breast cancer, 360 controls) and CW (invasive breast cancer =589, 364 controls). Gene expression levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR using RNA isolated from tumor tissue and blood. Data were analyzed using chi-square analysis and Mann–Whitney U-tests; P < 0.05 was used to define significance. Gene expression levels correlated with deletion status: patients homozygous for the deletion had no detectable expression of PSPHL, while heterozygous had expression levels 2.1-fold lower than those homozygous for retention of PSPHL. Homozygous deletion of PSPHL was detected in 61% of CW compared to 6% of AAW with invasive breast cancer (P < 0.0001); genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between AAW with and without breast cancer (P = 0.211). Conclusions Thus, deletion of 7p11, which prevents expression of PSPHL, is significantly higher in CW compared to AAW, suggesting that this 30-kb deletion and subsequent disruption of PSPHL may be a derived trait in Caucasians. The similar frequency of the deletion allele in AAW with and without invasive breast cancer suggests that this difference represent population stratification, and does not contribute to cancer disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel E Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Henry M, Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 620 Seventh Street, Windber, PA 15963, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Sturtz LA, Melley J, Mamula K, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Outcome disparities in African American women with triple negative breast cancer: a comparison of epidemiological and molecular factors between African American and Caucasian women with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:62. [PMID: 24495414 PMCID: PMC3916697 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diagnosed less often, breast cancer in African American women (AAW) displays different characteristics compared to breast cancer in Caucasian women (CW), including earlier onset, less favorable clinical outcome, and an aggressive tumor phenotype. These disparities may be attributed to differences in socioeconomic factors such as access to health care, lifestyle, including increased frequency of obesity in AAW, and tumor biology, especially the higher frequency of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in young AAW. Improved understanding of the etiology and molecular characteristics of TNBC in AAW is critical to determining whether and how TNBC contributes to survival disparities in AAW. METHODS Demographic, pathological and survival data from AAW (n = 62) and CW (n = 98) with TNBC were analyzed using chi-square analysis, Student's t-tests, and log-rank tests. Frozen tumor specimens were available from 57 of the TNBC patients (n = 23 AAW; n = 34 CW); RNA was isolated after laser microdissection of tumor cells and was hybridized to HG U133A 2.0 microarrays. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with FDR <0.05, >2-fold difference defining significance. RESULTS The frequency of TNBC compared to all BC was significantly higher in AAW (28%) compared to CW (12%), however, significant survival and pathological differences were not detected between populations. Gene expression analysis revealed the tumors were more similar than different at the molecular level, with only CRYBB2P1, a pseudogene, differentially expressed between populations. Among demographic characteristics, AAW consumed significantly lower amounts of caffeine and alcohol, were less likely to breastfeed and more likely to be obese. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that TNBC in AAW is not a unique disease compared to TNBC in CW. Rather, higher frequency of TNBC in AAW may, in part, be attributable to the effects of lifestyle choices. Because these risk factors are modifiable, they provide new opportunities for the development of risk reduction strategies that may decrease mortality by preventing the development of TNBC in AAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel E Ellsworth
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Henry M, Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Windber, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Chavez-MacGregor M, Liu S, De Melo-Gagliato D, Chen H, Do KA, Pusztai L, Symmans WF, Nair L, Hortobagyi GN, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Differences in gene and protein expression and the effects of race/ethnicity on breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:316-23. [PMID: 24296856 PMCID: PMC3946290 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in gene or protein expression patterns between breast cancers according to race/ethnicity and cancer subtype. METHODS Transcriptional profiling was performed using Affymetrix HG-U133A platform in 376 patients and reverse phase protein array analysis (RPPA) was done for 177 proteins in 255 patients from a separate cohort. Unsupervised clustering was conducted, as well as supervised comparison by race and tumor subtype. Standard statistical methods, BRB-Array tools, and Ingenuity Pathways software packages were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Median age was 50 years in both the cohorts. In the RPPA cohort, 54.5% of the tumors were hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive), 20.7% HER2-positive, and 24.71% triple-negative (TNBC). One hundred and forty-seven (57.6%), 47 (18.43%), and 46 (18.1%) of the patients were White, Hispanic, and Black, respectively. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the protein expression data showed no distinct clusters by race (P values were 0.492, 0.489, and 0.494 for the HR-positive, HER2-positive, and TNBC tumors respectively). In the gene expression cohort, 54.2% of the tumors were HR-positive, 16.5% HER2-positive, and 29.3% TNBC. Two hundred and sixteen (57.5%), 111 (29.52%), and 32 (8.52%) patients were White, Hispanic, and Black, respectively. No probe set with a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.05 showed an association with race by breast cancer subtype; similar results were obtained using pathway and gene set enrichment analysis methods. CONCLUSIONS We did not detect a significant variation in RNA or protein expression comparing different race/ethnicity groups of women with breast cancer. IMPACT More research on the complex network of factors that result in outcomes differences among race/ethnicities is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chavez-MacGregor
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debora De Melo-Gagliato
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - W. Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lakshmy Nair
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana M. Gonzalez-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Kim H, Lee HJ, Oh Y, Choi SG, Hong SH, Kim HJ, Lee SY, Choi JW, Su Hwang D, Kim KS, Kim HJ, Zhang J, Youn HJ, Noh DY, Jung YK. The DUSP26 phosphatase activator adenylate kinase 2 regulates FADD phosphorylation and cell growth. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3351. [PMID: 24548998 PMCID: PMC3948464 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), which balances adenine nucleotide pool, is a multi-functional protein. Here we show that AK2 negatively regulates tumour cell growth. AK2 forms a complex with dual-specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26) phosphatase and stimulates DUSP26 activity independently of its AK activity. AK2/DUSP26 phosphatase protein complex dephosphorylates fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and regulates cell growth. AK2 deficiency enhances cell proliferation and induces tumour formation in a xenograft assay. This anti-growth function of AK2 is associated with its DUSP26-stimulating activity. Downregulation of AK2 is frequently found in tumour cells and human cancer tissues showing high levels of phospho-FADD(Ser194). Moreover, reconstitution of AK2 in AK2-deficient tumour cells retards both cell proliferation and tumourigenesis. Consistent with this, AK2(+/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibit enhanced cell proliferation with a significant alteration in phospho-FADD(Ser191). These results suggest that AK2 is an associated activator of DUSP26 and suppresses cell proliferation by FADD dephosphorylation, postulating AK2 as a negative regulator of tumour growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo Kim
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ho-June Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yumin Oh
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seon-Guk Choi
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Hong
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Song-Yi Lee
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Choi
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Deog Su Hwang
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Key-Sun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Hyo-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 425-791, Korea
| | - Jianke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Hyun-Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-180, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- School of Biological Science/Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Stewart PA, Luks J, Roycik MD, Sang QXA, Zhang J. Differentially expressed transcripts and dysregulated signaling pathways and networks in African American breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82460. [PMID: 24324792 PMCID: PMC3853650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have higher mortality rate from breast cancer than that of Caucasian Americans (CAs) even when socioeconomic factors are accounted for. To better understand the driving biological factors of this health disparity, we performed a comprehensive differential gene expression analysis, including subtype- and stage-specific analysis, using the breast cancer data in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). In total, 674 unique genes and other transcripts were found differentially expressed between these two populations. The numbers of differentially expressed genes between AA and CA patients increased in each stage of tumor progression: there were 26 in stage I, 161 in stage II, and 223 in stage III. Resistin, a gene that is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and breast cancer, was expressed more than four times higher in AA tumors. An uncharacterized, long, non-coding RNA, LOC90784, was down-regulated in AA tumors, and its expression was inversely related to cancer stage and was the lowest in triple negative AA breast tumors. Network analysis showed increased expression of a majority of components in p53 and BRCA1 subnetworks in AA breast tumor samples, and members of the aurora B and polo-like kinase signaling pathways were also highly expressed. Higher gene expression diversity was observed in more advanced stage breast tumors suggesting increased genomic instability during tumor progression. Amplified resistin expression may indicate insulin-resistant type II diabetes and obesity are associated with AA breast cancer. Expression of LOC90784 may have a protective effect on breast cancer patients, and its loss, particularly in triple negative breast cancer, could be having detrimental effects. This work helps elucidate molecular mechanisms of breast cancer health disparity and identifies putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets such as resistin, and the aurora B and polo-like kinase signaling pathways for treating AA breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Luks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Roycik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXS); (JZ)
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QXS); (JZ)
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Lindner R, Sullivan C, Offor O, Lezon-Geyda K, Halligan K, Fischbach N, Shah M, Bossuyt V, Schulz V, Tuck DP, Harris LN. Molecular phenotypes in triple negative breast cancer from African American patients suggest targets for therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71915. [PMID: 24260093 PMCID: PMC3832509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high proliferation, poor differentiation and a poor prognosis due to high rates of recurrence. Despite lower overall incidence African American (AA) patients suffer from higher breast cancer mortality in part due to the higher proportion of TNBC cases among AA patients compared to European Americans (EA). It was recently shown that the clinical heterogeneity of TNBC is reflected by distinct transcriptional programs with distinct drug response profiles in preclinical models. In this study, gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry were used to elucidate potential differences between TNBC tumors of EA and AA patients on a molecular level. In a retrospective cohort of 136 TNBC patients, a major transcriptional signature of proliferation was found to be significantly upregulated in samples of AA ethnicity. Furthermore, transcriptional profiles of AA tumors showed differential activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and a signature of BRCA1 deficiency in this cohort. Using signatures derived from the meta-analysis of TNBC gene expression carried out by Lehmann et al., tumors from AA patients were more likely of basal-like subtypes whereas transcriptional features of many EA samples corresponded to mesenchymal-like or luminal androgen receptor driven subtypes. These results were validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas mRNA and protein expression data, again showing enrichment of a basal-like phenotype in AA tumors and mesenchymal subtypes in EA tumors. In addition, increased expression of VEGF-activated genes together with elevated microvessel area determined by the AQUA method suggest that AA patients exhibit higher tumor vascularization. This study confirms the existence of distinct transcriptional programs in triple negative breast cancer in two separate cohorts and that these programs differ by racial group. Differences in TNBC subtypes and levels of tumor angiogenesis in AA versus EA patients suggest that targeted therapy choices should be considered in the context of race.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Black or African American
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/ethnology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/ethnology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lindner
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catherine Sullivan
- Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Onyinye Offor
- Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Lezon-Geyda
- Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kyle Halligan
- Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Neal Fischbach
- Department of Oncology, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mansi Shah
- Department of Oncology, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vincent Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David P. Tuck
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lyndsay N. Harris
- Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Adey N, Emery D, Bosh D, Callahan S, Schreiner J, Chen Y, Greig A, Geiersbach K, Parry R. A mill based instrument and software system for dissecting slide-mounted tissue that provides digital guidance and documentation. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:29. [PMID: 24188417 PMCID: PMC3826833 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissection of specific Areas Of Interest (AOIs) of slide-mounted tumor samples is often used to enrich for cancer cells in order to generate better signal to noise ratios in subsequent biochemical characterization. Most clinical laboratories utilize manual dissection for practical reasons and to avoid the expense and difficulties of laser microdissection systems. Unfortunately, manual methods often lack resolution and process documentation. The goal of this project was to design a dissection system for slide-mounted tissue with better precision than manual methods that also provides digital image guidance and electronic process documentation. METHODS An instrument that is essentially a micro tissue mill was developed. It employs a specialized disposable mill bit that simultaneously dispenses liquid, cuts tissue from the slide surface, and aspirates the liquid along with the displaced tissue fragments. A software package was also developed that is capable of transferring digitally annotated AOIs between images of serially cut tissue sections to guide dissection and generate an electronic record of the process. RESULTS The performance of this "meso" dissection system was tested using post dissection visual examination for resolution and accuracy, fluorescence based DNA quantitation for recovery efficiency, and dissection of closely situated mouse-human tissue sections followed by PCR amplification for purity determination. The minimum resolution is a dissected circle smaller than 200 microns in diameter, edge dissection accuracy is tighter than 100 microns, recovery efficiency appears greater than 95%, and recovery purity is greater than 99% relative to a different tissue located 100 microns from the dissection boundary. The system can dissect from both paraffinized and deparaffinized FFPE tissue sections that are mounted on plain glass slides, and it is compatible with DNA, RNA, and protein isolation. CONCLUSIONS The mesodissection system is an effective alternative to manual dissection methods and is applicable for biomarker analysis of anatomical pathology samples, where enrichment of AOIs from the tissue section is helpful, but pure cell populations are not required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Adey
- AvanSci Bio, LLC, 1290 West 2320 South, Suite D, Salt Lake City, UT 84119-1476, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Danforth DN. Disparities in breast cancer outcomes between Caucasian and African American women: a model for describing the relationship of biological and nonbiological factors. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:208. [PMID: 23826992 PMCID: PMC3706895 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in the United States but significant disparities exist for African American women compared to Caucasian women. African American women present with breast cancer at a younger age and with a greater incidence under the age of 50 years, develop histologically more aggressive tumors that are at a more advanced stage at presentation, and have a worse disease-free and overall survival than Caucasian women. The biological characteristics of the primary tumor play an important role in determining the outcome of the disparity, and significant differences have been identified between African American and Caucasian breast cancer in steroid receptor and growth factor receptor content, mutations in cell cycle components, chromosomal abnormalities, and tumor suppressor and other cancer genes. The consequences of the biological factors are influenced by a variety of nonbiological factors, including socioeconomic, health care access, reproductive, and confounding factors. The nonbiological factors may act directly to enhance (or inhibit) the consequences of the biological changes, indirectly to facilitate outcome of the disparity, or as a cofounding factor, driving the association between the biological factors and the disparity. The prevention and management of the disparities will require an understanding of the relationship of biological and nonbiological factors. The present review was undertaken to promote this understanding by describing the biological basis of the four major disparities - early age of onset, more advanced stage of disease, more aggressive histologic changes, and worse survival - and the important relationship to the nonbiological factors. A model is proposed to provide a comprehensive view of this relationship, with the goal of facilitating an understanding of each disparity and the issues that need to be addressed to eliminate the disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Biological characteristics and genetic heterogeneity between carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and their paired normal fibroblasts in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60321. [PMID: 23577100 PMCID: PMC3618271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extensional signals in cross-talk between stromal cells and tumor cells generated from extracellular matrix molecules, soluble factor, and cell-cell adhesion complexes cooperate at the extra- and intracellular level in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs are the primary type of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and development. Hitherto, there is hardly any systematic analysis of the intrinsic relationship between CAFs function and its abnormal signaling pathway. The extreme complexity of CAFs’ features and their role in tumor development are needed to be further investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings We primary cultured CAFs and NFs from early stages of breast cancer tissue and identified them using their biomarker by immunohistochemistry for Fibronectin, α-SMA and FAP. Microarray was applied to analyze gene expression profiles of human breast CAFs and the paired NFs. The Up-regulated genes classified by Gene Ontology, signal pathways enriched by DAVID pathway analysis. Abnormal signaling pathways in breast cancer CAFs are involved in cell cycle, cell adhesion, signal transduction and protein transport being reported in CAFs derived from other tumors. Significantly, the altered ATM signaling pathway, a set of cell cycle regulated signaling, and immune associated signaling are identified to be changed in CAFs. Conclusions/Significance CAFs have the vigorous ability of proliferation and potential of invasion and migration comparing with NFs. CAFs could promote breast cancer cell invasion under co-culture conditions through up-regulated CCL18 and CXCL12. Consistently with its biologic behavior, the gene expression profiling analyzed by microarray shows that some of key signaling pathways, such as cell cycle, cell adhesion, and secreting factors play an important role in CAFs. The altered ATM signaling pathway is abnormally active in the early stage of breast cancer. The set of immune associated signaling may be involved in tumor cell immune evasion.
Collapse
|
132
|
Starks AM, Martin DN, Dorsey TH, Boersma BJ, Wallace TA, Ambs S. Household income is associated with the p53 mutation frequency in human breast tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57361. [PMID: 23469190 PMCID: PMC3585937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study from Scotland reported that the p53 mutation frequency in breast tumors is associated with socio-economic deprivation. METHODS We analyzed the association of the tumor p53 mutational status with tumor characteristics, education, and self-reported annual household income (HI) among 173 breast cancer patients from the greater Baltimore area, United States. RESULTS p53 mutational frequency was significantly associated with HI. Patients with < $15,000 HI had the highest p53 mutation frequency (21%), followed by the income group between $15,000 and $60,000 (18%), while those above $60,000 HI had the fewest mutations (5%). When dichotomized at $60,000, 26 out of 135 patients in the low income category had acquired a p53 mutation, while only 2 out of 38 with a high income carried a mutation (P < 0.05). In the adjusted logistic regression analysis with 3 income categories (trend test), the association between HI and p53 mutational status was independent of tumor characteristics, age, race/ethnicity, tobacco smoking and body mass. Further analyses revealed that HI may impact the p53 mutational frequency preferentially in patients who develop an estrogen receptor (ER)-negative disease. Within this group, 42% of the low income patients (< $15,000 HI) carried a mutation, followed by the middle income group (21%), while those above $60,000 HI did not carry mutations (Ptrend < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HI is associated with the p53 mutational frequency in patients who develop an ER-negative disease. Furthermore, high income patients may acquire fewer p53 mutations than other patients, suggesting that lifetime exposures associated with socio-economic status may impact breast cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Starks
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Damali N. Martin
- Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H. Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda J. Boersma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Wallace
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Wounds that will not heal: pervasive cellular reprogramming in cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1055-64. [PMID: 23438473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of articles on epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other modes of cellular reprogramming that influence the tumor microenvironment. Many controversies exist and remain to be resolved. The interest of the pathologists in the molecular and functional parallels between wound healing and the developing tumor stroma has its earliest origin in the writings of Rudolph Virchow in the 19(th) century. Since then, most of the focus has been primarily on the dynamics of the extracellular matrix; however, new interest has been redirected toward deciphering and understanding the enigmatic, yet elegant, plasticity of the cellular components of the proliferating epithelia and stroma and how they are reciprocally influenced. Citing several examples from breast cancer research, we will trace how these perspectives have unfolded in the pages of The American Journal of Pathology and other investigative journals during the past century, their impact, and where the field is headed.
Collapse
|
134
|
Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status and healthcare resources in relation to black-white breast cancer survival disparities. J Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 2013:490472. [PMID: 23509460 PMCID: PMC3590635 DOI: 10.1155/2013/490472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Breast cancer survival has improved significantly in the US in the past 10–15 years. However, disparities exist in breast cancer survival between black and white women. Purpose. To investigate the effect of county healthcare resources and SES as well as individual SES status on breast cancer survival disparities between black and white women. Methods. Data from 1,796 breast cancer cases were obtained from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results and the National Longitudinal Mortality Study dataset. Cox Proportional Hazards models were constructed accounting for clustering within counties. Three sequential Cox models were fit for each outcome including demographic variables; demographic and clinical variables; and finally demographic, clinical, and county-level variables. Results. In unadjusted analysis, black women had a 53% higher likelihood of dying of breast cancer and 32% higher likelihood of dying of any cause (P < 0.05) compared with white women. Adjusting for demographic variables explained away the effect of race on breast cancer survival (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.99–1.97), but not on all-cause mortality. The racial difference in all-cause survival disappeared only after adjusting for county-level variables (HR, 1.27; CI, 0.95–1.71). Conclusions. Improving equitable access to healthcare for all women in the US may help eliminate survival disparities between racial and socioeconomic groups.
Collapse
|
135
|
Barcellos-Hoff MH. Does microenvironment contribute to the etiology of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer? Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:541-8. [PMID: 23325583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
What dictates the prevalence of certain types of breast cancer, which are classified by markers, particularly estrogen receptor (ER), expression profiles such as basal or luminal, and genetic alterations such as HER2 amplification, in particular populations is not well understood. It is increasingly evident that microenvironment disruption is highly intertwined with cancer progression. Here, the idea that microenvironment shapes the course of carcinogenesis, and hence breast cancer subtype, is discussed. Aggressive, basal-like, ER-negative breast tumors occur in younger women, African-American women, women who carry BRCA1 mutation, and women exposed to ionizing radiation. Recent experimental studies using ionizing radiation, a well-documented environmental exposure, suggest that certain processes in the microenvironment strongly favor the development of ER-negative tumors. Understanding the contribution of tissue microenvironment during carcinogenesis could lead to prevention strategies that are personalized to age, agent, and exposure to reduce the risk of aggressive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Author's Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Tchou J, Kossenkov AV, Chang L, Satija C, Herlyn M, Showe LC, Puré E. Human breast cancer associated fibroblasts exhibit subtype specific gene expression profiles. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:39. [PMID: 22954256 PMCID: PMC3505468 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease for which prognosis and treatment strategies are largely governed by the receptor status (estrogen, progesterone and Her2) of the tumor cells. Gene expression profiling of whole breast tumors further stratifies breast cancer into several molecular subtypes which also co-segregate with the receptor status of the tumor cells. We postulated that cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the tumor stroma may exhibit subtype specific gene expression profiles and thus contribute to the biology of the disease in a subtype specific manner. Several studies have reported gene expression profile differences between CAFs and normal breast fibroblasts but in none of these studies were the results stratified based on tumor subtypes. Methods To address whether gene expression in breast cancer associated fibroblasts varies between breast cancer subtypes, we compared the gene expression profiles of early passage primary CAFs isolated from twenty human breast cancer samples representing three main subtypes; seven ER+, seven triple negative (TNBC) and six Her2+. Results We observed significant expression differences between CAFs derived from Her2+ breast cancer and CAFs from TNBC and ER + cancers, particularly in pathways associated with cytoskeleton and integrin signaling. In the case of Her2+ breast cancer, the signaling pathways found to be selectively up regulated in CAFs likely contribute to the enhanced migration of breast cancer cells in transwell assays and may contribute to the unfavorable prognosis of Her2+ breast cancer. Conclusions These data demonstrate that in addition to the distinct molecular profiles that characterize the neoplastic cells, CAF gene expression is also differentially regulated in distinct subtypes of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Ridnour LA, Barasch KM, Windhausen AN, Dorsey TH, Lizardo MM, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Switzer CH, Cheng RYS, Heinecke JL, Brueggemann E, Hines HB, Khanna C, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Wink DA. Nitric oxide synthase and breast cancer: role of TIMP-1 in NO-mediated Akt activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44081. [PMID: 22957045 PMCID: PMC3434220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of therapeutic response and cancer patient survival can be improved by the identification of molecular markers including tumor Akt status. A direct correlation between NOS2 expression and elevated Akt phosphorylation status has been observed in breast tumors. Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) has been proposed to exert oncogenic properties through CD63 cell surface receptor pathway initiation of pro-survival PI3k/Akt signaling. We employed immunohistochemistry to examine the influence of TIMP-1 on the functional relationship between NOS2 and phosphorylated Akt in breast tumors and found that NOS2-associated Akt phosphorylation was significantly increased in tumors expressing high TIMP-1, indicating that TIMP-1 may further enhance NO-induced Akt pathway activation. Moreover, TIMP-1 silencing by antisense technology blocked NO-induced PI3k/Akt/BAD phosphorylation in cultured MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. TIMP-1 protein nitration and TIMP-1/CD63 co-immunoprecipitation was observed at NO concentrations that induced PI3k/Akt/BAD pro-survival signaling. In the survival analysis, elevated tumor TIMP-1 predicted poor patient survival. This association appears to be mainly restricted to tumors with high NOS2 protein. In contrast, TIMP-1 did not predict poor survival in patient tumors with low NOS2 expression. In summary, our findings suggest that tumors with high TIMP-1 and NOS2 behave more aggressively by mechanisms that favor Akt pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAR); (DAW)
| | - Kimberly M. Barasch
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alisha N. Windhausen
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiffany H. Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lizardo
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harris G. Yfantis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong H. Lee
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Y. S. Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie L. Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Harry B. Hines
- USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAR); (DAW)
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Scaruffi P, Morandi F, Gallo F, Stigliani S, Parodi S, Moretti S, Bonassi S, Fardin P, Garaventa A, Zanazzo G, Pistoia V, Tonini GP, Corrias MV. Bone marrow of neuroblastoma patients shows downregulation of CXCL12 expression and presence of IFN signature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:44-51. [PMID: 21994039 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At diagnosis, children with neuroblastoma (NB) present with either localized or metastatic disease. Since the mechanisms responsible for BM invasion are not well known, we investigated the transcriptome of resident BM cells from NB patients as compared to healthy children. PROCEDURE Ninety-two and 88 children with localized and metastatic NB, respectively, and 15 healthy children were included in the study. BM resident cells recovered from BM aspirates by immunomagnetic bead manipulation were subjected to genome-wide microarray analysis. After validation in an independent set of samples, the genes significantly modulated in resident BM cells from NB patients were tested for their diagnostic/prognostic values. RESULTS BM resident cells, irrespective of neoplastic cell invasion, significantly overexpressed genes involved in innate immune responses, and interferon (IFN) and IFN-DRS signatures were enriched. Genes coding for metallothioneins and zinc finger proteins, and involved in histone and nucleosome/chromatin organization were also overexpressed. Resident BM cells from NB patients significantly downregulated genes involved in cell adhesion, and in erythrocyte, myeloid, and platelet differentiation pathways. Among downregulated genes, CXCL12 expression reached near complete silencing in patients with metastatic disease. The downregulation of CXCL12 expression was independent of contact between NB cell and resident BM cell. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that NB tumor growth at the primary site can alter the BM microenvironment, and the presence of BM-infiltrating NB cells makes the alterations more pronounced. Therefore, the restoration of a BM physiological state by means of IFN-α monoclonal antibody, Sifalimumab, and selective noradrenaline receptor blockers should be further studied to ameliorate patients' clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scaruffi
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Allard JE, Chandramouli GVR, Stagliano K, Hood BL, Litzi T, Shoji Y, Boyd J, Berchuck A, Conrads TP, Maxwell GL, Risinger JI. Analysis of PSPHL as a Candidate Gene Influencing the Racial Disparity in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:65. [PMID: 22783543 PMCID: PMC3389395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic malignancy in the United States. A well recognized disparity by race in both incidence and survival outcome exists for this cancer. Specifically Caucasians are about two times more likely to develop endometrial cancer than are African-Americans. However, African-American women are more likely to die from this disease than are Caucasians. The basis for this disparity remains unknown. Previous studies have identified differences in the types and frequencies of gene mutations among endometrial cancers from Caucasians and African-Americans suggesting that the tumors from these two groups might have differing underlying genetic defects. We performed a gene expression microarray study in an effort to identify differentially expressed transcripts between African-American and Caucasian women's endometrial cancers. Our gene expression screen identified a list of potential biomarkers that are differentially expressed between these two groups of cancers. Of these we identified a poorly characterized transcript with a region of homology to phospho serine phosphatase (PSPH) and designated phospho serine phosphatase like (PSPHL) as the most differentially over-expressed gene in cancers from African-Americans. We further clarified the nature of expressed transcripts. Northern blot analysis confirmed the message was limited to a transcript of under 1 kB. Sequence analysis of transcripts confirmed two alternate open reading frame (ORF) isoforms due to alternative splicing events. Splice specific primer sets confirmed both isoforms were differentially expressed in tissues from Caucasians and African-Americans. We further examined the expression in other tissues from women to include normal endometrium, normal and malignant ovary. In all cases PSPHL expression was more often present in tissues from African-Americans than Caucasians. Our data confirm the African-American based expression of the PSPHL transcript in endometrial cancer and also identify its expression in other tissues from African-Americans including ovary and ovarian cancer. PSPHL represents a candidate gene that might influence the observed racial disparity in endometrial and other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay E Allard
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Relationship between tumor DNA methylation status and patient characteristics in African-American and European-American women with breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37928. [PMID: 22701537 PMCID: PMC3365111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is critical for development and progression of breast cancer. We investigated the association of CpG island methylation in candidate genes and clinicopathological features in 65 African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) breast cancer patients. Quantitative methylation analysis was carried out on bisulfite modified genomic DNA and sequencing (pyrosequencing) for promoter CpG islands of p16, ESR1, RASSF1A, RARβ2, CDH13, HIN1, SFRP1 genes and the LINE1 repetitive element using matched paired non-cancerous and breast tumor specimen (32 AA and 33 EA women). Five of the genes, all known tumor suppressor genes (RASSF1A, RARβ2, CDH13, HIN1 and SFRP1), were found to be frequently hypermethylated in breast tumor tissues but not in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Significant differences in the CDH13 methylation status were observed by comparing DNA methylation between AA and EA patients, with more obvious CDH13 methylation differences between the two patient groups in the ER- disease and among young patients (age<50). In addition, we observed associations between CDH13, SFRP1, and RASSF1A methylation and breast cancer subtypes and between SFRP1 methylation and patient's age. Furthermore, tumors that received neoadjuvant therapy tended to have reduced RASSF1A methylation when compared with chemotherapy naïve tumors. Finally, Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed a significant association between methylation at 3 loci (RASSF1A, RARβ2 and CDH13) and reduced overall disease survival. In conclusion, the DNA methylation status of breast tumors was found to be significantly associated with clinicopathological features and race/ethnicity of the patients.
Collapse
|
141
|
Akinyemiju TF, Soliman AS, Yassine M, Banerjee M, Schwartz K, Merajver S. Healthcare access and mammography screening in Michigan: a multilevel cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health 2012; 11:16. [PMID: 22436125 PMCID: PMC3414751 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer screening rates have increased over time in the United States. However actual screening rates appear to be lower among black women compared with white women. PURPOSE To assess determinants of breast cancer screening among women in Michigan USA, focusing on individual and neighborhood socio-economic status and healthcare access. METHODS Data from 1163 women ages 50-74 years who participated in the 2008 Michigan Special Cancer Behavioral Risk Factor Survey were analyzed. County-level SES and healthcare access were obtained from the Area Resource File. Multilevel logistic regression models were fit using SAS Proc Glimmix to account for clustering of individual observations by county. Separate models were fit for each of the two outcomes of interest; mammography screening and clinical breast examination. For each outcome, two sequential models were fit; a model including individual level covariates and a model including county level covariates. RESULTS After adjusting for misclassification bias, overall cancer screening rates were lower than reported by survey respondents; black women had lower mammography screening rates but higher clinical breast examination rates than white women. However, after adjusting for other individual level variables, race was not a significant predictor of screening. Having health insurance or a usual healthcare provider were the most important predictors of cancer screening. DISCUSSION Access to healthcare is important to ensuring appropriate cancer screening among women in Michigan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi F Akinyemiju
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Amr S Soliman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - May Yassine
- Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, MI, USA
| | - Mousumi Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kendra Schwartz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Barbara Ann Karmanos Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sofia Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Center for Global Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Differential gene expression between African American and European American colorectal cancer patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30168. [PMID: 22276153 PMCID: PMC3261881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) is higher in African Americans (AAs) than other ethnic groups in the U. S., but reasons for the disparities are unknown. We performed gene expression profiling of sporadic CRCs from AAs vs. European Americans (EAs) to assess the contribution to CRC disparities. We evaluated the gene expression of 43 AA and 43 EA CRC tumors matched by stage and 40 matching normal colorectal tissues using the Agilent human whole genome 4x44K cDNA arrays. Gene and pathway analyses were performed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), Ten-fold cross validation, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). SAM revealed that 95 genes were differentially expressed between AA and EA patients at a false discovery rate of ≤5%. Using IPA we determined that most prominent disease and pathway associations of differentially expressed genes were related to inflammation and immune response. Ten-fold cross validation demonstrated that following 10 genes can predict ethnicity with an accuracy of 94%: CRYBB2, PSPH, ADAL, VSIG10L, C17orf81, ANKRD36B, ZNF835, ARHGAP6, TRNT1 and WDR8. Expression of these 10 genes was validated by qRT-PCR in an independent test set of 28 patients (10 AA, 18 EA). Our results are the first to implicate differential gene expression in CRC racial disparities and indicate prominent difference in CRC inflammation between AA and EA patients. Differences in susceptibility to inflammation support the existence of distinct tumor microenvironments in these two patient populations.
Collapse
|
143
|
Park HS, Kim S, Kim K, Yoo H, Chae BJ, Bae JS, Song BJ, Jung SS. Pattern of distant recurrence according to the molecular subtypes in Korean women with breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:4. [PMID: 22226178 PMCID: PMC3286379 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Distant recurrence is one of the most important risk factors in overall survival, and distant recurrence is related to a complex biologic interaction of seed and soil factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the molecular subtypes and patterns of distant recurrence in patients with breast cancer. Methods In an investigation of 313 women with breast cancer who underwent surgery from 1994 and 2000, the expressions of estrogen and progestrone receptor (ER/PR), and human epithelial receptor-2 (HER2) were evaluated. The subtypes were defined as luminal-A, luminal-HER2, HER2-enriched, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) according to ER, PR, and HER2 status. Results Bone was the most common site of distant recurrence. The incidence of first distant recurrence site was significantly different among the subtypes. Brain metastasis was more frequent in the luminal-HER2 and TNBC subtypes. In subgroup analysis, overall survival in patients with distant recurrence after 24 months after surgery was significantly different among the subtypes. Conclusions Organ-specific metastasis may depend on the molecular subtype of breast cancer. Tailored strategies against distant metastasis concerning the molecular subtypes in breast cancer may be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Seok Park
- Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia J. Targeting the Tumor Stroma as a Novel Treatment Strategy for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 65:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
145
|
Raus S, Coin S, Monsurrò V. Adenovirus as a new agent for multiple myeloma therapies: Opportunities and restrictions. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:229-38. [PMID: 22259628 PMCID: PMC3259514 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of B-cells that is characterized by the clonal expansion and accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. This disease remains incurable, and a median survival of 3-5 years has been reported with the use of current treatments. Viral-based therapies offer promising alternatives or possible integration with current therapeutic regimens. Among several gene therapy vectors and oncolytic agents, adenovirus has emerged as a promising agent, and it is already being used for the treatment of solid tumors in humans. The main concern with the clinical use of this vector has been its high immunogenicity; adenovirus is often able to induce a strong immune response in the host. Furthermore, new limitations in the efficacy of this therapy, intrinsic to the nature of tumor cells, have been recently observed. For example, our group showed a strong antiviral phenotype in vitro and in vivo in a subset of tumors, shedding new insights that may explain the partial failure of clinical trials based on this promising new therapy. In this review, we describe novel therapeutic approaches that implement viral-based treatments in hematological malignancies and address the novelty as well as the possible limitations of these new therapies, especially in the context of the use of adenoviral vectors for treating multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svjetlana Raus
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Ascierto ML, Giorgi VD, Liu Q, Bedognetti D, Spivey TL, Murtas D, Uccellini L, Ayotte BD, Stroncek DF, Chouchane L, Manjili MH, Wang E, Marincola FM. An immunologic portrait of cancer. J Transl Med 2011; 9:146. [PMID: 21875439 PMCID: PMC3175185 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput technology challenges the traditional histopathological classification of cancer, and proposes new taxonomies derived from global transcriptional patterns. Although most of these molecular re-classifications did not endure the test of time, they provided bulk of new information that can reframe our understanding of human cancer biology. Here, we focus on an immunologic interpretation of cancer that segregates oncogenic processes independent from their tissue derivation into at least two categories of which one bears the footprints of immune activation. Several observations describe a cancer phenotype where the expression of interferon stimulated genes and immune effector mechanisms reflect patterns commonly observed during the inflammatory response against pathogens, which leads to elimination of infected cells. As these signatures are observed in growing cancers, they are not sufficient to entirely clear the organism of neoplastic cells but they sustain, as in chronic infections, a self-perpetuating inflammatory process. Yet, several studies determined an association between this inflammatory status and a favorable natural history of the disease or a better responsiveness to cancer immune therapy. Moreover, these signatures overlap with those observed during immune-mediated cancer rejection and, more broadly, immune-mediated tissue-specific destruction in other immune pathologies. Thus, a discussion concerning this cancer phenotype is warranted as it remains unknown why it occurs in immune competent hosts. It also remains uncertain whether a genetically determined response of the host to its own cancer, the genetic makeup of the neoplastic process or a combination of both drives the inflammatory process. Here we reflect on commonalities and discrepancies among studies and on the genetic or somatic conditions that may cause this schism in cancer behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Libera Ascierto
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Qiuzhen Liu
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Genoa, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics and National Cancer Research Institute of Genoa, Italy
| | - Tara L Spivey
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Lorenzo Uccellini
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ben D Ayotte
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855,USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha Qatar Box 24144
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Rybicki BA, Neslund-Dudas C, Bock CH, Nock NL, Rundle A, Jankowski M, Levin AM, Beebe-Dimmer J, Savera AT, Takahashi S, Shirai T, Tang D. Red wine consumption is inversely associated with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-DNA adduct levels in prostate. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1636-44. [PMID: 21846795 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, genetic variation and dietary factors may alter the biological effects of exposure to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), one of the major heterocyclic amines generated from cooking meats at high temperatures that has carcinogenic potential through the formation of DNA adducts. Previously, we reported grilled red meat consumption associated with PhIP-DNA adduct levels in human prostate. In this study, we expanded our investigation to estimate the associations between beverage consumption and PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate for 391 prostate cancer cases. Of the 15 beverages analyzed, red wine consumption had the strongest association with PhIP-DNA adduct levels showing an inverse correlation in both tumor (P = 0.006) and nontumor (P = 0.002) prostate cells. Red wine consumption was significantly lower in African American compared with white cases, but PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate did not vary by race. In African Americans compared with whites, however, associations between red wine consumption and PhIP-DNA adduct levels were not as strong as associations with specific (e.g., SULT1A1 and UGT1A10 genotypes) and nonspecific (e.g., African ancestry) genetic variation. In a multivariable model, the covariate for red wine consumption explained a comparable percentage (13%-16%) of the variation in PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate across the two racial groups, but the aforementioned genetic factors explained 33% of the PhIP-DNA adduct variation in African American cases, whereas only 19% of the PhIP-DNA adduct variation in whites. We conclude that red wine consumption may counteract biological effects of PhIP exposure in human prostate, but genetic factors may play an even larger role, particularly in African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Enewold L, Zhou J, McGlynn KA, Devesa SS, Shriver CD, Potter JF, Zahm SH, Zhu K. Racial variation in tumor stage at diagnosis among Department of Defense beneficiaries. Cancer 2011; 118:1397-403. [PMID: 21837685 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor stage at diagnosis often varies by racial/ethnic group, possibly because of inequitable health care access. Within the Department of Defense (DoD) Military Health System, beneficiaries have equal health care access. The objective of this study was to determine whether tumor stage differed between whites and blacks with breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers, which have effective screening regimens, based on data from the DoD Automated Cancer Tumor Registry from 1990 to 2003. METHODS Distributions of tumor stage (localized vs nonlocalized) between whites and blacks in the military were compared stratified by sex, active duty status, and age at diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to further adjust for age, marital status, year of diagnosis, geographic region, military service branch, and tumor grade. Distributions of tumor stage were then compared between the military and general populations. RESULTS Racial differences in the distribution of stage were significant only among nonactive duty beneficiaries. After adjusting for covariates, earlier stages of breast cancer after age 49 years and prostate cancer after age 64 years were significantly more common among white than black nonactive duty beneficiaries (P < .05), although the absolute difference was minimal for prostate cancer. Racial differences in stage for cervical and colorectal cancers were not significant after adjustment. Compared with the general population, racial differences in the military were similar or were slightly attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Racial disparities in stage at diagnosis were apparent in the DoD equal-access health care system among older nonactive duty beneficiaries. Socioeconomic status, supplemental insurance, cultural beliefs, and biologic factors may be related to these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Enewold
- United States Military Cancer Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Field LA, Love B, Deyarmin B, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Identification of differentially expressed genes in breast tumors from African American compared with Caucasian women. Cancer 2011; 118:1334-44. [PMID: 21800289 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast tumors from African American women have less favorable pathological characteristics and higher mortality rates than those of Caucasian women. Although socioeconomic status may influence prognosis, biological factors are also likely to contribute to tumor behavior. METHODS Patients with invasive breast cancer were matched by age, grade, and estrogen receptor status; patients with benign disease were matched by age and diagnosis type. RNA from laser microdissected tumors and whole-sectioned nonmalignant breast tissues was hybridized to HG U133A 2.0 microarrays. Data were analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite using a cutoff of P < .001, >1.5-fold change, and results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Clinicopathological factors did not differ significantly between groups for age at diagnosis, tumor size or stage, lymph node or human epidermal growth receptor 2 status, intrinsic subtype, or mortality. Two-way analysis of the tumor specimens revealed 25 probes representing 23 genes differentially expressed between populations; hierarchical clustering classified 24 of 26 African American women and 25 of 26 Caucasian women correctly. In the nonmalignant specimens, 15 probes representing 13 genes were differentially expressed, including 5 genes that also differed in the tumor specimens; these genes were able to correctly classify nonmalignant breast specimens from 20 of 22 of African American women and all of the Caucasian women. CONCLUSIONS Despite matching of tumors by pathological characteristics, molecular profiles differed between African American women and Caucasian women in both invasive tumors and benign breast tissues. These differentially expressed genes, including CRYBB2, PSPHL, and SOS1, are involved in cellular growth and differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and immune response and thus may contribute to the poor outcome in African American women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Field
- Windber Research Institute, Windber, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Mukhtar RA, Moore AP, Nseyo O, Baehner FL, Au A, Moore DH, Twomey P, Campbell MJ, Esserman LJ. Elevated PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer are associated with early recurrence and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:635-44. [PMID: 21717106 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
African American and Hispanic women develop more triple negative breast cancer at younger ages than Caucasian women. The frequently observed association between race and socioeconomic status (SES) has confounded our understanding of the outcomes disparities seen in these groups. Given the association between inflammatory cells and high-grade, triple negative tumors, we sought to investigate whether differences in the presence of these cells varies by race. We evaluated breast tumor specimens for the presence PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in consecutive cases from a county hospital serving primarily un- or under-insured patients. All patients in this cohort had elevated PCNA + TAM levels. Higher PCNA + TAM counts were associated with hormone receptor (HR) negative tumors and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Hispanic women specifically had significantly higher PCNA + TAM counts than Caucasian patients and shorter disease-free survival. These findings implicate immune function in the development of aggressive breast cancer and suggest a possible link between SES and the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Mukhtar
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|