101
|
Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Activation, Posttranslational Modifications, and Antiviral Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Viral Antagonism by the SARS-Coronavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040575. [PMID: 33805458 PMCID: PMC8066409 DOI: 10.3390/v13040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends against invading pathogens through the rapid activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcription factor activated in response to virus infection and is largely responsible for establishing an antiviral state in the infected host. Studies in Irf3−/− mice have demonstrated the absence of IRF3 imparts a high degree of susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Virus infection causes the activation of IRF3 to transcribe type-I interferon (e.g., IFNβ), which is responsible for inducing the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which act at specific stages to limit virus replication. In addition to its transcriptional function, IRF3 is also activated to trigger apoptosis of virus-infected cells, as a mechanism to restrict virus spread within the host, in a pathway called RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). These dual functions of IRF3 work in concert to mediate protective immunity against virus infection. These two pathways are activated differentially by the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of IRF3. Moreover, PTMs regulate not only IRF3 activation and function, but also protein stability. Consequently, many viruses utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular enzymes to inhibit IRF3 functions. This review will describe the PTMs that regulate IRF3′s RIPA and transcriptional activities and use coronavirus as a model virus capable of antagonizing IRF3-mediated innate immune responses. A thorough understanding of the cellular control of IRF3 and the mechanisms that viruses use to subvert this system is critical for developing novel therapies for virus-induced pathologies.
Collapse
|
102
|
De novo histidine biosynthesis protects Mycobacterium tuberculosis from host IFN-γ mediated histidine starvation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:410. [PMID: 33767335 PMCID: PMC7994828 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have evolved with strategies to uptake amino acids from host cells to fulfil their metabolic requirements. However, Mtb also possesses de novo biosynthesis pathways for all the amino acids. This raises a pertinent question- how does Mtb meet its histidine requirements within an in vivo infection setting? Here, we present a mechanism in which the host, by up-regulating its histidine catabolizing enzymes through interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mediated signalling, exerts an immune response directed at starving the bacillus of intracellular free histidine. However, the wild-type Mtb evades this host immune response by biosynthesizing histidine de novo, whereas a histidine auxotroph fails to multiply. Notably, in an IFN-γ-/- mouse model, the auxotroph exhibits a similar extent of virulence as that of the wild-type. The results augment the current understanding of host-Mtb interactions and highlight the essentiality of Mtb histidine biosynthesis for its pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
103
|
Song R, Gao Y, Dozmorov I, Malladi V, Saha I, McDaniel MM, Parameswaran S, Liang C, Arana C, Zhang B, Wakeland B, Zhou J, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC, Wakeland EK, Pasare C. IRF1 governs the differential interferon-stimulated gene responses in human monocytes and macrophages by regulating chromatin accessibility. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108891. [PMID: 33761354 PMCID: PMC8300000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid lineage cells use TLRs to recognize and respond to diverse microbial ligands. Although unique transcription factors dictate the outcome of specific TLR signaling, whether lineage-specific differences exist to further modulate the quality of TLR-induced inflammation remains unclear. Comprehensive analysis of global gene transcription in human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated with various TLR ligands identifies multiple lineage-specific, TLR-responsive gene programs. Monocytes are hyperresponsive to TLR7/8 stimulation that correlates with the higher expression of the receptors. While macrophages and monocytes express similar levels of TLR4, macrophages, but not monocytes, upregulate interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to TLR4 stimulation. We find that TLR4 signaling in macrophages uniquely engages transcription factor IRF1, which facilitates the opening of ISG loci for transcription. This study provides a critical mechanistic basis for lineage-specific TLR responses and uncovers IRF1 as a master regulator for the ISG transcriptional program in human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Venkat Malladi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Irene Saha
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Margaret M McDaniel
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinchun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Olbrich P, Ferreras-Antolin L. STAT Immunodeficiency Disorders and Fungal Infection Susceptibility. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-021-00413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
105
|
Activation of Interferon Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Contributes to Apoptosis Resistance via a JAK-Src/STAT3/Mcl-1 Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020188. [PMID: 33668421 PMCID: PMC7918075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their antiviral and immunomodulatory functions, type I (α/β) and II (γ) interferons (IFNs) exhibit either beneficial or detrimental effects on tumor progression. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal CD5+ B lymphocytes that escape death. Drug resistance and disease relapse still occur in CLL. The triggering of IFN receptors is believed to be involved in the survival of CLL cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet characterized. We show here that both type I and II IFNs promote the survival of primary CLL cells by counteracting the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway. The survival process was associated with the upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and its target anti-apoptotic Mcl-1. Furthermore, the blockade of the STAT3/Mcl-1 pathway by pharmacological inhibitors against STAT3, TYK2 (for type I IFN) or JAK2 (for type II IFN) markedly reduced IFN-mediated CLL cell survival. Similarly, the selective Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 notably blocked IFN-mediated CLL cell survival by downregulating the protein levels of STAT3 and Mcl-1. Our work reveals a novel mechanism of resistance to apoptosis promoted by IFNs in CLL cells, whereby JAKs (TYK2, JAK2) and Src kinases activate in concert a STAT3/Mcl-1 signaling pathway. In view of current clinical developments of potent STAT3 and Mcl-1 inhibitors, a combination of conventional treatments with these inhibitors might thus constitute a new therapeutic strategy in CLL.
Collapse
|
106
|
Lu GF, Chen SC, Xia YP, Ye ZM, Cao F, Hu B. Synergistic inflammatory signaling by cGAS may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5650-5673. [PMID: 33589571 PMCID: PMC7950297 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation or overactivation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) by double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) initiates a regulatory signaling cascade triggering a variety of inflammatory responses, which are a great threat to human health. This study focused on identifying the role of cGAS in atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. The relationship between cGAS and atherosclerosis was identified in an ApoE -/- mouse model. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with cGAS inhibition was conducted. Results showed that cGAS was positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area, and was mainly distributed in macrophages. RNA-seq analysis revealed that inflammatory response, immune response and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction may play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), interferon regulatory factor (Irf), toll-like receptors (Tlrs), and type I interferons (Ifns) were synergistically reduced when cGAS was inhibited. Furthermore, cGAS inhibition significantly inhibited RAW264.7 macrophage M1 polarization. These results demonstrate that cGAS may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through synergistic inflammatory signaling of TLRs, STAT/IRF as well as IFNs, leading to macrophage M1 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Feng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Clark TC, Boudinot P, Collet B. Evolution of the IRF Family in Salmonids. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020238. [PMID: 33567584 PMCID: PMC7915476 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) as a family, are major regulators of the innate antiviral response in vertebrates principally involved in regulating the expression of interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). To date, nine IRFs have been identified in mammals with a 10th member also found in several avian and fish species. Through genome mining and phylogenetic analysis, we identified and characterised 23 irf genes in 6 salmonid species. This larger repertoire of IRF in salmonids results from two additional whole-genome duplications which occurred in early teleosts and salmonids, respectively. Synteny analysis was then used to identify and confirm which paralogues belonged to each subgroup and a new nomenclature was assigned to the salmonid IRFs. Furthermore, we present a full set of Real-Time PCR primers for all rainbow trout IRFs, confirmed by sequencing to ensure paralogue specificity. RT PCR was then used to examine the response of all trout irf genes in vivo, following Vibrio anguillarum and poly I:C stimulation, indicating potential functional divergence between paralogues. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the IRF family in salmonids and highlights some novel roles for the salmonid-specific IRFs in immunity.
Collapse
|
108
|
Moustaqil M, Ollivier E, Chiu HP, Van Tol S, Rudolffi-Soto P, Stevens C, Bhumkar A, Hunter DJB, Freiberg AN, Jacques D, Lee B, Sierecki E, Gambin Y. SARS-CoV-2 proteases PLpro and 3CLpro cleave IRF3 and critical modulators of inflammatory pathways (NLRP12 and TAB1): implications for disease presentation across species. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:178-195. [PMID: 33372854 PMCID: PMC7850364 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1870414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes two viral proteases (NSP3/papain-like protease and NSP5/3C-like protease) that are responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins during replication. Here, we discovered new functions of the NSP3 and NSP5 proteases of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that they could directly cleave proteins involved in the host innate immune response. We identified 3 proteins that were specifically and selectively cleaved by NSP3 or NSP5: IRF-3, and NLRP12 and TAB1, respectively. Direct cleavage of IRF3 by NSP3 could explain the blunted Type-I IFN response seen during SARS-CoV-2 infections while NSP5 mediated cleavage of NLRP12 and TAB1 point to a molecular mechanism for enhanced production of cytokines and inflammatory response observed in COVID-19 patients. We demonstrate that in the mouse NLRP12 protein, one of the recognition site is not cleaved in our in-vitro assay. We pushed this comparative alignment of IRF-3 and NLRP12 homologs and show that the lack or presence of cognate cleavage motifs in IRF-3 and NLRP12 could contribute to the presentation of disease in cats and tigers, for example. Our findings provide an explanatory framework for indepth studies into the pathophysiology of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moustaqil
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Ollivier
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hsin-Ping Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paulina Rudolffi-Soto
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akshay Bhumkar
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic J B Hunter
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Jacques
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Koike A, Tsujinaka K, Fujimori K. Statins attenuate antiviral IFN-β and ISG expression via inhibition of IRF3 and JAK/STAT signaling in poly(I:C)-treated hyperlipidemic mice and macrophages. FEBS J 2021; 288:4249-4266. [PMID: 33452755 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection is a significant burden to health care worldwide. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are widely used as cholesterol-lowering drugs. Recently, long-term statin therapy was shown to reduce the antiviral immune response; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we found that simvastatin decreased polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]-induced expression of antiviral interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs of mice with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Macrophages were the dominant cell type in the BALF of poly(I:C)-treated mice. We examined the effects of simvastatin in primary lung macrophages and found that simvastatin suppressed poly(I:C)-induced expression of IFN-β and ISGs. We examined the molecular mechanisms of statin-mediated inhibition of antiviral gene expression using murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1/JA-4. Simvastatin and pitavastatin decreased poly(I:C)-induced expression of IFN-β and ISGs. Moreover, they repressed poly(I:C)-induced phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1, which is involved in Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling. Mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), but not cholesterol, counteracted the negative effect of statins on IFN-β and ISG expression and phosphorylation of IRF3 and STAT1. The geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor suppressed poly(I:C)-induced expression of IFN-β and ISGs and phosphorylation of IRF3 and STAT1. These results suggest that statins suppressed the expression of IFN-β and ISGs in poly(I:C)-treated hyperlipidemic mice and murine macrophages and that these effects occurred through the inhibition of IRF3 and JAK/STAT signaling in macrophages. Furthermore, GGPP recovered the statin-suppressed IRF3 and JAK/STAT signaling in poly(I:C)-treated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Koike
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Kaito Tsujinaka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Yang L, Xu H, Chen Y, Miao C, Zhao Y, Xing Y, Zhang Q. Melatonin: Multi-Target Mechanism Against Diminished Ovarian Reserve Based on Network Pharmacology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630504. [PMID: 33959095 PMCID: PMC8095380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) significantly increases the risk of female infertility and contributes to reproductive technology failure. Recently, the role of melatonin in improving ovarian reserve (OR) has attracted widespread attention. However, details on the pharmacological targets and mechanisms of melatonin-improved OR remain unclear. OBJECTIVE A systems pharmacology strategy was proposed to elucidate the potential therapeutic mechanism of melatonin on DOR at the molecular, pathway, and network levels. METHODS The systems pharmacological approach consisted of target identification, data integration, network construction, bioinformatics analysis, and molecular docking. RESULTS From the molecular perspective, 26 potential therapeutic targets were identified. They participate in biological processes related to DOR development, such as reproductive structure development, epithelial cell proliferation, extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, PI3K signaling, among others. Eight hub targets (MAPK1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS, SRC, ESR1, AR, and ALB) were identified. From the pathway level, 17 significant pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the estrogen signaling pathway, were identified. In addition, the 17 signaling pathways interacted with the 26 potential therapeutic targets to form 4 functional modules. From the network point of view, by regulating five target subnetworks (aging, cell growth and death, development and regeneration, endocrine and immune systems), melatonin could exhibit anti-aging, anti-apoptosis, endocrine, and immune system regulation effects. The molecular docking results showed that melatonin bound well to all hub targets. CONCLUSION This study systematically and intuitively illustrated the possible pharmacological mechanisms of OR improvement by melatonin through anti-aging, anti-apoptosis, endocrine, and immune system regulation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyun Miao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Aliyu M, Mozhgani SH, Gargari OK, Yusuf MA, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. The host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of COVID-19 cytokine storm. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2021018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>The ravaging pandemic caused by SAR-CoV-2, a member of β-coronaviruses, marks the end of the year 2019. Despite being identified and classified at the earliest stage, the virus records worldwide soaring transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality. Global data have shown the infection with SARS-CoV-2 to be severe among at least 15% of the infected; the aged and those with premorbid conditions like cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. The highest prevalence and mortality are seen in the Americas, with African countries least affected. Severe respiratory distress and multiorgan failure are the usual findings in severe cases. A hyperinflammatory, fulminant, hypercytokinemia that is often further complicated by hypercoagulopathy and multiorgan failure has been reported extensively among severely infected patients. Scientists describe hyper-activated immune response mediated by macrophages secreting copious amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 forming the epicenter of cytokine storm (CS), thereby perpetuating signaling cascade through JAK/Kinase pathway that yields a hypercytokinemia. Researchers globally are exploring JAK/kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory (immunosuppressive) therapy, cytokines, and cytokine receptor blockers for CS management. In which interestingly some of these agents possess antiviral activity. Here, we reviewed published studies with their respective outcome. However, a lot needs to be done to address the CS of COVID-19 to avert its fatal outcome.</p>
</abstract>
Collapse
|
112
|
Hait AS, Olagnier D, Sancho-Shimizu V, Skipper KA, Helleberg M, Larsen SM, Bodda C, Moldovan LI, Ren F, Brinck Andersen NS, Thomsen MM, Freytag MR, Darmalinggam S, Parkes I, Kadekar DD, Rahbek SH, van der Horst D, Kristensen LS, Eriksson K, Kjems J, Mostowy S, Christiansen M, Mikkelsen JG, Brandt CT, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Defects in LC3B2 and ATG4A underlie HSV2 meningitis and reveal a critical role for autophagy in antiviral defense in humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabc2691. [PMID: 33310865 PMCID: PMC7611067 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent herpesvirus infections can manifest in different forms of disease, including cold sores, genital herpes, and encephalitis. There is an incomplete understanding of the genetic and immunological factors conferring susceptibility to recurrent herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) infection in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe two adult patients with recurrent HSV2 lymphocytic Mollaret's meningitis that each carry a rare monoallelic variant in the autophagy proteins ATG4A or LC3B2. HSV2-activated autophagy was abrogated in patient primary fibroblasts, which also exhibited significantly increased viral replication and enhanced cell death. HSV2 antigen was captured in autophagosomes of infected cells, and genetic inhibition of autophagy by disruption of autophagy genes, including ATG4A and LC3B2, led to enhanced viral replication and cell death in primary fibroblasts and a neuroblastoma cell line. Activation of autophagy by HSV2 was sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the virus and inhibited in the presence of acyclovir, but HSV2-induced autophagy was independent of the DNA-activated STING pathway. Reconstitution of wild-type ATG4A and LC3B2 expression using lentiviral gene delivery or electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA into patient cells restored virus-induced autophagy and the ability to control HSV2 replication. This study describes a previously unknown link between defective autophagy and an inborn error of immunity that can lead to increased susceptibility to HSV2 infection, suggesting an important role for autophagy in antiviral immunity in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Schneider Hait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | | | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Muller Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chiranjeevi Bodda
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Liviu Ionut Moldovan
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna-Sophie Brinck Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle M Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Ratzer Freytag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sathya Darmalinggam
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | - Isobel Parkes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial Collage London, London, UK
| | - Darshana D Kadekar
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Hess Rahbek
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Demi van der Horst
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- iNano, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Thomas Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, North Zealands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Song G, Shi Y, Zhang M, Goswami S, Afridi S, Meng L, Ma J, Chen Y, Lin Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Jin Z, Yang S, Rao D, Zhang S, Ke A, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Zhang X, Xi R, Gao Q. Global immune characterization of HBV/HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma identifies macrophage and T-cell subsets associated with disease progression. Cell Discov 2020; 6:90. [PMID: 33298893 PMCID: PMC7721904 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse immune cells in the tumor microenvironment form a complex ecosystem, but our knowledge of their heterogeneity and dynamics within hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains limited. To assess the plasticity and phenotypes of immune cells within HBV/HCV-related HCC microenvironment at single-cell level, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 41,698 immune cells from seven pairs of HBV/HCV-related HCC tumors and non-tumor liver tissues. We combined bio-informatic analyses, flow cytometry, and multiplex immunohistochemistry to assess the heterogeneity of different immune cell subsets in functional characteristics, transcriptional regulation, phenotypic switching, and interactions. We identified 29 immune cell subsets of myeloid cells, NK cells, and lymphocytes with unique transcriptomic profiles in HCC. A highly complex immunological network was shaped by diverse immune cell subsets that can transit among different states and mutually interact. Notably, we identified a subset of M2 macrophage with high expression of CCL18 and transcription factor CREM that was enriched in advanced HCC patients, and potentially participated in tumor progression. We also detected a new subset of activated CD8+ T cells highly expressing XCL1 that correlated with better patient survival rates. Meanwhile, distinct transcriptomic signatures, cytotoxic phenotypes, and evolution trajectory of effector CD8+ T cells from early-stage to advanced HCC were also identified. Our study provides insight into the immune microenvironment in HBV/HCV-related HCC and highlights novel macrophage and T-cell subsets that could be further exploited in future immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohe Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shyamal Goswami
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Saifullah Afridi
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Secretariat c/o Military Hospital, Adjacent to Armed Force Institute of Cardiology, The Mall Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Lu Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiaqiang Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Youpei Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zijie Jin
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongning Rao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aiwu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Ruibin Xi
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Giambelli L, D'Aprile R, Gaeta A, Faggioni A, Cirone M. The cross-talk between STAT1/STAT3 and ROS up-regulates PD-L1 and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokines in primary monocytes infected by HHV-6B. Virus Res 2020; 292:198231. [PMID: 33207265 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) up-regulation on antigen presenting cells induces T cell dysfunction, strongly impairing immune response. Human Herpesviruses (HHV) 6B is a β-herpesvirus that, although displays a higher tropism for T cells, can infect other immune cells including monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) and neuronal cells. We have previously shown that HHV-6B infection of primary monocytes reduced autophagy and induced Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress/ Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), impairing their survival and differentiation into DCs. In this study, we found that PD-L1 expression was up-regulated by HHV-6B on the surface of infected monocytes and that its extracellular release also increased, effects known to lead to an impairment of anti-viral immune response. At molecular level, PD-L1 up-regulation correlated with the activation of a positive regulatory circuit between the increase of intracellular ROS and the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 induced by HHV-6B, accompanied by a high release of pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokines. In conclusion, this study unveils new strategies put in place by HHV-6B to induce immune dysfunction and the underlying molecular pathways that could be targeted to counteract such immune suppressive effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Giambelli
- UOC Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Wang A, Chiou J, Poirion OB, Buchanan J, Valdez MJ, Verheyden JM, Hou X, Kudtarkar P, Narendra S, Newsome JM, Guo M, Faddah DA, Zhang K, Young RE, Barr J, Sajti E, Misra R, Huyck H, Rogers L, Poole C, Whitsett JA, Pryhuber G, Xu Y, Gaulton KJ, Preissl S, Sun X. Single-cell multiomic profiling of human lungs reveals cell-type-specific and age-dynamic control of SARS-CoV2 host genes. eLife 2020; 9:e62522. [PMID: 33164753 PMCID: PMC7688309 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 has placed focus on the lungs. Here, we present single-nucleus accessible chromatin profiles of 90,980 nuclei and matched single-nucleus transcriptomes of 46,500 nuclei in non-diseased lungs from donors of ~30 weeks gestation,~3 years and ~30 years. We mapped candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) and linked them to putative target genes. We identified distal cCREs with age-increased activity linked to SARS-CoV-2 host entry gene TMPRSS2 in alveolar type 2 cells, which had immune regulatory signatures and harbored variants associated with respiratory traits. At the 3p21.31 COVID-19 risk locus, a candidate variant overlapped a distal cCRE linked to SLC6A20, a gene expressed in alveolar cells and with known functional association with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. Our findings provide insight into regulatory logic underlying genes implicated in COVID-19 in individual lung cell types across age. More broadly, these datasets will facilitate interpretation of risk loci for lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Olivier B Poirion
- Center for Epigenomics & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Justin Buchanan
- Center for Epigenomics & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Michael J Valdez
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Xiaomeng Hou
- Center for Epigenomics & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Parul Kudtarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Sharvari Narendra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jacklyn M Newsome
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Divisions of Pulmonary Biology and Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchLa JollaUnited States
| | - Randee E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Justinn Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Ravi Misra
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Heidie Huyck
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Lisa Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Cory Poole
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Jeffery A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Divisions of Pulmonary Biology and Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Divisions of Pulmonary Biology and Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California-San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Wang Z, Zheng G, Li G, Wang M, Ma Z, Li H, Wang XY, Yi H. Methylprednisolone alleviates multiple sclerosis by expanding myeloid-derived suppressor cells via glucocorticoid receptor β and S100A8/9 up-regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13703-13714. [PMID: 33094923 PMCID: PMC7753844 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone is an effective drug in the treatment of autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), due to long‐acting anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic and immunosuppressant. Previous studies have noted the importance of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in MS progression. However, it is still not known whether methylprednisolone could influence the ratio and function of MDSC during MS treatment. In the current study, we found an increased ratio of MDSC at the onset of EAE in mice model; but methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPPT) did not alter the percentage and suppressive function of MDSC during disease attenuation. However, the percentage of G‐MDSC in PBMC significantly increased in patients with MS. Surprisingly, relapsing MS patients showed a significant increase in both M‐MDSC and G‐MDSC after MPPT. The disease remission positively correlated expansion of MDSC and expression of arginase‐1. Additionally, MPPT reduced the expression of inhibitory glucocorticoid (GCs) receptor β subunit on MDSC while elevating serum levels of immune regulatory S100A8/A9 heterodimer. Thus, MDSC dynamics and function in mouse EAE differ from those in human MS during MPPT. Our study suggested that GCs treatment may help relieve the acute phase of MS by expanding MDSC through up‐regulating of GR signalling and S100A8/A9 heterodimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Vasculocardiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangjian Li
- Neurology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengkun Wang
- Pediatric Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huanfa Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Lin L, Wang Y, Sun B, Liu L, Ying W, Wang W, Zhou Q, Hou J, Yao H, Hu L, Sun J, Wang X. The clinical, immunological and genetic features of 12 Chinese patients with STAT3 mutations. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:65. [PMID: 32944025 PMCID: PMC7491347 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the causes of STAT3 hyperimmunoglobulin E (IgE) syndrome (STAT3-HIES), while gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in STAT3 lead to immune dysregulation diseases. We retrospectively analyzed the age, common clinical symptoms, immunologic and molecular manifestations in 11 patients with LOF STAT3 mutations and 1 patient with a GOF STAT3 mutation. Methods Twelve patients were enrolled in our study. Serum immunoglobulin measurements, lymphocyte subset detection and whole-exome sequencing were performed. Results The median age at diagnosis of STAT3-HIES patients was 4.74 years. Eczema, recurrent respiratory infections, fevers, abscesses and Staphylococcus aureus infections were the classic manifestations. Elevated serum IgE levels are not always observed in conjunction with high eosinophil counts. A moderate viral DNA load was also measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We noticed that c. 1144C>T was the most common mutation site, followed by c.1311C>A. Additionally, c.1311C>A and c. 1826G>C are two novel mutations. Eight patients achieved notable improvement after receiving intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusion We updated the current knowledge of this topic. We found an earlier median age at diagnosis, a higher survival rate, and a general lack of nonimmunological abnormalities; we also described the treatment details and novel mutations involve in STAT3-HIES and compared STAT3 LOF and GOF mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Bijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Wenjing Ying
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Qinhua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Jia Hou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Haili Yao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102 China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Gao K, Song YP, Du X, Chen H, Zhao LT. Exploring multiple mechanisms of Qingjie Fanggan prescription for prevention and treatment of influenza based on systems pharmacology. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 88:107307. [PMID: 32622176 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a type of acute disease characterized by strong contagiousness and short incubation period, which have posed a large potential threat to public health. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) advocates to the aim of combating complex diseases from a holistic view, which has shown effectiveness in anti-influenza. However, the mechanism of TCM prescription remains puzzling. Here, we applied a system pharmacology approach to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of Qingjie Fanggan prescription (QFP) in the prevention and treatment of influenza. In this study, we identified 228 potential active compounds by means of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation system and literature research. Then, the targets of the potential active compounds were predicted by using the WES (Weighted Ensemble Similarity) method, and the influenza-related targets were obtained according to some existing gene databases. Next, an herb-component-target network was constructed to further dissect the multi-directional therapeutic approach for QFP. Meanwhile, we also performed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analysis on 344 potential targets. Finally, a target-pathway network was constructed to further dissect the core pathways and targets in treatment of influenza for QFP. And the key components and targets were docked by AutoDock Vina to explore their binding mode. All of these demonstrated that QFP had multi-scale curative activity in regulating influenza-related biological processes, which facilitates the application of traditional medicine in modern medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Pharmacy College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Song
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xia Du
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Pharmacy College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin-Tao Zhao
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Carter-Timofte ME, Jørgensen SE, Freytag MR, Thomsen MM, Brinck Andersen NS, Al-Mousawi A, Hait AS, Mogensen TH. Deciphering the Role of Host Genetics in Susceptibility to Severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1606. [PMID: 32695122 PMCID: PMC7338588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) describes a set of symptoms that develop following infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Whilst COVID-19 disease is most serious in patients with significant co-morbidities, the reason for healthy individuals succumbing to fulminant infection is largely unexplained. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings in terms of clinical features and the host immune response, and suggest candidate immune pathways that may be compromised in otherwise healthy individuals with fulminating COVID-19. On the basis of this early knowledge we reason a potential genetic effect on host immune response pathways leading to increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding these pathways may help not only in unraveling disease pathogenesis, but also in suggesting targets for therapy and prophylaxis. Importantly such insight should instruct efforts to identify those at increased risk in order to institute preventative measures, such as prophylactic medication and/or vaccination, when such opportunities arise in the later phases of the current pandemic or during future similar pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Elena Carter-Timofte
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofie Eg Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Ratzer Freytag
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle Mølgaard Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nanna-Sophie Brinck Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ali Al-Mousawi
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alon Schneider Hait
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Mahdaviani SA, Mansouri D, Jamee M, Zaki-Dizaji M, Aghdam KR, Mortaz E, Khorasanizadeh M, Eskian M, Movahedi M, Ghaffaripour H, Baghaie N, Hassanzad M, Chavoshzadeh Z, Mansouri M, Mesdaghi M, Ghaini M, Noori F, Eskandarzadeh S, Kahkooi S, Poorabdolah M, Tabarsi P, Moniri A, Farnia P, Karimi A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Rezaei N, Marjani M, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Velayati AA. Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD): Clinical and Genetic Features of 32 Iranian Patients. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:872-882. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
121
|
Determinants of neurological syndromes caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). J Neurovirol 2020; 26:482-495. [PMID: 32495195 PMCID: PMC7438298 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpes virus which causes varicella as a primary infection, following which it becomes latent in peripheral autonomic, sensory, and cranial nerve ganglionic neurons from where it may reactivate after decades to cause herpes zoster. VZV reactivation may also cause a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes, in particular, acute encephalitis and vasculopathy. While there is potentially a large number of coding viral mutations that might predispose certain individuals to VZV infections, in practice, a variety of host factors are the main determinants of VZV infection, both disseminated and specifically affecting the nervous system. Host factors include increasing age with diminished cell-mediated immunity to VZV, several primary immunodeficiency syndromes, secondary immunodeficiency syndromes, and drug-induced immunosuppression. In some cases, the molecular immunological basis underlying the increased risk of VZV infections has been defined, in particular, the role of POL III mutations, but in other cases, the mechanisms have yet to be determined. The role of immunization in immunosuppressed individuals as well as its possible efficacy in preventing both generalized and CNS-specific infections will require further investigation to clarify in such patients.
Collapse
|
122
|
Tuerxun W, Wang Y, Cui C, Yang L, Wang S, Yu Y, Wang L. Expression pattern of the interferon regulatory factor family members in influenza virus induced local and systemic inflammatory responses. Clin Immunol 2020; 217:108469. [PMID: 32479990 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon is considered to be a key cytokine in influenza virus-induced acute lung injury (ALI), in which IRF3 and IRF7 play particularly important roles. However, whether all nine members of IRF family are involved in influenza virus-induced immune response is currently unknown. In this study, we found that all members of IRF family responded to influenza virus. The IRF family expression profile seems to be related to the pathogenicity of the particular influenza virus strain. The influenza virus mainly relies on endosomal TLR signals and the positive feedback loop of IFN-I to cause either direct or indirect different expression of all IRF family members locally or systemically. Interestingly, IRF6 was somewhat different from other IRF family members during influenza virus infection. Overall, the expression profile of the IRF family may be a valuable reference for the prevention and treatment of influenza complications, which encourage further, more in-depth research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuqiekun Tuerxun
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi 830054, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Institute of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
The genetics of macrophage activation syndrome. Genes Immun 2020; 21:169-181. [PMID: 32291394 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a cytokine storm syndrome associated with multi-organ system dysfunction and high mortality rates. Laboratory and clinical features resemble primary HLH, which arises in infancy (1 in 50,000 live births) from homozygous mutations in various genes critical to the perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway employed by NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes. MAS/secondary HLH is about ten times more common and typically presents beyond infancy extending into adulthood. The genetics of MAS are far less defined than for familial HLH. However, the distinction between familial HLH and MAS/secondary HLH is blurred by the finding of heterozygous perforin-pathway mutations in MAS patients, which may function as hypomorphic or partial dominant-negative alleles and contribute to disease pathogenesis. In addition, mutations in a variety of other pathogenic pathways have been noted in patients with MAS/secondary HLH. Many of these genetically disrupted pathways result in a similar cytokine storm syndrome, and can be broadly categorized as impaired viral control (e.g., SH2P1A), dysregulated inflammasome activity (e.g., NLRC4), other immune defects (e.g., IKBKG), and dysregulated metabolism (e.g., LIPA). Collectively these genetic lesions likely combine with states of chronic inflammation, as seen in various rheumatic diseases (e.g., still disease), with or without identified infections, to result in MAS pathology as explained by the threshold model of disease. This emerging paradigm may ultimately support genetic risk stratification for high-risk chronic and even acute inflammatory disorders. Moving forward, continued whole-exome and -genome sequencing will likely identify novel MAS gene associations, as well as noncoding mutations altering levels of gene expression.
Collapse
|
124
|
Hii LW, Chung FFL, Mai CW, Yee ZY, Chan HH, Raja VJ, Dephoure NE, Pyne NJ, Pyne S, Leong CO. Sphingosine Kinase 1 Regulates the Survival of Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Non-stem Breast Cancer Cells by Suppression of STAT1. Cells 2020; 9:E886. [PMID: 32260399 PMCID: PMC7226795 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent rare tumor cell populations capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation and are highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, therapeutic approaches that can effectively target CSCs and tumor cells could be the key to efficient tumor treatment. In this study, we explored the function of SPHK1 in breast CSCs and non-CSCs. We showed that RNAi-mediated knockdown of SPHK1 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both breast CSCs and non-CSCs, while ectopic expression of SPHK1 enhanced breast CSC survival and mammosphere forming efficiency. We identified STAT1 and IFN signaling as key regulatory targets of SPHK1 and demonstrated that an important mechanism by which SPHK1 promotes cancer cell survival is through the suppression of STAT1. We further demonstrated that SPHK1 inhibitors, FTY720 and PF543, synergized with doxorubicin in targeting both breast CSCs and non-CSCs. In conclusion, we provide important evidence that SPHK1 is a key regulator of cell survival and proliferation in breast CSCs and non-CSCs and is an attractive target for the design of future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Hii
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA), Epigenetics Group (EGE) International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Zong Yang Yee
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hong Hao Chan
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Joseph Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; (V.J.R.); (N.E.D.)
| | - Noah Elias Dephoure
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; (V.J.R.); (N.E.D.)
| | - Nigel J. Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; (N.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; (N.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Hattori Y, Naito Y, Tsugawa Y, Nonaka S, Wake H, Nagasawa T, Kawaguchi A, Miyata T. Transient microglial absence assists postmigratory cortical neurons in proper differentiation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1631. [PMID: 32242005 PMCID: PMC7118101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing cortex, postmigratory neurons accumulate in the cortical plate (CP) to properly differentiate consolidating subtype identities. Microglia, despite their extensive surveying activity, temporarily disappear from the midembryonic CP. However, the mechanism and significance of this absence are unknown. Here, we show that microglia bidirectionally migrate via attraction by CXCL12 released from the meninges and subventricular zone and thereby exit the midembryonic CP. Upon nonphysiological excessive exposure to microglia in vivo or in vitro, young postmigratory and in vitro-grown CP neurons showed abnormal differentiation with disturbed expression of the subtype-associated transcription factors and genes implicated in functional neuronal maturation. Notably, this effect is primarily attributed to interleukin 6 and type I interferon secreted by microglia. These results suggest that “sanctuarization” from microglia in the midembryonic CP is required for neurons to appropriately fine-tune the expression of molecules needed for proper differentiation, thus securing the establishment of functional cortical circuit. Microglia temporarily disappear from the cortical plate in the midembryonic stage. This study demonstrated that microglial transient absence from the cortical plate is required for postmigratory neurons to appropriately fine-tune the expression of molecules needed for their proper differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu Naito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Tsugawa
- Department of Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Drug Discovery Research, iBody Inc., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Spatiotemporal Regulations Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Okazaki, Japan.,Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of System Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Merkhofer RM, Klein BS. Advances in Understanding Human Genetic Variations That Influence Innate Immunity to Fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:69. [PMID: 32185141 PMCID: PMC7058545 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous. Yet, despite our frequent exposure to commensal fungi of the normal mammalian microbiota and environmental fungi, serious, systemic fungal infections are rare in the general population. Few, if any, fungi are obligate pathogens that rely on infection of mammalian hosts to complete their lifecycle; however, many fungal species are able to cause disease under select conditions. The distinction between fungal saprophyte, commensal, and pathogen is artificial and heavily determined by the ability of an individual host's immune system to limit infection. Dramatic examples of commensal fungi acting as opportunistic pathogens are seen in hosts that are immune compromised due to congenital or acquired immune deficiency. Genetic variants that lead to immunological susceptibility to fungi have long been sought and recognized. Decreased myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils was first reported as a mechanism for susceptibility to Candida infection in 1969. The ability to detect genetic variants and mutations that lead to rare or subtle susceptibilities has improved with techniques such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays, whole exome sequencing (WES), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Still, these approaches have been limited by logistical considerations and cost, and they have been applied primarily to Mendelian impairments in anti-fungal responses. For example, loss-of-function mutations in CARD9 were discovered by studying an extended family with a history of fungal infection. While discovery of such mutations furthers the understanding of human antifungal immunity, major Mendelian susceptibility loci are unlikely to explain genetic disparities in the rate or severity of fungal infection on the population level. Recent work using unbiased techniques has revealed, for example, polygenic mechanisms contributing to candidiasis. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of susceptibility to fungal infections will be a powerful tool in the age of personalized medicine. Future application of this knowledge may enable targeted health interventions for susceptible individuals, and guide clinical decision making based on a patient's individual susceptibility profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Merkhofer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bruce S Klein
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Host Transcription Factors in Hepatitis B Virus RNA Synthesis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020160. [PMID: 32019103 PMCID: PMC7077322 DOI: 10.3390/v12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV persistence is due in part to the highly stable HBV minichromosome or HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that resides in the nucleus. As HBV replication requires the help of host transcription factors to replicate, focusing on host protein–HBV genome interactions may reveal insights into new drug targets against cccDNA. The structural details on such complexes, however, remain poorly defined. In this review, the current literature regarding host transcription factors’ interactions with HBV cccDNA is discussed.
Collapse
|
128
|
Rheumatological manifestations in inborn errors of immunity. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:293-299. [PMID: 31581173 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rare monogenetic diseases serve as natural models to dissect the molecular pathophysiology of the complex disease traits. Rheumatologic disorders by their nature are considered complex diseases with partially genetic origin, as illustrated by their heterogeneous genetic background and variable phenotypic presentation. Recent advances in genetic technologies have helped uncover multiple variants associated with disease susceptibility; however, a precise understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships is still missing. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), in addition to recurrent infections, may also present with autoimmune and autoinflammatory rheumatologic manifestations and have provided insights for understanding the underlying the principles of immune system homeostasis and mechanisms of immune dysregulation. This review discusses the rheumatologic manifestations in IEIs with overlapping and differentiating features in immunodeficiencies and rheumatologic disorders.
Collapse
|
129
|
Kobayashi T, Shimabukuro-Demoto S, Tsutsui H, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Type I interferon limits mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis by controlling secretory granule homeostasis. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000530. [PMID: 31730616 PMCID: PMC6892554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is a family of multifunctional cytokines that modulate the innate and adaptive immunity and are used to treat mastocytosis. Although IFN-I is known to suppress mast cell function, including histamine release, the mechanisms behind its effects on mast cells have been poorly understood. We here investigated IFN-I’s action on mast cells using interferon-α/β receptor subunit 1 (Ifnar1)-deficient mice, which lack a functional IFN-I receptor complex, and revealed that IFN-I in the steady state is critical for mast cell homeostasis, the disruption of which is centrally involved in systemic anaphylaxis. Ifnar1-deficient mice showed exacerbated systemic anaphylaxis after sensitization, which was associated with increased histamine in the circulation, even though the mast cell numbers and high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) expression levels were similar between Ifnar1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice. Ifnar1-deficient mast cells showed increased secretory granule synthesis and exocytosis, which probably involved the increased transcription of Tfeb. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(Stat1) and Stat2 were unexpectedly insufficient to mediate these IFN-I functions, and instead, Stat3 played a critical role in a redundant manner with Stat1. Our findings revealed a novel regulation mechanism of mast cell homeostasis, in which IFN-I controls lysosome-related organelle biogenesis. This study reveals a novel role for type I interferon in mast cell homeostasis; spontaneous type I interferon signaling regulates the biogenesis of secretory granules and maturation of mast cells via STAT1 and STAT3, and limits the onset of systemic anaphylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (NT-S)
| | - Shiho Shimabukuro-Demoto
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (NT-S)
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Al Shehri T, Gilmour K, Gothe F, Loughlin S, Bibi S, Rowan AD, Grainger A, Mohanadas T, Cant AJ, Slatter MA, Hambleton S, Lilic D, Leahy TR. Novel Gain-of-Function Mutation in Stat1 Sumoylation Site Leads to CMC/CID Phenotype Responsive to Ruxolitinib. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:776-785. [PMID: 31512162 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the coiled-coil and DNA-binding domains of STAT1 lead to delayed STAT1 dephosphorylation and subsequently gain-of-function. The associated clinical phenotype is broad and can include chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) and/or combined immunodeficiency (CID). We report a case of CMC/CID in a 10-year-old boy due to a novel mutation in the small ubiquitin molecule (SUMO) consensus site at the C-terminal region of STAT1 leading to gain-of-function by impaired sumoylation. Immunodysregulatory features of disease improved after Janus kinase inhibitor (jakinib) treatment. Functional testing after treatment confirmed reversal of the STAT1 hyper-phosphorylation and downstream transcriptional activity. IL-17 and IL-22 production was, however, not restored with jakinib therapy (ruxolitinib), and the patient remained susceptible to opportunistic infection. In conclusion, a mutation in the SUMO consensus site of STAT1 can lead to gain-of-function that is reversible with jakinib treatment. However, full immunocompetence was not restored, suggesting that this treatment strategy might serve well as a bridge to definitive therapy such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant rather than a long-term treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Shehri
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Lab, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Department of Immunology, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Florian Gothe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sam Loughlin
- Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Shahnaz Bibi
- Regional Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Grainger
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thivytra Mohanadas
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and BMT, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mary A Slatter
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and BMT, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and BMT, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Desa Lilic
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy R Leahy
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, D12 N512, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Kotla NG, Afshar EG, Samarghandian S, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Sethi G. Nanoparticles Targeting STATs in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1158. [PMID: 31569687 PMCID: PMC6829305 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an increase in the incidence rate of cancer has been witnessed. Although many efforts have been made to manage and treat this life threatening condition, it is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, scientists have attempted to target molecular signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation and metastasis. It has been shown that signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) contributes to the progression of cancer cells. This important signaling pathway is associated with a number of biological processes including cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It appears that dysregulation of the STAT signaling pathway promotes the migration, viability and malignancy of various tumor cells. Hence, there have been many attempts to target the STAT signaling pathway. However, it seems that currently applied therapeutics may not be able to effectively modulate the STAT signaling pathway and suffer from a variety of drawbacks such as low bioavailability and lack of specific tumor targeting. In the present review, we demonstrate how nanocarriers can be successfully applied for encapsulation of STAT modulators in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar 6451741117, Iran.
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Seo SU, Kweon MN. Virome-host interactions in intestinal health and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:63-71. [PMID: 31295677 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric virome consists largely of bacteriophages and prophages related to commensal bacteria. Bacteriophages indirectly affect the host immune system by targeting their associated bacteria; however, studies suggest that bacteriophages also have distinct pathways that enable them to interact directly with the host. Eukaryotic viruses are less abundant than bacteriophages but are more efficient in the stimulation of host immune responses. Acute, permanent, and latent viral infections are detected by different types of pattern recognition receptors and induce host immune responses, including the antiviral type I interferon response. Understanding the complex interplay between commensal microorganisms and the host immune system is a prerequisite to elucidating their role in intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Priming of The Host Antiviral Interferon Signaling Pathway by Bronchobini ® Resulting in Balanced Immune Response to Rhinovirus Infection in Mouse Lung Tissue Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092242. [PMID: 31067687 PMCID: PMC6540047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is the predominant virus causing respiratory tract infections. Bronchobini® is a low dose multi component, multi target preparation used to treat inflammatory respiratory diseases such as the common cold, described to ease severity of symptoms such as cough and viscous mucus production. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Bronchobini® in RV infection and to elucidate its mode of action. Therefore, Bronchobini®’s ingredients (BRO) were assessed in an ex vivo model of RV infection using mouse precision-cut lung slices, an organotypic tissue capable to reflect the host immune response to RV infection. Cytokine profiles were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and mesoscale discovery (MSD). Gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix microarrays and ingenuity pathway analysis. BRO treatment resulted in the significant suppression of RV-induced antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Transcriptome analysis revealed a multifactorial mode of action of BRO, with a strong inhibition of the RV-induced pro-inflammatory and antiviral host response mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and interferon signaling pathways. Interestingly, this was due to priming of these pathways in the absence of virus. Overall, BRO exerted its beneficial anti-inflammatory effect by priming the antiviral host response resulting in a reduced inflammatory response to RV infection, thereby balancing an otherwise excessive inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
The Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play pivotal roles in many aspects of the immune response, including immune cell development and differentiation and regulating responses to pathogens. Three family members, IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7, are critical to production of type I interferons downstream of pathogen recognition receptors that detect viral RNA and DNA. A fourth family member, IRF9, regulates interferon-driven gene expression. In addition, IRF4, IRF8, and IRF5 regulate myeloid cell development and phenotype, thus playing important roles in regulating inflammatory responses. Thus, understanding how their levels and activity is regulated is of critical importance given that perturbations in either can result in dysregulated immune responses and potential autoimmune disease. This review will focus the role of IRF family members in regulating type I IFN production and responses and myeloid cell development or differentiation, with particular emphasis on how regulation of their levels and activity by ubiquitination and microRNAs may impact autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Jefferies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|