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Meng ZX, Wang L, Chang L, Sun J, Bao J, Li Y, Chen YE, Lin JD. A Diet-Sensitive BAF60a-Mediated Pathway Links Hepatic Bile Acid Metabolism to Cholesterol Absorption and Atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1658-69. [PMID: 26586440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nutrients interact with gene networks to orchestrate adaptive responses during metabolic stress. Here, we identify Baf60a as a diet-sensitive subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in the mouse liver that links the consumption of fat- and cholesterol-rich diet to elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Baf60a expression was elevated in the liver following feeding with a western diet. Hepatocyte-specific inactivation of Baf60a reduced bile acid production and cholesterol absorption, and attenuated diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Baf60a stimulates expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis, modification, and transport through a CAR/Baf60a feedforward regulatory loop. Baf60a is required for the recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes to facilitate an activating epigenetic switch on target genes. These studies elucidate a regulatory pathway that mediates the hyperlipidemic and atherogenic effects of western diet consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lin Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingxia Sun
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiangyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yaqiang Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Seoane-Collazo P, Fernø J, Gonzalez F, Diéguez C, Leis R, Nogueiras R, López M. Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis. Endocrine 2015; 50:276-91. [PMID: 26089260 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of energy homeostasis is tightly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). Several key areas such as the hypothalamus and brainstem receive and integrate signals conveying energy status from the periphery, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, and insulin, ultimately leading to modulation of food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and peripheral metabolism. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the response to such signals, innervating peripheral metabolic tissues, including brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT), liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The ANS consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (SNS and PSNS). The SNS regulates BAT thermogenesis and EE, controlled by central areas such as the preoptic area (POA) and the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei (VMH, DMH, and ARC). The SNS also regulates lipid metabolism in WAT, controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), VMH, and ARC. Control of hepatic glucose production and pancreatic insulin secretion also involves the LHA, VMH, and ARC as well as the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), via splanchnic sympathetic and the vagal parasympathetic nerves. Muscle glucose uptake is also controlled by the SNS via hypothalamic nuclei such as the VMH. There is recent evidence of novel pathways connecting the CNS and ANS. These include the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase-SNS-BAT axis which has been demonstrated to be a key modulator of thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of the ANS in the modulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Service of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Unit of Investigation in Nutrition, Growth and Human Development of Galicia, Pediatric Department (USC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Strange RC, Shipman KE, Ramachandran S. Metabolic syndrome: A review of the role of vitamin D in mediating susceptibility and outcome. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:896-911. [PMID: 26185598 PMCID: PMC4499524 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-recognised role of vitamin D in a wide range of physiological processes, hypovitaminosis is common worldwide (prevalence 30%-50%) presumably arising from inadequate exposure to ultraviolet radiation and insufficient consumption. While generally not at the very low levels associated with rickets, hypovitaminosis D has been implicated in various very different, pathophysiological processes. These include putative effects on the pathogenesis of neoplastic change, inflammatory and demyelinating conditions, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. This review focuses on the association between hypovitaminosis D and the metabolic syndrome as well as its component characteristics which are central obesity, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidaemia. We also consider the effects of hypovitaminosis D on outcomes associated with the metabolic syndrome such as CVD, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We structure this review into 3 distinct sections; the metabolic syndrome, vitamin D biochemistry and the putative association between hypovitaminosis D, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk.
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Mosińska P, Fichna J, Storr M. Inhibition of ileal bile acid transporter: An emerging therapeutic strategy for chronic idiopathic constipation. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7436-7442. [PMID: 26139989 PMCID: PMC4481438 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic constipation is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses a wide profile of symptoms. Current treatment options for chronic idiopathic constipation are of limited value; therefore, a novel strategy is necessary with an increased effectiveness and safety. Recently, the inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter has become a promising target for constipation-associated diseases. Enhanced delivery of bile acids into the colon achieves an accelerated colonic transit, increased stool frequency, and relief of constipation-related symptoms. This article provides insight into the mechanism of action of ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors and discusses their potential clinical use for pharmacotherapy of constipation in chronic idiopathic constipation.
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Yip LY, Chan ECY. Investigation of Host-Gut Microbiota Modulation of Therapeutic Outcome. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1619-31. [PMID: 25979259 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A broader understanding of factors underlying interindividual variation in pharmacotherapy is important for our pursuit of "personalized medicine." Based on knowledge gleaned from the investigation of human genetics, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and transporters, clinicians and pharmacists are able to tailor pharmacotherapies according to the genotype of patients. However, human host factors only form part of the equation that accounts for heterogeneity in therapeutic outcome. Notably, the gut microbiota possesses wide-ranging metabolic activities that expand the metabolic functions of the human host beyond that encoded by the human genome. In this review, we first illustrate the mechanisms in which gut microbes modulate pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcome. Second, we discuss the application of metabonomics in deciphering the complex host-gut microbiota interaction in pharmacotherapy. Third, we highlight an integrative approach with particular mention of the investigation of gut microbiota using culture-based and culture-independent techniques to complement the investigation of the host-gut microbiota axes in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yee Yip
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.)
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.)
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Song Y, Xu C, Shao S, Liu J, Xing W, Xu J, Qin C, Li C, Hu B, Yi S, Xia X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang T, Pan W, Yu C, Wang Q, Lin X, Wang L, Gao L, Zhao J. Thyroid-stimulating hormone regulates hepatic bile acid homeostasis via SREBP-2/HNF-4α/CYP7A1 axis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1171-9. [PMID: 25533663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bile acids (BAs) play a crucial role in dietary fat digestion and in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that directly regulates several metabolic pathways. However, the impact of TSH on BA homeostasis remains largely unknown. METHODS We analyzed serum BA and TSH levels in healthy volunteers under strict control of caloric intake. Thyroidectomized rats were administered thyroxine and injected with different doses of TSH. Tshr(-/-) mice were supplemented with thyroxine, and C57BL/6 mice were injected with Tshr-siRNA via the tail vein. The serum BA levels, BA pool size, and fecal BA excretion rate were measured. The regulation of SREBP-2, HNF-4α, and CYP7A1 by TSH were analyzed using luciferase reporter, RNAi, EMSA, and CHIP assays. RESULTS A negative correlation was observed between the serum levels of TSH and the serum BA levels in healthy volunteers. TSH administration led to a decrease in BA content and CYP7A1 activity in thyroidectomized rats supplemented with thyroxine. When Tshr was silenced in mice, the BA pool size, fecal BA excretion rate, and serum BA levels all increased. Additionally, we found that HNF-4α acts as a critical molecule through which TSH represses CYP7A1 activity. We further confirmed that the accumulation of mature SREBP-2 protein could impair the capacity of nuclear HNF-4α to bind to the CYP7A1 promoter, a mechanism that appears to mediate the effects of TSH. CONCLUSIONS TSH represses hepatic BA synthesis via a SREBP-2/HNF-4α/CYP7A1 signaling pathway. This finding strongly supports the notion that TSH is an important pathophysiological regulator of liver BA homeostasis independently of thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Wanjia Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chengkun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chunyou Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Baoxiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Shounan Yi
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Genomic Medicine and Center for Diabetes Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Wenfei Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Qiangxiu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Laicheng Wang
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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Schmitt J, Kong B, Stieger B, Tschopp O, Schultze SM, Rau M, Weber A, Müllhaupt B, Guo GL, Geier A. Protective effects of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on hepatic lipid accumulation are mediated by hepatic FXR and independent of intestinal FGF15 signal. Liver Int 2015; 35:1133-1144. [PMID: 25156247 PMCID: PMC4146754 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a growing evidence that bile acids are involved in the regulation of triglyceride-, cholesterol-homoeostasis and fat absorption. In this study organ-specific Fxr knockout mice were used to further investigate the influence of farnesoid X receptor FXR in lipogenesis. METHODS Liver- and intestine-specific Fxr knockout mice were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days. Histological examination of frozen tissue sections included Sudan III/H&E, BODIPY staining and liver X receptor (LXR) immunohistochemistry. Liver triglycerides, serum cholesterol, serum bile acids and nuclear LXR protein were measured. mRNA expression of several genes involved in bile acid-, cholesterol-homoeostasis and lipogenesis was quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS Hepatic FXR deficiency contributes to lipid accumulation under 1% cholesterol administration which is not observed in intestinal Fxr knockout mice. Strong lipid accumulation, characterized by larger vacuoles could be observed in hepatic Fxr knockout sections, while intestinal Fxr knockout mice show no histological difference to controls. In addition, these mice have the ability to maintain normal serum cholesterol and bile acid levels. Hepatic Fxr knockouts were characterized by elevated triglycerides and bile acid levels. Expression level of LXR was significantly elevated under control and 1% cholesterol diet in hepatic Fxr knockout mice and was followed by concomitant lipogenic target gene induction such as Fas and Scd-1. This protective FXR effect against hepatic lipid accumulation was independent of intestinal Fgf15 induction. CONCLUSION These results show that the principal site of protective bile acid signalling against lipid accumulation is located in the liver since the absence of hepatic but not intestinal FXR contributes to lipid accumulation under cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schmitt
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Tschopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Schultze
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Rau
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, DE-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland,corresponding author: Andreas Geier, M.D., Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany. Phone: ++49 931 201 40021, FAX: ++49 931 201 640201
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Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid-activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the aberrant accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes in the absence of significant alcohol consumption, viral infection or other specific causes of liver disease. NAFLD has become a global health problem, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood and no efficient pharmaceutical treatments have yet been established. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of nuclear receptors of intracellular ligand-activated transcription factors and plays an important role in metabolism of bile acids, lipid and glucose. In addition, it has been recently reported that FXR participates in regulating insulin resistance and lipid metabolic disorder, inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and penetration of inflammatory cells, and promoting the enterohepatic circulation and regeneration of liver cells to defer liver fibrosis, which is significant for NAFLD. Several FXR agonists have been identified and proved to be optimistic in preventing and treating NAFLD both experimentally and clinically, indicating that FXR may be a therapeutic target for NAFLD. The use of FXR in NAFLD remains controversial currently.
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110
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Bile acid signaling through farnesoid X and TGR5 receptors in hepatobiliary and intestinal diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:18-33. [PMID: 25655287 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(14)60307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-known functions of bile acids (BAs) are the emulsification and absorption of lipophilic xenobiotics. However, the emerging evidences in the past decade showed that BAs act as signaling molecules that not only autoregulate their own metabolism and enterohepatic recirculation, but also as important regulators of integrative metabolism by activating nuclear and membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors. The present review was to get insight into the role of maintenance of BA homeostasis and BA signaling pathways in development and management of hepatobiliary and intestinal diseases. DATA SOURCES Detailed and comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases was carried out for original and review articles. RESULTS Disturbances in BA homeostasis contribute to the development of several hepatobiliary and intestinal disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, cholesterol gallstone disease, intestinal diseases and both hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma. CONCLUSION Further efforts made in order to advance the understanding of sophisticated BA signaling network may be promising in developing novel therapeutic strategies related not only to hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal but also systemic diseases.
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Van den Hof WFPM, Ruiz-Aracama A, Van Summeren A, Jennen DGJ, Gaj S, Coonen MLJ, Brauers K, Wodzig WKWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Integrating multiple omics to unravel mechanisms of Cyclosporin A induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:489-501. [PMID: 25562108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve attrition rates of candidate-drugs there is a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug-induced hepatotoxicity. We aim to further unravel the toxicological response of hepatocytes to a prototypical cholestatic compound by integrating transcriptomic and metabonomic profiling of HepG2 cells exposed to Cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A exposure induced intracellular cholesterol accumulation and diminished intracellular bile acid levels. Performing pathway analyses of significant mRNAs and metabolites separately and integrated, resulted in more relevant pathways for the latter. Integrated analyses showed pathways involved in cell cycle and cellular metabolism to be significantly changed. Moreover, pathways involved in protein processing of the endoplasmic reticulum, bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism were significantly affected. Our findings indicate that an integrated approach combining metabonomics and transcriptomics data derived from representative in vitro models, with bioinformatics can improve our understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, we showed that integrating multiple omics and thereby analyzing genes, microRNAs and metabolites of the opposed model for drug-induced cholestasis can give valuable information about mechanisms of drug-induced cholestasis in vitro and therefore could be used in toxicity screening of new drug candidates at an early stage of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim F P M Van den Hof
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Van Summeren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danyel G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stan Gaj
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten L J Coonen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karen Brauers
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H M van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Jacinto S, Fang S. Essential roles of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 as metabolic regulators. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.987318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Tralau T, Sowada J, Luch A. Insights on the human microbiome and its xenobiotic metabolism: what is known about its effects on human physiology? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:411-25. [PMID: 25476418 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.990437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our microbiome harbours a metabolic capacity far beyond our own. Moreover, its gene pool is highly adaptable and subject to selective pressure, including host exposure to xenobiotics. Yet, the resulting adaptations do not necessarily follow host well-being and can therefore contribute to disease or unfavourable metabolite production. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of our host-microbiome relationship in light of bacterial (xenobiotic) metabolism, community dynamics, entero-endocrine crosstalk, dysbiosis and potential therapeutic targets. In addition, it will highlight the need for a systematic analysis of the microbiome's potential for substance toxification. EXPERT OPINION The influence of our microbiota reaches from primary metabolites to secondary effects such as substrate competition or the activation of eukaryotic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Further on it plays a hitherto underestimated role in drug metabolism, toxicity and pathogenesis. These effects are partly caused by entero-endocrine crosstalk and interference with eukaryotic regulatory networks. On first sight, the resulting concept of a metabolically competent microbiome adds enormous complexity to human physiology. Yet, the potential specificity of microbial targets harbours therapeutic promise for diseases such as diabetes, cancer and psychiatric disorders. A better physiological and biochemical understanding of the microbiome is thus of high priority for academia and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin , Germany
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114
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Chen DDA, Peng S, Yin J, Yang T, Dong R, Tan K, Chen Y, Lu J, Du X, Xilin D. Explanation of colon cancer pathophysiology through analyzing the disrupted homeostasis of bile acids. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:925-8. [PMID: 25834503 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colon plays a key role in regulating the homeostasis of bile acids. AIM The present study aims to evaluate the influence of colon cancer towards the homeostasis of bile acids. METHODS The free and conjugated bile acids were determined using ultraperformance LC (UPLC) coupled with ABI 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole instruments. RESULTS The results showed that the free bile acids in serum of patients with colon cancers tend to increase, and the conjugated bile acids tended to decrease, especially for taurolithocholate (TLCA) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The alteration of bile acids balance in colon cancers indicated the possibility of complicated diseases due to the disrupted balance of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Du Xilin
- Department of general surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
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Gioiello A, Cerra B, Zhang W, Vallerini GP, Costantino G, De Franco F, Passeri D, Pellicciari R, Setchell KDR. Synthesis of atypical bile acids for use as investigative tools for the genetic defect of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:348-60. [PMID: 24954360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-C27-steroid oxidoreductase (HSD3B7), an enzyme catalyzing the second step in the pathway for bile acid synthesis, leads to a complete lack of the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, and the accumulation of 3β,7α-dihydroxy- and 3β,7α,12α-trihydroxy-Δ(5)-cholenoic acids. Patients affected by this autosomal recessive genetic defect develop cholestatic liver disease that is clinically responsive to primary bile acid therapy. Reference standards of these compounds are needed to facilitate diagnosis and to accurately quantify biochemical responses to therapy. Described are a novel synthesis of atypical bile acids that characterize the HSD3B7 deficiency and their effect on bile acid-activated nuclear receptors, target genes and cytochromes involved in bile acid homeostasis and detoxification. The failure of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-cholenoic acids to function as FXR, PXR and CAR agonists and to exert hepatoprotective actions explains the mechanism for progressive cholestatic liver disease in patients with HSD3B7 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Vallerini
- Department of Farmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma I-43124, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Department of Farmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma I-43124, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma, Via P. Togliatti, 20, Loc Taverne, I-06073 Corciano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy; TES Pharma, Via P. Togliatti, 20, Loc Taverne, I-06073 Corciano, Italy
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Mechanisms underlying the anti-aging and anti-tumor effects of lithocholic bile acid. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16522-43. [PMID: 25238416 PMCID: PMC4200844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived bioactive lipids that play essential roles in the maintenance of a heathy lifespan. These amphipathic molecules with detergent-like properties display numerous beneficial effects on various longevity- and healthspan-promoting processes in evolutionarily distant organisms. Recent studies revealed that lithocholic bile acid not only causes a considerable lifespan extension in yeast, but also exhibits a substantial cytotoxic effect in cultured cancer cells derived from different tissues and organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the robust anti-aging and anti-tumor effects of lithocholic acid have emerged. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these mechanisms, outlines the most important unanswered questions and suggests directions for future research.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become apparent that bile acids are involved in a host of activities beyond their classic functions in bile formation and fat absorption. The identification of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a nuclear receptor directly activated by bile acids and the discovery that bile acids are also ligands for the membrane-bound, G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (also known as TGR5) have opened new avenues of research. Both FXR and TGR5 regulate various elements of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Consequently, a picture has emerged of bile acids acting as modulators of (postprandial) metabolism. Therefore, strategies that interfere with either bile acid metabolism or signalling cascades mediated by bile acids may represent novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic diseases. Synthetic modulators of FXR have been designed and tested, primarily in animal models. Furthermore, the use of bile acid sequestrants to reduce plasma cholesterol levels has unexpected benefits. For example, treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with sequestrants causes substantial reductions in plasma levels of glucose and HbA1c. This Review aims to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms by which bile acids modulate glucose and energy metabolism, particularly focusing on the glucose-lowering actions of bile acid sequestrants in insulin resistant states and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, Netherlands
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Mechanistic Modeling Reveals the Critical Knowledge Gaps in Bile Acid-Mediated DILI. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e123. [PMID: 25006780 PMCID: PMC4120015 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition has been proposed to be an important mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Modeling can prioritize knowledge gaps concerning bile acid (BA) homeostasis and thus help guide experimentation. A submodel of BA homeostasis in rats and humans was constructed within DILIsym, a mechanistic model of DILI. In vivo experiments in rats with glibenclamide were conducted, and data from these experiments were used to validate the model. The behavior of DILIsym was analyzed in the presence of a simulated theoretical BSEP inhibitor. BSEP inhibition in humans is predicted to increase liver concentrations of conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and sulfate-conjugated lithocholic acid (LCA) while the concentration of other liver BAs remains constant or decreases. On the basis of a sensitivity analysis, the most important unknowns are the level of BSEP expression, the amount of intestinal synthesis of LCA, and the magnitude of farnesoid-X nuclear receptor (FXR)-mediated regulation.
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119
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Hochrath K, Stokes CS, Geisel J, Pollheimer MJ, Fickert P, Dooley S, Lammert F. Vitamin D modulates biliary fibrosis in ABCB4-deficient mice. Hepatol Int 2014; 8:443-52. [PMID: 25191532 PMCID: PMC4148166 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Impaired vitamin D receptor signaling represents an aggravating factor during liver injury, and recent studies suggest that vitamin D might exert a protective role in chronic hepatobiliary diseases. We hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation would ameliorate liver fibrosis in ATP-binding cassette transporter B4 knockout (Abcb4−/−) mice as a preclinical model of sclerosing cholangitis. Methods Abcb4−/− and wild-type mice were fed a regular chow diet (600 IU vitamin D/kg food) or diets with lower (100 IU/kg) and higher (2,400 IU/kg) vitamin D concentrations for 12 weeks. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassays. Liver injury and biliary fibrosis were assessed by liver enzyme activities, histopathology and hepatic collagen contents. Hepatic mRNA expression of markers for fibrosis, vitamin D and bile acid metabolism were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Results Different vitamin D concentrations were observed depending on genotype and diet group, with Abcb4−/− mice on the control diet showing lower vitamin D concentrations compared to wild-type mice. Abcb4−/− animals on the low vitamin D diet demonstrated the most advanced liver fibrosis and highest hepatic collagen contents. Feeding Abcb4−/− mice a high vitamin D diet enriched serum vitamin D levels, lowered liver enzyme activities, altered expression levels of profibrogenic genes and ameliorated, in part, liver injury. Conclusions This is the first report to demonstrate that fibrogenesis in the established Abcb4−/− model is influenced by vitamin D supplementation. Since vitamin D modulates sclerosing cholangitis in vivo, we speculate that sufficient vitamin D intake might improve liver damage and induce antifibrotic effects in chronic cholestasis in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12072-014-9548-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hochrath
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Caroline S. Stokes
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Fickert
- Insititute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Steven Dooley
- Division of Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Belorusova AY, Eberhardt J, Potier N, Stote RH, Dejaegere A, Rochel N. Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4710-9. [PMID: 24818857 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), an endocrine nuclear receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, acts also as a bile acid sensor by binding lithocholic acid (LCA). The crystal structure of the zebrafish VDR ligand binding domain in complex with LCA and the SRC-2 coactivator peptide reveals the binding of two LCA molecules by VDR. One LCA binds to the canonical ligand-binding pocket, and the second one, which is not fully buried, is anchored to a site located on the VDR surface. Despite the low affinity of the alternative site, the binding of the second molecule promotes stabilization of the active receptor conformation. Biological activity assays, structural analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the recognition of two ligand molecules is crucial for VDR agonism by LCA. The unique binding mode of LCA provides clues for the development of new chemical compounds that target alternative binding sites for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Álvarez-Muñoz D, Al-Salhi R, Abdul-Sada A, González-Mazo E, Hill EM. Global metabolite profiling reveals transformation pathways and novel metabolomic responses in Solea senegalensis after exposure to a non-ionic surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5203-5210. [PMID: 24684439 DOI: 10.1021/es501276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol polyethoxylate (AEO) surfactants are widely used in household and industrial products, but the health effects arising from short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations are unknown. A metabolomic approach was used to investigate the biotransformation and effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of hexaethylene glycol monododecylether (C12EO6) in juvenile sole, Solea senegalensis. After 5 days, C12EO6 was rapidly metabolized in the sole by oxidation, glucuronidation, and ethoxylate chain shortening. C12EO6 exposure at either 146 or 553 μg L(-1) resulted in significant metabolite disruption in liver and blood samples, including an apparent fold increase of >10(6) in the circulating levels of C24 bile acids and C27 bile alcohols, disturbance of glucocorticoid and lipid metabolism, and a 470-fold decrease in levels of the fatty acid transport molecule palmitoyl carnitine. Depuration resulted in rapid elimination of the surfactant and normalization of metabolites toward pre-exposure levels. Our findings show for the first time the ability of metabolomic analyses to discern effects of this AEO on metabolite homeostasis at exposure levels below its no effect concentrations for survival and reproduction in juvenile fish. The pronounced alteration in levels of liver metabolites, phospholipids, and glucocorticoids in S. senegalensis in response to surfactant exposure may indicate that this contaminant could potentially impact a number of health end points in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
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122
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Cholesterol-lowering effect of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 in a hyperlipidaemic rat model. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Perreault M, Białek A, Trottier J, Verreault M, Caron P, Milkiewicz P, Barbier O. Role of glucuronidation for hepatic detoxification and urinary elimination of toxic bile acids during biliary obstruction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80994. [PMID: 24244729 PMCID: PMC3828276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary obstruction, a severe cholestatic condition, results in a huge accumulation of toxic bile acids (BA) in the liver. Glucuronidation, a conjugation reaction, is thought to protect the liver by both reducing hepatic BA toxicity and increasing their urinary elimination. The present study evaluates the contribution of each process in the overall BA detoxification by glucuronidation. Glucuronide (G), glycine, taurine conjugates, and unconjugated BAs were quantified in pre- and post-biliary stenting urine samples from 12 patients with biliary obstruction, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The same LC-MS/MS procedure was used to quantify intra- and extracellular BA-G in Hepatoma HepG2 cells. Bile acid-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated using MTS reduction, caspase-3 and flow cytometry assays. When compared to post-treatment samples, pre-stenting urines were enriched in glucuronide-, taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs. Biliary stenting increased the relative BA-G abundance in the urinary BA pool, and reduced the proportion of taurine- and glycine-conjugates. Lithocholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were the most cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic/necrotic BAs for HepG2 cells. Other species, such as the cholic, hyocholic and hyodeoxycholic acids were nontoxic. All BA-G assayed were less toxic and displayed lower pro-apoptotic/necrotic effects than their unconjugated precursors, even if they were able to penetrate into HepG2 cells. Under severe cholestatic conditions, urinary excretion favors the elimination of amidated BAs, while glucuronidation allows the conversion of cytotoxic BAs into nontoxic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Perreault
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrzej Białek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver Research Laboratories, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Liver Unit, Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of molecular pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues AD, Lai Y, Cvijic ME, Elkin LL, Zvyaga T, Soars MG. Drug-induced perturbations of the bile acid pool, cholestasis, and hepatotoxicity: mechanistic considerations beyond the direct inhibition of the bile salt export pump. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:566-74. [PMID: 24115749 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is located on the canalicular plasma membrane of hepatocytes and plays an important role in the biliary clearance of bile acids (BAs). Therefore, any drug or new chemical entity that inhibits BSEP has the potential to cause cholestasis and possibly liver injury. In reality, however, one must consider the complexity of the BA pool, BA enterohepatic recirculation (EHR), extrahepatic (renal) BA clearance, and the interplay of multiple participant transporters and enzymes (e.g., sulfotransferase 2A1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, 3, and 4). Moreover, BAs undergo extensive enzyme-catalyzed amidation and are subjected to metabolism by enterobacteria during EHR. Expression of the various enzymes and transporters described above is governed by nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that mount an adaptive response when intracellular levels of BAs are increased. The intracellular trafficking of transporters, and their ability to mediate the vectorial transport of BAs, is governed by specific kinases also. Finally, bile flow, micelle formation, canalicular membrane integrity, and BA clearance can be influenced by the inhibition of multidrug resistant protein 3- or ATPase-aminophospholipid transporter-mediated phospholipid flux. Consequently, when screening compounds in a discovery setting or conducting mechanistic studies to address clinical findings, one has to consider the direct (inhibitory) effect of the parent drug and metabolites on multiple BA transporters, as well as inhibition of BA sulfation and amidation and NHR function. Vectorial BA transport, in addition to BA EHR and homoeostasis, could also be impacted by drug-dependent modulation of kinases and enterobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (A.D.R., Y.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey (M.E.C.); and Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (L.E., T.Z.)
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Synthesis and quantitative structure-property relationships of side chain-modified hyodeoxycholic acid derivatives. Molecules 2013; 18:10497-513. [PMID: 23999724 PMCID: PMC6270434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as versatile signalling compounds of a complex network of nuclear and membrane receptors regulating various endocrine and paracrine functions. The elucidation of the interconnection between the biological pathways under the bile acid control and manifestations of hepatic and metabolic diseases have extended the scope of this class of steroids for in vivo investigations. In this framework, the design and synthesis of novel biliary derivatives able to modulate a specific receptor requires a deep understanding of both structure-activity and structure-property relationships of bile acids. In this paper, we report the preparation and the critical micellization concentration evaluation of a series of hyodeoxycholic acid derivatives characterized by a diverse side chain length and by the presence of a methyl group at the alpha position with respect to the terminal carboxylic acid moiety. The data collected are instrumental to extend on a quantitative basis, the knowledge of the current structure-property relationships of bile acids and will be fruitful, in combination with models of receptor activity, to design and prioritize the synthesis of novel pharmacokinetically suitable ligands useful in the validation of bile acid-responsive receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Kienhuis AS, Vitins AP, Pennings JL, Pronk TE, Speksnijder EN, Roodbergen M, van Delft JH, Luijten M, van der Ven LT. Cyclosporine A treated in vitro models induce cholestasis response through comparison of phenotype-directed gene expression analysis of in vivo Cyclosporine A-induced cholestasis. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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