101
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Heidari R, Niknahad H, Sadeghi A, Mohammadi H, Ghanbarinejad V, Ommati MM, Hosseini A, Azarpira N, Khodaei F, Farshad O, Rashidi E, Siavashpour A, Najibi A, Ahmadi A, Jamshidzadeh A. Betaine treatment protects liver through regulating mitochondrial function and counteracting oxidative stress in acute and chronic animal models of hepatic injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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102
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103
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Shi X, Bai H, Zhao M, Li X, Sun X, Jiang H, Fu A. Treatment of acetaminophen-induced liver injury with exogenous mitochondria in mice. Transl Res 2018; 196:31-41. [PMID: 29548626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury shares a common feature of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial therapy (mitotherapy), which replaces malfunctional mitochondria with functional exogenous mitochondria, may be a fundamental approach for treating drug-mediated hepatotoxicity. Here, we suggested that mitochondria isolated from human hepatoma cell could be used to treat acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice. When the mitochondria were added into the cell media, they could enter primarily cultured mouse hepatocyte. When the mitochondria were intravenously injected into mice, they distribute in several tissues, including liver. In the model mice of APAP-induced liver injury, mitochondria treatment increased hepatocyte energy supply, reduced oxidation stress, and consequently ameliorated tissue injury. The study suggests that exogenous mitochondria could be an effective therapeutic strategy in treating APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxun Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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104
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Fu D, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Monitoring the Effects of Pharmacological Reagents on Mitochondrial Morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 79:e45. [PMID: 29924486 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes how to apply appropriate pharmacological controls to induce mitochondrial fusion or fission in studies of mitochondria morphology for four different mammalian cell types, HepG2 human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells, MCF7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells, and collagen sandwich culture of primary rat hepatocytes. The protocol provides methods of treating cells with these pharmacological controls, staining mitochondria with commercially available MitoTracker Green and TMRE dyes, and imaging the mitochondrial morphology in live cells using a confocal fluorescent microscope. It also describes the cell culture methods needed for this protocol. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fu
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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105
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Moles A, Torres S, Baulies A, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. Mitochondrial-Lysosomal Axis in Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:453. [PMID: 29867464 PMCID: PMC5968389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure and a major indication for liver transplantion in the United States and Europe. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying APAP hepatotoxicity, there is still an urgent need to find novel and effective therapies against APAP-induced acute liver failure. Hepatic APAP metabolism results in the production of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which under physiological conditions is cleared by its conjugation with glutathione (GSH) to prevent its targeting to mitochondria. APAP overdose or GSH limitation leads to mitochondrial NAPQI-protein adducts formation, resulting in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and necrotic cell death. As mitochondria are a major target of APAP hepatotoxicity, mitochondrial quality control and clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy, emerges as an important strategy to limit oxidative stress and the engagement of molecular events leading to cell death. Recent evidence has indicated a lysosomal-mitochondrial cross-talk that regulates APAP hepatotoxicity. Moreover, as lysosomal function is essential for mitophagy, impairment in the fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes-containing mitochondria may compromise the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in exacerbated APAP hepatotoxicity. This review centers on the role of mitochondria in APAP hepatotoxicity and how the mitochondrial/lysosomal axis can influence APAP-induced liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moles
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Torres
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Clinical and Provincial Hospital of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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106
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Bavachinin Induces Oxidative Damage in HepaRG Cells through p38/JNK MAPK Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040154. [PMID: 29649125 PMCID: PMC5923320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is one of the main causes of drug non-approval and drug withdrawal by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Bavachinin (BVC) is a natural product derived from the fruit of the traditional Chinese herb Fructus Psoraleae (FP). There have been reports of acute liver injury following the administration of FP and its related proprietary medicines. To explore BVC hepatotoxicity and its mechanisms, we used the HepaRG cell line. In our recent research, we showed that BVC induces HepaRG cell death, mainly via BVC-induced oxidative damage. The formation of ROS is closely related to the activation of the stress-activated kinases, JNK and p38, while SP600125 (SP, JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (SB, p38 inhibitor) pretreatment inhibited the generation of ROS. On the other hand, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment prevented the phosphorylation of p38 but not that of JNK. Taken together, these data reveal that BVC induces HepaRG cell death via ROS and the JNK/p38 signaling pathways.
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107
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Stephens C, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ. Host Risk Modifiers in Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) and Its Interplay with Drug Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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108
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Uetake H, Sugihara K, Muro K, Sunaya T, Horiuchi-Yamamoto Y, Takikawa H. Clinical Features of Regorafenib-induced Liver Injury in Japanese Patients From Postmarketing Experience. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e49-e58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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109
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Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by leflunomide and its active metabolite. Toxicology 2018; 396-397:33-45. [PMID: 29427785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide, an anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has been marked with a black box warning regarding an increased risk of liver injury. The active metabolite of leflunomide, A771726, which also carries a boxed warning about potential hepatotoxicity, has been marketed as teriflunomide for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Thus far, however, the mechanism of liver injury associated with the two drugs has remained elusive. In this study, cytotoxicity assays showed that ATP depletion and subsequent LDH release were induced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by leflunomide in HepG2 cells, and to a lesser extent, by A77 1726. The decline of cellular ATP levels caused by leflunomide was dramatically exacerbated when galactose was substituted for glucose as the sugar source, indicating a potential mitochondrial liability of leflunomide. By measuring the activities of immuno-captured mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, we found that leflunomide and A77 1726 preferentially targeted complex V (F1FO ATP synthase), with IC50 values of 35.0 and 63.7 μM, respectively. Bongkrekic acid, a mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker that targets adenine nucleotide translocase, profoundly attenuated mitochondrial membrane depolarization, ATP depletion, and LDH leakage induced by leflunomide and A77 1726. Substantial alterations of mitochondrial function at the transcript level were observed in leflunomide-treated HepG2 cells, whereas the effects of A77 1726 on the cellular transcriptome were much less profound. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be implicated in the hepatotoxicity associated with leflunomide and A77 1726, with the former exhibiting higher toxicity potency.
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110
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Porceddu M, Buron N, Rustin P, Fromenty B, Borgne-Sanchez A. In Vitro Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity to Predict Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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111
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Zhang T, Ikejima T, Li L, Wu R, Yuan X, Zhao J, Wang Y, Peng S. Impairment of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics Involved in Isoniazid-Induced Apoptosis of HepG2 Cells Was Alleviated by p38 MAPK Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:753. [PMID: 29123480 PMCID: PMC5662931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH), a widely used first-line antitubercular drug, has been noted to be associated with hepatotoxicity. In spite of extensive researches over many decades, the mechanism of INH-induced hepatotoxicity still remains poorly understood. Recently, mitochondrial toxicity has been emerging as a new paradigm for INH-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we showed that INH impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. INH reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced mitochondria swelling. INH also inhibited the protein expressions of three major mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, SIRT1, PGC1α and NRF1, along with increased acetylation of PGC1α. Meanwhile, INH decreased the number of mitochondria, accompanied by decreased expression of mitochondrial protein COX IV. INH caused mitochondrial fragmentation involving decreased levels of the fusion protein MFN2 as well as the fission protein DRP1. INH-reduced DRP1 expression was associated with the increase of apoptosis, suggesting the existence of pro-survival fission and its involvement in mitochondrial quality control. INH activated p38 MAPK, whereas inhibition of p38 MAPK aggravated INH-induced decreases of SIRT1, PGC1α, NRF1, COX IV and DRP1 expressions. P38 MAPK inhibition also further up-regulated the acetylation of PGC1α and exacerbated INH-induced MMP loss, mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis. Taken together, INH-activated p38 MAPK induced mitochondrial biogenesis to alleviate apoptosis through partly recovering SIRT1-PGC1α pathway activation. In the meantime, p38 MAPK activation by INH promoted protective mitochondrial fission to alleviate apoptosis by partial recovery of DRP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianguang Zhang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China.,China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqin Wu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
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112
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Sanuki Y, Araki T, Nakazono O, Tsurui K. A rapid mitochondrial toxicity assay utilizing rapidly changing cell energy metabolism. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:349-358. [PMID: 28496041 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of safety-related drug-marketing withdrawals. Several drugs have been reported to disrupt mitochondrial function, resulting in hepatotoxicity. The development of a simple and effective in vitro assay to identify the potential for mitochondrial toxicity is thus desired to minimize the risk of causing hepatotoxicity and subsequent drug withdrawal. An in vitro test method called the "glucose-galactose" assay is often used in drug development but requires prior-culture of cells over several passages for mitochondrial adaptation, thereby restricting use of the assay. Here, we report a rapid version of this method with the same predictability as the original method. We found that replacing the glucose in the medium with galactose resulted in HepG2 cells immediately shifting their energy metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation due to drastic energy starvation; in addition, the intracellular concentration of ATP was reduced by mitotoxicants when glucose in the medium was replaced with galactose. Using our proposed rapid method, mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells can be evaluated by drug exposure for one hour without a pre-culture step. This rapid assay for mitochondrial toxicity may be more suitable for high-throughput screening than the original method at an early stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sanuki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Tetsuro Araki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Osamu Nakazono
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Kazuyuki Tsurui
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
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113
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Qu D, Gu Y, Feng L, Han J. High Content Analysis technology for evaluating the joint toxicity of sunset yellow and sodium sulfite in vitro. Food Chem 2017; 233:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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114
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Weaver RJ, Betts C, Blomme EAG, Gerets HHJ, Gjervig Jensen K, Hewitt PG, Juhila S, Labbe G, Liguori MJ, Mesens N, Ogese MO, Persson M, Snoeys J, Stevens JL, Walker T, Park BK. Test systems in drug discovery for hazard identification and risk assessment of human drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:767-782. [PMID: 28604124 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1341489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is an important target for drug-induced toxicities. Early detection of hepatotoxic drugs requires use of well-characterized test systems, yet current knowledge, gaps and limitations of tests employed remains an important issue for drug development. Areas Covered: The current state of the science, understanding and application of test systems in use for the detection of drug-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, cholestasis and inflammation is summarized. The test systems highlighted herein cover mostly in vitro and some in vivo models and endpoint measurements used in the assessment of small molecule toxic liabilities. Opportunities for research efforts in areas necessitating the development of specific tests and improved mechanistic understanding are highlighted. Expert Opinion: Use of in vitro test systems for safety optimization will remain a core activity in drug discovery. Substantial inroads have been made with a number of assays established for human Drug-induced Liver Injury. There nevertheless remain significant gaps with a need for improved in vitro tools and novel tests to address specific mechanisms of human Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Progress in these areas will necessitate not only models fit for application, but also mechanistic understanding of how chemical insult on the liver occurs in order to identify translational and quantifiable readouts for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Weaver
- a Research & Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier , Suresnes , France
| | - Catherine Betts
- b Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- d Non Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest , UCB BioPharma SPRL , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | | | - Philip G Hewitt
- f Non-Clinical Development, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Satu Juhila
- g In Vitro Biology , Orion Pharma , Espoo , Finland
| | - Gilles Labbe
- h Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety , Sanofi R&D , Paris , France
| | | | - Natalie Mesens
- i Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Monday O Ogese
- j Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | - Mikael Persson
- k Innovative Medicines and Early Clinical Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Discovery Safety , AstraZeneca R&D , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Jan Snoeys
- l Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - James L Stevens
- m Dept of Toxicology , Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Tracy Walker
- n Investigative Safety & Drug Metabolism , GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development , Ware , Herts , Hertfordshire, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- o Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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115
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Utzeri E, Usai P. Role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on intestinal permeability and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3954-3963. [PMID: 28652650 PMCID: PMC5473116 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i22.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is widespread worldwide thanks to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. However, even more attention is placed upon the recurrence of digestive system complications in the course of their use. Recent data suggests that the complications of the lower gastro-intestinal tract may be as frequent and severe as those of the upper tract. NSAIDs enteropathy is due to enterohepatic recycling of the drugs resulting in a prolonged and repeated exposure of the intestinal mucosa to the compound and its metabolites. Thus leading to so-called topical effects, which, in turn, lead to an impairment of the intestinal barrier. This process determines bacterial translocation and toxic substances of intestinal origin in the portal circulation, leading to an endotoxaemia. This condition could determine a liver inflammatory response and might promote the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, mostly in patients with risk factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and a high fat diet, which may induce a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis. This alteration of gut microbiota may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its related disorders in two ways: firstly causing a malfunction of the tight junctions that play a critical role in the increase of intestinal permeability, and then secondly leading to the development of insulin resistance, body weight gain, lipogenesis, fibrogenesis and hepatic oxidative stress.
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116
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Zhang TG, Ikejima T, Hayashi T, Zhao J, Wang YM, Peng SQ. AMPK activator acadesine fails to alleviate isoniazid-caused mitochondrial instability in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1219-1224. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention; Academy of Military Medical Sciences; 20 Dongdajie Street Fengtai District Beijing 100071 People's Republic of China
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention; Academy of Military Medical Sciences; 20 Dongdajie Street Fengtai District Beijing 100071 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention; Academy of Military Medical Sciences; 20 Dongdajie Street Fengtai District Beijing 100071 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention; Academy of Military Medical Sciences; 20 Dongdajie Street Fengtai District Beijing 100071 People's Republic of China
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117
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Liu C, Sekine S, Song B, Ito K. Use of Primary Rat Hepatocytes for Prediction of Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:14.16.1-14.16.10. [PMID: 28463418 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in drug-induced liver injury. To evaluate drug-induced mitochondrial impairment, several isolated mitochondria- or cell line-based assays have been reported. Among them, culturing HepG2 cells in galactose provides a remarkable method to assess mitochondrial toxicity by activating mitochondrial aerobic respiration. We applied this assay to primary rat hepatocytes by culturing cells in galactose and hyperoxia to enhance the evaluation of metabolism-related drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Conventional culture of primary hepatocytes under high-glucose and hypoxic conditions could force cells to switch energy generation to glycolysis. By contrast, cells cultured in galactose and hyperoxia could maintain energy generation from mitochondrial aerobic respiration, which is consistent with physiological conditions, and consequently improve the susceptibility of cells to mitochondrial toxicants. Measuring the toxicities of test compounds in primary rat hepatocytes cultured in modified conditions provides a useful model to identify mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated drug-induced hepatotoxicity. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Binbin Song
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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118
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Yu YC, Mao YM, Chen CW, Chen JJ, Chen J, Cong WM, Ding Y, Duan ZP, Fu QC, Guo XY, Hu P, Hu XQ, Jia JD, Lai RT, Li DL, Liu YX, Lu LG, Ma SW, Ma X, Nan YM, Ren H, Shen T, Wang H, Wang JY, Wang TL, Wang XJ, Wei L, Xie Q, Xie W, Yang CQ, Yang DL, Yu YY, Zeng MD, Zhang L, Zhao XY, Zhuang H. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int 2017; 11:221-241. [PMID: 28405790 PMCID: PMC5419998 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important clinical problem, which has received more attention in recent decades. It can be induced by small chemical molecules, biological agents, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), natural medicines (NM), health products (HP), and dietary supplements (DS). Idiosyncratic DILI is far more common than intrinsic DILI clinically and can be classified into hepatocellular injury, cholestatic injury, hepatocellular-cholestatic mixed injury, and vascular injury based on the types of injured target cells. The CSH guidelines summarized the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestation and gives 16 evidence-based recommendations on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Cheng Yu
- Liver Disease Center of PLA, Bayi Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yi-Min Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Chen
- Shanghai Liver Diseases Research Center, 85th Hospital, Nanjing Military Command, Shanghai, 200235, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Liver Diseases Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qing-Chun Fu
- Shanghai Liver Diseases Research Center, 85th Hospital, Nanjing Military Command, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, 710004, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xi-Qi Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ji-Dong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medial University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Rong-Tao Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Disease, Fuzhou General Hospital of PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Ying-Xia Liu
- Department of Liver Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Lun-Gen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shi-Wu Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Yue-Min Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Hepatology, People's Hospital, Beijing University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ji-Yao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tai-Ling Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Wang
- Shanghai Liver Diseases Research Center, 85th Hospital, Nanjing Military Command, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Institute of Hepatology, People's Hospital, Beijing University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065c, China
| | - Dong-Liang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Min-de Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078c, China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medial University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Wang WJ, Xu ZL, Yu C, Xu XH. Effects of aflatoxin B1 on mitochondrial respiration, ROS generation and apoptosis in broiler cardiomyocytes. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1561-1568. [PMID: 28401999 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Zhi-Liang Xu
- The People's Hospital of Hanchuan City; Hanchuan China
| | - Cheng Yu
- College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- The People's Hospital of Hanchuan City; Hanchuan China
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120
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Otieno MA, Snoeys J, Lam W, Ghosh A, Player MR, Pocai A, Salter R, Simic D, Skaggs H, Singh B, Lim HK. Fasiglifam (TAK-875): Mechanistic Investigation and Retrospective Identification of Hazards for Drug Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2017; 163:374-384. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monicah A Otieno
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Antwerpen BE 2340, Belgium
| | - Wing Lam
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Avi Ghosh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark R Player
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Rhys Salter
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Damir Simic
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Hollie Skaggs
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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121
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Donato MT, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L. Using high-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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122
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McGill MR. The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:817-828. [PMID: 28337112 PMCID: PMC5318690 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory testing is important in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver injury and disease. Current liver tests include plasma markers of injury (e.g. aminotransferases, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase), markers of function (e.g. prothrombin time, bilirubin), viral hepatitis serologies, and markers of proliferation (e.g. α-fetoprotein). Among the injury markers, the alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST, respectively) are the most commonly used. However, interpretation of ALT and AST plasma levels can be complicated. Furthermore, both have poor prognostic utility in acute liver injury and liver failure. New biomarkers of liver injury are rapidly being developed, and the US Food and Drug Administration the European Medicines Agency have recently expressed support for use of some of these biomarkers in drug trials. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of liver biomarkers, to summarize mechanisms and interpretation of ALT and AST elevation in plasma in liver injury (particularly acute liver injury), and to discuss emerging liver injury biomarkers that may complement or even replace ALT and AST in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Div. of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology; Dept. of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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123
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Vinken M, Blaauboer BJ. In vitro testing of basal cytotoxicity: Establishment of an adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:104-110. [PMID: 27939612 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an in vitro basal cytotoxicity testing strategy is described for new chemical entities that lack any pre-existing information on potential toxicity. Special attention is paid to the selection of the cellular system, cytotoxicity assay and exposure conditions. This approach is based on a newly proposed generic adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death that consists of 3 steps, including initial cell injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell demise. The suggested strategy to consider in vitro basal cytotoxicity as a first step in evaluating the toxicity of new chemical entities can be placed in a tiered strategy that could be continued by evaluating more specific types of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.177, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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124
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Kang SWS, Haydar G, Taniane C, Farrell G, Arias IM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fu D. AMPK Activation Prevents and Reverses Drug-Induced Mitochondrial and Hepatocyte Injury by Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion and Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165638. [PMID: 27792760 PMCID: PMC5085033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is the major factor underlying drug-induced liver disease but whether conditions that thwart mitochondrial injury can prevent or reverse drug-induced liver damage is unclear. A key molecule regulating mitochondria quality control is AMP activated kinase (AMPK). When activated, AMPK causes mitochondria to elongate/fuse and proliferate, with mitochondria now producing more ATP and less reactive oxygen species. Autophagy is also triggered, a process capable of removing damaged/defective mitochondria. To explore whether AMPK activation could potentially prevent or reverse the effects of drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage, we added an AMPK activator to collagen sandwich cultures of rat and human hepatocytes exposed to the hepatotoxic drugs, acetaminophen or diclofenac. In the absence of AMPK activation, the drugs caused hepatocytes to lose polarized morphology and have significantly decreased ATP levels and viability. At the subcellular level, mitochondria underwent fragmentation and had decreased membrane potential due to decreased expression of the mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, 2 and/or Opa1. Adding AICAR, a specific AMPK activator, at the time of drug exposure prevented and reversed these effects. The mitochondria became highly fused and ATP production increased, and hepatocytes maintained polarized morphology. In exploring the mechanism responsible for this preventive and reversal effect, we found that AMPK activation prevented drug-mediated decreases in Mfn1, 2 and Opa1. AMPK activation also stimulated autophagy/mitophagy, most significantly in acetaminophen-treated cells. These results suggest that activation of AMPK prevents/reverses drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through regulation of mitochondrial fusion and autophagy, making it a potentially valuable approach for treatment of drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada Haydar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caitlin Taniane
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Irwin M. Arias
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Dong Fu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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125
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Cho N, Kobayashi K, Yoshida M, Kogure N, Takayama H, Chiba K. Identification of novel glutathione adducts of benzbromarone in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:46-52. [PMID: 28131653 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzbromarone (BBR) is a potent uricosuric drug that can cause serious liver injury. Our recent study suggested that 1'-hydroxy BBR, one of major metabolites of BBR, is metabolized to a cytotoxic metabolite that could be detoxified by glutathione (GSH). The aim of this study was to clarify whether GSH adducts are formed from 1'-hydroxy BBR in human liver microsomes (HLM). Incubation of 1'-hydroxy BBR with GSH in HLM did not result in the formation of GSH adducts, but 1',6-dihydroxy BBR was formed. In addition, incubation of 1',6-dihydroxy BBR with GSH in HLM resulted in the formation of three novel GSH adducts (M1, M2 and M3). The structures of M1 and M2 were estimated to be GSH adducts in which the 1-hydroxyethyl group at the C-2 position and the hydroxyl group at the C-1' position of 1',6-dihydroxy BBR were substituted by GSH, respectively. We also found that the 6-hydroxylation of 1'-hydroxy BBR is mainly catalyzed by CYP2C9 and that several CYPs and/or non-enzymatic reaction are involved in the formation of GSH adducts from 1',6-dihydroxy BBR. The results indicate that 1'-hydroxy BBR is metabolized to reactive metabolites via 1',6-dihydroxy BBR formation, suggesting that these reactive metabolites are responsible for BBR-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Cho
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Mina Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Department of Bio-functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Department of Bio-functional Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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126
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Lauschke VM, Ingelman-Sundberg M. The Importance of Patient-Specific Factors for Hepatic Drug Response and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1714. [PMID: 27754327 PMCID: PMC5085745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses to drugs and pharmacological treatments differ considerably between individuals. Importantly, only 50%-75% of patients have been shown to react adequately to pharmacological interventions, whereas the others experience either a lack of efficacy or suffer from adverse events. The liver is of central importance in the metabolism of most drugs. Because of this exposed status, hepatotoxicity is amongst the most common adverse drug reactions and hepatic liabilities are the most prevalent reason for the termination of development programs of novel drug candidates. In recent years, more and more factors were unveiled that shape hepatic drug responses and thus underlie the observed inter-individual variability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of different principle mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity and illustrate how patient-specific factors, such as genetic, physiological and environmental factors, can shape drug responses. Furthermore, we highlight other parameters, such as concomitantly prescribed medications or liver diseases and how they modulate drug toxicity, pharmacokinetics and dynamics. Finally, we discuss recent progress in the field of in vitro toxicity models and evaluate their utility in reflecting patient-specific factors to study inter-individual differences in drug response and toxicity, as this understanding is necessary to pave the way for a patient-adjusted medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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127
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Li F, Wang P, Liu K, Tarrago MG, Lu J, Chini EN, Ma X. A High Dose of Isoniazid Disturbs Endobiotic Homeostasis in Mouse Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1742-1751. [PMID: 27531952 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overdose of isoniazid (INH), an antituberculosis drug, can be life-threatening because of neurotoxicity. In clinical practice for management of INH overdose and acute toxicity, the potential of INH-induced hepatotoxicity is also considered. However, the biochemical basis of acute INH toxicity in the liver remains elusive. In the current study, we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to explore the acute effects of INH on endobiotic homeostasis in mouse liver. We found that overdose of INH resulted in accumulation of oleoyl-l-carnitine and linoleoyl-l-carnitine in the liver, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. We also revealed the interactions between INH and fatty acyl-CoAs by identifying INH-fatty acid amides. In addition, we found that overdose of INH led to the accumulation of heme and oxidized NAD in the liver. We also identified an INH and NAD adduct in the liver. In this adduct, the nicotinamide moiety in NAD was replaced by INH. Furthermore, we illustrated that overdose of INH depleted vitamin B6 in the liver and blocked vitamin B6-dependent cystathionine degradation. These data suggest that INH interacts with multiple biochemical pathways in the liver during acute poisoning caused by INH overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Mariana G Tarrago
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (F.L.); Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., K.L., J.L., X.M.), Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.G.T., E.N.C.)
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128
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He JJ, Ma J, Elsheikha HM, Song HQ, Huang SY, Zhu XQ. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver reveals a potential hepato-enteric pathogenic mechanism in acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:427. [PMID: 27488578 PMCID: PMC4973073 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide spread pathogen which can infect all tissues of its host. The transcriptomic responses of infected brain and spleen have been reported. However, our knowledge of the global transcriptomic change in infected liver is limited. Additionally, T. gondii infection represents a highly dynamic process involving complex biological responses of the host at many levels. Herein, we describe such processes at a global level by discovering gene expression changes in mouse livers after acute infection with T. gondii ToxoDB#9 strain. Results Global transcriptomic analysis identified 2,758 differentially expressed transcripts in infected liver, of which 1,356 were significantly downregulated and 1,402 upregulated. GO and KEGG database analyses showed that host immune responses were upregulated, while the metabolic-related processes/pathways were downregulated, especially xenobiotic metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and bile biosynthesis and secretion. The metabolism of more than 800 chemical compounds including anti-Toxoplasma prescribed medicines were predicted to be modulated during acute T. gondii infection due to the downregulation of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first global transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver infected by T. gondii. The present data indicate that during the early stage of liver infection, T. gondii can induce changes in liver xenobiotic metabolism, upregulating inflammatory response and downregulating hepatocellular PPAR signaling pathway, altering host bile biosynthesis and secretion pathway; these changes could enhance host intestinal dysbacteriosis and thus contribute to the pathological changes of both liver and intestine of infected mice. These findings describe the biological changes in infected liver, providing a potential mechanistic pathway that links hepatic and intestinal pathologies to T. gondii infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1716-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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129
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Wu W, Zhao L, Yang P, Zhou W, Li B, Moorhead JF, Varghese Z, Ruan XZ, Chen Y. Inflammatory Stress Sensitizes the Liver to Atorvastatin-Induced Injury in ApoE-/- Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159512. [PMID: 27428373 PMCID: PMC4948878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are revolutionized cholesterol-lowing agents, have been reported to have unfavorable effects on the liver. Inflammatory stress is a susceptibility factor for drug-induced liver injury. This study investigated whether inflammatory stress sensitized the liver to statin-induced toxicity in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. We used casein injection in ApoE-/- mice to induce inflammatory stress. Half of the mice were orally administered atorvastatin (10mg/kg/d) for 8 weeks. The results showed that casein injection increased the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα). Atorvastatin treatment increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in casein injection mice. Moreover, atorvastatin treatment exacerbated hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, as well as increased hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde in casein injection mice. However, above changes were not observed in atorvastatin treated alone mice. The protein expression of liver nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 target genes were increased, together with the enhancement of activities of hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase in atorvastatin treated alone mice, but these antioxidant responses were lost in mice treated with atorvastatin under inflammatory stress. This study demonstrates that atorvastatin exacerbates the liver injury under inflammatory stress, which may be associated with the loss of adaptive antioxidant response mediated by Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John F. Moorhead
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zac Varghese
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiong Z. Ruan
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YC); (XZR)
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Center for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (XZR)
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131
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Takemura A, Izaki A, Sekine S, Ito K. Inhibition of bile canalicular network formation in rat sandwich cultured hepatocytes by drugs associated with risk of severe liver injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:121-30. [PMID: 27256767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury is a clinical concern with serious consequences. Although many preclinical screening methods have been proposed, it remains difficult to identify compounds associated with this rare but potentially fatal liver condition. Here, we propose a novel assay system to assess the risk of liver injury. Rat primary hepatocytes were cultured in a sandwich configuration, which enables the formation of a typical bile canalicular network. From day 2 to 3, test drugs, mostly selected from a list of cholestatic drugs, were administered, and the length of the network was semi-quantitatively measured by immunofluorescence. Liver injury risk information was collected from drug labels and was compared with in vitro measurements. Of 23 test drugs examined, 15 exhibited potent inhibition of bile canalicular network formation (<60% of control). Effects on cell viability were negligible or minimal as confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cellular ATP content assays. For the potent 15 drugs, IC50 values were determined. Finally, maximum daily dose divided by the inhibition constant gave good separation of the highest risk of severe liver toxicity drugs such as troglitazone, benzbromarone, flutamide, and amiodarone from lower risk drugs. In conclusion, inhibitory effect on the bile canalicular network formation observed in in vitro sandwich cultured hepatocytes evaluates a new aspect of drug toxicity, particularly associated with aggravation of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Aya Izaki
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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Florholmen-Kjær Å, Goll R, Fuskevåg OM, Nygård IE, Paulssen RH, Revhaug A, Mortensen KE. The impact of partial hepatectomy on oxidative state in the liver remnant - An in vivo swine model. Redox Biol 2016; 9:15-21. [PMID: 27262110 PMCID: PMC4898964 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies on oxidative state after partial hepatectomy (PHx) report conflicting data on levels of glutathione (GSH) and are mainly presented in rodent models by methodology less sensitive than the present technologies. The current swine model presents GSH levels and the following genetic response post-PHx, utilizing an analytical platform more sensitive and precise than earlier available. Method Twelve pigs were randomized to a PHx- and a control group (n=6 in each). The PHx group had a 60% hepatectomy. Serial in vivo liver biopsies during 12 h of anaesthesia post-PHx were analyzed for GSH by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Transcriptional alterations of genes (GS, GCLM, GCLC, GR, HGF, NFE2L2, TGFβ1) regulating GSH synthesis were measured by real-time PCR. Results No difference was detected between the GSH levels in the PHx- and the control group during the experiment (P=0.247). Still, decreased gene expression of GS (P=0.026) and NFE2L2 (P=0.014) the first nine hours, and a decrease of TGFβ1 (P=0.029) the first seven hours post-PHx was seen in the liver remnant. Conclusion The results show that the liver has an extended capacity to maintain GSH homeostasis during major stress and parenchymal loss, even at the early onset of such trauma. This observation was not explained by increased expression of key genes in GSH pathways. Consequently, the results indicate an inherent compensatory capacity to maintain GSH homeostasis in the reduced organ. The levels of Glutathione are maintained after a 60% hepatectomy in a swine study. Oxidative state is analyzed after partial hepatectomy using mass spectrometry. Glutathione is analyzed after partial hepatectomy using mass spectrometry. The liver has extended capacity to remain GSH homeostasis after partial hepatectomy. Glutathione in liver tissue is analyzed after partial hepatectomy in a swine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åse Florholmen-Kjær
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Rasmus Goll
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research group of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Martin Fuskevåg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Engdal Nygård
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ruth H Paulssen
- Research group of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Genomics Support Center Tromsø, UiT-The Arctic University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arthur Revhaug
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim Erlend Mortensen
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Liu C, Sekine S, Ito K. Assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction-related, drug-induced hepatotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 302:23-30. [PMID: 27095095 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in drug-induced liver injury is rapidly accumulating. In contrast to physiological conditions, in which almost all adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in hepatocytes is generated in mitochondria via aerobic respiration, the high glucose content and limited oxygen supply of conventional culture systems force primary hepatocytes to generate most ATP via cytosolic glycolysis. Thus, such anaerobically poised cells are resistant to xenobiotics that impair mitochondrial function, and are not suitable to identify drugs with mitochondrial liabilities. In this study, primary rat hepatocytes were cultured in galactose-based medium, instead of the conventional glucose-based medium, and in hyperoxia to improve the reliance of energy generation on aerobic respiration. Activation of mitochondria was verified by diminished cellular lactate release and increased oxygen consumption. These conditions improved sensitivity to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone. Since oxidative stress is also a general cause of mitochondrial impairment, cells were exposed to test compounds in the presence of transferrin to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species via increased uptake of iron. Finally, 14 compounds with reported mitochondrial liabilities were tested to validate this new drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity assay. Overall, the culture of primary rat hepatocytes in galactose, hyperoxia and transferrin is a useful model for the identification of mitochondrial dysfunction-related drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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134
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Proteomic Profiling of Mouse Liver following Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152022. [PMID: 27003162 PMCID: PMC4803215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii remains a global public health problem. However, its pathophysiology is still not-completely understood particularly the impact of infection on host liver metabolism. We performed iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis to evaluate early liver protein responses in BALB/c mice following infection with T. gondii PYS strain (genotype ToxoDB#9) infection. Our data revealed modification of protein expression in key metabolic pathways, as indicated by the upregulation of immune response and downregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain, and the metabolism of fatty acids, lipids and xenobiotics. T. gondii seems to hijack host PPAR signaling pathway to downregulate the metabolism of fatty acids, lipids and energy in the liver. The metabolism of over 400 substances was affected by the downregulation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The top 10 transcription factors used by upregulated genes were Stat2, Stat1, Irf2, Irf1, Sp2, Egr1, Stat3, Klf4, Elf1 and Gabpa, while the top 10 transcription factors of downregulated genes were Hnf4A, Ewsr1, Fli1, Hnf4g, Nr2f1, Pparg, Rxra, Hnf1A, Foxa1 and Foxo1. These findings indicate global reprogramming of the metabolism of the mouse liver after acute T. gondii infection. Functional characterization of the altered proteins may enhance understanding of the host responses to T. gondii infection and lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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135
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Liu Y, Wang W. Aflatoxin B1 impairs mitochondrial functions, activates ROS generation, induces apoptosis and involves Nrf2 signal pathway in primary broiler hepatocytes. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1490-1500. [PMID: 26997555 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known as a mycotoxin that causes various health problems in animals, but the precise mechanism of AFB1 on mitochondrial functions and apoptosis in primary broiler hepatocytes (PBHs) is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AFB1 on the mitochondrial functions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2)-related signal pathway in PBHs. Here, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS generation, antioxidative genes and apoptosis in PBHs induced by AFB1 were investigated. The results showed that AFB1 evoked mitochondrial ROS generation, decreased MMP and induced apoptosis in PBHs. AFB1 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, and expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3, upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Nrf2 and downregulated mRNA expressions of NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1, superoxide dismutase and Heme oxygenase 1 in PBHs. The expression of Bax was also observed in cytoplasm. These findings suggested AFB1 results in a significant impairment of mitochondrial functions, activates ROS generation, induces apoptosis, and is involved in Nrf2 signal pathway through mitochondria ROS-dependent signal pathways in PBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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136
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Characterization of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in vitro: application of the model compound ketoconazole in a human hepatic co-culture system. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:799-810. [PMID: 26965496 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury as a result of a sterile inflammation is closely linked to the activation of immune cells, including macrophages, by damaged hepatocytes. This interaction between immune cells and hepatocytes is as yet not considered in any of the in vitro test systems applied during the generation of new drugs. Here, we established and characterized a novel in vitro co-culture model with two human cell lines, HepG2 and differentiated THP-1. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug known for its hepatotoxicity, was used as a model compound in the testing of the co-culture. Single cultures of HepG2 and THP-1 cells were studied as controls. Different metabolism patterns of ketoconazole were observed for the single and co-culture incubations as well as for the different cell types. The main metabolite N-deacetyl ketoconazole was found in cell pellets, but not in supernatants of cell cultures. Global proteome analysis showed that the NRF2-mediated stress response and the CXCL8 (IL-8) pathway were induced by ketoconazole treatment under co-culture conditions. The upregulation and ketoconazole-induced secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including CXCL8, TNF-α and CCL3, was observed in the co-culture system only, but not in single cell cultures. Taking together, we provide evidence that the co-culture model applied might be suitable to serve as tool for the prediction of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in liver tissue in vivo.
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137
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Tanaka Y, Fujii W, Hori H, Kitagawa Y, Ozaki K. Relationship between coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity and mitochondrial function in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:1-9. [PMID: 26806632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The manifestation of coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity may differ and depends on the frequency of administration to rats. A single coumarin dose induces hepatocellular necrosis while repeated doses induce only hepatocyte degeneration. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Coumarin was administered to male rats as a single dose or for 4 consecutive days, and samples were obtained 4 or 24 h after a single dose or 24 h after the repeated doses. A single coumarin dose significantly induced hepatocellular necrosis in rats; however, toxicity was attenuated after repeated dosing. With a single dose, hepatocellular necrosis was preceded by increased mitochondrial number and size and decreased mitochondrial function. An increased expression of granular cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 protein was observed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of coumarin-treated rats compared to the expression in the untreated controls. Nevertheless, repeated dosing showed mitochondrial function that was equivalent to that of the control while enlarged CYP2E1 protein droplets were distributed outside the mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial function and CYP2E1 expression might be involved in coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity in rats. A reduction in mitochondrial CYP2E1 might be implicated in the acquisition of coumarin resistance after repeated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan; Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Hisako Hori
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Ozaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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138
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High Content Analysis of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes Reveals Drug Induced Steatosis and Phospholipidosis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2475631. [PMID: 26880940 PMCID: PMC4736406 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2475631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. The use of nonclinically relevant in vitro and in vivo testing systems contributes to the high attrition rates. Recent advances in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into pure cultures of hepatocyte-like cells expressing functional drug metabolizing enzymes open up possibilities for novel, more relevant human cell based toxicity models. The present study aimed to investigate the use of hiPSC derived hepatocytes for conducting mechanistic toxicity testing by image based high content analysis (HCA). The hiPSC derived hepatocytes were exposed to drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity through steatosis and phospholipidosis, measuring several endpoints representing different mechanisms involved in drug induced hepatotoxicity. The hiPSC derived hepatocytes were benchmarked to the HepG2 cell line and generated robust HCA data with low imprecision between plates and batches. The different parameters measured were detected at subcytotoxic concentrations and the order of which the compounds were categorized (as severe, moderate, mild, or nontoxic) based on the degree of injury at isomolar concentration corresponded to previously published data. Taken together, the present study shows how hiPSC derived hepatocytes can be used as a platform for screening drug induced hepatotoxicity by HCA.
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139
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Takai S, Oda S, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Establishment of a mouse model for amiodarone-induced liver injury and analyses of its hepatotoxic mechanism. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:35-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Takai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research; University of Toyama; Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
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Zhang F, Chen L, Jin H, Shao J, Wu L, Lu Y, Zheng S. Activation of Fas death receptor pathway and Bid in hepatocytes is involved in saikosaponin D induction of hepatotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:8-13. [PMID: 26645133 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury can lead to acute liver failure. Saikosaponin D (SSD) is a major component isolated from the medicinal herb Bupleurum falcatum, which has been linked to hepatotoxicity. We previously reported that SSD disrupted PDGF-βR pathway leading to mitochondrial apoptosis in human LO2 hepatocytes. The present study was aimed at further exploring the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. We initially determined the concentration range of SSD at up to 2μM for subsequent apoptosis examinations. SSD significantly upregulated Fas expression, promoted caspase-8 cleavage and activated the pro-apoptotic protein Bid in LO2 cells. Moreover, SSD reduced the abundance of cytochrome c in mitochondria and increased the cleaved-caspase-3 in LO2 cells, but did not apparently affect PI3K/AKT, ERK and STAT3 pathways that are involved in cell fate regulation. Experiments in vivo showed that one-week treatment with SSD at 300 mg/kg significantly elevated the liver/body weight ratio and caused histological injury in mouse liver. Furthermore, SSD treatment induced massive hepatocyte apoptosis, and significantly downregulated Bcl-2 but upregulated Bax in mouse liver. Taken together, these results revealed a specific mechanism of activation of extrinsic apoptosis pathway and Bid by SSD, which was involved in SSD-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in hepatocytes and potential hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Hu J, Ramshesh VK, McGill MR, Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ. Low Dose Acetaminophen Induces Reversible Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Transient c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:204-15. [PMID: 26721299 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatotoxicity involving mitochondrial dysfunction and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Because the safe limit of APAP dosing is controversial, our aim was to evaluate the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and JNK in mitochondrial dysfunction after APAP dosing considered nontoxic by criteria of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release and histological necrosis in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were given APAP with and without the MPT inhibitor, N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin (NIM811), or the JNK inhibitor, SP600125. Fat droplet formation, cell viability, and mitochondrial function in vivo were monitored by intravital multiphoton microscopy. Serum ALT, liver histology, total JNK, and activated phospho(p)JNK were also assessed. High APAP (300 mg/kg) caused ALT release, necrosis, irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocellular death. By contrast, lower APAP (150 mg/kg) caused reversible mitochondrial dysfunction and fat droplet formation in hepatocytes without ALT release or necrosis. Mitochondrial protein N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine adducts correlated with early JNK activation, but irreversible mitochondrial depolarization and necrosis at high dose were associated with sustained JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria. NIM811 prevented cell death and/or mitochondrial depolarization after both high and low dose APAP. After low dose, SP600125 decreased mitochondrial depolarization. In conclusion, low dose APAP produces reversible MPT-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis in hepatocytes without causing ALT release or necrosis, whereas high dose leads to irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death associated with sustained JNK activation. Thus, nontoxic APAP has the potential to cause transient mitochondrial dysfunction that may synergize with other stresses to promote liver damage and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Hu
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
| | - Venkat K Ramshesh
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; and
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160; and
| | - John J Lemasters
- *Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation
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142
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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143
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Strojny B, Kurantowicz N, Sawosz E, Grodzik M, Jaworski S, Kutwin M, Wierzbicki M, Hotowy A, Lipińska L, Chwalibog A. Long Term Influence of Carbon Nanoparticles on Health and Liver Status in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144821. [PMID: 26657282 PMCID: PMC4681315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent biocompatibility, carbon nanoparticles have been widely investigated for prospective biomedical applications. However, their impact on an organism with prolonged exposure is still not well understood. Here, we performed an experiment investigating diamond, graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticles, which were repeatedly administrated intraperitoneally into Wistar rats for four weeks. Some of the animals was sacrificed after the last injection, whereas the rest were sacrificed twelve weeks after the last exposure. We evaluated blood morphology and biochemistry, as well as the redox and inflammatory state of the liver. The results show the retention of nanoparticles within the peritoneal cavity in the form of prominent aggregates in proximity to the injection site, as well as the presence of some nanoparticles in the mesentery. Small aggregates were also visible in the liver serosa, suggesting possible transportation to the liver. However, none of the tested nanoparticles affected the health of animals. This lack of toxic effect may suggest the potential applicability of nanoparticles as drug carriers for local therapies, ensuring accumulation and slow release of drugs into a targeted tissue without harmful systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurantowicz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Hotowy
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ludwika Lipińska
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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144
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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145
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Syed M, Skonberg C, Hansen SH. Mitochondrial toxicity of diclofenac and its metabolites via inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) in rat liver mitochondria: Possible role in drug induced liver injury (DILI). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:93-102. [PMID: 26627130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a widely prescribed NSAID, which by itself and its reactive metabolites (Phase-I and Phase-II) may be involved in serious idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial injury is one of the mechanisms of drug induced liver injury (DILI). In the present work, an investigation of the inhibitory effects of diclofenac (Dic) and its phase I [4-hydroxy diclofenac (4'-OH-Dic) and 5-hydroxy diclofenac (5-OH-dic)] and Phase-II [diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DicGluA) and diclofenac glutathione thioester (DicSG)] metabolites, on ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was carried out. A mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis is exerted by diclofenac and its metabolites. Phase-I metabolite (4'-OH-Dic) and Phase-II metabolites (DicGluA and DicSG) showed potent inhibition (2-5 fold) of ATP synthesis, where as 5-OH-Dic, one of the Phase-I metabolite, was a less potent inhibitor as compared to Dic. The calculated kinetic constants of mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis by Dic showed maximal rate of inactivation (Kinact) of 2.64 ± 0.15 min(-1) and half maximal rate of inactivation (KI) of 7.69 ± 2.48 μM with Kinact/KI ratio of 0.343 min(-1) μM(-1). Co-incubation of mitochondria with Dic and reduced GSH exhibited a protective effect on Dic mediated inhibition of ATP synthesis. Our data from this study strongly indicate that Dic as well as its metabolites could be involved in the hepato-toxic action through inhibition of ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzeeb Syed
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Skonberg
- ADME Department, Discovery Biology and Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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146
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Inhibition of ATP synthesis by fenbufen and its conjugated metabolites in rat liver mitochondria. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:23-9. [PMID: 26612354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fenbufen is an arylpropionic acid derivative belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Even though fenbufen is considered a safe drug, some adverse reactions including hepatic events have been reported. To investigate whether mitochondrial damage could be involved in the drug induced liver injury (DILI) by fenbufen, the inhibitory effect of fenbufen and its conjugated metabolites on oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) in rat liver mitochondria was investigated. Fenbufen glucuronide (F-GlcA), fenbufen-N-acetyl cysteine-thioester (F-NAC) and fenbufen-S-glutathione thioester (F-SG) were found to be more potent inhibitors compared to parent fenbufen (F), whereas fenbufen-O-carnitine (F-carn), fenbufen-glycine (F-gly) and fenbufen-N-acetyl lysine amide (F-NAL) were less potent compared to fenbufen. Fenbufen-CoA thioester (F-CoA) was equally potent as fenbufen in inhibiting ATP synthesis. Fenbufen showed time and concentration dependent inhibition of ATP synthesis with Kinact of 4.4 min(-1) and KI of 0.88 μM and Kinact/KI ratio of 5.01 min(-1) μM(-1). Data show that fenbufen did not act through opening MPT pore, nor did incubation of mitochondria with reduced GSH and fenbufen show any protective effect on fenbufen mediated inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Inclusion of NADPH in mitochondrial preparations with fenbufen did not modulate the inhibitory effects, suggesting no role of CYP mediated oxidative metabolites on the ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria. The results from the present experiments provide evidence that fenbufen and its metabolites could be involved in mitochondrial toxicity through inhibition of ATP synthesis.
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147
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Critical role of c-jun N-terminal protein kinase in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver injury. Redox Biol 2015; 6:552-564. [PMID: 26491845 PMCID: PMC4625008 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) promotes tissue injury is poorly understood. Thus we aimed at studying the roles of JNK and its phospho-target proteins in mouse models of acute liver injury. Young male mice were exposed to a single dose of CCl4 (50 mg/kg, IP) and euthanized at different time points. Liver histology, blood alanine aminotransferase, and other enzyme activities were measured in CCl4-exposed mice without or with the highly-specific JNK inhibitors. Phosphoproteins were purified from control or CCl4-exposed mice and analyzed by differential mass-spectrometry followed by further characterizations of immunoprecipitation and activity measurements. JNK was activated within 1 h while liver damage was maximal at 24 h post-CCl4 injection. Markedly increased phosphorylation of many mitochondrial proteins was observed between 1 and 8 h following CCl4 exposure. Pretreatment with the selective JNK inhibitor SU3327 or the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-TEMPO markedly reduced the levels of p-JNK, mitochondrial phosphoproteins and liver damage in CCl4-exposed mice. Differential proteomic analysis identified many phosphorylated mitochondrial proteins involved in anti-oxidant defense, electron transfer, energy supply, fatty acid oxidation, etc. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were phosphorylated in CCl4-exposed mice but dephosphorylated after SU3327 pretreatment. Consistently, the suppressed activities of these enzymes were restored by SU3327 pretreatment in CCl4-exposed mice. These data provide a novel mechanism by which JNK, rapidly activated by CCl4, promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and acute hepatotoxicity through robust phosphorylation of numerous mitochondrial proteins. JNK was rapidly activated after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure. Activated JNK was translocated to mitochondria and phosphorylated many proteins. Many mitochondrial phosphoproteins were identified by mass-spec analysis. Mitochondrial ALDH2, α-KGDH, and complex I were inactivated by phosphorylation. JNK inhibition reduced phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins and hepatotoxicity.
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148
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High-content screening imaging and real-time cellular impedance monitoring for the assessment of chemical’s bio-activation with regards hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1916-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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149
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Wang YC, Kong WZ, Jin QM, Chen J, Dong L. Effects of salvianolic acid B on liver mitochondria of rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10104-10112. [PMID: 26401075 PMCID: PMC4572791 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i35.10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the morphological characteristics and functions of liver mitochondria of rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
METHODS: A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) a normal group fed a normal diet; (2) an NASH model group; and (3) a Sal B-treated group fed a high-fat diet. Two rats from each group were executed at the end of the 12th week to detect pathological changes. The rats in the Sal B-treated group were gavaged with 20 mL/kg Sal B (1 mg/mL) daily. The model group received an equal volume of distilled water as a control. At the end of the 24th weekend, the remaining rats were executed. Serum biochemical parameters and liver histological characteristics were observed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver were determined. Protein expression of CytC and caspase-3 was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA transcripts of mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and NF-κB in the liver tissue were detected by real-time PCR. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Mitochondrial respiratory function was detected using a Clark oxygen electrode.
RESULTS: The model group showed significantly higher ALT, AST, TG, TC and MDA but significantly lower SOD than the normal group. In the model group, the histological characteristics of inflammation and steatosis were also evident; mitochondrial swelling and crest were shortened or even disappeared. CytC (18.46 ± 1.21 vs 60.01 ± 3.43, P < 0.01) and caspase-3 protein expression (30.26 ± 2.56 vs 83.31 ± 5.12, P < 0.01) increased significantly. The mRNA expression of NF-κB increased (0.81 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.03, P < 0.05), whereas the mRNA expression of Mfn2 decreased (1.65 ± 0.31 vs 0.83 ± 0.16, P < 0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential also decreased and breathing of rats was weakened. Steatosis and inflammation degrees in the treatment group were significantly alleviated compared with those of the model group. In the treatment group, mitochondrial swelling was alleviated. CytC (60.01 ± 3.43 vs 30.52 ± 2.01, P < 0.01) and caspase-3 protein expression (83.31 ± 5.12 vs 40.15 ± 3.26, P < 0.01) significantly decreased. The mRNA expression of NF-κB also decreased (0.91 ± 0.03 vs 0.74 ± 0.02, P < 0.01), whereas the mRNA expression of Mfn2 increased (0.83 ± 0.16 vs 1.35 ± 0.23, P < 0.01). Mitochondrial membrane potential increased and respiratory function was enhanced.
CONCLUSION: Sal B can treat NASH by protecting the morphological characteristics and functions of liver mitochondria, regulating lipid metabolism, controlling oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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150
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Schumacher JD, Guo GL. Mechanistic review of drug-induced steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:40-7. [PMID: 26344000 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced steatohepatitis is a rare form of liver injury known to be caused by only a handful of compounds. These compounds stimulate the development of steatohepatitis through their toxicity to hepatocyte mitochondria; inhibition of beta-oxidation, mitochondrial respiration, and/or oxidative phosphorylation. Other mechanisms discussed include the disruption of phospholipid metabolism in lysosomes, prevention of lipid egress from hepatocytes, targeting mitochondrial DNA and topoisomerase, decreasing intestinal barrier function, activation of the adenosine pathway, increasing fatty acid synthesis, and sequestration of coenzyme A. It has been found that the majority of compounds that induce steatohepatitis have cationic amphiphilic structures; a lipophilic ring structure with a side chain containing a cationic secondary or tertiary amine. Within the last decade, the ability of many chemotherapeutics to cause steatohepatitis has become more evident coining the term chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis (CASH). The mechanisms behind drug-induced steatohepatitis are discussed with a focus on cationic amphiphilic drugs and chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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