101
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van Niekerk G, Dalgleish AG, Joubert F, Joubert A, Engelbrecht AM. The immuno-oncological implications of insulin. Life Sci 2020; 264:118716. [PMID: 33159956 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated insulin in regulating the phenotypes of various immune cells through canonical downstream signalling effectors of insulin, namely, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Notably, these signalling components also exhibit crosstalk with other immune signalling pathways, such as the JAK/STAT pathway (activated by cytokines and growth factors), and, importantly, are also negatively regulated by the immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), PD-1 and CTLA-4. Here, we point out recent findings, suggesting that insulin may promote a pro-inflammatory phenotype with potential implications on ICB therapy. As an example, the contemporary paradigm holds that, while T cell receptor recognition of distinct MHC-expressed epitopes ensures specificity, co-activation of CD28 along with signal inputs form various cytokines and insulin operates to 'fine-tune' the immune response via PI3K and other downstream signalling molecules. These considerations highlight the urgent need for focused investigations into the role of insulin in regulating immune cell function in the context of ICB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Fourie Joubert
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Annie Joubert
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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102
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Zhu Y, Yu X, Thamphiwatana SD, Zheng Y, Pang Z. Nanomedicines modulating tumor immunosuppressive cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2054-2074. [PMID: 33304779 PMCID: PMC7714985 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has veered the paradigm of cancer treatment. Despite recent advances in immunotherapy for improved antitumor efficacy, the complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive, yielding both astounding and unsatisfactory clinical successes. In this regard, clinical outcomes of currently available immunotherapy are confined to the varied immune systems owing in large part to the lack of understanding of the complexity and diversity of the immune context of the TME. Various advanced designs of nanomedicines could still not fully surmount the delivery barriers of the TME. The immunosuppressive TME may even dampen the efficacy of antitumor immunity. Recently, some nanotechnology-related strategies have been inaugurated to modulate the immunosuppressive cells within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for robust immunotherapeutic responses. In this review, we will highlight the current understanding of the immunosuppressive TIME and identify disparate subclasses of TIME that possess an impact on immunotherapy, especially those unique classes associated with the immunosuppressive effect. The immunoregulatory cell types inside the immunosuppressive TIME will be delineated along with the existing and potential approaches for immunosuppressive cell modulation. After introducing the various strategies, we will ultimately outline both the novel therapeutic targets and the potential issues that affect the efficacy of TIME-based nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrong Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Soracha D. Thamphiwatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
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103
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Larionova I, Tuguzbaeva G, Ponomaryova A, Stakheyeva M, Cherdyntseva N, Pavlov V, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human Breast, Colorectal, Lung, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:566511. [PMID: 33194645 PMCID: PMC7642726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.566511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs are highly heterogeneous cells that originate from resident tissue-specific macrophages and from newly recruited monocytes. TAMs’ variability strongly depends on cancer type, stage, and intratumor heterogeneity. Majority of TAMs are programmed by tumor microenvironment to support primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. However, TAMs can also restrict tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the role of TAMs in tumor growth, metastasis and in the response to cancer therapy in patients with five aggressive types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers that are frequently metastasize into distant organs resulting in high mortality of the patients. Two major TAM parameters are applied for the evaluation of TAM correlation with the cancer progression: total amount of TAMs and specific phenotype of TAMs identified by functional biomarkers. We summarized the data generated in the wide range of international patient cohorts on the correlation of TAMs with clinical and pathological parameters of tumor progression including lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis, recurrence, survival, therapy efficiency. We described currently available biomarkers for TAMs that can be measured in patients’ samples (tumor tissue and blood). CD68 is the major biomarker for the quantification of total TAM amounts, while transmembrane receptors (stabilin-1, CD163, CD206, CD204, MARCO) and secreted chitinase-like proteins (YKL-39, YKL-40) are used as biomarkers for the functional TAM polarization. We also considered that specific role of TAMs in tumor progression can depend on the localization in the intratumoral compartments. We have made the conclusion for the role of TAMs in primary tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy sensitivity for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In contrast to other cancer types, majority of clinical studies indicate that TAMs in colorectal cancer have protective role for the patient and interfere with primary tumor growth and metastasis. The accumulated data are essential for using TAMs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to develop cancer-specific immunotherapy and to design efficient combinations of traditional therapy and new immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gulnara Tuguzbaeva
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Stakheyeva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Department of Urology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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104
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Shen Q, Reedijk M. Notch Signaling and the Breast Cancer Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1287:183-200. [PMID: 33034033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55031-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notch promotes breast cancer progression through tumor initiating cell maintenance, tumor cell fate specification, proliferation, survival, and motility. In addition, Notch is recognized as a decisive mechanism in regulating various juxtacrine and paracrine communications in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this chapter, we review recent studies on stress-mediated Notch activation within the TME and sequelae such as angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, changes in the innate and adaptive immunophenotype, and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Reedijk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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105
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Inflammation as a Driver of Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102984. [PMID: 33076397 PMCID: PMC7602551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men, with a high mortality rate when disease progresses to metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Evidence implicates inflammation as a driver of prostate cancer risk and has a significant impact on processes in the tumor microenvironment that facilitate progression to advanced therapeutically resistant disease. In this review, we discuss the sources of inflammation in the prostate, the functional contribution of the critical inflammatory effectors to prostate cancer initiation and metastatic progression, and the therapeutic challenges that they impose on treatment of advanced disease and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Full understanding of the role of inflammation in prostate cancer progression to advanced metastatic disease and tumor relapse will aid in the development of personalized predictive biomarkers and therapy to reduce the burden and mortality in prostate cancer patients. Abstract Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men, and progression to metastasis and the emergence of therapeutically resistant disease confers a high mortality rate. Growing evidence implicates inflammation as a driver of prostate cancer development and progression, resulting in increased cancer risk for prostate cancer. Population-based studies revealed that the use of antinflammatory drugs led to a 23% risk reduction prostate cancer occurrence, a negative association that was stronger in men who specifically used COX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, patients that were taking aspirin had a 21% reduction in prostate cancer risk, and further, long-term users of daily low dose aspirin had a 29% prostate cancer risk reduction as compared to the controls. Environmental exposure to bacterial and viral infections, exposure to mutagenic agents, and genetic variations predispose the prostate gland to inflammation, with a coordinated elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β). It is the dynamics within the tumor microenvironment that empower these cytokines to promote survival and growth of the primary tumor and facilitate disease progression by navigating the immunoregulatory network, phenotypic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, anoikis resistance, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the sources of inflammation in the prostate, the functional contribution of the critical inflammatory effectors to prostate cancer initiation and metastatic progression, and the therapeutic challenges that they impose on treatment of advanced disease and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Growing mechanistic evidence supports the significance of inflammation in localized prostate cancer, and the systemic impact of the process within the tumor microenvironment on disease progression to advanced therapeutically-resistant prostate cancer. Rigorous exploitation of the role of inflammation in prostate cancer progression to metastasis and therapeutic resistance will empower the development of precise biomarker signatures and effective targeted therapeutics to reduce the clinical burden and lethal disease in the future.
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106
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Wang Y, Lyu Z, Qin Y, Wang X, Sun L, Zhang Y, Gong L, Wu S, Han S, Tang Y, Jia Y, Kwong DLW, Kam N, Guan XY. FOXO1 promotes tumor progression by increased M2 macrophage infiltration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11535-11548. [PMID: 33052231 PMCID: PMC7546008 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) is critical for regulating cytokine and chemokine secretion. However, its function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized the prognostic value of FOXO1 and the interaction between tumor-derived FOXO1 and M2 macrophages in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: FOXO1 expression and macrophage infiltration in clinical samples and mouse models were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry staining. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) expression in FOXO1(+) and FOXO1(-) tumor cells. Macrophage phenotypes were determined using qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing. Transcriptional activity was measured using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR. Tumor viability was investigated using XTT proliferation and foci formation assays. Results: FOXO1 upregulation in tumor tissues was found to drive the polarization of M0 macrophages and infiltration of M2 macrophages into the TME, resulting in worse prognosis in ESCC patients. CSF-1, a vital factor inducing M0-to-M2 polarization, was upregulated via a FOXO1-mediated mechanism. RNA sequencing results corroborated that the FOXO1-induced macrophages exhibited similar molecular signatures to the IL4-stimulated M2 macrophages. The transwell assays showed that FOXO1 promoted the migration of M2 macrophages via CCL20 secretion, which could be inhibited using an anti-CCL20 antibody. FOXO1(+) tumor-induced M2 macrophages promoted tumor proliferation via the FAK-PI3K-AKT pathway and the PI3K inhibitor could effectively impede the oncogenical process. Conclusions: FOXO1 facilitated M0-to-M2 polarization and the recruitment of M2 macrophages in the TME via the transcriptional modulation of CCL20 and CSF-1. Our data deciphered the FOXO1-dependent mechanism in M2 macrophage infiltration in the TME of ESCC, which has implications for the development of novel prognostic and therapeutic targets to optimize the current treatment against ESCC.
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107
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Davidov V, Jensen G, Mai S, Chen SH, Pan PY. Analyzing One Cell at a TIME: Analysis of Myeloid Cell Contributions in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1842. [PMID: 32983100 PMCID: PMC7492293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-mediated regulation of the host immune system involves an intricate signaling network that results in the tumor's inherent survival benefit. Myeloid cells are central in orchestrating the mechanisms by which tumors escape immune detection and continue their proliferative programming. Myeloid cell activation has historically been classified using a dichotomous system of classical (M1-like) and alternative (M2-like) states, defining general pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively. Explosions in bioinformatics analyses have rapidly expanded the definitions of myeloid cell pro- and anti-inflammatory states with different combinations of tissue- and disease-specific phenotypic and functional markers. These new definitions have allowed researchers to target specific subsets of disease-propagating myeloid cells in order to modify or arrest the natural progression of the associated disease, especially in the context of tumor-immune interactions. Here, we discuss the myeloid cell contribution to solid tumor initiation and maintenance, and strategies to reprogram their phenotypic and functional fate, thereby disabling the network that benefits tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Davidov
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.,Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Garrett Jensen
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.,Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sunny Mai
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.,Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ping-Ying Pan
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.,Center for Immunotherapy Research, Cancer Center of Excellence, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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108
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Gonzalez-Villarreal CA, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Garza-Treviño EN. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1511. [PMID: 32974184 PMCID: PMC7468493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Tumorigenesis is a dynamic process wherein cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment promote initiation, progression, and metastasis. Metastatic colonization is an inefficient process that is very complex and is poorly understood; however, in most cases, metastatic disease is not curable, and resistance mechanisms tend to develop against conventional treatments. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that contribute to the development of metastasis in CRC can aid in the search for specific therapeutic targets for improving standard treatments. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding tumor biology and the use of stroma cells as prognostic factors and inflammatory inducers associated with the use of tumor microenvironments as a promoter of cancer metastasis. Moreover, we look into the importance of CSC, pericytes, and circulating tumor cells as mechanisms that lead to liver metastasis, and we also focus on the cellular and molecular pathways that modulate and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic target that can potentially eliminate CSCs as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana G Quiroz-Reyes
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jose F Islas
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Elsa N Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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109
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Malfitano AM, Pisanti S, Napolitano F, Di Somma S, Martinelli R, Portella G. Tumor-Associated Macrophage Status in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071987. [PMID: 32708142 PMCID: PMC7409350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the most abundant innate immune cells in tumors. TAMs, exhibiting anti-inflammatory phenotype, are key players in cancer progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. A high TAM infiltration is generally associated with poor prognosis, but macrophages are highly plastic cells that can adopt either proinflammatory/antitumor or anti-inflammatory/protumor features in response to tumor microenvironment stimuli. In the context of cancer therapy, many anticancer therapeutics, apart from their direct effect on tumor cells, display different effects on TAM activation status and density. In this review, we aim to evaluate the indirect effects of anticancer therapies in the modulation of TAM phenotypes and pro/antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-081-746-3056 (G.P.)
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Rosanna Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (S.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-081-746-3056 (G.P.)
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110
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Morein D, Erlichman N, Ben-Baruch A. Beyond Cell Motility: The Expanding Roles of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Malignancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32582148 PMCID: PMC7287041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activities of some members of the chemokine family are often overcome by the functions of many chemokines that are strongly and causatively linked with increased tumor progression. Being key leukocyte attractants, chemokines promote the presence of inflammatory pro-tumor myeloid cells and immune-suppressive cells in tumors and metastases. In parallel, chemokines elevate additional pro-cancerous processes that depend on cell motility: endothelial cell migration (angiogenesis), recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and site-specific metastasis. However, the array of chemokine activities in cancer expands beyond such “typical” migration-related processes and includes chemokine-induced/mediated atypical functions that do not activate directly motility processes; these non-conventional chemokine functions provide the tumor cells with new sets of detrimental tools. Within this scope, this review article addresses the roles of chemokines and their receptors at atypical levels that are exerted on the cancer cell themselves: promoting tumor cell proliferation and survival; controlling tumor cell senescence; enriching tumors with cancer stem cells; inducing metastasis-related functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); and promoting resistance to chemotherapy and to endocrine therapy. The review also describes atypical effects of chemokines at the tumor microenvironment: their ability to up-regulate/stabilize the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and to reduce the efficacy of their blockade; to induce bone remodeling and elevate osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption; and to mediate tumor-stromal interactions that promote cancer progression. To illustrate this expanding array of atypical chemokine activities at the cancer setting, the review focuses on major metastasis-promoting inflammatory chemokines—including CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), and CCL5 (RANTES)—and their receptors. In addition, non-conventional activities of CXCL12 which is a key regulator of tumor progression, and its CXCR4 receptor are described, alongside with the other CXCL12-binding receptor CXCR7 (RDC1). CXCR7, a member of the subgroup of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) known also as ACKR3, opens the gate for discussion of atypical activities of additional ACKRs in cancer: ACKR1 (DARC, Duffy), ACKR2 (D6), and ACKR4 (CCRL1). The mechanisms involved in chemokine activities and the signals delivered by their receptors are described, and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Morein
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofar Erlichman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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111
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Nasrollahzadeh E, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Mazzone M, Rezaei N. Pro-tumorigenic functions of macrophages at the primary, invasive and metastatic tumor site. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1673-1697. [PMID: 32500231 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only facilitates cancer progression from the early formation to distant metastasis, but also it differs itself from time to time alongside the tumor evolution. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), whether as pre-existing tissue-resident macrophages or recruited monocytes, are an inseparable part of this microenvironment. As their parents are broadly classified into a dichotomic, simplistic M1 and M2 subtypes, TAMs also exert paradoxical and diverse phenotypes as they are settled in different regions of TME and receive different microenvironmental signals. Briefly, M1 macrophages induce an inflammatory precancerous niche and flame the early oncogenic mutations, whereas their M2 counterparts are reprogrammed to release various growth factors and providing an immunosuppressive state in TME as long as abetting hypoxic cancer cells to set up a new vasculature. Further, they mediate stromal micro-invasion and co-migrate with invasive cancer cells to invade the vascular wall and neural sheath, while another subtype of TAMs prepares suitable niches much earlier than metastatic cells arrive at the target tissues. Accordingly, at the neoplastic transformation, during the benign-to-malignant transition and through the metastatic cascade, macrophages are involved in shaping the primary, micro-invasive and pre-metastatic TMEs. Whether their behavioral plasticity is derived from distinct genotypes or is fueled by microenvironmental cues, it could define these cells as remarkably interesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Nasrollahzadeh
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, KU Leuven, Louvain, B3000, Belgium
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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112
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Mao S, Li Y, Lu Z, Che Y, Huang J, Lei Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu C, Zheng S, Li N, Li J, Sun N, He J. Systematic profiling of immune signatures identifies prognostic predictors in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:681-694. [PMID: 32462608 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the predominant subtype of lung cancer, with increasing evidence showing clinical benefits of immunotherapy. However, a lack of integrated profiles of complex LUAD immune microenvironments hampers the application of immunotherapy, resulting in limited eligible patient populations as well as drug resistance problems. Here, we aimed to systematically profile the immune signatures of LUADs and to assess the role of the immune microenvironment in patient outcome. METHODS We systematically profiled the immune signatures of LUADs deposited in the TCGA and GEO databases using a total of 730 immune-related genes. Differential expression analysis was used to identify dysregulated genes. Univariate Cox analysis followed by robust likelihood-based survival analysis and multivariate Cox analysis were applied to construct an immune-related prognostic model. RESULTS We found that differentially expressed immune genes were mainly enriched in immune cell proliferation, migration, activation and the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways. The 10-immune gene predictive model that we constructed could differentiate LUAD patients with different overall survival times in several datasets, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.67, 0.69, 0.72 and 0.74. LUAD patients with high- or low-risk scores exhibited distinct immune cell compositions, which may explain the prognostic significance of our model. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the current knowledge of immune processes in LUADs and underscore the critical role of the immune microenvironment in LUAD patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yun Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianbing Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chengming Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sufei Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiagen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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113
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Hong YQ, Wan B, Li XF. Macrophage regulation of graft- vs-host disease. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1793-1805. [PMID: 32518770 PMCID: PMC7262718 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i10.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a curative choice of many hematopoietic malignancy, but graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) has limited the survival quality and overall survival of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Understanding of the immune cells’ reaction in pathophysiology of GVHD has improved, but a review on the role of macrophages in GVHD is still absent. Studies have observed that macrophage infiltration is associated with GVHD occurrence and development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the role of macrophages in GVHD based on pathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD, focusing on the macrophage recruitment and infiltration, macrophage polarization, macrophage secretion, and especially interaction of macrophages with other immune cells. We could conclude that macrophage recruitment and infiltration contribute to both acute and chronic GVHD. Based on distinguishing pathology of acute and chronic GVHD, macrophages tend to show a higher M1/M2 ratio in acute GVHD and a lower M1/M2 ratio in chronic GVHD. However, the influence of dominant cytokines in GVHD is controversial and inconsistent with macrophage polarization. In addition, interaction of macrophages with alloreactive T cells plays an important role in acute GVHD. Meanwhile, the interaction among macrophages, B cells, fibroblasts, and CD4+ T cells participates in chronic GVHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Hong
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Fan Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian Province, China
- INSERM U1160, Hospital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 94430, France
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114
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Labani-Motlagh A, Ashja-Mahdavi M, Loskog A. The Tumor Microenvironment: A Milieu Hindering and Obstructing Antitumor Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:940. [PMID: 32499786 PMCID: PMC7243284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and infiltrating immune cells function in a complex network. The potential barriers that profoundly challenge the overall clinical outcome of promising therapies need to be fully identified and counteracted. Although cancer immunotherapy has increasingly been applied, we are far from understanding how to utilize different strategies in the best way and how to combine therapeutic options to optimize clinical benefit. This review intends to give a contemporary and detailed overview of the different roles of immune cells, exosomes, and molecules acting in the tumor microenvironment and how they relate to immune activation and escape. Further, current and novel immunotherapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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115
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Regulation of Tumor Immunity by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051202. [PMID: 32397679 PMCID: PMC7281403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) may be best conceptualized as an ecosystem comprised of cancer cells interacting with a multitude of stromal components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM), blood and lymphatic networks, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and cells of the immune system. At the center of this crosstalk between cancer cells and their TME is the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). High levels of LPA and the enzyme generating it, termed autotaxin (ATX), are present in many cancers. It is also well documented that LPA drives tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to modulate and escape immune detection and eradication. Despite the profound role of LPA in regulating immune functions and inflammation, its role in the context of tumor immunity has not received much attention until recently where emerging studies highlight that this signaling axis may be a means that cancer cells adopt to evade immune detection and eradication. The present review aims to look at the immunomodulatory actions of LPA in baseline immunity to provide a broad understanding of the subject with a special emphasis on LPA and cancer immunity, highlighting the latest progress in this area of research.
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116
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Kodar K, McConnell MJ, Harper JL, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. The coadministration of trehalose dibehenate and monosodium urate crystals promotes an antitumor phenotype in human‐derived myeloid cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:411-422. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kodar
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- Centre for Biodiscovery Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Jacquie L Harper
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mattie SM Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
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117
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Mendoza-Reinoso V, McCauley LK, Fournier PG. Contribution of Macrophages and T Cells in Skeletal Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1014. [PMID: 32326073 PMCID: PMC7226332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common site for metastases with a local microenvironment that is highly conducive for tumor establishment and growth. The bone marrow is replete with myeloid and lymphoid linage cells that provide a fertile niche for metastatic cancer cells promoting their survival and growth. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages and T cells in pro- and anti-tumoral mechanisms, their interaction to support cancer cell growth, and their contribution to the development of skeletal metastases. Importantly, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting macrophages and T cells in cancer are also discussed in this review as they represent a great promise for patients suffering from incurable bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mendoza-Reinoso
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pierrick G.J. Fournier
- Biomedical Innovation Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
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118
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Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Fotiou D, Terpos E. CCL3 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1231:13-21. [PMID: 32060842 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36667-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, chemokines play a key role in immune cell trafficking regulation and immune landscape formulation. CCL3 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), an important chemokine implicated in both immune surveillance and tolerance, has emerged as a prognostic biomarker in both solid and hematological malignancies. CCL3 exerts both antitumor and pro-tumor behavior which is context dependent highlighting the complexity of the underlying interrelated signaling cascades. Current CCL3-directed therapeutic approaches are investigational and further optimization is required to increase efficacy and minimize adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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119
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Schuster C, Huard A, Sirait-Fischer E, Dillmann C, Brüne B, Weigert A. S1PR4-dependent CCL2 production promotes macrophage recruitment in a murine psoriasis model. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:839-845. [PMID: 32017036 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) fulfills distinct functions in immune cell biology via binding to five G protein-coupled receptors. The immune cell-specific sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 (S1pr4) was connected to the generation of IL-17-producing T cells through regulation of cytokine production in innate immune cells. Therefore, we explored whether S1pr4 affected imiquimod-induced murine psoriasis via regulation of IL-17 production. We did not observe altered IL-17 production, although psoriasis severity was reduced in S1pr4-deficient mice. Instead, ablation of S1pr4 attenuated the production of CCL2, IL-6, and CXCL1 and subsequently reduced the number of infiltrating monocytes and granulocytes. A connection between S1pr4, CCL2, and Mϕ infiltration was also observed in Zymosan-A induced peritonitis. Boyden chamber migration assays functionally linked reduced CCL2 production in murine skin and attenuated monocyte migration when S1pr4 was lacking. Mechanistically, S1pr4 signaling synergized with TLR signaling in resident Mϕs to produce CCL2, likely via the NF-κB pathway. We propose that S1pr4 activation enhances TLR response of resident Mϕs to increase CCL2 production, which attracts further Mϕs. Thus, S1pr4 may be a target to reduce perpetuating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schuster
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Sirait-Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Dillmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP of the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany
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120
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Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role not only in mediating the first line of defense but also in maintaining tissue homeostasis. In response to extrinsic factors derived from a given tissue, macrophages activate different functional programs to produce polarized macrophage populations responsible for inducing inflammation against microbes, removing cellular debris, and tissue repair. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that macrophage polarization is pivotal in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndromes and cancer, as well as in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances in transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have highlighted the link between metabolic rewiring of macrophages and their functional plasticity. These findings imply that metabolic adaption to their surrounding microenvironment instructs activation of macrophages with functionally distinct phenotypes, which in turn probably leads to the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of diseases. In this review, we have introduced emerging concepts in immunometabolism with focus on the impact on functional activation of macrophages. Furthermore, we have discussed the implication of macrophage plasticity on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes and cancer, and how the disease microenvironment manipulates macrophage metabolism with regard to the pathophysiology. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(6): 360-372].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Thapa
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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121
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Current Strategies to Target Tumor-Associated-Macrophages to Improve Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010046. [PMID: 31878087 PMCID: PMC7017001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Established evidence demonstrates that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells promote rather than stop-cancer progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundantly present at tumor sites, and here they support cancer proliferation and distant spreading, as well as contribute to an immune-suppressive milieu. Their pro-tumor activities hamper the response of cancer patients to conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and also to immunotherapies based on checkpoint inhibition. Active research frontlines of the last years have investigated novel therapeutic strategies aimed at depleting TAMs and/or at reprogramming their tumor-promoting effects, with the goal of re-establishing a favorable immunological anti-tumor response within the tumor tissue. In recent years, numerous clinical trials have included pharmacological strategies to target TAMs alone or in combination with other therapies. This review summarizes the past and current knowledge available on experimental tumor models and human clinical studies targeting TAMs for cancer treatment.
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122
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Fernandez A, Thompson EJ, Pollard JW, Kitamura T, Vendrell M. A Fluorescent Activatable AND‐Gate Chemokine CCL2 Enables In Vivo Detection of Metastasis‐Associated Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernandez
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Emily J. Thompson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UK
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123
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Fernandez A, Thompson EJ, Pollard JW, Kitamura T, Vendrell M. A Fluorescent Activatable AND-Gate Chemokine CCL2 Enables In Vivo Detection of Metastasis-Associated Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16894-16898. [PMID: 31535788 PMCID: PMC6900180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the novel chemical design of fluorescent activatable chemokines as highly specific functional probes for imaging subpopulations of immune cells in live tumours. Activatable chemokines behave as AND-gates since they emit only after receptor binding and intracellular activation, showing enhanced selectivity over existing agents. We have applied this strategy to produce mCCL2-MAF as the first probe for in vivo detection of metastasis-associated macrophages in a preclinical model of lung metastasis. This strategy will accelerate the preparation of new chemokine-based probes for imaging immune cell function in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernandez
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh47 Little France CrescentEH16 4TJEdinburghUK
| | - Emily J. Thompson
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh47 Little France CrescentEH16 4TJEdinburghUK
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh47 Little France CrescentEH16 4TJEdinburghUK
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh47 Little France CrescentEH16 4TJEdinburghUK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh47 Little France CrescentEH16 4TJEdinburghUK
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124
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Wayne EC, Long C, Haney MJ, Batrakova EV, Leisner TM, Parise LV, Kabanov AV. Targeted Delivery of siRNA Lipoplexes to Cancer Cells Using Macrophage Transient Horizontal Gene Transfer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900582. [PMID: 31728272 PMCID: PMC6839649 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of nucleic acids into solid tumor environments remains a pressing challenge. This study examines the ability of macrophages to horizontally transfer small interfering RNA (siRNA) lipoplexes to cancer cells. Macrophages are a natural candidate for a drug carrier because of their ability to accumulate at high densities into many cancer types, including, breast, prostate, brain, and colon cancer. Here, it is demonstrated that macrophages can horizontally transfer siRNA to cancer cells during in vitro coculture. The amount of transfer can be dosed depending on the amount of siRNA loaded and total number of macrophages delivered. Macrophages loaded with calcium integrin binding protein-1 (CIB1)-siRNA result in decreased tumorsphere growth and decreased mRNA expression of CIB1 and KI67 in MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells. Adoptive transfer of macrophages transfected with CIB1-siRNA localizes to the orthotopic MDA-MB-468 tumor. Furthermore, it is reported that macrophage activation can modulate this transfer process as well as intracellular trafficking protein Rab27a. As macrophages are heavily involved in tumor progression, understanding how to use macrophages for drug delivery can substantially benefit the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Wayne
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Christian Long
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Matthew J. Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Tina M. Leisner
- Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Leslie V. Parise
- Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular PharmacueticsEshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of BionanomaterialsFaculty of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119992Russia
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125
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Osborne N, Sundseth R, Gay MD, Cao H, Tucker RD, Nadella S, Wang S, Liu X, Kroemer A, Sutton L, Cato A, Smith JP. Vaccine against gastrin, a polyclonal antibody stimulator, decreases pancreatic cancer metastases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G682-G693. [PMID: 31433212 PMCID: PMC6879893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00145.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth of pancreatic cancer is stimulated by gastrin in both a paracrine and an autocrine fashion. Traditional therapies have not significantly improved survival, and recently pancreatic cancer has been deemed a "cold" tumor due to its poor response to immunotherapy. Strategies to improve survival of pancreatic cancer are desperately needed. In the current investigation, we studied the effects of an anti-gastrin cancer vaccine, polyclonal antibody stimulator (PAS; formerly called G17DT and Gastrimmune), used alone or in combination with a programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 immune checkpoint antibody on pancreatic cancer growth, metastases, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune-competent female C57BL/6 mice bearing syngeneic orthotopic murine pancreatic cancer treated with PAS had significantly smaller tumors and fewer metastases. Examination of the TME demonstrated decreased fibrosis with fewer M2 and more M1 tumor-associated macrophages. Expression of the E-cadherin gene was significantly increased and expression of the TGFβR2 gene was decreased compared with controls. Mice treated with PAS or the combination of PAS and PD-1 antibody exhibited significantly less tumor expression of phospho-paxillin, the focal adhesion protein β-catenin, and matrix metalloproteinase-7. This study suggests that inhibition of the cancer-promoting effects of gastrin in pancreatic cancer can decrease metastases by altering the TME and decreasing pathways that activate the epithelial mesenchymal transition. The PAS vaccine appears to change the TME, making it more susceptible to therapy with an immune checkpoint antibody. This novel combination of two immunotherapies may improve survival of pancreatic cancer by decreasing both tumor growth and metastasis formation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Survival from advanced pancreatic cancer is poor, in part due to dense fibrosis of the tumor microenvironment, increased number of M2-polarized macrophages that promote angiogenesis and invasion, and lack of "target-specific" therapy. Herein, we report that a tumor vaccine that selectively targets gastrin decreases pancreatic cancer growth and metastases. Furthermore, the gastrin vaccine polyclonal antibody stimulator alters the tumor microenvironment rendering it more responsive to immunotherapy with a programmed cell death receptor-1 immune checkpoint antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martha D Gay
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robin D Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shangzi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xunxian Liu
- The MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- The MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Jill P Smith
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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126
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Ardura JA, Rackov G, Izquierdo E, Alonso V, Gortazar AR, Escribese MM. Targeting Macrophages: Friends or Foes in Disease? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1255. [PMID: 31708781 PMCID: PMC6819424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages occupy a prominent position during immune responses. They are considered the final effectors of any given immune response since they can be activated by a wide range of surface ligands and cytokines to acquire a continuum of functional states. Macrophages are involved in tissue homeostasis and in the promotion or resolution of inflammatory responses, causing tissue damage or helping in tissue repair. Knowledge in macrophage polarization has significantly increased in the last decade. Biomarkers, functions, and metabolic states associated with macrophage polarization status have been defined both in murine and human models. Moreover, a large body of evidence demonstrated that macrophage status is a dynamic process that can be modified. Macrophages orchestrate virtually all major diseases—sepsis, infection, chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), neurodegenerative disease, and cancer—and thus they represent attractive therapeutic targets. In fact, the possibility to “reprogram” macrophage status is considered as a promising strategy for designing novel therapies. Here, we will review the role of different tissue macrophage populations in the instauration and progression of inflammatory and non-inflammatory pathologies, as exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, glioblastoma, and tumor metastasis. We will analyze: 1) the potential as therapeutic targets of recently described macrophage populations, such as osteomacs, reported to play an important role in bone formation and homeostasis or metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs), key players in the generation of premetastatic niche; 2) the current and potential future approaches to target monocytes/macrophages and their inflammation-causing products in rheumatoid arthritis; and 3) the development of novel intervention strategies using oncolytic viruses, immunomodulatory agents, and checkpoint inhibitors aiming to boost M1-associated anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we will focus on the potential of macrophages as therapeutic targets and discuss their involvement in state-of-the-art strategies to modulate prevalent pathologies of aging societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Izquierdo
- Department I for Internal Medicine and CECAD, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Alonso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M Escribese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
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127
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Low infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in high c-Myb-expressing breast tumors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11634. [PMID: 31406165 PMCID: PMC6690941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are prominent components of tumor stroma that promotes tumorigenesis. Many soluble factors participate in the deleterious cross-talk between TAMs and transformed cells; however mechanisms how tumors orchestrate their production remain relatively unexplored. c-Myb is a transcription factor recently described as a negative regulator of a specific immune signature involved in breast cancer (BC) metastasis. Here we studied whether c-Myb expression is associated with an increased presence of TAMs in human breast tumors. Tumors with high frequency of c-Myb-positive cells have lower density of CD68-positive macrophages. The negative association is reflected by inverse correlation between MYB and CD68/CD163 markers at the mRNA levels in evaluated cohorts of BC patients from public databases, which was found also within the molecular subtypes. In addition, we identified potential MYB-regulated TAMs recruiting factors that in combination with MYB and CD163 provided a valuable clinical multigene predictor for BC relapse. We propose that identified transcription program running in tumor cells with high MYB expression and preventing macrophage accumulation may open new venues towards TAMs targeting and BC therapy.
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128
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Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with no cure, has up to a half the tumor mass TAMs. TAMs can be pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral, depending on the activation of specific genes in the cells. Genetic mutations in the tumors, through regulating cytokine expression, can affect recruitment of TAMs to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe a quantitative cell-based assay to assess macrophage recruitment by the conditioned medium from the tumor cells. This assay uses the human macrophage cell line MV-4-11 to study macrophage attraction by the conditioned medium from glioblastoma, allowing for high reproducibility and low variability. Data generated with this assay can contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment. Similar assay can be used to assess interaction between the tumor cells and other immune cells, including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi An
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco;
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
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