101
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Yousaf T, Pagano G, Niccolini F, Politis M. Excessive daytime sleepiness may be associated with caudate denervation in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:220-227. [PMID: 29571867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the earliest and most common non-motor symptoms of PD, substantially impacting on patient's quality of life. Using the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database, we performed a case-control study to investigate whether dopaminergic deficit is associated with the development of EDS using dopaminergic specific single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) molecular imaging of dopamine transporters (DAT). We enrolled 84 early de novo PD patients with EDS and 84 without EDS, who were matched for age, gender, age of diagnosis, years of education and disease duration. We assessed and compared semi-quantified [123I]FP-CIT SPECT, and motor and non-motor features among these two groups, alongside exploring the clinical and imaging correlates of EDS and the predictive significance of these markers in the development of EDS. PD patients with EDS had worse non-motor (MDS-UPDRS Part-I, P < 0.001) and motor (MDS-UPRDS Part-II, P = 0.005) experiences of daily living, as well as worse autonomic (SCOPA-AUT, P < 0.0001) and cognitive (MoCA P = 0.05) function, depression (GDS, P = 0.002), and reduced caudate DAT ([123I]FP-CIT, P = 0.024) compared to PD patients without EDS. Lower caudate [123I]FP-CIT values correlated with higher EDS scores (r = -0.192, P = 0.013). Among patients without EDS, 47 PD patients (56%) developed EDS over a median follow-up of 36 months. Cox multivariate analysis, including all clinical and imaging data available, revealed that abnormal caudate [123I]FP-CIT uptake (P = 0.030) and disease duration (P = 0.018) were predictors for the development of EDS. Although our findings indicate that dopaminergic deficits in the caudate may be associated to EDS in patients with PD, the pathophysiological causality is debateable, given that dopamine caudate denervation may covary with dopaminergic involvement at other targets and with non-dopaminergic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyabah Yousaf
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
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102
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Li J, Yu T, Shi F, Zhang Y, Duan Z, Fu B, Zhang Y. Involvement of Ventral Periaqueductal Gray Dopaminergic Neurons in Propofol Anesthesia. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:838-847. [PMID: 29417470 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that central dopaminergic system is implicated in the mechanism underlying general anesthesia. Whether dopamine (DA) neurons in midbrain ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) are involved in general anesthesia and how general anesthetics affect these neurons remain sparsely documented. To determine the role of vPAG DA neurons in propofol-induced anesthesia, we performed microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into vPAG to damage DA neurons and investigated the alteration in somatosensory electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as the induction and recovery time of propofol anesthesia. Subsequently, we examined the effect of propofol on the electrophysiological activity of DA neurons in vPAG using whole-cell patch clamp. Two weeks after 6-OHDA microinfusion, DA neurons in the vPAG were markedly reduced by 63.6% in the 6-OHDA-treated rats compared with vehicle rats. This lesion significantly shortened the induction time (7.15 ± 3.97 s vs. 11.18 ± 2.83 s, P < 0.05) and prolonged the recovery time of propofol anesthesia (780.26 ± 150.86 s vs. 590.68 ± 107.97 s, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, EEG in somatosensory cortex revealed that delta power (0-4 Hz) was significantly higher in 6-OHDA-treated rats than vehicle rats. In the electrophysiological experiment, propofol decreased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents rather than the amplitude and decay time. In addition, propofol preferentially increased the frequency and prolonged the decay time of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents without affecting the amplitude. SIGNIFICANCE Propofol can promote presynaptic GABA release, inhibit presynaptic glutamate release and increase postsynaptic GABAA receptor sensitivity, which eventually inhibits the activity of vPAG DA neurons and thereby influences the state of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, No. 48 Fenghao West Road, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fu Shi
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Zikun Duan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Bao Fu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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103
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Schwartz MD, Palmerston JB, Lee DL, Hoener MC, Kilduff TS. Deletion of Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Attenuates Behavioral Responses to Caffeine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29456505 PMCID: PMC5801540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs), endogenous amino acid metabolites that are structurally similar to the biogenic amines, are endogenous ligands for trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a GPCR that modulates dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic activity. Selective TAAR1 full and partial agonists exhibit similar pro-cognitive, antidepressant- and antipsychotic-like properties in rodents and non-human primates, suggesting TAAR1 as a novel target for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. We previously reported that TAAR1 partial agonists are wake-promoting in rats and mice, and that TAAR1 knockout (KO) and overexpressing mice exhibit altered sleep-wake and EEG spectral composition. Here, we report that locomotor and EEG spectral responses to the psychostimulants modafinil and caffeine are attenuated in TAAR1 KO mice. TAAR1 KO mice and WT littermates were instrumented for EEG and EMG recording and implanted with telemetry transmitters for monitoring locomotor activity (LMA) and core body temperature (Tb). Following recovery, mice were administered modafinil (25, 50, 100 mg/kg), caffeine (2.5, 10, 20 mg/kg) or vehicle p.o. at ZT6 in balanced order. In WT mice, both modafinil and caffeine dose-dependently increased LMA for up to 6 h following dosing, whereas only the highest dose of each drug increased LMA in KO mice, and did so for less time after dosing. This effect was particularly pronounced following caffeine, such that total LMA response was significantly attenuated in KO mice compared to WT at all doses of caffeine and did not differ from Vehicle treatment. Tb increased comparably in both genotypes in a dose-dependent manner. TAAR1 deletion was associated with reduced wake consolidation following both drugs, but total time in wakefulness did not differ between KO and WT mice. Furthermore, gamma band EEG activity following both modafinil and caffeine treatment was attenuated in TAAR1 KO compared to WT mice. Our results show that TAAR1 is a critical component of the behavioral and cortical arousal associated with two widely used psychostimulants with very different mechanisms of action. Together with our previous findings, these data suggest that TAAR1 is a previously unrecognized component of an endogenous wake-modulating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schwartz
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Jeremiah B Palmerston
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Diana L Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
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104
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Coon EA, Cutsforth-Gregory JK, Benarroch EE. Neuropathology of autonomic dysfunction in synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2018; 33:349-358. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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105
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Boosting of Thalamic D2 Dopaminergic Transmission: A Potential Strategy for Drug-Seeking Attenuation. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-COM-0378-17. [PMID: 29279859 PMCID: PMC5738865 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0378-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This commentary focuses on novel findings by Clark et al. (2017) published in eNeuro, which show that dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) are involved in cocaine sensitization. We extend the discussion on how their findings contribute to our understanding of the role of the PVT in drug seeking by providing new insight on the role of the PVT in the regulation of food-seeking and fear responses. We also consider the significance of the neuroanatomical findings reported by Clark et al., that the PVT is reciprocally connected with areas of the brain involved in addiction and discuss the implications associated with the source and type of dopaminergic fibers innervating this area of the thalamus.
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106
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Increased dopaminergic function in the thalamus is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med 2017; 43:25-30. [PMID: 29482807 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common disorder, which can manifest in isolation or in combination with other neurological or psychiatric disorders. We know relatively little about the mechanisms underlying the development of EDS and the clinical management of patients with EDS remains an unmet need. In this study, we hypothesised that thalamic dopaminergic function would be altered in subjects with EDS and we sought to investigate this by assessing [123I]FP-CIT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) data, which is a molecular imaging marker of dopamine transporter (DAT). PATIENTS/METHODS We performed a case-control study using people registered as healthy subjects in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. We assessed and compared semi-quantified [123I]FP-CIT-SPECT in two groups of 21 healthy subjects with and without EDS, who were matched for age, gender, years of education and Rapid eyemovement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) Questionnaire scores. RESULTS Our findings show increased thalamic DAT binding in people with EDS compared to matched healthy subjects without EDS. Higher thalamic DAT binding also correlated with worse EDS scores. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that increased dopaminergic function in the thalamus may mediate excessive daytime sleepiness in humans.
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107
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Ichinose T, Tanimoto H, Yamagata N. Behavioral Modulation by Spontaneous Activity of Dopamine Neurons. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:88. [PMID: 29321731 PMCID: PMC5732226 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine modulates a variety of animal behaviors that range from sleep and learning to courtship and aggression. Besides its well-known phasic firing to natural reward, a substantial number of dopamine neurons (DANs) are known to exhibit ongoing intrinsic activity in the absence of an external stimulus. While accumulating evidence points at functional implications for these intrinsic "spontaneous activities" of DANs in cognitive processes, a causal link to behavior and its underlying mechanisms has yet to be elucidated. Recent physiological studies in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster have uncovered that DANs in the fly brain are also spontaneously active, and that this activity reflects the behavioral/internal states of the animal. Strikingly, genetic manipulation of basal DAN activity resulted in behavioral alterations in the fly, providing critical evidence that links spontaneous DAN activity to behavioral states. Furthermore, circuit-level analyses have started to reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate or regulate spontaneous DAN activity. Through reviewing recent findings in different animals with the major focus on flies, we will discuss potential roles of this physiological phenomenon in directing animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Ichinose
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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108
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Pedersen NP, Ferrari L, Venner A, Wang JL, Abbott SBG, Vujovic N, Arrigoni E, Saper CB, Fuller PM. Supramammillary glutamate neurons are a key node of the arousal system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1405. [PMID: 29123082 PMCID: PMC5680228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and clinical observations suggest that the caudal hypothalamus comprises a key node of the ascending arousal system, but the cell types underlying this are not fully understood. Here we report that glutamate-releasing neurons of the supramammillary region (SuMvglut2) produce sustained behavioral and EEG arousal when chemogenetically activated. This effect is nearly abolished following selective genetic disruption of glutamate release from SuMvglut2 neurons. Inhibition of SuMvglut2 neurons decreases and fragments wake, also suppressing theta and gamma frequency EEG activity. SuMvglut2 neurons include a subpopulation containing both glutamate and GABA (SuMvgat/vglut2) and another also expressing nitric oxide synthase (SuMNos1/Vglut2). Activation of SuMvgat/vglut2 neurons produces minimal wake and optogenetic stimulation of SuMvgat/vglut2 terminals elicits monosynaptic release of both glutamate and GABA onto dentate granule cells. Activation of SuMNos1/Vglut2 neurons potently drives wakefulness, whereas inhibition reduces REM sleep theta activity. These results identify SuMvglut2 neurons as a key node of the wake−sleep regulatory system. Supramammillary nucleus (SuM) neurons have been studied in the context of REM sleep but their possible role in mediating wakefulness is not known. Here the authors elucidate the distinct functional contributions of three subpopulations in the SuM on electrographical and behavioral arousal in mice using genetically targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P Pedersen
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Service, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Loris Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joshua L Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nina Vujovic
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA. .,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Bostan, MA, 02215, USA.
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109
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Abstract
How the brain controls vigilance state transitions remains to be fully understood. The discovery of hypocretins, also known as orexins, and their link to narcolepsy has undoubtedly allowed us to advance our knowledge on key mechanisms controlling the boundaries and transitions between sleep and wakefulness. Lack of function of hypocretin neurons (a relatively simple and non-redundant neuronal system) results in inappropriate control of sleep states without affecting the total amount of sleep or homeostatic mechanisms. Anatomical and functional evidence shows that the hypothalamic neurons that produce hypocretins/orexins project widely throughout the entire brain and interact with major neuromodulator systems in order to regulate physiological processes underlying wakefulness, attention, and emotions. Here, we review the role of hypocretins/orexins in arousal state transitions, and discuss possible mechanisms by which such a relatively small population of neurons controls fundamental brain state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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110
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Scammell TE, Arrigoni E, Lipton JO. Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep. Neuron 2017; 93:747-765. [PMID: 28231463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and the circadian mechanisms that control their timing. We also outline key models for the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, how mutual inhibition between specific pathways gives rise to these distinct states, and how dysfunction in these circuits can give rise to sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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111
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Optogenetic Investigation of Arousal Circuits. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081773. [PMID: 28809797 PMCID: PMC5578162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation between sleep and wake states is controlled by a number of heterogeneous neuron populations. Due to the topological proximity and genetic co-localization of the neurons underlying sleep-wake state modulation optogenetic methods offer a significant improvement in the ability to benefit from both the precision of genetic targeting and millisecond temporal control. Beginning with an overview of the neuron populations mediating arousal, this review outlines the progress that has been made in the investigation of arousal circuits since the incorporation of optogenetic techniques and the first in vivo application of optogenetic stimulation in hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. This overview is followed by a discussion of the future progress that can be made by incorporating more recent technological developments into the research of neural circuits.
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112
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Titova N, Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Qamar MA, Katunina E, Jenner P. Nonmotor Symptoms in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:63-89. [PMID: 28802936 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) range from neuropsychiatric, cognitive to sleep and sensory disorders and can arise from the disease process as well as from drug treatment. The clinical heterogeneity of nonmotor symptoms of PD is underpinned by a wide range of neuropathological and molecular pathology, affecting almost the entire range of neurotransmitters present in brain and the periphery. Understanding the neurobiology and pathology of nonmotor symptoms is crucial to the effective treatment of PD and currently a key unmet need. This bench-to-bedside translational concept can only be successful if robust animal models of PD charting the genesis and natural history of nonmotor symptoms can be devised. Toxin-based and transgenic rodent and primate models of PD have given us important clues to the underlying basis of motor symptomatology and in addition, can provide a snapshot of some nonmotor aspects of PD, although the data are far from complete. In this chapter, we discuss some of the nonmotor aspects of the available experimental models of PD and how the development of robust animal models to understand and treat nonmotor symptoms needs to become a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Titova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mubasher A Qamar
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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113
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Hajnik T, Tóth A, Szalontai Ö, Pethő M, Détári L. Sleep loss and recovery after administration of drugs related to different arousal systems in rats. Physiol Int 2017; 103:271-289. [PMID: 28229642 DOI: 10.1556/2060.103.2016.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is homeostatically regulated suggesting a restorative function. Sleep deprivation is compensated by an increase in length and intensity of sleep. In this study, suppression of sleep was induced pharmacologically by drugs related to different arousal systems. All drugs caused non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep loss followed by different compensatory processes. Apomorphine caused a strong suppression of sleep followed by an intense recovery. In the case of fluoxetine and eserine, recovery of NREM sleep was completed by the end of the light phase due to the biphasic pattern demonstrated for these drugs first in the present experiments. Yohimbine caused a long-lasting suppression of NREM sleep, indicating that either the noradrenergic system has the utmost strength among the examined systems, or that restorative functions occurring normally during NREM sleep were not blocked. Arousal systems are involved in the regulation of various wakefulness-related functions, such as locomotion and food intake. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that activation of the different systems results in qualitatively different waking states which might affect subsequent sleep differently. These differences might give some insight into the homeostatic function of sleep in which the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems may play a more important role than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hajnik
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Tóth
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ö Szalontai
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Pethő
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Détári
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
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114
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Cho JR, Treweek JB, Robinson JE, Xiao C, Bremner LR, Greenbaum A, Gradinaru V. Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli. Neuron 2017; 94:1205-1219.e8. [PMID: 28602690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) is unambiguously involved in motivation and behavioral arousal, yet the contributions of other DA populations to these processes are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the dorsal raphe nucleus DA neurons are critical modulators of behavioral arousal and sleep-wake patterning. Using simultaneous fiber photometry and polysomnography, we observed time-delineated dorsal raphe nucleus dopaminergic (DRNDA) activity upon exposure to arousal-evoking salient cues, irrespective of their hedonic valence. We also observed broader fluctuations of DRNDA activity across sleep-wake cycles with highest activity during wakefulness. Both endogenous DRNDA activity and optogenetically driven DRNDA activity were associated with waking from sleep, with DA signal strength predictive of wake duration. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition opposed wakefulness and promoted NREM sleep, even in the face of salient stimuli. Therefore, the DRNDA population is a critical contributor to wake-promoting pathways and is capable of modulating sleep-wake states according to the outside environment, wherein the perception of salient stimuli prompts vigilance and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lindsay R Bremner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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115
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Fu YT, Mao CJ, Ma LJ, Zhang HJ, Wang Y, Li J, Huang JY, Liu JY, Liu CF. Pain Correlates with Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Pain Pract 2017; 18:29-37. [PMID: 28371220 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ting Fu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Sleep Center; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Li-Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Sleep Center; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Jun-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Sleep Center; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Sleep Center; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
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116
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Oishi Y, Lazarus M. The control of sleep and wakefulness by mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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117
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Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Regulates Wakefulness and EEG Spectral Composition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1305-1314. [PMID: 27658486 PMCID: PMC5437878 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists have been shown to have procognitive, antipsychotic-like, anxiolytic, weight-reducing, glucose-lowering, and wake-promoting activities. We used Taar1 knockout (KO) and overexpressing (OE) mice and TAAR1 agonists to elucidate the role of TAAR1 in sleep/wake. EEG, EMG, body temperature (Tb), and locomotor activity (LMA) were recorded in Taar1 KO, OE, and WT mice. Following a 24 h recording to characterize basal sleep/wake parameters, mice were sleep deprived (SD) for 6 h. In another experiment, mice were given three doses of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397, caffeine, or vehicle p.o. Baseline wakefulness was modestly increased in OE compared with WT mice. Baseline theta (4.5-9 Hz) and low gamma (30-60 Hz) activity was elevated in KO compared with OE mice in NREM and REM sleep. Following SD, both KO and OE mice exhibited a homeostatic sleep rebound. In WT mice, RO5263397 increased waking and reduced NREM and REM sleep, decreased gamma power during wake and NREM, and decreased Tb without affecting LMA; these effects were absent in KO mice and potentiated in OE mice. In contrast, caffeine increased wake time, NREM gamma power, and LMA in all strains compared with vehicle; this effect was attenuated in KO and potentiated in OE mice. TAAR1 overexpression modestly increases wakefulness, whereas TAAR1 partial agonism increases wakefulness and also reduces NREM and also REM sleep. These results indicate a modulatory role for TAAR1 in sleep/wake and cortical activity and suggest TAAR1 as a novel target for wake-promoting therapeutics.
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118
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Albers JA, Chand P, Anch AM. Multifactorial sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 2017; 35:41-48. [PMID: 28619181 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, ranking only behind Alzheimer's disease and affecting 2% of the population over the age of 65. Pathophysiologically, PD is characterized by selective degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatal dopamine depletion. Patients may also exhibit mild-to-severe degeneration of other central and peripheral nervous tissues. The most dramatic symptoms of the disease are profound dopamine-responsive motor disturbances, including bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. PD patients commonly present with debilitating non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and sleep disturbance. Of these, sleep disturbance is the most consistently reported, and likely represents a disorder integrative of PD-related motor impairment, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, iatrogenic insult, and central neurodegeneration. The pathophysiology of PD may also indirectly disrupt sleep by increasing susceptibility to sleep disorders, including sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movements, and REM behavior disorder. In this review, we will discuss these systems representing a multifactorial etiology in PD sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Albers
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104 United States; Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University College of Arts and Sciences, Morrissey Hall, 3700 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 United States.
| | - Pratap Chand
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104 United States; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Monteleone Hall, 1438 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104 United States
| | - A Michael Anch
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University College of Arts and Sciences, Morrissey Hall, 3700 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 United States
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119
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Dougalis AG, Matthews GAC, Liss B, Ungless MA. Ionic currents influencing spontaneous firing and pacemaker frequency in dopamine neurons of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus (vlPAG/DRN): A voltage-clamp and computational modelling study. J Comput Neurosci 2017; 42:275-305. [PMID: 28367595 PMCID: PMC5403876 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-017-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) fire spontaneous action potentials (APs) at slow, regular patterns in vitro but a detailed account of their intrinsic membrane properties responsible for spontaneous firing is currently lacking. To resolve this, we performed a voltage-clamp electrophysiological study in brain slices to describe their major ionic currents and then constructed a computer model and used simulations to understand the mechanisms behind autorhythmicity in silico. We found that vlPAG/DRN DA neurons exhibit a number of voltage-dependent currents activating in the subthreshold range including, a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (IH), a transient, A-type, potassium current (IA), a background, ‘persistent’ (INaP) sodium current and a transient, low voltage activated (LVA) calcium current (ICaLVA). Brain slice pharmacology, in good agreement with computer simulations, showed that spontaneous firing occurred independently of IH, IA or calcium currents. In contrast, when blocking sodium currents, spontaneous firing ceased and a stable, non-oscillating membrane potential below AP threshold was attained. Using the DA neuron model we further show that calcium currents exhibit little activation (compared to sodium) during the interspike interval (ISI) repolarization while, any individual potassium current alone, whose blockade positively modulated AP firing frequency, is not required for spontaneous firing. Instead, blockade of a number of potassium currents simultaneously is necessary to eliminate autorhythmicity. Repolarization during ISI is mediated initially via the deactivation of the delayed rectifier potassium current, while a sodium background ‘persistent’ current is essentially indispensable for autorhythmicity by driving repolarization towards AP threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios G Dougalis
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Faculty of Medicine, 89073, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gillian A C Matthews
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Faculty of Medicine, 89073, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark A Ungless
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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120
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Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:553-622. [PMID: 28179394 PMCID: PMC5539409 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth most common cause of disability on the planet. The pathophysiology of migraine has emerged from a historical consideration of the "humors" through mid-20th century distraction of the now defunct Vascular Theory to a clear place as a neurological disorder. It could be said there are three questions: why, how, and when? Why: migraine is largely accepted to be an inherited tendency for the brain to lose control of its inputs. How: the now classical trigeminal durovascular afferent pathway has been explored in laboratory and clinic; interrogated with immunohistochemistry to functional brain imaging to offer a roadmap of the attack. When: migraine attacks emerge due to a disorder of brain sensory processing that itself likely cycles, influenced by genetics and the environment. In the first, premonitory, phase that precedes headache, brain stem and diencephalic systems modulating afferent signals, light-photophobia or sound-phonophobia, begin to dysfunction and eventually to evolve to the pain phase and with time the resolution or postdromal phase. Understanding the biology of migraine through careful bench-based research has led to major classes of therapeutics being identified: triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists; gepants, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists; ditans, 5-HT1F receptor agonists, CGRP mechanisms monoclonal antibodies; and glurants, mGlu5 modulators; with the promise of more to come. Investment in understanding migraine has been very successful and leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip R Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Martins-Oliveira
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schankin
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Akerman
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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121
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Eban-Rothschild A, de Lecea L. Neuronal substrates for initiation, maintenance, and structural organization of sleep/wake states. F1000Res 2017; 6:212. [PMID: 28357049 PMCID: PMC5345773 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9677.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals continuously alternate between sleep and wake states throughout their life. The daily organization of sleep and wakefulness is orchestrated by circadian, homeostatic, and motivational processes. Over the last decades, much progress has been made toward determining the neuronal populations involved in sleep/wake regulation. Here, we will discuss how the application of advanced
in vivo tools for cell type–specific manipulations now permits the functional interrogation of different features of sleep/wake state regulation: initiation, maintenance, and structural organization. We will specifically focus on recent studies examining the roles of wake-promoting neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Eban-Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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122
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Oishi Y, Suzuki Y, Takahashi K, Yonezawa T, Kanda T, Takata Y, Cherasse Y, Lazarus M. Activation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons produces wakefulness through dopamine D2-like receptors in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2907-2915. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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123
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Weber F, Dan Y. Circuit-based interrogation of sleep control. Nature 2016; 538:51-59. [PMID: 27708309 DOI: 10.1038/nature19773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental biological process observed widely in the animal kingdom, but the neural circuits generating sleep remain poorly understood. Understanding the brain mechanisms controlling sleep requires the identification of key neurons in the control circuits and mapping of their synaptic connections. Technical innovations over the past decade have greatly facilitated dissection of the sleep circuits. This has set the stage for understanding how a variety of environmental and physiological factors influence sleep. The ability to initiate and terminate sleep on command will also help us to elucidate its functions within and beyond the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Weber
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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124
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Eban-Rothschild A, Rothschild G, Giardino WJ, Jones JR, de Lecea L. VTA dopaminergic neurons regulate ethologically relevant sleep-wake behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1356-66. [PMID: 27595385 PMCID: PMC5519826 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons are critically involved in a variety of behaviors that rely on heightened arousal, but whether they directly and causally control the generation and maintenance of wakefulness is unknown. We recorded calcium activity using fiber photometry in freely behaving mice and found arousal-state-dependent alterations in VTA dopaminergic neurons. We used chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations together with polysomnographic recordings to demonstrate that VTA dopaminergic neurons are necessary for arousal and that their inhibition suppresses wakefulness, even in the face of ethologically relevant salient stimuli. Nevertheless, before inducing sleep, inhibition of VTA dopaminergic neurons promoted goal-directed and sleep-related nesting behavior. Optogenetic stimulation, in contrast, initiated and maintained wakefulness and suppressed sleep and sleep-related nesting behavior. We further found that different projections of VTA dopaminergic neurons differentially modulate arousal. Collectively, our findings uncover a fundamental role for VTA dopaminergic circuitry in the maintenance of the awake state and ethologically relevant sleep-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Eban-Rothschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeff R Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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125
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Fiore NT, Austin PJ. Are the emergence of affective disturbances in neuropathic pain states contingent on supraspinal neuroinflammation? Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:397-411. [PMID: 27118632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury. A large body of preclinical evidence supports the idea that the immune system acts to modulate the sensory symptoms of neuropathy at both peripheral and central nervous system sites. The potential involvement of neuro-immune interactions in the highly debilitating affective disturbances of neuropathic pain, such as depression, anhedonia, impaired cognition and reduced motivation has received little attention. This is surprising given the widely accepted view that sickness behaviour, depression, cognitive impairment and other neuropsychiatric conditions can arise from inflammatory mechanisms. Moreover, there is a set of well-described immune-to-brain transmission mechanisms that explain how peripheral inflammation can lead to supraspinal neuroinflammation. In the last 5years increasing evidence has emerged that peripheral nerve injury induces supraspinal changes in cytokine or chemokine expression and alters glial cell activity. In this systematic review, based on strong preclinical evidence, we advance the argument that the emergence of affective disturbances in neuropathic pain states are contingent on pro-inflammatory mediators in the interconnected hippocampal-medial prefrontal circuitry that subserve affective behaviours. We explore how dysregulation of inflammatory mediators in these networks may result in affective disturbances through a wide variety of neuromodulatory mechanisms. There are also promising results from clinical trials showing that anti-inflammatory agents have efficacy in the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions including depression and appear suited to sub-groups of patients with elevated pro-inflammatory profiles. Thus, although further research is required, aggressively targeting supraspinal pro-inflammatory mediators at critical time-points in appropriate clinical populations is likely to be a novel avenue to treat debilitating affective disturbances in neuropathic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Fiore
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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126
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Venner A, Anaclet C, Broadhurst RY, Saper CB, Fuller PM. A Novel Population of Wake-Promoting GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Lateral Hypothalamus. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2137-43. [PMID: 27426511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The largest synaptic input to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) [1] arises from the lateral hypothalamus [2], a brain area associated with arousal [3-5]. However, the neurochemical identity of the majority of these VLPO-projecting neurons within the lateral hypothalamus (LH), as well as their function in the arousal network, remains unknown. Herein we describe a population of VLPO-projecting neurons in the LH that express the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT; a marker for GABA-releasing neurons). In addition to the VLPO, these neurons also project to several other established sleep and arousal nodes, including the tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral periaqueductal gray, and locus coeruleus. Selective and acute chemogenetic activation of LH VGAT(+) neurons was profoundly wake promoting, whereas acute inhibition increased sleep. Because of its direct and massive inputs to the VLPO, this population may play a particularly important role in sleep-wake switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Y Broadhurst
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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127
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Matthews GA, Nieh EH, Vander Weele CM, Halbert SA, Pradhan RV, Yosafat AS, Glober GF, Izadmehr EM, Thomas RE, Lacy GD, Wildes CP, Ungless MA, Tye KM. Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation. Cell 2016; 164:617-31. [PMID: 26871628 PMCID: PMC4752823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The motivation to seek social contact may arise from either positive or negative emotional states, as social interaction can be rewarding and social isolation can be aversive. While ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons may mediate social reward, a cellular substrate for the negative affective state of loneliness has remained elusive. Here, we identify a functional role for DA neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), in which we observe synaptic changes following acute social isolation. DRN DA neurons show increased activity upon social contact following isolation, revealed by in vivo calcium imaging. Optogenetic activation of DRN DA neurons increases social preference but causes place avoidance. Furthermore, these neurons are necessary for promoting rebound sociability following an acute period of isolation. Finally, the degree to which these neurons modulate behavior is predicted by social rank, together supporting a role for DRN dopamine neurons in mediating a loneliness-like state. PAPERCLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Matthews
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Edward H Nieh
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caitlin M Vander Weele
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah A Halbert
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roma V Pradhan
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ariella S Yosafat
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gordon F Glober
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ehsan M Izadmehr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rain E Thomas
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabrielle D Lacy
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Craig P Wildes
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A Ungless
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN London, UK.
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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128
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Arnaldi D, Latimier A, Leu-Semenescu S, De Carli F, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I. Does Postural Rigidity Decrease during REM Sleep without Atonia in Parkinson Disease? J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12:839-47. [PMID: 26857056 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Rigidity is a muscle hypertonia typical of Parkinson disease (PD), whereas rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by abnormally increased muscle tone during REM sleep (REM sleep without atonia) and enacting dream behaviors. Because movements are not bradykinetic during RBD in patients with PD, we investigated whether the background, wake postural rigidity is attenuated during REM sleep without atonia, in absence of movement. METHODS The amplitude of levator menti (postural muscle) electromyographic activity during relaxed evening wakefulness (considered as reference) and sleep (N2, N3, atonic REM sleep, and quiet REM sleep without atonia) was measured in 20 patients with PD (with and without RBD), 10 patients with idiopathic RBD patients and 10 healthy subjects. RESULTS The chin tone amplitude progressively decreased from wake to N2, N3, and atonic REM sleep in the four groups, but the highest amplitude was observed in PD patients with RBD during atonic REM sleep. Furthermore, chin muscle tone amplitude did not attenuate from wake to REM sleep without atonia in patients with both PD and RBD but dramatically attenuated (by 40% on average) in patients with idiopathic RBD. CONCLUSIONS The high amplitude of chin muscle tone in PD with RBD (but not in idiopathic RBD) during REM sleep with and without atonia suggests that both PD-related hypertonia and RBD-related enhanced muscle tone coexist during REM sleep, together affecting chin muscle tone. Consequently, some rapid RBD movements likely start against a rigid postural tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Arnaldi
- APHP- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sleep Disorders Unit, Paris, France.,Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Latimier
- Brain Research Institute- UPMC Paris 6 Univ, Inserm U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, IHU neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Smaranda Leu-Semenescu
- APHP- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sleep Disorders Unit, Paris, France.,Brain Research Institute- UPMC Paris 6 Univ, Inserm U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, IHU neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio De Carli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Brain Research Institute- UPMC Paris 6 Univ, Inserm U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, IHU neuroscience, Paris, France.,APHP- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Neurology Department, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- APHP- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sleep Disorders Unit, Paris, France.,Brain Research Institute- UPMC Paris 6 Univ, Inserm U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, IHU neuroscience, Paris, France
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129
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Lu J, Chen M. Glial Gap Junctions Boost Modafinil Action on Arousal. Sleep 2016; 39:1175-7. [PMID: 27166230 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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130
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Kelm-Nelson CA, Stevenson SA, Ciucci MR. Atp13a2 expression in the periaqueductal gray is decreased in the Pink1 -/- rat model of Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:75-82. [PMID: 27057733 PMCID: PMC4869981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication deficits are common in Parkinson disease (PD). Widespread alpha-synuclein pathology is a common link between familial and sporadic PD, and recent genetic rat models based on familial genetic links increase the opportunity to explore vocalization deficits and their associated neuropathologies. Specifically, the Pink1 knockout (-/-) rat presents with early, progressive motor deficits, including significant vocal deficits, at 8 months of age. Moreover, this rat model exhibits alpha-synuclein pathology compared to age-matched non-affected wildtype (WT) controls. Aggregations are specifically dense within the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a brainstem region involved in the coordination of emotional and volitional control of vocalizations. Here, we investigated changes in gene expression within the PAG at 8 months of age in Pink1 -/- rats compared to WT. Our data demonstrate that Pink1 -/- rat mRNA expression levels of alpha-synuclein are comparable to WT. However, Pink1 -/- rats show significantly decreased levels of Atp13a2, a transmembrane lysosomal P5-type ATPase suggesting a potential mechanism for the observed abnormal aggregation. We found no difference in the expression of glucocerebrosidase (Gba) or the CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (Cflar). Further, we show that mRNA expression levels of dopaminergic markers including Th, D1 and D2 receptor as well as GABA signaling markers including Gaba-A and glutamate decarboxylase 2 (Gad2) do not differ between genotypes. However, we found that glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) is significantly reduced in this PD model suggesting possible disruption of neurotransmission within the PAG. These results are the first to suggest the hypothesis that alpha-synuclein aggregation in this model is not a result of increased transcription, but rather a deficit in the breakdown and clearance, and that the observed vocal deficits may be related to impaired neural transmission. Altogether, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in neural substrate sensitivity contribute to the early pathogenesis of vocalizations and motivation to communicate in the Pink1 -/- rat model of PD. Our results suggest novel therapeutic pathways, including the lysosomal degradation pathway, which can be used in to further study the pathogenesis and treatment of vocal dysfunction PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Sharon A Stevenson
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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131
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Qiu MH, Yao QL, Vetrivelan R, Chen MC, Lu J. Nigrostriatal Dopamine Acting on Globus Pallidus Regulates Sleep. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:1430-9. [PMID: 25316334 PMCID: PMC4785943 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the globus pallidus externa (GPe) produce a profound sleep loss (∼45%) in rats, suggesting that GPe neurons promote sleep. As GPe neuronal activity is enhanced by dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), we hypothesized that SNc DA via the GPe promotes sleep. To test this hypothesis, we selectively destroyed the DA afferents to the caudoputamen (CPu) using 6-hydroxydopamine and examined changes in sleep-wake profiles in rats. Rats with 80-90% loss of SNc neurons displayed a significant 33.7% increase in wakefulness (or sleep reduction). This increase significantly correlated with the extent of SNc DA neuron loss. Furthermore, these animals exhibited sleep-wake fragmentation and reduced diurnal variability of sleep. We then optogenetic-stimulated SNc DA terminals in the CPu and found that 20-Hz stimulation from 9 to 10 PM increased total sleep by 69% with high electroencephalograph (EEG) delta power. We finally directly optogenetic-stimulated GPe neurons and found that 20-Hz stimulation of the GPe from 9 to 10 PM increased total sleep by 66% and significantly increased EEG delta power. These findings elucidate a novel circuit for DA control of sleep and the mechanisms of abnormal sleep in BG disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Qiu
- State key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiao-Ling Yao
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael C. Chen
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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132
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Fifel K, Piggins H, Deboer T. Modeling sleep alterations in Parkinson's disease: How close are we to valid translational animal models? Sleep Med Rev 2016; 25:95-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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133
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Torterolo P, Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli M, Chase MH, Falconi A. Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol-induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:580-9. [PMID: 26670051 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Higher cognitive functions require the integration and coordination of large populations of neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Oscillations in the gamma band (30-45 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in these cognitive functions. In previous studies, we analysed the extent of functional connectivity between cortical areas employing the 'mean squared coherence' analysis of the EEG gamma band. We demonstrated that gamma coherence is maximal during alert wakefulness and is almost absent during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) is critical for REM sleep generation. The NPO is considered to exert executive control over the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep. In the cat, depending on the previous state of the animal, a single microinjection of carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) into the NPO can produce either REM sleep [REM sleep induced by carbachol (REMc)] or a waking state with muscle atonia, i.e. cataplexy [cataplexy induced by carbachol (CA)]. In the present study, in cats that were implanted with electrodes in different cortical areas to record polysomnographic activity, we compared the degree of gamma (30-45 Hz) coherence during REMc, CA and naturally-occurring behavioural states. Gamma coherence was maximal during CA and alert wakefulness. In contrast, gamma coherence was almost absent during REMc as in naturally-occurring REM sleep. We conclude that, in spite of the presence of somatic muscle paralysis, there are remarkable differences in cortical activity between REMc and CA, which confirm that EEG gamma (≈40 Hz) coherence is a trait that differentiates wakefulness from REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Cavelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atilio Falconi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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134
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Dopamine and Its Actions in the Basal Ganglia System. INNOVATIONS IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42743-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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135
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Maruyama T, Matsumura M, Sakai N, Nishino S. The pathogenesis of narcolepsy, current treatments and prospective therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1117973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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136
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Kumar JR, Rajkumar R, Farooq U, Lee LC, Tan FCK, Dawe GS. Evidence of D2 receptor expression in the nucleus incertus of the rat. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:525-34. [PMID: 26300469 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus incertus (NI), located in the caudal brainstem, mainly consists of GABAergic neurons with widespread projections across the brain. It is the chief source of relaxin-3 in the mammalian brain and densely expresses corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors. Several other neurotransmitters, peptides and receptors are reportedly expressed in the NI. In the present investigation, we show the expression of dopamine type-2 (D2) receptors in the NI by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). RT-PCR did not show expression of D3 receptors. D2 receptor short isoform (D2S)-like, relaxin-3, CRF1/2 receptor and NeuN immunoreactivity were co-expressed in the cells of the NI. Behavioural effects of D2 receptor activation by intra-NI infusion of quinpirole (a D2/D3 agonist) were evaluated. Hypolocomotion was observed in home cage monitoring system (LABORAS) and novel environment-induced suppression of feeding behavioural paradigms. Thus the D2 receptors expressed in the NI are likely to play a role in locomotion. Based on its strong bidirectional connections to the median raphe and interpeduncular nuclei, the NI was predicted to play a role in modulating behavioural activity and the present results lend support to this hypothesis. This is the first evidence of expression of a catecholamine receptor, D2-like immunoreactivity, in the NI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Ramamoorthy Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Usman Farooq
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Liying Corinne Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Francis Chee Kuan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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137
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Mor D, Kang JWM, Wyllie P, Thirunavukarasu V, Houlton H, Austin PJ, Keay KA. Recruitment of dorsal midbrain catecholaminergic pathways in the recovery from nerve injury evoked disabilities. Mol Pain 2015; 11:50. [PMID: 26283658 PMCID: PMC4538917 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periaqueductal gray region (PAG) is one of several brain areas identified to be vulnerable to structural and functional change following peripheral nerve injury. Sciatic nerve constriction injury (CCI) triggers neuropathic pain and three distinct profiles of changes in complex behaviours, which include altered social and sleep-wake behaviours as well as changes in endocrine function. The PAG encompasses subgroups of the A10 dopaminergic and A6 noradrenergic cell groups; the origins of significant ascending projections to hypothalamic and forebrain regions, which regulate sleep, complex behaviours and endocrine function. We used RT-PCR, western blots and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase to determine whether (1) tyrosine hydroxylase increased in the A10/A6 cells and/or; (2) de novo synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase, in a 'TH-naïve' population of ventral PAG neurons characterized rats with distinct patterns of behavioural and endocrine change co-morbid with CCI evoked-pain. RESULTS Evidence for increased tyrosine hydroxylase transcription and translation in the constitutive A10/A6 cells was found in the midbrain of rats that showed an initial 2-3 day post-CCI, behavioural and endocrine change, which recovered by days 5-6 post-CCI. Furthermore these rats showed significant increases in the density of TH-IR fibres in the vPAG. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for: (1) potential increases in dopamine and noradrenaline synthesis in vPAG cells; and (2) increased catecholaminergic drive on vPAG neurons in rats in which transient changes in social behavior are seen following CCI. The data suggests a role for dopaminergic and noradrenergic outputs, and catecholaminergic inputs of the vPAG in the expression of one of the profiles of behavioural and endocrine change triggered by nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mor
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sydney, C42, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - James W M Kang
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sydney, C42, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Peter Wyllie
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Vignaraja Thirunavukarasu
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Hayden Houlton
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul J Austin
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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138
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Lim MM, Szymusiak R. Neurobiology of Arousal and Sleep: Updates and Insights Into Neurological Disorders. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-015-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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139
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Ke QF, Wang LX. Neuroanatomical evidence of the melanocortin-4 receptor expression in the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray innervating renal tissues. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6119-6123. [PMID: 26131214 PMCID: PMC4483877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine the neuronal connections in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is important for studying modulation of neuronal activity of PAG to influence sympathetic responses. We had characterized projections from the left kidney to the midbrain PAG in adult male melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice by using retrograde tracing techniques of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-614 for direct visualization under two-photon immunofluorescence microscope. We found that injections of PRV-614 into the kidney resulted in retrograde infection of neurons in the ventrolateral sub-areas of PAG, and PRV-614/MC4R-GFP double-labeled neurons were detected in the ventrolateral sub-areas of PAG. These results indicated that a subpopulation of ventrolateral PAG neurons innervating renal tissues expressed MC4R, suggesting that deep brain stimulation of the ventrolateral PAG may influence renal function by melanocortinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Fang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang Central HospitalXiangyang 441021, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Xun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiaolan People’s HospitalZhongsan 528415, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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140
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Yang Q, Liu S, Yin M, Yin Y, Zhou G, Zhou J. Ebf2 is required for development of dopamine neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter of mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1282-94. [PMID: 25762221 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) play critical roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including sleep-wake rhyme, antinociception, and drug addiction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development are poorly understood. Here, we showed that PAG DA neurons arose as early as E15.5 in mouse embryos. During the prenatal period, the majority of PAG DA neurons was distributed in the intermediate and caudal regions of the PAG. In the postnatal brain, ∼50% of PAG DA neurons were preferentially located in the caudal portion of the PAG. Moreover, transcription factor early B-cell factor 2 (Ebf2) was transiently expressed in a subset of DA neurons in embryonic ventral mesencephalon. Functional analysis revealed that loss of Ebf2 in vivo caused a marked reduction in the number of DA neurons in the midbrain PAG but not in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Thus, Ebf2 is identified as a novel and important regulator selectively required for midbrain PAG DA neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Laboratory of Development and Degeneration of Basal Ganglia, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuxi Liu
- Laboratory of Development and Degeneration of Basal Ganglia, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Yin
- Laboratory of Development and Degeneration of Basal Ganglia, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yanqing Yin
- Laboratory of Development and Degeneration of Basal Ganglia, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guomin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Laboratory of Development and Degeneration of Basal Ganglia, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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141
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142
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Stern AL, Naidoo N. Wake-active neurons across aging and neurodegeneration: a potential role for sleep disturbances in promoting disease. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:25. [PMID: 25635245 PMCID: PMC4306674 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-014-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep/wake disturbance is a feature of almost all common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Although the reason for this is unknown, it is likely that this inability to maintain sleep and wake states is in large part due to declines in the number and function of wake-active neurons, populations of cells that fire only during waking and are silent during sleep. Consistent with this, many of the brain regions that are most susceptible to neurodegeneration are those that are necessary for wake maintenance and alertness. In the present review, these wake-active populations are systematically assessed in terms of their observed pathology across aging and several neurodegenerative diseases, with implications for future research relating sleep and wake disturbances to aging and age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Stern
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nirinjini Naidoo
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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143
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Nishino S, Sato M, Matsumura M, Kanbayashi T. Narcolepsy–Cataplexy Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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144
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Adenosinergic Regulation of Sleep–Wake Behavior in the Basal Ganglia. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20273-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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145
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Serotonergic versus nonserotonergic dorsal raphe projection neurons: differential participation in reward circuitry. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1857-1869. [PMID: 25242321 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains the largest group of serotonin-producing neurons in the brain and projects to regions controlling reward. Although pharmacological studies suggest that serotonin inhibits reward seeking, electrical stimulation of the DRN strongly reinforces instrumental behavior. Here, we provide a targeted assessment of the behavioral, anatomical, and electrophysiological contributions of serotonergic and nonserotonergic DRN neurons to reward processes. To explore DRN heterogeneity, we used a simultaneous two-vector knockout/optogenetic stimulation strategy, as well as cre-induced and cre-silenced vectors in several cre-expressing transgenic mouse lines. We found that the DRN is capable of reinforcing behavior primarily via nonserotonergic neurons, for which the main projection target is the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Furthermore, these nonserotonergic projections provide glutamatergic excitation of VTA dopamine neurons and account for a large majority of the DRN-VTA pathway. These findings help to resolve apparent discrepancies between the roles of serotonin versus the DRN in behavioral reinforcement.
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146
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Larson-Prior LJ, Ju YE, Galvin JE. Cortical-subcortical interactions in hypersomnia disorders: mechanisms underlying cognitive and behavioral aspects of the sleep-wake cycle. Front Neurol 2014; 5:165. [PMID: 25309500 PMCID: PMC4160996 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcortical circuits mediating sleep–wake functions have been well characterized in animal models, and corroborated by more recent human studies. Disruptions in these circuits have been identified in hypersomnia disorders (HDs) such as narcolepsy and Kleine–Levin Syndrome, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders expressing excessive daytime sleepiness. However, the behavioral expression of sleep–wake functions is not a simple on-or-off state determined by subcortical circuits, but encompasses a complex range of behaviors determined by the interaction between cortical networks and subcortical circuits. While conceived as disorders of sleep, HDs are equally disorders of wake, representing a fundamental instability in neural state characterized by lapses of alertness during wake. These episodic lapses in alertness and wakefulness are also frequently seen in neurodegenerative disorders where electroencephalogram demonstrates abnormal function in cortical regions associated with cognitive fluctuations (CFs). Moreover, functional connectivity MRI shows instability of cortical networks in individuals with CFs. We propose that the inability to stabilize neural state due to disruptions in the sleep–wake control networks is common to the sleep and cognitive dysfunctions seen in hypersomnia and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Larson-Prior
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Yo-El Ju
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - James E Galvin
- Departments of Neurology, New York University Langone School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Population Health, New York University Langone School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
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147
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Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:311-9. [PMID: 24398816 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate or a D1 dopamine receptor agonist induces reanimation (active emergence) from general anesthesia. The authors tested whether electrical stimulation of dopaminergic nuclei also induces reanimation from general anesthesia. METHODS In adult rats, a bipolar insulated stainless steel electrode was placed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA, n = 5) or substantia nigra (n = 5). After a minimum 7-day recovery period, the isoflurane dose sufficient to maintain loss of righting was established. Electrical stimulation was initiated and increased in intensity every 3 min to a maximum of 120 µA. If stimulation restored the righting reflex, an additional experiment was performed at least 3 days later during continuous propofol anesthesia. Histological analysis was conducted to identify the location of the electrode tip. In separate experiments, stimulation was performed in the prone position during general anesthesia with isoflurane or propofol, and the electroencephalogram was recorded. RESULTS To maintain loss of righting, the dose of isoflurane was 0.9% ± 0.1 vol%, and the target plasma dose of propofol was 4.4 ± 1.1 µg/ml (mean ± SD). In all rats with VTA electrodes, electrical stimulation induced a graded arousal response including righting that increased with current intensity. VTA stimulation induced a shift in electroencephalogram peak power from δ (<4 Hz) to θ (4-8 Hz). In all rats with substantia nigra electrodes, stimulation did not elicit an arousal response or significant electroencephalogram changes. CONCLUSIONS Electrical stimulation of the VTA, but not the substantia nigra, induces reanimation during general anesthesia with isoflurane or propofol. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dopamine release by VTA neurons, but not substantia nigra neurons, induces reanimation from general anesthesia.
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148
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Ghrelin: a link between ageing, metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:72-83. [PMID: 25173805 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the increase in life expectancy over the last century comes the increased risk for development of age-related disorders, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. These chronic disorders share two main characteristics: 1) neuronal loss in motor, sensory or cognitive systems, leading to cognitive and motor decline; and 2) a strong correlation between metabolic changes and neurodegeneration. In order to treat them, a better understanding of their complexity is required: it is necessary to interpret the neuronal damage in light of the metabolic changes, and to find the disrupted link between the peripheral organs governing energy metabolism and the CNS. This review is an attempt to present ghrelin as part of molecular regulatory interface between energy metabolism, neuroendocrine and neurodegenerative processes. Ghrelin takes part in lipid and glucose metabolism, in higher brain functions such as sleep-wake state, learning and memory consolidation; it influences mitochondrial respiration and shows neuroprotective effect. All these make ghrelin an attractive target for development of biomarkers or therapeutics for prevention or treatment of disorders, in which cell protection and recruitment of new neurons or synapses are needed.
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149
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Leung LS, Luo T, Ma J, Herrick I. Brain areas that influence general anesthesia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:24-44. [PMID: 25172271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This document reviews the literature on local brain manipulation of general anesthesia in animals, focusing on behavioral and electrographic effects related to hypnosis or loss of consciousness. Local inactivation or lesion of wake-active areas, such as locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, perifornical area, tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral tegmental area and basal forebrain, enhanced general anesthesia. Anesthesia enhancement was shown as a delayed emergence (recovery of righting reflex) from anesthesia or a decrease in the minimal alveolar concentration that induced loss of righting. Local activation of various wake-active areas, including pontis oralis and centromedial thalamus, promoted behavioral or electrographic arousal during maintained anesthesia and facilitated emergence. Lesion of the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic area resulted in increased wakefulness and decreased isoflurane sensitivity, but only for 6 days after lesion. Inactivation of any structure within limbic circuits involving the medial septum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, amygdala, entorhinal and piriform cortex delayed emergence from anesthesia, and often reduced anesthetic-induced behavioral excitation. In summary, the concept that anesthesia works on the sleep-wake system has received strong support from studies that inactivated/lesioned or activated wake-active areas, and weak support from studies that lesioned sleep-active areas. In addition to the conventional wake-sleep areas, limbic structures such as the medial septum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are also involved in the behavioral response to general anesthesia. We suggest that hypnosis during general anesthesia may result from disrupting the wake-active neuronal activities in multiple areas and suppressing an atropine-resistant cortical activation associated with movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University, Shenzhen Hospital, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Ian Herrick
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current article is to review the shared pathophysiological mechanisms which may underlie the clinical association between headaches and sleep disorders. BACKGROUND The association between sleep and headache is well documented in terms of clinical phenotypes. Disrupted sleep-wake patterns appear to predispose individuals to headache attacks and increase the risk of chronification, while sleep is one of the longest established abortive strategies. In agreement, narcoleptic patients show an increased prevalence of migraine compared to the general population and specific familial sleep disorders have been identified to be comorbid with migraine with aura. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology and pharmacology of headache and sleep disorders involves an array of neural networks which likely underlie their shared clinical association. While it is difficult to differentiate between cause and effect, or simply a spurious relationship the striking brainstem, hypothalamic and thalamic convergence would suggest a bidirectional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Holland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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