101
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Robertson AJ, Scruten E, Mostajeran M, Robertson T, Denomy C, Hogan D, Roesler A, Rutherford C, Kusalik A, Griebel P, Napper S. Kinome Analysis of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Dark-Eyed Pupae Identifies Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Tolerance to Varroa Mite Infestation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2117. [PMID: 32034205 PMCID: PMC7005721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mite Varroa destructor is a serious threat to honeybee populations. Selective breeding for Varroa mite tolerance could be accelerated by biomarkers within individual bees that could be applied to evaluate a colony phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated differences in kinase-mediated signaling between bees from colonies of extreme phenotypes of mite susceptibility. We expand these findings by defining a panel of 19 phosphorylation events that differ significantly between individual pupae from multiple colonies with distinct Varroa mite tolerant phenotypes. The predictive capacity of these biomarkers was evaluated by analyzing uninfested pupae from eight colonies representing a spectrum of mite tolerance. The pool of biomarkers effectively discriminated individual pupae on the basis of colony susceptibility to mite infestation. Kinome analysis of uninfested pupae from mite tolerant colonies highlighted an increased innate immune response capacity. The implication that differences in innate immunity contribute to mite susceptibility is supported by the observation that induction of innate immune signaling responses to infestation is compromised in pupae of the susceptible colonies. Collectively, biomarkers within individual pupae that are predictive of the susceptibility of colonies to mite infestation could provide a molecular tool for selective breeding of tolerant colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Tom Robertson
- Meadow Ridge Enterprises Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Connor Denomy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anna Roesler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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102
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Leonard SP, Powell JE, Perutka J, Geng P, Heckmann LC, Horak RD, Davies BW, Ellington AD, Barrick JE, Moran NA. Engineered symbionts activate honey bee immunity and limit pathogens. Science 2020; 367:573-576. [PMID: 32001655 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees are essential pollinators threatened by colony losses linked to the spread of parasites and pathogens. Here, we report a new approach for manipulating bee gene expression and protecting bee health. We engineered a symbiotic bee gut bacterium, Snodgrassella alvi, to induce eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) immune responses. We show that engineered S. alvi can stably recolonize bees and produce double-stranded RNA to activate RNAi and repress host gene expression, thereby altering bee physiology, behavior, and growth. We used this approach to improve bee survival after a viral challenge, and we show that engineered S. alvi can kill parasitic Varroa mites by triggering the mite RNAi response. This symbiont-mediated RNAi approach is a tool for studying bee functional genomics and potentially for safeguarding bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Leonard
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - J Elijah Powell
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiri Perutka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peng Geng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Luke C Heckmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Richard D Horak
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bryan W Davies
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Nancy A Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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103
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Dufour C, Fournier V, Giovenazzo P. The impact of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) pollination on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony health status. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227970. [PMID: 31978125 PMCID: PMC6980599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) crops benefit from the presence of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) for pollination. Unfortunately, beekeepers are observing negative impacts of pollination services on honey bee colonies. In this study, we investigated three beekeeping management strategies (MS) and measured their impact on honey bee colony health and development. Experimental groups (five colonies/MS) were: A) Control farmland honey producing MS (control MS); B) Blueberry pollination MS (blueberry MS); C) Cranberry pollination MS (cranberry MS) and D) Double pollination MS, blueberry followed by cranberry (double MS). Our goals were to 1) compare floral abundance and attractiveness of foraging areas to honey bees between apiaries using a Geographic Information System, and 2) compare honey bee colony health status and population development between MS during a complete beekeeping season. Our results show significantly lower floral abundance and honey bee attractiveness of foraging areas during cranberry pollination compared to the other environments. The blueberry pollination site seemed to significantly reduce brood population in the colonies who provided those services (blueberry MS and double MS). The cranberry pollination site seemed to significantly reduce colony weight gain (cranberry MS and double MS) and induce a significantly higher winter mortality rate (cranberry MS). We also measured significantly higher levels of Black queen cell virus and Sacbrood virus in the MS providing cranberry pollination (cranberry MS and double MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Dufour
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Centre de recherche et innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Giovenazzo
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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104
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Manley R, Temperton B, Boots M, Wilfert L. Contrasting impacts of a novel specialist vector on multihost viral pathogen epidemiology in wild and managed bees. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:380-393. [PMID: 31834965 PMCID: PMC7003859 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Typically, pathogens infect multiple host species. Such multihost pathogens can show considerable variation in their degree of infection and transmission specificity, which has important implications for potential disease emergence. Transmission of multihost pathogens can be driven by key host species and changes in such transmission networks can lead to disease emergence. We study two viruses that show contrasting patterns of prevalence and specificity in managed honeybees and wild bumblebees, black queen cell virus (BQCV) and slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), in the context of the novel transmission route provided by the virus‐vectoring Varroa destructor. Our key result is that viral communities and RNA virus genetic variation are structured by location, not host species or V. destructor presence. Interspecific transmission is pervasive with the same viral variants circulating between pollinator hosts in each location; yet, we found virus‐specific host differences in prevalence and viral load. Importantly, V. destructor presence increases the prevalence in honeybees and, indirectly, in wild bumblebees, but in contrast to its impact on deformed wing virus (DWV), BQCV and SBPV viral loads are not increased by Varroa presence, and do not show genetic evidence of recent emergence. Effective control of Varroa in managed honeybee colonies is necessary to mitigate further disease emergence, and alleviate disease pressure on our vital wild bee populations. More generally, our results highlight the over‐riding importance of geographical location to the epidemiological outcome despite the complexity of multihost‐parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Manley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ben Temperton
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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105
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Joshi NK, Ngugi HK, Biddinger DJ. Bee Vectoring: Development of the Japanese Orchard Bee as a Targeted Delivery System of Biological Control Agents for Fire Blight Management. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010041. [PMID: 31947931 PMCID: PMC7168677 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire blight, which is caused by the bacteria Erwinia amylovora, remains one of the most important diseases limiting the productivity of apple and pear orchards in the United States. In commercial orchards, in-season fire blight management relies exclusively on the use of antibiotic treatments (such as streptomycin and oxytetracycline) and on bacterial biocontrol agents whose efficacy is limited. We hypothesize that the efficacy of the biocontrol agents can be greatly enhanced through targeted delivery to flowers, which serve as initial infection courts, using the Japanese orchard bee, Osmia cornifrons. Many factors, such as the synchrony of life cycle with plant phenology and specificity to pomaceous plants, suggest that O. cornifrons could be an excellent vector of the biocontrol products during bloom in pome tree fruits. However, deployment of this pollinator species to deliver biocontrol agents for fire blight control has not been attempted previously due to the lack of an efficient system to pack the bodies of the bees exiting nesting tubes with the biocontrol products. In this study, we design and test a dispenser system to facilitate the use of O. conifrons as a vector for commercially available biocontrol products for fire blight control. The effectiveness of O. conifrons to deliver biocontrol agents to flowers, and to effect secondary dissemination from treated to untreated flowers is also evaluated in greenhouse experiments. We found that the O. conifrons bees were able to use the nest dispenser designed for the delivery of biological control products, and are effective in vectoring and delivering the Bacillus subtilis-based biological control product (Serenade®) to apple blossoms. We also found that the O. cornifrons were effective in secondary inoculation of this biological control product to newly-opened flowers. These findings suggest the potential use of commercially available O. conifrons and other orchard bees in targeted delivery of biological control products for fire blight, and possibly other diseases, in different fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelendra K. Joshi
- Fruit Research & Extension Center, Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA
- Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 217 Plant Sciences Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Correspondence: or (N.K.J.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Henry K. Ngugi
- Fruit Research & Extension Center, Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA;
| | - David J. Biddinger
- Fruit Research & Extension Center, Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA
- Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: or (N.K.J.); (D.J.B.)
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106
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Control of Varroa destructor Mite Infestations at Experimental Apiaries Situated in Croatia. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental varroacidal treatments of honey bee colonies were conducted on five apiaries (EA1–EA5) situated at five different geographical and climatic locations across Croatia. The aim of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of CheckMite+ (Bayer, Germany), Apiguard (Vita Europe Ltd.; England), Bayvarol, C, (Bayer, Germany), Thymovar, (Andrma BioVet GmbH, Germany), and ApiLife Var, (Chemicals Laif SPA; Vigonza, Italy) for controlling the honey bee obligatory parasitic mite Varroa destructor in different conditions in the field during summer treatment. The relative varroa mite mortality after treatments with applied veterinary medicinal products were EA1 (59.24%), EA2 (47.31%), EA3 (36.75%), EA4 (48.33%), and EA5 (16.78%). Comparing the relative efficacy of applied varroacides, the best effect was achieved with CheckMite+, and the lowest for honey bee colonies treated with Apiguard (statistically significant difference was confirmed; p < 0.05). Considering the lower efficacy of thymol-based veterinary medicinal products observed on all EA in these study conditions, it may be concluded that their use is limited under different treatment regimes. Despite unfavourable weather and environmental conditions, with exceptions of EA5/EA5′ and EA1, the relative varroacidal efficacy of authorized veterinary medicinal product treatments in moderately infested honey bee colonies ensured normal overwintering and colony development during next spring.
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107
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Carnesecchi E, Svendsen C, Lasagni S, Grech A, Quignot N, Amzal B, Toma C, Tosi S, Rortais A, Cortinas-Abrahantes J, Capri E, Kramer N, Benfenati E, Spurgeon D, Guillot G, Dorne JLCM. Investigating combined toxicity of binary mixtures in bees: Meta-analysis of laboratory tests, modelling, mechanistic basis and implications for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105256. [PMID: 31683157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bees are exposed to a wide range of multiple chemicals "chemical mixtures" from anthropogenic (e.g. plant protection products or veterinary products) or natural origin (e.g. mycotoxins, plant toxins). Quantifying the relative impact of multiple chemicals on bee health compared with other environmental stressors (e.g. varroa, viruses, and nutrition) has been identified as a priority to support the development of holistic risk assessment methods. Here, extensive literature searches and data collection of available laboratory studies on combined toxicity data for binary mixtures of pesticides and non-chemical stressors has been performed for honey bees (Apis mellifera), wild bees (Bombus spp.) and solitary bee species (Osmia spp.). From 957 screened publications, 14 publications provided 218 binary mixture toxicity data mostly for acute mortality (lethal dose: LD50) after contact exposure (61%), with fewer studies reporting chronic oral toxicity (20%) and acute oral LC50 values (19%). From the data collection, available dose response data for 92 binary mixtures were modelled using a Toxic Unit (TU) approach and the MIXTOX modelling tool to test assumptions of combined toxicity i.e. concentration addition (CA), and interactions (i.e. synergism, antagonism). The magnitude of interactions was quantified as the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). The CA model applied to 17% of cases while synergism and antagonism were observed for 72% (MDR > 1.25) and 11% (MDR < 0.83) respectively. Most synergistic effects (55%) were observed as interactions between sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (SBI) fungicides and insecticide/acaricide. The mechanisms behind such synergistic effects of binary mixtures in bees are known to involve direct cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition, resulting in an increase in internal dose and toxicity of the binary mixture. Moreover, bees are known to have the lowest number of CYP copies and other detoxification enzymes in the insect kingdom. In the light of these findings, occurrence of these binary mixtures in relevant crops (frequency and concentrations) would need to be investigated. Addressing this exposure dimension remains critical to characterise the likelihood and plausibility of such interactions to occur under field realistic conditions. Finally, data gaps and further work for the development of risk assessment methods to assess multiple stressors in bees including chemicals and non-chemical stressors in bees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Carnesecchi
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Tosi
- Epidemiology Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Honeybee Health, University Paris Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Jose Cortinas-Abrahantes
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per una filiera agro-alimentare Sostenibile (DiSTAS), Piacenza, Italy
| | - Nynke Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - David Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Gilles Guillot
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Lou Christian Michel Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy; School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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108
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Negri P, Villalobos E, Szawarski N, Damiani N, Gende L, Garrido M, Maggi M, Quintana S, Lamattina L, Eguaras M. Towards Precision Nutrition: A Novel Concept Linking Phytochemicals, Immune Response and Honey Bee Health. INSECTS 2019; 10:E401. [PMID: 31726686 PMCID: PMC6920938 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high annual losses of managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) has attracted intensive attention, and scientists have dedicated much effort trying to identify the stresses affecting bees. There are, however, no simple answers; rather, research suggests multifactorial effects. Several works have been reported highlighting the relationship between bees' immunosuppression and the effects of malnutrition, parasites, pathogens, agrochemical and beekeeping pesticides exposure, forage dearth and cold stress. Here we analyze a possible connection between immunity-related signaling pathways that could be involved in the response to the stress resulted from Varroa-virus association and cold stress during winter. The analysis was made understanding the honey bee as a superorganism, where individuals are integrated and interacting within the colony, going from social to individual immune responses. We propose the term "Precision Nutrition" as a way to think and study bees' nutrition in the search for key molecules which would be able to strengthen colonies' responses to any or all of those stresses combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Negri
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Ethel Villalobos
- Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, 310 Gilmore Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Nicolás Szawarski
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Natalia Damiani
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Liesel Gende
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Melisa Garrido
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Matías Maggi
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Silvina Quintana
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET), UNMdP, Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Martin Eguaras
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Deán Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina; (N.S.); (N.D.); (L.G.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (S.Q.); (M.E.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
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109
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Li AY, Cook SC, Sonenshine DE, Posada-Florez F, Noble NII, Mowery J, Gulbronson CJ, Bauchan GR. Insights into the feeding behaviors and biomechanics of Varroa destructor mites on honey bee pupae using electropenetrography and histology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 119:103950. [PMID: 31562841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behaviors and biomechanics of female Varroa destructor mites are revealed from AC-DC electropenetrography (EPG) recordings of mites feeding from Apis mellifera honey bee pupae and histology of mite internal ingestion apparatus. EPG signals characteristic of arthropod suction feeding (ingestion) were identified for mites that fed on pupae during overnight recordings. Ingestion by these mites was confirmed afterwards by observing internally fluorescent microbeads previously injected into their hosts. Micrographs of internal ingestion apparatus illustrate the connection between a gnathosomal tube and a pharyngeal lumen, which is surrounded by alternating dilator and constrictor muscles. Inspection of EPG signals showed the muscularized mite pharyngeal pump operates at a mean repetition rate of 4.5 cycles/s to ingest host fluids. Separate feeding events observed for mites numbered between 23 and 33 over approximately 16 h of recording, with each event lasting ~10 s. Feeding events were each separated by ~2 min. Consecutive feeding events separated by either locomotion or prolonged periods of quiescence were grouped into feeding bouts, which ranged in number from one to six. Statistical analyses of EPG data revealed that feeding events were prolonged for mites having lower pharyngeal pump frequencies, and mites having prolonged feeding events went unfed for significantly more time between feeding events. These results suggest that mites may adjust behaviors to meet limitations of their feeding apparatus to acquire similar amounts of food. Data reported here help to provide a more robust view of Varroa mite feeding than those previously reported and are both reminiscent of, as well as distinct from, some other acarines and fluid-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Li
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, UDSA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Steven C Cook
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, UDSA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, UDSA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
| | - Francisco Posada-Florez
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, UDSA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Noble I I Noble
- Bee Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, UDSA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Joseph Mowery
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Connor J Gulbronson
- Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Gary R Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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110
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Bramke K, Müller U, McMahon DP, Rolff J. Exposure of Larvae of the Solitary Bee Osmia bicornis to the Honey Bee Pathogen Nosema ceranae Affects Life History. INSECTS 2019; 10:E380. [PMID: 31683739 PMCID: PMC6921066 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees. The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bramke
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uta Müller
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Abteilung 4 Material und Umwelt, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Rolff
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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111
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Quigley TP, Amdam GV, Harwood GH. Honey bees as bioindicators of changing global agricultural landscapes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:132-137. [PMID: 31541967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to understand relationships between agricultural intensification and global change. Monitoring solutions, however, often do not include pollinator communities that are of importance to ecosystem integrity. Here, we put forth the honey bee as an economical and broadly available bioindicator that can be used to assess and track changes in the quality of agricultural ecosystems. We detail a variety of simple, low-cost procedures that can be deployed within honey bee hives to gain generalizable information about ecosystem quality at multiple scales, and discuss the potential of the honey bee system in both environmental and ecological bioindication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Quigley
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
| | - Gro V Amdam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Gyan H Harwood
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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112
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Szawarski N, Saez A, Domínguez E, Dickson R, De Matteis Á, Eciolaza C, Justel M, Aliano A, Solar P, Bergara I, Pons C, Bolognesi A, Carna G, Garcia W, Garcia O, Eguaras M, Lamattina L, Maggi M, Negri P. Effect of Abscisic Acid (ABA) Combined with Two Different Beekeeping Nutritional Strategies to Confront Overwintering: Studies on Honey Bees' Population Dynamics and Nosemosis. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100329. [PMID: 31581467 PMCID: PMC6835648 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In temperate climates, beekeeping operations suffer colony losses and colony depopulation of Apis mellifera during overwintering, which are associated with biotic and abiotic stressors that impact bees’ health. In this work, we evaluate the impacts of abscisic acid (ABA) dietary supplementation on honey bee colonies kept in Langstroth hives. The effects of ABA were evaluated in combination with two different beekeeping nutritional strategies to confront overwintering: “honey management” and “syrup management”. Specifically, we evaluated strength parameters of honey bee colonies (adult bee and brood population) and the population dynamics of Nosema (prevalence and intensity) associated with both nutritional systems and ABA supplementation during the whole study (late autumn-winter-early spring). The entire experiment was designed and performed with a local group of beekeepers, “Azahares del sudeste”, who showed interest in answering problems associated with the management of honey bee colonies during the winter. The results indicated that the ABA supplementation had positive effects on the population dynamics of the A. mellifera colonies during overwintering and on the nosemosis at colony level (prevalence) in both nutritional strategies evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Szawarski
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS) (IIPROSAM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Saez
- INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, (CONICET), Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Enzo Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS) (IIPROSAM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Rachel Dickson
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 519, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - Ángela De Matteis
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Carlos Eciolaza
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Marcelino Justel
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Aliano
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Pedro Solar
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergara
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pons
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Aldo Bolognesi
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Carna
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Walter Garcia
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Omar Garcia
- Beekeeper from Azahares del Sudeste association, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Martin Eguaras
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS) (IIPROSAM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Matías Maggi
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS) (IIPROSAM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
| | - Pedro Negri
- Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales (CIAS) (IIPROSAM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata CP 7600, Argentina
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113
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Behavioral Genetics of the Interactions between Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090299. [PMID: 31527402 PMCID: PMC6780334 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The western honeybee Apis mellifera exhibits a diverse set of adaptations in response to infestations by its most virulent disease-causing agent, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor. In this study, we investigated the effect of honeybee pupae genotype on the expression of four host and parasite traits that are associated with the reproductive phase of the mite in the brood of its host. We first phenotyped cells containing bee pupae to assess their infestation status, their infestation level, the reproductive status of the mites, and the recapping of cells by adult workers. We then genotyped individual pupae with five microsatellites markers to compare these phenotypes across full sister groups. We found that the four phenotypes varied significantly in time but did not across the subfamilies within the colonies. These findings show that V. destructor mites do not differentially infest or reproduce on some particular honeybee patrilines, and that workers do not target preferentially specific pupae genotypes when performing recapping. These findings bring new insights that can help designing sustainable mite control strategies through breeding and provide new insights into the interactions between A. mellifera and V. destructor.
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114
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D'Alvise P, Seeburger V, Gihring K, Kieboom M, Hasselmann M. Seasonal dynamics and co-occurrence patterns of honey bee pathogens revealed by high-throughput RT-qPCR analysis. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10241-10252. [PMID: 31624548 PMCID: PMC6787843 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of the honey bee Apis mellifera is challenged by introduced parasites that interact with its inherent pathogens and cause elevated rates of colony losses. To elucidate co-occurrence, population dynamics, and synergistic interactions of honey bee pathogens, we established an array of diagnostic assays for a high-throughput qPCR platform. Assuming that interaction of pathogens requires co-occurrence within the same individual, single worker bees were analyzed instead of collective samples. Eleven viruses, four parasites, and three pathogenic bacteria were quantified in more than one thousand single bees sampled from sixteen disease-free apiaries in Southwest Germany. The most abundant viruses were black queen cell virus (84%), Lake Sinai virus 1 (42%), and deformed wing virus B (35%). Forager bees from asymptomatic colonies were infected with two different viruses in average, and simultaneous infection with four to six viruses was common (14%). Also, the intestinal parasites Nosema ceranae (96%) and Crithidia mellificae/Lotmaria passim (52%) occurred very frequently. These results indicate that low-level infections in honey bees are more common than previously assumed. All viruses showed seasonal variation, while N. ceranae did not. The foulbrood bacteria Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius were regionally distributed. Spearman's correlations and multiple regression analysis indicated possible synergistic interactions between the common pathogens, particularly for black queen cell virus. Beyond its suitability for further studies on honeybees, this targeted approach may be, due to its precision, capacity, and flexibility, a viable alternative to more expensive, sequencing-based approaches in nonmodel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D'Alvise
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal ScienceUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Katharina Gihring
- Process, Energy & Environmental Technology Station, Faculty of Engineering and the Built EnvironmentUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein CampusDoornfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Mattias Kieboom
- Environmental Research InstituteWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Hasselmann
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal ScienceUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
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115
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Posada-Florez F, Childers AK, Heerman MC, Egekwu NI, Cook SC, Chen Y, Evans JD, Ryabov EV. Deformed wing virus type A, a major honey bee pathogen, is vectored by the mite Varroa destructor in a non-propagative manner. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12445. [PMID: 31455863 PMCID: PMC6712216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees, the primary managed insect pollinator, suffer considerable losses due to Deformed wing virus (DWV), an RNA virus vectored by the mite Varroa destructor. Mite vectoring has resulted in the emergence of virulent DWV variants. The basis for such changes in DWV is poorly understood. Most importantly, it remains unclear whether replication of DWV occurs in the mite. In this study, we exposed Varroa mites to DWV type A via feeding on artificially infected honey bees. A significant, 357-fold increase in DWV load was observed in these mites after 2 days. However, after 8 additional days of passage on honey bee pupae with low viral loads, the DWV load dropped by 29-fold. This decrease significantly reduced the mites’ ability to transmit DWV to honey bees. Notably, negative-strand DWV RNA, which could indicate viral replication, was detected only in mites collected from pupae with high DWV levels but not in the passaged mites. We also found that Varroa mites contain honey bee mRNAs, consistent with the acquisition of honey bee cells which would additionally contain DWV replication complexes with negative-strand DWV RNA. We propose that transmission of DWV type A by Varroa mites occurs in a non-propagative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K Childers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew C Heerman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Noble I Egekwu
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Steven C Cook
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Eugene V Ryabov
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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116
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Prevalence and population genetics of the emerging honey bee pathogen DWV in Chinese apiculture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12042. [PMID: 31427723 PMCID: PMC6700284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are agriculturally important, both as pollinators and by providing products such as honey. The sustainability of beekeeping is at risk through factors of global change such as habitat loss, as well as through the spread of infectious diseases. In China and other parts of Asia, beekeepers rely both on native Apis cerana and non-native Apis mellifera, putting bee populations at particular risk of disease emergence from multi-host pathogens. Indeed, two important honey bee parasites have emerged from East Asian honey bees, the mite Varroa destructor and the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. As V. destructor vectors viral bee diseases, we investigated whether another key bee pathogen, Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), may also have originated in East Asian honey bee populations. We use a large-scale survey of apiaries across China to investigate the prevalence and seasonality of DWV in managed A. mellifera and A. cerana colonies, showing that DWV-A prevalence was higher in A. mellifera, with a seasonal spike in prevalence in autumn and winter. Using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches, we show that while China and East Asian DWV isolates show comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, these bee populations are not a source for the current global DWV epidemic.
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117
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Coulon M, Schurr F, Martel AC, Cougoule N, Bégaud A, Mangoni P, Di Prisco G, Dalmon A, Alaux C, Ribière-Chabert M, Le Conte Y, Thiéry R, Dubois E. Influence of chronic exposure to thiamethoxam and chronic bee paralysis virus on winter honey bees. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220703. [PMID: 31415597 PMCID: PMC6695216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-exposure to pesticides and viruses is likely to occur in honey bee colonies. Pesticides can be present in pollen, nectar, and persist in stored food (honey and bee bread), and viruses can be highly prevalent in honey bee colonies. Therefore, the present study describes the influence of chronic co-exposure to thiamethoxam and Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) on bee survival, virus loads, expression level of immune and detoxication genes, and pesticide metabolism Experiments were performed on honey bees collected from a winter apiary with reduced viral contaminations. No synergistic effect of co-exposure was observed on bee survival, nor on the ability of bees to metabolise the pesticide into clothianidin. However, we found that co-exposure caused an increase in CBPV loads that reached the viral levels usually found in overt infections. The effect of co-exposure on CBPV replication was associated with down-regulation of vitellogenin and dorsal-1a gene transcription. Nevertheless, the observed effects might be different to those occurring in spring or summer bees, which are more likelyco-exposed to thiamethoxam and CBPV and exhibit a different physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Coulon
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA PACA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Frank Schurr
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Anne-Claire Martel
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Cougoule
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Adrien Bégaud
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Patrick Mangoni
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gennaro Di Prisco
- University of Napoli “Federico II”—Department of Agriculture, Portici, Napoli, Italy
- CREA, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRA PACA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA PACA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | | | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA PACA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Eric Dubois
- ANSES Sophia Antipolis, Unit of Honey bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
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118
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Collins W, Lowen N, Blake DJ. Caffeic Acid Esters Are Effective Bactericidal Compounds Against Paenibacillus larvae by Altering Intracellular Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080312. [PMID: 31357646 PMCID: PMC6722690 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
American Foulbrood (AFB) is a deadly bacterial disease affecting pupal and larval honey bees. AFB is caused by the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (PL). Propolis, which contains a variety of organic compounds, is a product of bee foraging and is a resinous substance derived from botanical substances found primarily in trees. Several compounds from the class of caffeic acid esters, which are commonly found in propolis, have been shown to have antibacterial activity against PL. In this study, six different caffeic acid esters were synthesized, purified, spectroscopically analyzed, and tested for their activity against PL to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). Caffeic acid isopropenyl ester (CAIE), caffeic acid benzyl ester (CABE), and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were the most effective in inhibiting PL growth and killing PL cell with MICs and MBCs of 125 µg/mL when used individually, and a MIC and MBC of 31.25 µg/mL for each compound alone when CAIE, CABE, and CAPE are used in combination against PL. These compounds inhibited bacterial growth through a bactericidal effect, which revealed cell killing but no lysis of PL cells after 18 h. Incubation with CAIE, CABE, and CAPE at their MICs significantly increased reactive oxygen species levels and significantly changed glutathione levels within PL cells. Caffeic acid esters are potent bactericidal compounds against PL and eliminate bacterial growth through an oxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA.
| | - Noah Lowen
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA
| | - David J Blake
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA
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119
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Erban T, Sopko B, Kadlikova K, Talacko P, Harant K. Varroa destructor parasitism has a greater effect on proteome changes than the deformed wing virus and activates TGF-β signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9400. [PMID: 31253851 PMCID: PMC6599063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee workers undergo metamorphosis in capped cells for approximately 13 days before adult emergence. During the same period, Varroa mites prick the defenseless host many times. We sought to identify proteome differences between emerging Varroa-parasitized and parasite-free honeybees showing the presence or absence of clinical signs of deformed wing virus (DWV) in the capped cells. A label-free proteomic analysis utilizing nanoLC coupled with an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer provided a quantitative comparison of 2316 protein hits. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the combination of Varroa parasitism and DWV clinical signs caused proteome changes that occurred in the same direction as those of Varroa alone and were approximately two-fold higher. Furthermore, proteome changes associated with DWV signs alone were positioned above Varroa in the RDA. Multiple markers indicate that Varroa activates TGF-β-induced pathways to suppress wound healing and the immune response and that the collective action of stressors intensifies these effects. Furthermore, we indicate JAK/STAT hyperactivation, p53-BCL-6 feedback loop disruption, Wnt pathway activation, Wnt/Hippo crosstalk disruption, and NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling conflict in the Varroa–honeybee–DWV interaction. These results illustrate the higher effect of Varroa than of DWV at the time of emergence. Markers for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia
| | - Klara Kadlikova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne, CZ-161 06, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 00, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-25242, Czechia
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120
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Wagoner K, Spivak M, Hefetz A, Reams T, Rueppell O. Stock-specific chemical brood signals are induced by Varroa and Deformed Wing Virus, and elicit hygienic response in the honey bee. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8753. [PMID: 31217481 PMCID: PMC6584651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the honey bee Apis mellifera is challenged by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, and the numerous harmful pathogens it vectors. Existing pesticide-based Varroa controls are not sustainable. In contrast, one promising approach for improved honey bee health is the breeding of hygienic bees, capable of detecting and removing brood that is parasitized or diseased. In three experiments we find evidence to support the hypothesis that stock-specific chemical brood signals are induced by Varroa and Deformed Wing Virus, and elicit hygienic response in the honey bee. By collecting, analyzing, and running bioassays involving mite-infested and control brood extracts from three honey bee breeding stocks we: 1) found evidence that a transferrable chemical signal for hygienic behavior is present in Varroa-infested brood extracts, 2) identified ten stock-specific hydrocarbons as candidates of hygienic signaling, and 3) found that two of these hydrocarbons linked to Varroa and DWV were also elevated in brood targeted for hygienic behavior. These findings expand our understanding of honey bee chemical communication, and facilitate the development of improved hygienic selection tools to breed honey bees with greater resistance to Varroa and associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wagoner
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, USA.
| | - M Spivak
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - A Hefetz
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Reams
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - O Rueppell
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, USA
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121
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Fernández-Carrión E, Goyache J, Molero F, Puerta F, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. High Load of Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa destructor Infestation Are Related to Weakness of Honey Bee Colonies in Southern Spain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1331. [PMID: 31258521 PMCID: PMC6587608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors, including pathogens, contribute to the continuing losses of colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera, which has led to steady population decline. In particular, colony losses have been linked to deformed wing virus (DWV) and the Varroa destructor mite. To clarify the potential role of these two pathogens in honey bee colony weakening and loss, we sampled colonies in southern Spain during a 21-month period and analyzed the samples for loads of four viruses and varroa. Loads of DWV and black queen cell virus as well as varroa infestation negatively correlated with colony vigor as measured using the subjective colony strength method. Logistic regression identified varroa and DWV as the main factors involved in colony weakening. Our results confirm that varroa and DWV play a key role in triggering colony weakening in southern Spain and provide evidence that experienced beekeepers’ and technicians’ assessments of colony vigor can accurately estimate colony strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Goyache
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Molero
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
| | - Francisco Puerta
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
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Manley R, Temperton B, Doyle T, Gates D, Hedges S, Boots M, Wilfert L. Knock-on community impacts of a novel vector: spillover of emerging DWV-B from Varroa-infested honeybees to wild bumblebees. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1306-1315. [PMID: 31190366 PMCID: PMC6852581 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel transmission routes can directly impact the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases, with potentially dramatic effect on host populations and knock‐on effects on the wider host community. The invasion of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic viral vector in Western honeybees, provides a unique opportunity to examine how a novel vector affects disease epidemiology in a host community. This specialist honeybee mite vectors deformed wing virus (DWV), an important re‐emerging honeybee pathogen that also infects wild bumblebees. Comparing island honeybee and wild bumblebee populations with and without V. destructor, we show that V. destructor drives DWV prevalence and titre in honeybees and sympatric bumblebees. Viral genotypes are shared across hosts, with the potentially more virulent DWV‐B overtaking DWV‐A in prevalence in a current epidemic. This demonstrates disease emergence across a host community driven by the acquisition of a specialist novel transmission route in one host, with dramatic community level knock‐on effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Manley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR11 9FE, UK.,Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ben Temperton
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR11 9FE, UK
| | - Daisy Gates
- Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Sophie Hedges
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR11 9FE, UK
| | - Michael Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR11 9FE, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
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123
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Caesar L, Cibulski SP, Canal CW, Blochtein B, Sattler A, Haag KL. The virome of an endangered stingless bee suffering from annual mortality in southern Brazil. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1153-1164. [PMID: 31169486 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meliponiculture - the management of stingless bee colonies - is an expanding activity in Brazil with economic, social and environmental potential. However, unlike in apiculture, the pathogens that impact on meliponiculture remain largely unknown. In southern Brazil, every year at the end of the summer, managed colonies of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata manifest a syndrome that eventually leads to collapse. Here we characterize the M. quadrifasciata virome using high-throughput sequencing, with the aim of identifying potentially pathogenic viruses, and test whether they are related to the syndrome outbreaks. Two paired viromes are explored, one from healthy bees and another from unhealthy ones. Each virome is built from metagenomes assembled from sequencing reads derived either from RNA or DNA. A total of 40 621 reads map to viral contigs of the unhealthy bees' metagenomes, whereas only 11 reads map to contigs identified as viruses of healthy bees. The viruses showing the largest copy numbers in the virome of unhealthy bees belong to the family Dicistroviridae - common pathogenic honeybee viruses - as well as Parvoviridae and Circoviridae, which have never been reported as being pathogenic in insects. Our analyses indicate that they represent seven novel viruses associated with stingless bees. PCR-based detection of these viruses in individual bees (healthy or unhealthy) from three different localities revealed a statistically significant association between viral infection and symptom manifestation in one meliponary. We conclude that although viral infections may contribute to colony collapses in the annual syndrome in some meliponaries, viruses spread opportunistically during the outbreak, perhaps due to colony weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Caesar
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- 2 Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- 2 Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Betina Blochtein
- 3 Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aroni Sattler
- 4 Laboratório de Apicultura, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Luisa Haag
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- 5 Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Dynes TL, Berry JA, Delaplane KS, Brosi BJ, de Roode JC. Reduced density and visually complex apiaries reduce parasite load and promote honey production and overwintering survival in honey bees. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216286. [PMID: 31120911 PMCID: PMC6532956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are kept at much greater densities than naturally occurring feral or wild colonies, which may have detrimental effects on colony health and survival, disease spread, and drifting behavior (bee movement between natal and non-natal colonies). We assessed the effects of a straightforward apiary management intervention (altering the density and visual appearance of colonies) on colony health. Specifically, we established three "high density / high drift" ("HD") and three "low density / low drift" ("LD") apiary configurations, each consisting of eight bee colonies. Hives in the HD apiary configuration were of the same color and placed 1m apart in a single linear array, while hives in the LD apiary configuration were placed 10m apart at different heights, facing outwards in a circle, and made visually distinctive with colors and symbols to reduce accidental drift between colonies. We investigated disease transmission and dynamics between the apiary configurations by clearing all colonies of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, and subsequently inoculating two randomly-chosen colonies per apiary with controlled mite doses. We monitored the colonies for two years and found that the LD apiary configuration had significantly greater honey production and reduced overwinter mortality. Inoculation and apiary management intervention interacted to affect brood mite levels, with the highest levels in the inoculated colonies in the HD configuration. Finally, foragers were more than three times more likely to drift in the HD apiary configurations. Our results suggest that a relatively straightforward management change-placing colonies in low-density visually complex circles rather than high-density visually similar linear arrays-can provide meaningful benefits to the health and productivity of managed honey bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Dynes
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Berry
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Keith S. Delaplane
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Berry J. Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jacobus C. de Roode
- Department of Biology; Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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DWV-A Lethal to Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera): A Colony Level Survey of DWV Variants (A, B, and C) in England, Wales, and 32 States across the US. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050426. [PMID: 31075870 PMCID: PMC6563202 DOI: 10.3390/v11050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong association between Varroa destructor, deformed wing virus (DWV), and high overwintering colony losses (OCL) of honey bees is well established. Three DWV master variants (DWV-A, -B, and -C) have been described, and their role in colony mortality remains an open question. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the seasonal prevalence, viral load, and changing distribution of the three DWV master variants within honey bee colonies from England, Wales, and 32 states across the United States. Here, we report that in 2016, DWV-B was prevalent (100%, n = 249) and dominant (95%) in England and Wales, compared to the US. (56%, n = 217 and 23%, respectively), where DWV-A was prevalent (83%, n = 217) and dominant (63%). DWV-C was regularly detected in low viral loads (<1 × 107 genome equivalents per bee) and at lower prevalence (58% in England and Wales, n = 203, and 14% across the United States, n = 124) compared to DWV-A and -B. DWV-B prevalence and dominance in England and Wales coincided with low OCL (6%). Meanwhile, a 60% loss was reported by participating U.S. beekeepers. In the United States, DWV-A prevalence (89%, n = 18) and viral load were significantly (p = 0.002) higher (1 × 10 8–1 × 1011) in colonies that died when compared to the surviving colonies (49% (n = 27), 1 × 106–1 × 1010). DWV-B had low prevalence (56%, n = 18) in the colonies that died with viral loads of <1 × 1010. However, DWV-B was routinely detected in high viral loads (>1 × 1010) in surviving colonies from all sample locations, providing further supporting evidence of DWV-A exhibiting increased virulence over DWV-B at the colony level.
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126
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Abstract
Abstract
Colony losses, including those induced by the colony collapse disorder, are an urgent problem of contemporary apiculture which has been capturing the attention of both apiculturists and the research community. CCD is characterized by the absence of adult dead bees in the hive in which few workers and a queen remain, the ratio between the brood quantity and the number of workers is heavily disturbed in favor of the former, and more than enough food is present. Robbing behavior and pests usually attacking the weakened colony do not occur. In the present paper, the causes of the emergence of this problem are discussed, as well as the measures of its prevention.
The following factors, which lead to colony losses, are analyzed: shortage of high-quality food (pollen and honey); infestation with parasites, primarily with Varroa destructor, and mixed virus infections; bacterial infections (American and European foulbrood), fungal infections (nosemosis and ascosphaerosis) and trypanosomal infections (lotmariosis); and, finally, general management of the apiary.
Certain preventive measures are proposed: (1) providing ample high-quality forage and clean water, (2) avoiding sugarisation, i.e. superfluous use of sugar syrup, (3) meeting the nutritional needs of the colony, (4) when feeding bees, taking care of the timing and the composition of diet, avoiding pure sugar syrup which in excessive quantities may induce energetic and oxidative stress, (5) when there is a shortage of natural feed – honey in the brood chamber – use sugar syrup with natural/artificial supplements to avoid protein starvation, (6) organized control of V. destructor in the colonies is obligatory due to its vector role, and (7) compliance with hygienic and sanitary measures and principles of good apiculture practice and management in apiaries. To conclude, all preventive measures are feasible in compliance with rules and regulations concerning regular spring and autumn bee health monitoring by licensed veterinarians, who can propose adequate treatments if necessary.
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A New Prevalent Densovirus Discovered in Acari. Insight from Metagenomics in Viral Communities Associated with Two-Spotted Mite ( Tetranychus urticae) Populations. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030233. [PMID: 30866521 PMCID: PMC6466187 DOI: 10.3390/v11030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomics and high throughput sequence mining have revealed unexpected diversity, and the potential presence, of parvoviruses in animals from all phyla. Among arthropods, this diversity highlights the poor knowledge that we have regarding the evolutionary history of densoviruses. The aim of this study was to explore densovirus diversity in a small arthropod pest belonging to Acari, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, while using viral metagenomics based on virus-enrichment. Here, we present the viromes obtained from T. urticae laboratory populations made of contigs that are attributed to nine new potential viral species, including the complete sequence of a novel densovirus. The genome of this densovirus has an ambisens genomic organization and an unusually compact size with particularly small non-structural proteins and a predicted major capsid protein that lacks the typical PLA2 motif that is common to all ambidensoviruses described so far. In addition, we showed that this new densovirus had a wide prevalence across populations of mite species tested and a genomic diversity that likely correlates with the host phylogeny. In particular, we observed a low densovirus genomic diversity between the laboratory and natural populations, which suggests that virus within-species evolution is probably slower than initially thought. Lastly, we showed that this novel densovirus can be inoculated to the host plant following feeding by infected mites, and circulate through the plant vascular system. These findings offer new insights into densovirus prevalence, evolution, and ecology.
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128
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Vicente-Rubiano M, Puerta F, Molero F, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Immune related genes as markers for monitoring health status of honey bee colonies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:72. [PMID: 30832657 PMCID: PMC6398266 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Honey bee population decline threatens the beekeeping sector, agriculture and global biodiversity. Early detection of colony mortality may facilitate rapid interventions to contain and prevent mortality spread. Among others, deformed wing virus (DWV) is capable of inducing colony losses, especially when combined with Varroa destructor mite. Since the bee immune system plays a crucial role in ensuring that bees are able to face these pathogens, we explored whether expression of immune genes could serve as biomarkers of colony health. Results Herein, we describe a preliminary immunological marker composed of two immune genes (relish and defensin), which provide insight on honey bee antiviral defense mechanism. Of the tested genes, relish expression correlated with the presence of DWV-Varroa complex, while decreased defensin expression correlated with poor resistance to this complex. Conclusions The monitoring of these genes may help us to better understand the complex physiology of honey bees’s immune system and to develop new approaches for managing the health impacts of DWV infection and varroa infestation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina Vicente-Rubiano
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Puerta
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
| | - Fernando Molero
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
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129
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Cappa F, Petrocelli I, Dani FR, Dapporto L, Giovannini M, Silva-Castellari J, Turillazzi S, Cervo R. Natural biocide disrupts nestmate recognition in honeybees. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3171. [PMID: 30816211 PMCID: PMC6395671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee colonies are under the threat of many stressors, biotic and abiotic factors that strongly affect their survival. Recently, great attention has been directed at chemical pesticides, including their effects at sub-lethal doses on bee behaviour and colony success; whereas the potential side effects of natural biocides largely used in agriculture, such as entomopathogenic fungi, have received only marginal attention. Here, we report the impact of the fungus Beauveria bassiana on honeybee nestmate recognition ability, a crucial feature at the basis of colony integrity. We performed both behavioural assays by recording bee guards’ response towards foragers (nestmate or non-nestmate) either exposed to B. bassiana or unexposed presented at the hive entrance, and GC-MS analyses of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of fungus-exposed versus unexposed bees. Our results demonstrated that exposed bees have altered cuticular hydrocarbons and are more easily accepted into foreign colonies than controls. Since CHCs are the main recognition cues in social insects, changes in their composition appear to affect nestmate recognition ability at the colony level. The acceptance of chemically unrecognizable fungus-exposed foragers could therefore favour forager drift and disease spread across colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cappa
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Petrocelli
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Michele Giovannini
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeferson Silva-Castellari
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Turillazzi
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Cervo
- Università degli studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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130
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Osterman J, Wintermantel D, Locke B, Jonsson O, Semberg E, Onorati P, Forsgren E, Rosenkranz P, Rahbek-Pedersen T, Bommarco R, Smith HG, Rundlöf M, de Miranda JR. Clothianidin seed-treatment has no detectable negative impact on honeybee colonies and their pathogens. Nat Commun 2019; 10:692. [PMID: 30741934 PMCID: PMC6370849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between multiple stressors have been implicated in elevated honeybee colony losses. Here, we extend our landscape-scale study on the effects of placement at clothianidin seed-treated oilseed rape fields on honeybees with an additional year and new data on honeybee colony development, swarming, mortality, pathogens and immune gene expression. Clothianidin residues in pollen, nectar and honeybees were consistently higher at clothianidin-treated fields, with large differences between fields and years. We found large variations in colony development and microbial composition and no observable negative impact of placement at clothianidin-treated fields. Clothianidin treatment was associated with an increase in brood, adult bees and Gilliamella apicola (beneficial gut symbiont) and a decrease in Aphid lethal paralysis virus and Black queen cell virus - particularly in the second year. The results suggest that at colony level, honeybees are relatively robust to the effects of clothianidin in real-world agricultural landscapes, with moderate, natural disease pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Osterman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Leipzig, ESCALATE, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dimitry Wintermantel
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- INRA, UE 1255 APIS, Le Magneraud, 17700, Surgères, France
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Locke
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ove Jonsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Semberg
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Piero Onorati
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmannstrasse 13, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maj Rundlöf
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joachim R de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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131
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Dolezal AG, Carrillo-Tripp J, Judd TM, Allen Miller W, Bonning BC, Toth AL. Interacting stressors matter: diet quality and virus infection in honeybee health. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181803. [PMID: 30891288 PMCID: PMC6408407 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Honeybee population declines have been linked to multiple stressors, including reduced diet diversity and increased exposure to understudied viral pathogens. Despite interest in these factors, few experimental studies have explored the interaction between diet diversity and viral infection in honeybees. Here, we used a mixture of laboratory cage and small semi-field nucleus hive experiments to determine how these factors interact. In laboratory experiments, we found that high-quality diets (polyfloral pollen and high-quality single-source pollen) have the potential to reduce mortality in the face of infection with Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). There was a significant interaction between diet and virus infection on mortality, even in the presence of high virus titres, suggesting that good diets can help bees tolerate virus infection. Further, we found that extreme stress in the form of pollen starvation in conjunction with IAPV infection increase exiting behaviour from small experimental hives. Finally, we showed that higher-quality pollen diets have significantly higher iron and calcium content, suggesting micronutrient deficiencies could be an under-explored area of bee nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Dolezal
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Jimena Carrillo-Tripp
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Timothy M. Judd
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - W. Allen Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amy L. Toth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tehel A, Vu Q, Bigot D, Gogol-Döring A, Koch P, Jenkins C, Doublet V, Theodorou P, Paxton R. The Two Prevalent Genotypes of an Emerging Infectious Disease, Deformed Wing Virus, Cause Equally Low Pupal Mortality and Equally High Wing Deformities in Host Honey Bees. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020114. [PMID: 30699904 PMCID: PMC6409761 DOI: 10.3390/v11020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an emerging infectious disease of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) that is considered a major cause of elevated losses of honey bee colonies. DWV comprises two widespread genotypes: the originally described genotype A, and genotype B. In adult honey bees, DWV-B has been shown to be more virulent than DWV-A. However, their comparative effects on earlier host developmental stages are unknown. Here, we experimentally inoculated honey bee pupae and tested for the relative impact of DWV-A versus DWV-B on mortality and wing deformities in eclosing adults. DWV-A and DWV-B caused similar, and only slightly elevated, pupal mortality (mean 18% greater mortality than control). Both genotypes caused similarly high wing deformities in eclosing adults (mean 60% greater wing deformities than control). Viral titer was high in all of the experimentally inoculated eclosing adults, and was independent of wing deformities, suggesting that the phenotype 'deformed wings' is not directly related to viral titer or viral genotype. These viral traits favor the emergence of both genotypes of DWV by not limiting the reproduction of its vector, the ectoparasitic Varroa destructor mite, in infected pupae, and thereby facilitating the spread of DWV in honey bees infested by the mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Tehel
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Quynh Vu
- Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Can Tho City 94709, Vietnam.
| | - Diane Bigot
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Andreas Gogol-Döring
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Peter Koch
- Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Christina Jenkins
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Vincent Doublet
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Robert Paxton
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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133
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New Viruses from the Ectoparasite Mite Varroa destructor Infesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020094. [PMID: 30678330 PMCID: PMC6409542 DOI: 10.3390/v11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of Asian or Eastern honeybees Apis cerana(A. cerana) which has become a serious threat to European subspecies of Western honeybees Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) within the last century. V.destructor and its vectored honeybee viruses became serious threats for colony survival. This is a short period for pathogen- and host-populations to adapt. To look for possible variation in the composition of viral populations we performed RNA metagenomic analysis of the Western honeybee subspecies A. m. ligustica, A. m.syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana and their respective V. destructor mites. The analysis revealed two novel viruses: Varroa orthomyxovirus-1 (VOV-1) in A. mellifera and V. destructor and a Hubei like-virga virus-14 homolog in V. destructor. VOV-1 was more prevalent in V. destructor than in A. mellifera and we found evidence for viral replication in both hosts. Interestingly, we found differences in viral loads of A. cerana and their V. destructor, A. m. intermissa, and its V. destructor showed partial similarity, while A. m.ligustica and A. m.syriaca and their varroa where very similar. Deformed wing virus exhibited 82.20%, 99.20%, 97.90%, and 0.76% of total viral reads in A. m. ligustica, A. m. syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana, respectively. This is the first report of a complete segmented-single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus genome in honeybees and V. destructor mites.
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134
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Loope KJ, Baty JW, Lester PJ, Wilson Rankin EE. Pathogen shifts in a honeybee predator following the arrival of the Varroa mite. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182499. [PMID: 30963859 PMCID: PMC6367166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a global threat to honeybees, and spillover from managed bees threaten wider insect populations. Deformed wing virus (DWV), a widespread virus that has become emergent in conjunction with the spread of the mite Varroa destructor, is thought to be partly responsible for global colony losses. The arrival of Varroa in honeybee populations causes a dramatic loss of viral genotypic diversity, favouring a few virulent strains. Here, we investigate DWV spillover in an invasive Hawaiian population of the wasp, Vespula pensylvanica, a honeybee predator and honey-raider. We show that Vespula underwent a parallel loss in DWV variant diversity upon the arrival of Varroa, despite the mite being a honeybee specialist. The observed shift in Vespula DWV and the variant-sharing between Vespula and Apis suggest that these wasps can acquire DWV directly or indirectly from honeybees. Apis prey items collected from Vespula foragers were positive for DWV, indicating predation is a possible route of transmission. We also sought cascading effects of DWV shifts in a broader Vespula pathogen community. We identified concurrent changes in a suite of additional pathogens, as well as shifts in the associations between these pathogens in Vespula. These findings reveal how hidden effects of the Varroa mite can, via spillover, transform the composition of pathogens in interacting species, with potential knock-on effects for entire pathogen communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Loope
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - James W. Baty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Lester
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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135
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The Dynamics of Deformed Wing Virus Concentration and Host Defensive Gene Expression after Varroa Mite Parasitism in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10010016. [PMID: 30626033 PMCID: PMC6358901 DOI: 10.3390/insects10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic interactions between the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and Deformed wing virus (DWV) lead to the reduction in lifespan of the European honey bee Apis mellifera and often have been implicated in colony losses worldwide. However, to date, the underlying processes and mechanisms that form the multipartite interaction between the bee, mite, and virus have not been fully explained. To gain a better understanding of honey bees’ defense response to Varroa mite infestation and DWV infection, the DWV titers and transcription profiles of genes originating from RNAi, immunity, wound response, and homeostatic signaling pathways were monitored over a period of eight days. With respect to DWV, we observed low viral titers at early timepoints that coincided with high levels of Toll pathway transcription factor Dorsal, and its downstream immune effector molecules Hymenoptaecin, Apidaecin, Abaecin, and Defensin 1. However, we observed a striking increase in viral titers beginning after two days that coincided with a decrease in Dorsal levels and its corresponding immune effector molecules, and the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase repressor of Dorsal, PIAS3. We observed a similar expression pattern for genes expressing transcripts for the RNA interference (Dicer/Argonaute), wound/homeostatic (Janus Kinase), and tissue growth (Map kinase/Wnt) pathways. Our results demonstrate that on a whole, honey bees are able to mount an immediate, albeit, temporally limited, immune and homeostatic response to Varroa and DWV infections, after which downregulation of these pathways leaves the bee vulnerable to expansive viral replication. The critical insights into the defense response upon Varroa and DWV challenges generated in this study may serve as a solid base for future research on the development of effective and efficient disease management strategies in honey bees.
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136
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Abstract
Bees-including solitary, social, wild, and managed species-are key pollinators of flowering plant species, including nearly three-quarters of global food crops. Their ecological importance, coupled with increased annual losses of managed honey bees and declines in populations of key wild species, has focused attention on the factors that adversely affect bee health, including viral pathogens. Genomic approaches have dramatically expanded understanding of the diversity of viruses that infect bees, the complexity of their transmission routes-including intergenus transmission-and the diversity of strategies bees have evolved to combat virus infections, with RNA-mediated responses playing a prominent role. Moreover, the impacts of viruses on their hosts are exacerbated by the other major stressors bee populations face, including parasites, poor nutrition, and exposure to chemicals. Unraveling the complex relationships between viruses and their bee hosts will lead to improved understanding of viral ecology and management strategies that support better bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology and Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA;
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137
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Welfare of Managed Honey Bees. Anim Welf 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13947-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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138
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Abstract
While epidemiological models have traditionally assumed that diseases spread by the mass action principle, actual contact networks within social groups do not meet this assumption. Theoretical models have shown that disease dynamics could vary considerably under different types of contact networks, but these models face challenges in terms of their evaluation due to the difficulty of collecting empirical data. The honeybee colony with its elaborate social organization and large repertoire of diseases provides an ideal setting to explore how the structure of the contact network contributes to the transmission of a disease.
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139
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Wagoner KM, Spivak M, Rueppell O. Brood Affects Hygienic Behavior in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2520-2530. [PMID: 30212863 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite receiving much attention, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) and the pathogens it vectors remain critical threats to the health of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). One promising intervention approach is the breeding of hygienic honey bees, which have an improved ability to detect and remove unhealthy brood from the colony, and are thus more resistant to Varroa. While much hygienic behavior-related research has focused on enhanced adult honey bee olfaction, less attention has been paid to the olfactory signals that originate inside the brood cell, triggering hygienic removal. Here, we hypothesized that selection for hygienic behavior in honey bees has influenced brood signaling, predicting that: 1) in a common social environment, removal rates differ among brood with different selective breeding histories, and 2) the removal rates of brood positively correlate to the hygiene level of the brood's colony of origin. To test these predictions, we cross-fostered brood subjected to control, wound, or Varroa treatment in unselected (UNS), Minnesota Hygienic (HYG), and Varroa-Sensitive Hygienic (VSH) colonies, and monitored individual brood cells for hygienic removal. Results confirmed both predictions, as brood from hygienic colonies was more likely to be removed than brood from UNS colonies, regardless of where the brood was fostered. These findings suggest that hygiene-related brood signals complement previously identified characteristics of hygienic adults, constituting an important mechanism of social immunity in honey bees. Thus, selective breeding for honey bee hygienic behavior may be improved through the utilization of field assays containing compounds related to larval signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaira M Wagoner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC
| | - Marla Spivak
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC
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140
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Rondeau S, Giovenazzo P, Fournier V. Risk assessment and predation potential of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bees. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208812. [PMID: 30532269 PMCID: PMC6286145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biocontrol of the honey bee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is an underexploited but promising avenue that would benefit from being integrated in a Varroa management program. Our study aimed to investigate the potential of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus to control Varroa infestations in honey bees. Tests on safety and predation were carried out to: (1) assess the risk of predation of the honey bee brood by S. scimitus under laboratory conditions and within the colony, and (2) evaluate the predation potential of S. scimitus on phoretic Varroa mites. Under laboratory conditions, S. scimitus was able to feed upon free Varroa mites, but also attacked every unprotected honey bee brood stages with a strong preference for bee eggs. When introduced inside colonies, however, S. scimitus does not have negative effects on the survival of the bee brood. Moreover, observations made in the laboratory revealed that S. scimitus does not attack Varroa mites when they are attached to the body of bees. However, all Varroa mites that had naturally fallen from the bees were predated upon by S. scimitus and died in less than 24h. This study provides evidence that S. scimitus does not represent a significant threat to the bee brood, but also suggests that its effect in Varroa control will probably be limited as it does not attack phoretic Varroa mites. Our results represent a first step in assessing the potential of S. scimitus to control V. destructor and provide novel information about the predator's behavior inside the honey bee colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rondeau
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Giovenazzo
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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141
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Christen V, Kunz PY, Fent K. Endocrine disruption and chronic effects of plant protection products in bees: Can we better protect our pollinators? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1588-1601. [PMID: 30296754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to plant protection products (PPPs) is one of the causes for the population decline of pollinators. In addition to direct exposure, pollinators are exposed to PPPs by pollen, nectar and honey that often contain residues of multiple PPPs. While in legislation PPPs are regarded mainly for their acute toxicity in bees, other effects such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, behavioural changes, stress responses and chronic effects that may harm different physiologically and ecologically relevant traits are much less or not regarded. Despite the fact that endocrine disruption by PPPs is among key effects weakening survival and thriving of populations, pollinators have been poorly investigated in this regard. Here we summarize known endocrine disruptive effects of PPPs in bees and compare them to other chronic effects. Endocrine disruption in honey bees comprise negative effects on reproductive success of queens and drones and behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers. Among identified PPPs are insecticides, including neonicotinoids, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole and azadirachtin. So far, there exists no OECD guideline to investigate possible endocrine effects of PPPs. Admittedly, investigation of effects on reproduction success of queens and drones is rarely possible under laboratory conditions. But the behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers could be a possible endpoint to analyse endocrine effects of PPPs under laboratory conditions. We identified some genes, including vitellogenin, which regulate this transition and which may be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruptive PPPs. We plea for a better implementation of the adverse outcome pathway concept into bee's research and propose a procedure for extending and complementing current assessments, including OECD guidelines, with additional physiological and molecular endpoints. Consequently, assessing potential endocrine disruption in pollinators should receive much more relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Petra Y Kunz
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Section Biocides and Plant Protection Products, CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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142
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Zélé F, Magalhães S, Kéfi S, Duncan AB. Ecology and evolution of facilitation among symbionts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4869. [PMID: 30451829 PMCID: PMC6242936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitation occurs when one species positively impacts the fitness of another, and has predominantly been studied in free-living species like plants. Facilitation can also occur among symbiont (mutualistic or parasitic) species or strains, but equivalent studies are scarce. To advance an integrated view of the effect of facilitation on symbiont ecology and evolution, we review empirical evidence and their underlying mechanisms, explore the factors favouring its emergence, and discuss its consequences for virulence and transmission. We argue that the facilitation concept can improve understanding of the evolutionary forces shaping symbiont communities and their effects on hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Zélé
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Edifício C2, piso-3, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Edifício C2, piso-3, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
| | - Alison B Duncan
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France.
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143
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Detection of Lotmaria passim in Africanized and European honey bees from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 160:95-97. [PMID: 30448510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids affecting honey bees, Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim, have been poorly studied in South America. We therefore analyzed their presence in Africanized and European honeybees from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile collected between 1990 and 2011 and assessed their association with other bee parasites and pathogens. Crithidia mellificae was not detected while L. passim was wide-spread. This report shows that L. passim has been present in this region at least since 2007 and it infects both Africanized and European honey bees. L. passim infected colonies showed high V. destructor parasitization levels, suggesting an association between them.
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144
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Alger SA, Burnham PA, Lamas ZS, Brody AK, Richardson LL. Home sick: impacts of migratory beekeeping on honey bee ( Apis mellifera) pests, pathogens, and colony size. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5812. [PMID: 30405967 PMCID: PMC6216951 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops and the dramatic losses of honey bee colonies have risen to a level of international concern. Potential contributors to such losses include pesticide exposure, lack of floral resources and parasites and pathogens. The damaging effects of all of these may be exacerbated by apicultural practices. To meet the pollination demand of US crops, bees are transported to areas of high pollination demand throughout the year. Compared to stationary colonies, risk of parasitism and infectious disease may be greater for migratory bees than those that remain in a single location, although this has not been experimentally established. Here, we conducted a manipulative experiment to test whether viral pathogen and parasite loads increase as a result of colonies being transported for pollination of a major US crop, California almonds. We also tested if they subsequently transmit those diseases to stationary colonies upon return to their home apiaries. Colonies started with equivalent numbers of bees, however migratory colonies returned with fewer bees compared to stationary colonies and this difference remained one month later. Migratory colonies returned with higher black queen cell virus loads than stationary colonies, but loads were similar between groups one month later. Colonies exposed to migratory bees experienced a greater increase of deformed wing virus prevalence and load compared to the isolated group. The three groups had similar infestations of Varroa mites upon return of the migratory colonies. However, one month later, mite loads in migratory colonies were significantly lower compared to the other groups, possibly because of lower number of host bees. Our study demonstrates that migratory pollination practices has varying health effects for honey bee colonies. Further research is necessary to clarify how migratory pollination practices influence the disease dynamics of honey bee diseases we describe here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Alger
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - P Alexander Burnham
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Zachary S Lamas
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Alison K Brody
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Leif L Richardson
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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145
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Li H, Yin B, Wang S, Fu Q, Xiao B, Lǚ K, He J, Li C. RNAi screening identifies a new Toll from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that restricts WSSV infection through activating Dorsal to induce antimicrobial peptides. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007109. [PMID: 30256850 PMCID: PMC6175524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Toll pathway defense against bacterial infection has been well established in shrimp, however how this pathway responds to viral infection is still largely unknown. In this study, we report the Toll4-Dorsal-AMPs cascade restricts the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection of shrimp. A total of nine Tolls from Litopenaeus vannamei namely Toll1-9 are identified, and RNAi screening in vivo reveals the Toll4 is important for shrimp to oppose WSSV infection. Knockdown of Toll4 results in elevated viral loads and renders shrimp more susceptible to WSSV. Furthermore, Toll4 could be a one of upstream pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to detect WSSV, and thereby leading to nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Dorsal, the known NF-κB transcription factor of the canonical Toll pathway. More importantly, silencing of Toll4 and Dorsal contributes to impaired expression of a specific set of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as anti-LPS-factor (ALF) and lysozyme (LYZ) family, which exert potent anti-WSSV activity. Two AMPs of ALF1 and LYZ1 as representatives are demonstrated to have the ability to interact with several WSSV structural proteins to inhibit viral infection. Taken together, we therefore identify that the Toll4-Dorsal pathway mediates strong resistance to WSSV infection by inducing some specific AMPs. The TLR pathway mediated antiviral immune response is well identified in mammals, yet, Toll pathway governing this protection in invertebrates remains unknown. In the present study, we uncover that a shrimp Toll4 from a total of nine Tolls in L. vannamei confers resistance to WSSV thought inducing the NF-κB transcription factor Dorsal to inspire the production of some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antiviral activity. The anti-LPS-factor (ALF) and lysozyme (LYZ) family are identified as the Toll4-Dorsal pathway targeted genes with the ability to interact with viral structural proteins in response to WSSV infection. These results suggest that the Toll receptor induces the expression of AMPs with antiviral activity could be a general antiviral mechanism in invertebrates and Toll pathway established antiviral defense could be conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qihui Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JH); (CL)
| | - Chaozheng Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JH); (CL)
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146
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Reeves AM, O’Neal ST, Fell RD, Brewster CC, Anderson TD. In-Hive Acaricides Alter Biochemical and Morphological Indicators of Honey Bee Nutrition, Immunity, and Development. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5110836. [PMID: 30272218 PMCID: PMC6163029 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee is a widely managed crop pollinator that provides the agricultural industry with the sustainability and economic viability needed to satisfy the food and fiber needs of our society. Excessive exposure to apicultural pesticides is one of many factors that has been implicated in the reduced number of managed bee colonies available for crop pollination services. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of exposure to commonly used, beekeeper-applied apicultural acaricides on established biochemical indicators of bee nutrition and immunity, as well as morphological indicators of growth and development. The results described here demonstrate that exposure to tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos has an impact on 1) macronutrient indicators of bee nutrition by reducing protein and carbohydrate levels, 2) a marker of social immunity, by increasing glucose oxidase activity, and 3) morphological indicators of growth and development, by altering body weight, head width, and wing length. While more work is necessary to fully understand the broader implications of these findings, the results suggest that reduced parasite stress due to chemical interventions may be offset by nutritional and immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Reeves
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Scott T O’Neal
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Richard D Fell
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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147
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Pusceddu M, Floris I, Mura A, Theodorou P, Cirotto G, Piluzza G, Bullitta S, Angioni A, Satta A. The effects of raw propolis on Varroa-infested honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3527-3535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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148
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Zanni V, Değirmenci L, Annoscia D, Scheiner R, Nazzi F. The reduced brood nursing by mite-infested honey bees depends on their accelerated behavioral maturation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:47-54. [PMID: 29932950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is regarded as the most important parasite of honey bees and plays a fundamental role in the decline of bee colonies observed in the last decade in the Northern hemisphere. Parasitization has a number of detrimental effects on bees, including reduced nursing, which can have important impacts on colony balance. In this work we investigated at the individual level the causes of this abnormal behavior and found that the reduced nursing activity in mite-infested workers is associated with impaired learning performance and a series of physiological traits that are typical of foragers, including reduced response to brood pheromone, limited development of hypopharyngeal glands and higher juvenile hormone titre in the haemolymph. Altogether our data confirm the premature transition to foraging already postulated based on previous genomics studies, from a physiological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - L Değirmenci
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - R Scheiner
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - F Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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149
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McMenamin AJ, Daughenbaugh KF, Parekh F, Pizzorno MC, Flenniken ML. Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Antiviral Defense. Viruses 2018; 10:E395. [PMID: 30060518 PMCID: PMC6115922 DOI: 10.3390/v10080395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees are important plant pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Managed and wild bees have experienced high average annual colony losses, population declines, and local extinctions in many geographic regions. Multiple factors, including virus infections, impact bee health and longevity. The majority of bee-infecting viruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Bee-infecting viruses often cause asymptomatic infections but may also cause paralysis, deformity or death. The severity of infection is governed by bee host immune responses and influenced by additional biotic and abiotic factors. Herein, we highlight studies that have contributed to the current understanding of antiviral defense in bees, including the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), the Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) and bumble bee species (Bombus spp.). Bee antiviral defense mechanisms include RNA interference (RNAi), endocytosis, melanization, encapsulation, autophagy and conserved immune pathways including Jak/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and the NF-κB mediated Toll and Imd (immune deficiency) pathways. Studies in Dipteran insects, including the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and pathogen-transmitting mosquitos, provide the framework for understanding bee antiviral defense. However, there are notable differences such as the more prominent role of a non-sequence specific, dsRNA-triggered, virus limiting response in honey bees and bumble bees. This virus-limiting response in bees is akin to pathways in a range of organisms including other invertebrates (i.e., oysters, shrimp and sand flies), as well as the mammalian interferon response. Current and future research aimed at elucidating bee antiviral defense mechanisms may lead to development of strategies that mitigate bee losses, while expanding our understanding of insect antiviral defense and the potential evolutionary relationship between sociality and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J McMenamin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Center for Pollinator Health, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Katie F Daughenbaugh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Center for Pollinator Health, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Fenali Parekh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Center for Pollinator Health, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Marie C Pizzorno
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Center for Pollinator Health, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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150
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Walderdorff L, Laval-Gilly P, Bonnefoy A, Falla-Angel J. Imidacloprid intensifies its impact on honeybee and bumblebee cellular immune response when challenged with LPS (lippopolysacharide) of Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 108:17-24. [PMID: 29758240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect hemocytes play an important role in insects' defense against environmental stressors as they are entirely dependent on their innate immune system for pathogen defense. In recent years a dramatic decline of pollinators has been reported in many countries. The drivers of this declines appear to be associated with pathogen infections like viruses, bacteria or fungi in combination with pesticide exposure. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the impact of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on the cellular immune response of two pollinators (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) during simultaneous immune activation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of Escherichia coli. For this purpose the phagocytosis capacity as well as the production of H2O2 and NO of larval hemocytes, exposed to five different imidacloprid concentrations in vitro, was measured. All used pesticide concentrations showed a weakening effect on phagocytosis with but also without LPS activation. Imidacloprid decreased H2O2 and increased NO production in honeybees. Immune activation by LPS clearly reinforced the effect of imidacloprid on the immune response of hemocytes in all three immune parameters tested. Bumblebee hemocytes appeared more sensitive to imidacloprid during phagocytosis assays while imidacloprid showed a greater impact on honeybee hemocytes during H2O2 and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walderdorff
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France.
| | - Philippe Laval-Gilly
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
| | - Antoine Bonnefoy
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
| | - Jaïro Falla-Angel
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, IUT de Thionville-Yutz, F-57970 Yutz, France
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