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Abstract
Examining sex differences in the brain has been historically contentious but is nonetheless important for advancing mental health for both girls and boys. Unfortunately, females in biomedical research remain underrepresented in most mental health conditions including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), even though equal inclusion of females would improve treatment for girls and yield benefits to boys. This review examines sex differences in the relationship between neuroanatomy and neurogenetics of ASD. Recent findings reveal that girls diagnosed with ASD exhibit more intellectual and behavioral problems compared to their male counterparts, suggesting that girls may be less likely diagnosed in the absence of such problems or that they require a higher mutational load to meet the diagnostic criteria. Thus far, the female biased effect of chromosome 4, 5p15.33, 8p, 9p24.1, 11p12-13, 15q, and Xp22.3 and the male biased effect of 1p31.3, 5q12.3, 7q, 9q33.3, 11q13.4, 13q33.3, 16p11.2, 17q11-21, Xp22.33/Yp11.31, DRD1, NLGN3, MAOA, and SHANK1 deletion have been discovered in ASD. The SNPs of genes such as RYR2, UPP2, and the androgen receptor gene have been shown to have sex-biasing factors in both girls and boys diagnosed with ASD. These sex-related genetic factors may drive sex differences in the neuroanatomy of these girls and boys, including abnormal enlargement in temporal gray and white matter volumes, and atypical reduction in cerebellar gray matter volumes and corpus callosum fibers projecting to the anterior frontal cortex in ASD girls relative to boys. Such factors may also be responsible for the attenuation of brain sexual differentiation in adult men and women with ASD; however, much remains to be uncovered or replicated. Future research should leverage further the association between neuroanatomy and genetics in girls for an integrated and interdisciplinary understanding of ASD.
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102
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Reynolds LM, Pokinko M, Torres Berrío A, Cuesta S, Lambert LC, Del Cid Pellitero E, Wodzinski M, Manitt C, Krimpenfort P, Kolb B, Flores C. DCC Receptors Drive Prefrontal Cortex Maturation by Determining Dopamine Axon Targeting in Adolescence. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:181-192. [PMID: 28720317 PMCID: PMC5723533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic input to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases throughout adolescence and, by establishing precisely localized synapses, calibrates cognitive function. However, why and how mesocortical dopamine axon density increases across adolescence remains unknown. METHODS We used a developmental application of axon-initiated recombination to label and track the growth of dopamine axons across adolescence in mice. We then paired this recombination with cell-specific knockdown of the netrin-1 receptor DCC to determine its role in adolescent dopamine axon growth. We then assessed how altering adolescent PFC dopamine axon growth changes the structural and functional development of the PFC by quantifying pyramidal neuron morphology and cognitive performance. RESULTS We show, for the first time, that dopamine axons continue to grow from the striatum to the PFC during adolescence. Importantly, we discover that DCC, a guidance cue receptor, controls the extent of this protracted growth by determining where and when dopamine axons recognize their final target. When DCC-dependent adolescent targeting events are disrupted, dopamine axons continue to grow ectopically from the nucleus accumbens to the PFC and profoundly change PFC structural and functional development. This leads to alterations in cognitive processes known to be impaired across psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSIONS The prolonged growth of dopamine axons represents an extraordinary period for experience to influence their adolescent trajectory and predispose to or protect against psychopathology. DCC receptor signaling in dopamine neurons is a molecular link where genetic and environmental factors may interact in adolescence to influence the development and function of the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Reynolds
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Matthew Pokinko
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Angélica Torres Berrío
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Laura C. Lambert
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Esther Del Cid Pellitero
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Michael Wodzinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Colleen Manitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Paul Krimpenfort
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1066 CX
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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103
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Froudist-Walsh S, Bloomfield MA, Veronese M, Kroll J, Karolis VR, Jauhar S, Bonoldi I, McGuire PK, Kapur S, Murray RM, Nosarti C, Howes O. The effect of perinatal brain injury on dopaminergic function and hippocampal volume in adult life. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29179814 PMCID: PMC5705207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injuries, including hippocampal lesions, cause lasting changes in dopamine function in rodents, but it is not known if this occurs in humans. We compared adults who were born very preterm with perinatal brain injury to those born very preterm without perinatal brain injury, and age-matched controls born at full term using [18F]-DOPA PET and structural MRI. Dopamine synthesis capacity was reduced in the perinatal brain injury group relative to those without brain injury (Cohen’s d = 1.36, p=0.02) and the control group (Cohen’s d = 1.07, p=0.01). Hippocampal volume was reduced in the perinatal brain injury group relative to controls (Cohen’s d = 1.17, p=0.01) and was positively correlated with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (r = 0.344, p=0.03). This is the first evidence in humans linking neonatal hippocampal injury to adult dopamine dysfunction, and provides a potential mechanism linking early life risk factors to adult mental illness. Thirteen million infants are born too early every year. Improved care allows many to survive, but these “preterm infants” still face an increased risk of death and many other complications. Infants born very early, before 32 weeks, are at risk of brain injury because the brain is normally still developing in the later stages of pregnancy. They also have an increased risk of developing mental health problems later in life. Early-life brain injuries in rats cause changes in the production of a chemical called dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain that reinforces rewarding behaviour. People with schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have abnormal levels of dopamine. Changes in brain dopamine levels may explain why early-life brain injury is linked to later mental illness. But first scientists must study whether similar changes occur in humans with an early-life brain injury. Now, Froudist-Walsh et al. use brain imaging to show that people born very early who suffered a brain injury have lower dopamine levels than other adults. Imaging techniques were used to scan the brains of 13 adults who were born before 32 weeks and who had a brain injury around birth, 13 adults born before 32 weeks without a brain injury, and 13 adults born at “full term” (around 39 to 40 weeks). Individuals with low dopamine levels reported difficulty concentrating and a lack of motivation and enjoyment in their lives. Both can be warning signs of mental health problems. People born prematurely without a brain injury had normal dopamine levels and did not report such symptoms. More studies may help scientists understand how early brain injuries may cause brain chemical differences later in life, and how these brain changes affect individual’s mental health. They may also help scientists develop treatments to prevent or treat mental illness in people who experienced a brain injury after a very early birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Froudist-Walsh
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Friedman Brain Institute, Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Michael Ap Bloomfield
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmin Kroll
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vyacheslav R Karolis
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip K McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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104
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Okubo T, Sato A, Okamoto H, Sato T, Sasaoka T. Differential behavioral phenotypes of dopamine D1 receptor knockdown mice at the embryonic, postnatal, and adult stages. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 66:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal ScienceKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
| | - Asako Sato
- Department of Laboratory Animal ScienceKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
- Department of AnesthesiologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Okamoto
- Department of AnesthesiologyKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Department of Laboratory Animal ScienceKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Laboratory Animal ScienceKitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara252‐0374Japan
- Department of Comparative and Experimental MedicineBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata951‐8585Japan
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105
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El-Hage W, Cléry H, Andersson F, Filipiak I, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Gohier B, Surguladze S. Sex-specific effects of COMT Val158Met polymorphism on corpus callosum structure: A whole-brain diffusion-weighted imaging study. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00786. [PMID: 28948081 PMCID: PMC5607550 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms play a significant role in determining brain morphology, including white matter structure and may thus influence the development of brain functions. The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene on white matter connectivity in healthy adults. METHODS We used a whole-brain diffusion-weighted imaging method with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) analysis to examine white matter structural integrity in intrinsic brain networks on a sample of healthy subjects (N = 82). RESULTS Results revealed a sex-specific effect of COMT on corpus callosum (CC): in males only, Val homozygotes had significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to Met-carriers. Volume-of-interest analysis showed a genotype by sex interaction on FA in genu and rostral midbody of CC, whereby Val males demonstrated higher FA than Met females. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the key effect of genes by sex interaction, rather than their individual contribution, on the corpus callosum anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam El-Hage
- Université François-Rabelais de ToursInserm UMR U930 'Imagerie et Cerveau' Tours France.,Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire CHRU de Tours Tours France.,Inserm 1415 Centre d'Investigation Clinique CHRU de Tours Tours France
| | - Helen Cléry
- Université François-Rabelais de ToursInserm UMR U930 'Imagerie et Cerveau' Tours France
| | - Frederic Andersson
- Université François-Rabelais de ToursInserm UMR U930 'Imagerie et Cerveau' Tours France
| | - Isabelle Filipiak
- Université François-Rabelais de ToursInserm UMR U930 'Imagerie et Cerveau' Tours France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Inserm U1127 UPMC-Paris6 UMR-S 975 CNRS UMR 7225 Brain and Spine Institute Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière Paris France.,Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Group Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute Paris France
| | | | - Simon Surguladze
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK.,Social & Affective Neuroscience Laboratory Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia
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106
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Schwarz AP, Trofimov AN, Zubareva OE, Lioudyno VI, Kosheverova VV, Ischenko AM, Klimenko VM. Prefrontal mRNA expression of long and short isoforms of D2 dopamine receptor: Possible role in delayed learning deficit caused by early life interleukin-1β treatment. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:118-122. [PMID: 28673768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long (D2L) and short (D2S) isoform of the D2 dopamine receptor are believed to play different roles in behavioral regulation. However, little is known about differential regulation of these isoforms mRNA expression during the process of learning in physiological and pathological states. In this study, we have investigated the combined effect of training in active avoidance (AA) paradigm and chronic early life treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β (1μg/kg i.p., P15-21) on D2S and D2L dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult rats. We have shown differential regulation of D2 short and long mRNA isoform expression in the mPFC. There was no effect of AA-training on D2S mRNA expression, while D2L mRNA was downregulated in AA-trained control (intact and saline-treated) animals, and this effect was not observed in rats treated with IL-1β. D2S mRNA expression level negatively correlated with learning ability within control (saline-treated and intact) groups but not in IL-1β-treated animals. Thus, prefrontal expression of distinct D2 dopamine receptor splice variants is supposed to be implicated in cognitive decline caused by early life immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Schwarz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Trofimov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez Avenue 44, 199223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria I Lioudyno
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Kosheverova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membranes Dynamics, Department of the Intracellular Signalling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M Klimenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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107
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Moritz AE, Free RB, Sibley DR. Advances and challenges in the search for D 2 and D 3 dopamine receptor-selective compounds. Cell Signal 2017; 41:75-81. [PMID: 28716664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that target D2-like dopamine receptors (DRs) are currently used as therapeutics for several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (antagonists) and Parkinson's disease (agonists). However, as the D2R and D3R subtypes are highly homologous, creating compounds with sufficient subtype-selectivity as well as drug-like properties for therapeutic use has proved challenging. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in developing D2R- or D3R-selective antagonists and agonists, and also describes the experimental conditions that need to be considered when determining the selectivity of a given compound, as apparent selectivity can vary widely depending on assay conditions. Future advances in this field may take advantage of currently available structural data to target alternative secondary binding sites through creating bivalent or bitopic chemical structures. Alternatively, the use of high-throughput screening techniques to identify novel scaffolds that might bind to the D2R or D3R in areas other than the highly conserved orthosteric site, such as allosteric sites, followed by iterative medicinal chemistry will likely lead to exceptionally selective compounds in the future. More selective compounds will provide a better understanding of the normal and pathological functioning of each receptor subtype, as well as offer the potential for improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States.
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108
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Froudist-Walsh S, López-Barroso D, José Torres-Prioris M, Croxson PL, Berthier ML. Plasticity in the Working Memory System: Life Span Changes and Response to Injury. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:261-276. [PMID: 28691573 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417717210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Working memory acts as a key bridge between perception, long-term memory, and action. The brain regions, connections, and neurotransmitters that underlie working memory undergo dramatic plastic changes during the life span, and in response to injury. Early life reliance on deep gray matter structures fades during adolescence as increasing reliance on prefrontal and parietal cortex accompanies the development of executive aspects of working memory. The rise and fall of working memory capacity and executive functions parallels the development and loss of neurotransmitter function in frontal cortical areas. Of the affected neurotransmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine modulate excitatory-inhibitory circuits that underlie working memory, are important for plasticity in the system, and are affected following preterm birth and adult brain injury. Pharmacological interventions to promote recovery of working memory abilities have had limited success, but hold promise if used in combination with behavioral training and brain stimulation. The intense study of working memory in a range of species, ages and following injuries has led to better understanding of the intrinsic plasticity mechanisms in the working memory system. The challenge now is to guide these mechanisms to better improve or restore working memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Froudist-Walsh
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- 2 Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit and Cathedra ARPA of Aphasia, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,3 Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - María José Torres-Prioris
- 2 Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit and Cathedra ARPA of Aphasia, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,3 Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Paula L Croxson
- 1 Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo L Berthier
- 2 Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit and Cathedra ARPA of Aphasia, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias (CIMES) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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109
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Hsueh PT, Wang HH, Liu CL, Ni WF, Chen YL, Liu JK. Expression of cerebral serotonin related to anxiety-like behaviors in C57BL/6 offspring induced by repeated subcutaneous prenatal exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650979 PMCID: PMC5484498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which likely occurs due to infection or contact with environmental allergens during pregnancy, is a proposed risk factor that induces anxiety- and autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in offspring. However, the molecular and behavioral changes in offspring after maternal immune activation have not been completely identified. We hypothesized that a subcutaneous injection of LPS in a pregnant mouse would induce changes in cerebral serotonin (5-HT) in parallel to the appearance of anxiety-like behaviors in the dam’s offspring. After LPS injections (total, 100 μg/Kg), the time spent in the central region during the open field test and the number of times that the mice moved between the light and dark boxes and between the open and closed arms on the elevated plus maze test revealed anxiety-like behaviors in offspring at 5, 6 and 9 weeks of age. The mRNA expression levels of tph2 (5-HT synthesizing enzyme) and slc6a4 (5-HT transporter) were down-regulated in both adolescent (5 weeks of age) and adult (8 weeks of age) brains. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the numbers and sizes of tph2-expressing cells were notably decreased in the raphe nuclei of the midbrain of adults. Moreover, compared with controls (phosphate-buffered saline-treated offspring), the cerebral 5-HT concentration at adolescence and adulthood in LPS-induced offspring was significantly decreased. We concluded that maternal immune activation induced by exposure to a low dose of LPS decreased cerebral 5-HT levels in parallel to the down-regulation of the tph2 and slc6a4 genes and in conjunction with anxiety-like behaviors in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tan Hsueh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Han Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fen Ni
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (LJK); (CYL)
| | - Jong-Kang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (LJK); (CYL)
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110
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Dorce ALC, Martins ADN, Dorce VAC, Nencioni ALA. Perinatal effects of scorpion venoms: maternal and offspring development. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28630618 PMCID: PMC5471709 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the high incidence of scorpionism in some areas, pregnant women and nursing mothers may be possible victims. Scorpion stings alter the release of neurotransmitters and some cytokines. These mediators act as organizers and programmers in the adequate formation of the nerves, and non-physiological concentrations of them during the brain organization originate disorders and diseases that can appear later in the life of the individual. Despite the importance of this subject, there are only a few studies showing the effects of scorpion venom on maternal reproductive development, in the morphology and physical and behavioral development of offspring. The present review article summarizes the major findings on this issue. Biochemical changes in the blood – such as hyperglycemia, increase on the level of sodium and on the creatinine concentration – are observed after scorpion sting in humans and experimental animals. Some studies in the literature demonstrate that the scorpion venom affects the maternal reproductive development in humans and in experimental animals, increasing the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction and the number of resorptions. The venom can also lead to some alterations in the embryonic or fetal development increasing the total weight of fetuses and of some organs. Moreover, it affects the general activity and locomotion during childhood and adulthood, and the anxiety level in adult females and males. It also alters the number of hippocampal neurons and interferes in the level of some cytokines. Altogether, it is evident that the venom, when administered during the pregnancy or lactation, affects the development of the offspring. Studies are being conducted to determine the actual participation of the venom in the development of the offspring, and to what extent they are detrimental to animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leticia Coronado Dorce
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Adriana do Nascimento Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sciences - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | | | - Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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111
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Eckstein MK, Guerra-Carrillo B, Miller Singley AT, Bunge SA. Beyond eye gaze: What else can eyetracking reveal about cognition and cognitive development? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:69-91. [PMID: 27908561 PMCID: PMC6987826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an introduction to two eyetracking measures that can be used to study cognitive development and plasticity: pupil dilation and spontaneous blink rate. We begin by outlining the rich history of gaze analysis, which can reveal the current focus of attention as well as cognitive strategies. We then turn to the two lesser-utilized ocular measures. Pupil dilation is modulated by the brain's locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which controls physiological arousal and attention, and has been used as a measure of subjective task difficulty, mental effort, and neural gain. Spontaneous eyeblink rate correlates with levels of dopamine in the central nervous system, and can reveal processes underlying learning and goal-directed behavior. Taken together, gaze, pupil dilation, and blink rate are three non-invasive and complementary measures of cognition with high temporal resolution and well-understood neural foundations. Here we review the neural foundations of pupil dilation and blink rate, provide examples of their usage, describe analytic methods and methodological considerations, and discuss their potential for research on learning, cognitive development, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Eckstein
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | | | | | - Silvia A Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, United States; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, United States.
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112
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Tilley SK, Joseph RM, Kuban KCK, Dammann OU, O’Shea TM, Fry RC. Genomic biomarkers of prenatal intrauterine inflammation in umbilical cord tissue predict later life neurological outcomes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176953. [PMID: 28493900 PMCID: PMC5426658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is a major risk factor for neurodevelopmental delays and disorders. This study aimed to identify genomic biomarkers of intrauterine inflammation in umbilical cord tissue in preterm neonates that predict cognitive impairment at 10 years of age. STUDY DESIGN Genome-wide messenger RNA (mRNA) levels from umbilical cord tissue were obtained from 43 neonates born before 28 weeks of gestation. Genes that were differentially expressed across four indicators of intrauterine inflammation were identified and their functions examined. Exact logistic regression was used to test whether expression levels in umbilical cord tissue predicted neurocognitive function at 10 years of age. RESULTS Placental indicators of inflammation were associated with changes in the mRNA expression of 445 genes in umbilical cord tissue. Transcripts with decreased expression showed significant enrichment for biological signaling processes related to neuronal development and growth. The altered expression of six genes was found to predict neurocognitive impairment when children were 10 years old These genes include two that encode for proteins involved in neuronal development. CONCLUSION Prenatal intrauterine inflammation is associated with altered gene expression in umbilical cord tissue. A set of six of the differentially expressed genes predict cognitive impairment later in life, suggesting that the fetal environment is associated with significant adverse effects on neurodevelopment that persist into later childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloane K. Tilley
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karl C. K. Kuban
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olaf U. Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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113
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Fransquet PD, Hutchinson D, Olsson CA, Allsop S, Elliott EJ, Burns L, Mattick R, Saffery R, Ryan J. Cannabis use by women during pregnancy does not influence infant DNA methylation of the dopamine receptor DRD4. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:671-677. [PMID: 28448718 PMCID: PMC5706968 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1314488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy is linked with long-term adverse behavioral outcomes in offspring. Epigenetic processes established in utero that affect dopaminergic (reward) signaling may mediate risks. Associations between cannabis use and offspring DNA methylation have not been investigated; however, maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy is associated with distinct patterns of DNA methylation at birth and beyond. Objectives: To determine whether maternal cannabis use is associated with methylation of the dopamine receptor gene DRD4 promoter in infants. Methods: Mothers in the Triple B study provided detailed information on drug use in each trimester of pregnancy. Buccal swabs were collected from neonates at 8 weeks (n = 804, 51.7% male, and 48.3% female). DRD4 promoter DNA methylation was measured using SEQUENOM MassARRAY. Results: Fifty-seven of the women in the study reported drug use during pregnancy, of whom 44 used cannabis. Of 19 cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) units tested in DRD4, gestational cannabis use was associated with offspring methylation at 1 CpG unit in multivariate models (β + 1.48, CI: 0.02 to 2.93, and p = 0.047). At another site there was weak evidence that both cannabis and other drug use were independently associated with increased methylation, while the association with tobacco was in the reverse direction (cannabis use β + 0.67, CI: −0.12 to 1.46, and p = 0.09; other drug use β + 1.11, CI: 0.17 to 2.05, and p = 0.02; tobacco use β −0.41, CI: −0.85 to 0.03, and p = 0.07). None of the associations would remain significant after correction for multiple testing. Conclusion: There is no strong evidence that maternal cannabis use in pregnancy is associated with offspring DRD4 methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fransquet
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,h School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Delyse Hutchinson
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,c Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health , Deakin University , Melbourne , Australia.,d National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,c Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health , Deakin University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Steve Allsop
- e National Drug Research Institute , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Elliott
- f Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health , The University of Sydney, The Sydney Children's Hospital's Network (Westmead) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Lucinda Burns
- b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Richard Mattick
- d National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,g Inserm U1061 , Montpellier , France.,h School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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Brain morphology in school-aged children with prenatal opioid exposure: A structural MRI study. Early Hum Dev 2017; 106-107:33-39. [PMID: 28187337 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both animal and human studies have suggested that prenatal opioid exposure may be detrimental to the developing fetal brain. However, results are somewhat conflicting. Structural brain changes in children with prenatal opioid exposure have been reported in a few studies, and such changes may contribute to neuropsychological impairments observed in exposed children. AIM To investigate the association between prenatal opioid exposure and brain morphology in school-aged children. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of prenatally opioid-exposed children and matched controls. SUBJECTS A hospital-based sample (n=16) of children aged 10-14years with prenatal exposure to opioids and 1:1 sex- and age-matched unexposed controls. OUTCOME MEASURES Automated brain volume measures obtained from T1-weighted MRI scans using FreeSurfer. RESULTS Volumes of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellar white matter were reduced in the opioid-exposed group, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in global brain measures (total brain, cerebral cortex, and cerebral white matter volumes). CONCLUSIONS In line with the limited findings reported in the literature to date, our study showed an association between prenatal opioid exposure and reduced regional brain volumes. Adverse effects of opioids on the developing fetal brain may explain this association. However, further research is needed to explore the causal nature and functional consequences of these findings.
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115
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Fransquet PD, Hutchinson D, Olsson CA, Wilson J, Allsop S, Najman J, Elliott E, Mattick RP, Saffery R, Ryan J. Perinatal maternal alcohol consumption and methylation of the dopamine receptor DRD4 in the offspring: the Triple B study. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw023. [PMID: 29492300 PMCID: PMC5804537 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal alcohol use during the perinatal period is a major public health issue, the higher ends of which are associated with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and a range of adverse health outcomes in the progeny. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown but may include the epigenetic disruption of gene activity during development. Alcohol directly activates the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an essential role in neurodevelopment. To investigate whether antenatal and early postnatal alcohol consumption were associated with differential dopamine receptor DRD4 promoter methylation in infants (n = 844). Data were drawn from the large population based Triple B pregnancy cohort study, with detailed information on maternal alcohol consumption in each trimester of pregnancy and early postpartum. DNA was extracted from infant buccal swabs collected at 8-weeks. DRD4 promoter DNA methylation was analysed by Sequenom MassARRAY. No strong evidence was found for an association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infant DRD4 methylation at 8-weeks postpartum. However, maternal alcohol consumption assessed contemporaneously at 8-weeks postpartum was associated with increased methylation at 13 of 19 CpG units examined (largest Δ + 3.20%, 95%Confidence Interval:1.66,4.75%, P = 0.0001 at CpG.6). This association was strongest in women who breastfeed, suggesting the possibility of a direct effect of alcohol exposure via breast milk. The findings of this study could influence public health guidelines around alcohol consumption for breastfeeding mothers; however, further research is required to confirm these novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Fransquet
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Delyse Hutchinson
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Judy Wilson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steve Allsop
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jake Najman
- Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, Schools of Public Health and Social Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Elliott
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, The Sydney Children’s Hospital, Hospitals Network, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P. Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Australia
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Womersley JS, Mpeta B, Dimatelis JJ, Kellaway LA, Stein DJ, Russell VA. Developmental stress elicits preference for methamphetamine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2016; 12:18. [PMID: 27317355 PMCID: PMC4912802 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental stress has been hypothesised to interact with genetic predisposition to increase the risk of developing substance use disorders. Here we have investigated the effects of maternal separation-induced developmental stress using a behavioural proxy of methamphetamine preference in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the spontaneously hypertensive rat, versus Wistar Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley comparator strains. RESULTS Analysis of results obtained using a conditioned place preference paradigm revealed a significant strain × stress interaction with maternal separation inducing preference for the methamphetamine-associated compartment in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Maternal separation increased behavioural sensitization to the locomotor-stimulatory effects of methamphetamine in both spontaneously hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley strains but not in Wistar Kyoto rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that developmental stress in a genetic rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may foster a vulnerability to the development of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S. Womersley
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Bafokeng Mpeta
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Jacqueline J. Dimatelis
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Lauriston A. Kellaway
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Dan J. Stein
- />Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Vivienne A. Russell
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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117
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Tristán-Noguero A, Díez H, Jou C, Pineda M, Ormazábal A, Sánchez A, Artuch R, Garcia-Cazorla À. Study of a fetal brain affected by a severe form of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, a rare cause of early parkinsonism. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:705-9. [PMID: 26686676 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) deficiency is an inborn error of dopamine synthesis. Two clinical phenotypes have been described. The THD "B" phenotype produces a severe encephalopathy of early-onset with sub-optimal L-Dopa response, whereas the "A" phenotype has a better L-Dopa response and outcome. The objective of the study is to describe the expression of key synaptic proteins and neurodevelopmental markers in a fetal brain of THD "B" phenotype. The brain of a 16-week-old miscarried human fetus was dissected in different brain areas and frozen until the analysis. TH gene study revealed the p.R328W/p.T399M mutations, the same mutations that produced a B phenotype in her sister. After protein extraction, western blot analyses were performed to assess protein expression. The results were compared to an age-matched control. We observed a decreased expression in TH and in other dopaminergic proteins, such as VMAT 1 and 2 and dopamine receptors, especially D2DR. GABAergic and glutamatergic proteins such as GABA VT, NMDAR1 and calbindin were also altered. Developmental markers for synapses, axons and dendrites were decreased whereas markers of neuronal volume were preserved. Although this is an isolated case, this brain sample is unique and corresponds to the first reported study of a THD brain. It provides interesting information about the influence of dopamine as a regulator of other neurotransmitter systems, brain development and movement disorders with origin at the embryological state. This study could also contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of THD at early fetal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Tristán-Noguero
- Laboratory of Synaptic Metabolism, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu (FSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950,, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Díez
- Laboratory of Synaptic Metabolism, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu (FSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950,, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pineda
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950,, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Ormazábal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Sánchez
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular and IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Àngels Garcia-Cazorla
- Laboratory of Synaptic Metabolism, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu (FSJD), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950,, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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118
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Kaitz M, Mankuta D, Rokem AM, Faraone S. Dopamine receptor polymorphism modulates the relation between antenatal maternal anxiety and fetal movement. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:980-989. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Kaitz
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - David Mankuta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ann Marie Rokem
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Stephen Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology; State University of New York Upstate Medical University; Syracuse New York
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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119
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Massart R, Mignon V, Stanic J, Munoz-Tello P, Becker JAJ, Kieffer BL, Darmon M, Sokoloff P, Diaz J. Developmental and adult expression patterns of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 in the rat: Establishment of a dual nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2776-802. [PMID: 26918661 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is a neuronal cerebral orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. However, no extensive description of its localization has been provided so far. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal expression of the GPR88 in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GPR88 protein was initially detected at embryonic day 16 (E16) in the striatal primordium. From E16-E20 to adulthood, the highest expression levels of both protein and mRNA were observed in striatum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and neocortex, whereas in spinal cord, pons, and medulla GPR88 expression remains discrete. We observed an intracellular redistribution of GPR88 during cortical lamination. In the cortical plate of the developing cortex, GPR88 presents a classical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localization that shifts, on the day of birth, to nuclei of neurons progressively settling in layers V to II. This intranuclear localization remains throughout adulthood and was also detected in monkey and human cortex as well as in the amygdala and hypothalamus of rats. Apart from the central nervous system, GPR88 was transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral tissues, including adrenal cortex (E16-E21) and cochlear ganglia (E19-P3), and also at moderate levels in retina (E18-E19) and spleen (E21-P7). The description of the GPR88 anatomical expression pattern may provide precious functional insights into this novel receptor. Furthermore, the GRP88 nuclear localization suggests nonclassical GPCR modes of action of the protein that could be relevant for cortical development and psychiatric disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2776-2802, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Massart
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme A J Becker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
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Tang J, Zheng XT, Xiao K, Wang KL, Wang J, Wang YX, Wang K, Wang W, Lu S, Yang KL, Sun PP, Khaliq H, Zhong J, Peng KM. Effect of Boric Acid Supplementation on the Expression of BDNF in African Ostrich Chick Brain. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:208-15. [PMID: 26226831 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The degree of brain development can be expressed by the levels of brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF plays an irreplaceable role in the process of neuronal development, protection, and restoration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of boric acid supplementation in water on the ostrich chick neuronal development. One-day-old healthy animals were supplemented with boron in drinking water at various concentrations, and the potential effects of boric acid on brain development were tested by a series of experiments. The histological changes in brain were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. Expression of BDNF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis was evaluated with Dutp-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction, and caspase-3 was detected with QRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) under the light microscope, the neuron structure was well developed with abundance of neurites and intact cell morphology when animals were fed with less than 160 mg/L of boric acid (groups II, III, IV). Adversely, when boric acid doses were higher than 320 mg/L(groups V, VI), the high-dose boric acid neuron structure was damaged with less neurites, particularly at 640 mg/L; (2) the quantity of BDNF expression in groups II, III, and IV was increased while it was decreased in groups V and VI when compared with that in group I; (3) TUNEL reaction and the caspase-3 mRNA level showed that the amount of cell apoptosis in group II, group III, and group IV were decreased, but increased in group V and group VI significantly. These results indicated that appropriate supplementation of boric acid, especially at 160 mg/L, could promote ostrich chicks' brain development by promoting the BDNF expression and reducing cell apoptosis. Conversely, high dose of boric acid particularly in 640 mg/L would damage the neuron structure of ostrich chick brain by inhibiting the BDNF expression and increasing cell apoptosis. Taken together, the 160 mg/L boric acid supplementation may be the optimal dose for the brain development of ostrich chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Huangshi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Huangshi Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Huangshi, 435000, HuBei, China.
| | - Xing-ting Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kun-lun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun-xiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shun Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke-li Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng-Peng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juming Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ke-Mei Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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121
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Tessitore A, Santangelo G, De Micco R, Vitale C, Giordano A, Raimo S, Corbo D, Amboni M, Barone P, Tedeschi G. Cortical thickness changes in patients with Parkinson's disease and impulse control disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 24:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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122
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Martinucci I, Blandizzi C, de Bortoli N, Bellini M, Antonioli L, Tuccori M, Fornai M, Marchi S, Colucci R. Genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic transmitter pathways in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:523-39. [PMID: 25916523 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are highly prevalent syndromes, without evident underlying organic causes. Their pathogenesis is multifactorial in nature, with a combination of environmental and genetic factors contributing to their clinical manifestations, for which most of current treatments are not satisfactory. It is acknowledged that amine mediators (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) play pivotal regulatory actions on gut functions and visceral sensation. In addition, drugs of therapeutic interest for FGIDs act on these transmitter pathways. The present article reviews current knowledge on the impact of genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic pathways on FGID pathophysiology, clinical presentations, symptom severity and medical management, in an attempt of highlighting the most relevant evidence and point out issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinucci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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123
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Wakabayashi C, Numakawa T, Ooshima Y, Hattori K, Kunugi H. Possible role of the dopamine D1 receptor in the sensorimotor gating deficits induced by high-fat diet. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4393-400. [PMID: 26359228 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-fat diet (HFD) has been recently reported to induce sensorimotor gating deficits, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine whether HFD induces long-lasting deficits in sensorimotor gating and to examine the involvement of altered dopamine (DA) function. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD for 10 weeks and then normal diet (ND) for 4 weeks. DA D2 receptor (D2R) knockout (KO) mice were also fed HFD for 10 weeks. The mice were evaluated for prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle after HFD and the subsequent 4-week ND. We evaluated the effect of SCH23390, a D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist, on PPI and measured protein expression levels of D1R and D2R in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in HFD mice. The concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in the cortices of 10-week HFD or ND mice were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Long-term HFD-induced PPI disruption in WT and D2R KO mice. Even after 4 weeks of subsequent ND, PPI remained to be disrupted. SCH23390 mitigated the PPI disruption. In HFD animals, D1R protein expression in the PFC was significantly decreased, while DA, homovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the cortex were increased. CONCLUSION This is the first evidence that HFD can induce long-lasting deficits in sensorimotor gating through alteration of cortical levels of DA and its metabolites. Our data suggest that HFD-induced PPI deficits are related to altered D1R signaling and that D1R antagonists may have therapeutic effects on the deficits.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Homovanillic Acid/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prepulse Inhibition/drug effects
- Prepulse Inhibition/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/physiology
- Sensory Gating/drug effects
- Sensory Gating/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Wakabayashi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ooshima
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience, 4-1-1, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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124
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Nelson SB, Valakh V. Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance and Circuit Homeostasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuron 2015; 87:684-98. [PMID: 26291155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and related neurological disorders are associated with mutations in many genes affecting the ratio between neuronal excitation and inhibition. However, understanding the impact of these mutations on network activity is complicated by the plasticity of these networks, making it difficult in many cases to separate initial deficits from homeostatic compensation. Here we explore the contrasting evidence for primary defects in inhibition or excitation in ASDs and attempt to integrate the findings in terms of the brain's ability to maintain functional homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Vera Valakh
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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125
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Bussy C, Al-Jamal KT, Boczkowski J, Lanone S, Prato M, Bianco A, Kostarelos K. Microglia Determine Brain Region-Specific Neurotoxic Responses to Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7815-7830. [PMID: 26043308 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface tunability and their ability to translocate plasma membranes make chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) promising intracellular delivery systems for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study aimed to determine the biological impact of different types of multiwalled CNTs (MWNTs) on primary neuronal and glial cell populations isolated from fetal rat frontal cortex (FCO) and striatum (ST). Neurons from both brain regions were generally not affected by exposure to MWNTs as determined by a modified LDH assay. In contrast, the viability of mixed glia was reduced in ST-derived mixed glial cultures, but not in FCO-derived ones. Cytotoxicity was independent of MWNT type or dose, suggesting an inherent sensitivity to CNTs. Characterization of the cell populations in mixed glial cultures prior to nanotube exposure showed higher number of CD11b/c positive cells in the ST-derived mixed glial cultures. After exposure to MWNTs, CNT were uptaken more effectively by CD11b/c positive cells (microglia), compared to GFAP positive cells (astrocytes). When exposed to conditioned media from microglia enriched cultures exposed to MWNTs, ST-derived glial cultures secreted more NO than FCO-derived cells. These results suggested that the more significant cytotoxic response obtained from ST-derived mixed glia cultures was related to the higher number of microglial cells in this brain region. Our findings emphasize the role that resident macrophages of the CNS play in response to nanomaterials and the need to thoroughly investigate the brain region-specific effects toward designing implantable devices or delivery systems to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences & National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale , Créteil F-94010 , France
- Université Paris Est Val de Marne (UPEC) , Créteil F-94010, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Physiologie Explorations Fonctionnelles , Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale , Créteil F-94010 , France
- Université Paris Est Val de Marne (UPEC) , Créteil F-94010, France
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil , Service de Pneumologie et Pathologie Professionnelle, Créteil F-94000, France
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , UPR 3572, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences & National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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126
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Parlog A, Schlüter D, Dunay IR. Toxoplasma gondii-induced neuronal alterations. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:159-70. [PMID: 25376390 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii infects over 30% of the human population. The intracellular parasite can persist lifelong in the CNS within neurons modifying their function and structure, thus leading to specific behavioural changes of the host. In recent years, several in vitro studies and murine models have focused on the elucidation of these modifications. Furthermore, investigations of the human population have correlated Toxoplasma seropositivity with changes in neurological functions; however, the complex underlying mechanisms of the subtle behavioural alteration are still not fully understood. The parasites are able to induce direct modifications in the infected cells, for example by altering dopamine metabolism, by functionally silencing neurons as well as by hindering apoptosis. Moreover, indirect effects of the peripheral immune system and alterations of the immune status of the CNS, observed during chronic infection, might also contribute to changes in neuronal connectivity and synaptic plasticity. In this review, we will provide an overview and highlight recent advances, which describe changes in the neuronal function and morphology upon T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parlog
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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127
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Efectos de la morfina en la plasticidad cerebral. Neurologia 2015; 30:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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128
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Beltrán-Campos V, Silva-Vera M, García-Campos M, Díaz-Cintra S. Effects of morphine on brain plasticity. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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129
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Graham DL, Durai HH, Garden JD, Cohen EL, Echevarria FD, Stanwood GD. Loss of dopamine D2 receptors increases parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:297-305. [PMID: 25393953 PMCID: PMC4372074 DOI: 10.1021/cn500235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Disruption
to dopamine homeostasis during brain development has been implicated
in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and
schizophrenia. Inappropriate expression or activity of GABAergic interneurons
are common features of many of these disorders. We discovered a persistent
upregulation of GAD67+ and parvalbumin+ neurons within the anterior
cingulate cortex of dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice, while other
GABAergic interneuron markers were unaffected. Interneuron distribution
and number were not altered in the striatum or in the dopamine-poor
somatosensory cortex. The changes were already present by postnatal
day 14, indicating a developmental etiology. D2eGFP BAC transgenic
mice demonstrated the presence of D2 receptor expression within a
subset of parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons, suggesting
the possibility of a direct cellular mechanism through which D2 receptor
stimulation regulates interneuron differentiation or survival. D2
receptor knockout mice also exhibited decreased depressive-like behavior
compared with wild-type controls in the tail suspension test. These
data indicate that dopamine signaling modulates interneuron number
and emotional behavior and that developmental D2 receptor loss or
blockade could reveal a potential mechanism for the prodromal basis
of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L. Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heather H. Durai
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jamie D. Garden
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Evan L. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Franklin D. Echevarria
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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130
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Increased dopamine D2 receptor activity in the striatum alters the firing pattern of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1498-506. [PMID: 25675529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500450112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that the core deficits of schizophrenia result from dysfunction of the dopamine (DA) system, but details of this dysfunction remain unclear. We previously reported a model of transgenic mice that selectively and reversibly overexpress DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the striatum (D2R-OE mice). D2R-OE mice display deficits in cognition and motivation that are strikingly similar to the deficits in cognition and motivation observed in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we show that in vivo, both the firing rate (tonic activity) and burst firing (phasic activity) of identified midbrain DA neurons are impaired in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not in the substantia nigra (SN), of D2R-OE mice. Normalizing striatal D2R activity by switching off the transgene in adulthood recovered the reduction in tonic activity of VTA DA neurons, which is concordant with the rescue in motivation that we previously reported in our model. On the other hand, the reduction in burst activity was not rescued, which may be reflected in the observed persistence of cognitive deficits in D2R-OE mice. We have identified a potential molecular mechanism for the altered activity of DA VTA neurons in D2R-OE mice: a reduction in the expression of distinct NMDA receptor subunits selectively in identified mesolimbic DA VTA, but not nigrostriatal DA SN, neurons. These results suggest that functional deficits relevant for schizophrenia symptoms may involve differential regulation of selective DA pathways.
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131
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Emanuele E. Does reverse transport of dopamine play a role in autism? EBioMedicine 2015; 2:98-9. [PMID: 26137546 PMCID: PMC4484826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Emanuele
- Living Research s.a.s., Via Monte Grappa, 13, I-27038 Robbio, PV, Italy
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132
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Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25762938 PMCID: PMC4332163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of depression. Overlap in the symptoms and genetic risk factors between the two disorders suggests a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. Understanding these shared mechanisms will be important in informing the development of new treatments. Rodent models are powerful tools for understanding gene function as it relates to behavior. Examining rodent models relevant to both schizophrenia and depression reveals a number of common mechanisms. Current models which demonstrate endophenotypes of both schizophrenia and depression are reviewed here, including models of CUB and SUSHI multiple domains 1, PDZ and LIM domain 5, glutamate Delta 1 receptor, diabetic db/db mice, neuropeptide Y, disrupted in schizophrenia 1, and its interacting partners, reelin, maternal immune activation, and social isolation. Neurotransmission, brain connectivity, the immune system, the environment, and metabolism emerge as potential common mechanisms linking these models and potentially explaining comorbid depression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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133
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Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:61-87. [PMID: 24938210 PMCID: PMC4262892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. These effects on the developing nervous system, before homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are properly calibrated, often differ from their effects on mature systems. In this review, we describe current knowledge on how alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy, and opiates (among other drugs) produce alterations in neurodevelopmental trajectory. We focus both on animal models and available clinical and imaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies. Early studies of fetal exposures focused on classic teratological methods that are insufficient for revealing more subtle effects that are nevertheless very behaviorally relevant. Modern mechanistic approaches have informed us greatly as to how to potentially ameliorate the induced deficits in brain formation and function, but conclude that better delineation of sensitive periods, dose-response relationships, and long-term longitudinal studies assessing future risk of offspring to exhibit learning disabilities, mental health disorders, and limited neural adaptations are crucial to limit the societal impact of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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134
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Shanks RA, Ross JM, Doyle HH, Helton AK, Picou BN, Schulz J, Tavares C, Bryant S, Dawson BL, Lloyd SA. Adolescent exposure to cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate cross-sensitizes adults to methamphetamine with drug- and sex-specific effects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:116-24. [PMID: 25496784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability, over-prescription, and misuse and abuse of ADHD psychostimulant medications in adolescent populations necessitates studies investigating the long-term effects of these drugs persisting into adulthood. Male and female C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to amphetamine (AMPH) (1.0 and 10 mg/kg), methylphenidate (MPD) (1.0 and 10 mg/kg), or cocaine (COC) (5.0 mg/kg) from postnatal day 22 to 31, which represents an early adolescent period. After an extended period of drug abstinence, adult mice were challenged with a subacute methamphetamine (METH) dose (0.5 mg/kg), to test the long-term effects of adolescent drug exposures on behavioral cross-sensitization using an open field chamber. There were no sex- or dose-specific effects on motor activity in adolescent, saline-treated controls. However, AMPH, MPD, and COC adolescent exposures induced cross-sensitization to a subacute METH dose in adulthood, which is a hallmark of addiction and a marker of long-lasting plastic changes in the brain. Of additional clinical importance, AMPH-exposed male mice demonstrated increased cross-sensitization to METH in contrast to the female-specific response observed in MPD-treated animals. There were no sex-specific effects after adolescent COC exposures. This study demonstrates differential drug, dose, and sex-specific alterations induced by early adolescent psychostimulant exposure, which leads to behavioral alterations that persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Shanks
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Jordan M Ross
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Hillary H Doyle
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Amanda K Helton
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Brittany N Picou
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Jordyn Schulz
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Chris Tavares
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Sarah Bryant
- Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Bryan L Dawson
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
| | - Steven A Lloyd
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA.
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135
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Hall ZJ, De Serrano AR, Rodd FH, Tropepe V. Casting a wider fish net on animal models in neuropsychiatric research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:7-15. [PMID: 24726811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, are associated with abnormal brain development. In this review, we discuss how studying dimensional components of these disorders, or endophenotypes, in a wider range of animal models will deepen our understanding of how interactions between biological and environmental factors alter the trajectory of neurodevelopment leading to aberrant behavior. In particular, we discuss some of the advantages of incorporating studies of brain and behavior using a range of teleost fish species into current neuropsychiatric research. From the perspective of comparative neurobiology, teleosts share a fundamental pattern of neurodevelopment and functional brain organization with other vertebrates, including humans. These shared features provide a basis for experimentally probing the mechanisms of disease-associated brain abnormalities. Moreover, incorporating information about how behaviors have been shaped by evolution will allow us to better understand the relevance of behavioral variation to determine their physiological underpinnings. We believe that exploiting the conservation in brain development across vertebrate species, and the rich diversity of fish behavior in lab and natural populations will lead to significant new insights and a holistic understanding of the neurobiological systems implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Hall
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex R De Serrano
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - F Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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136
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Frank GKW. Could dopamine agonists aid in drug development for anorexia nervosa? Front Nutr 2014; 1:19. [PMID: 25988121 PMCID: PMC4428488 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder most commonly starting during the teenage-years and associated with food refusal and low body weight. Typically there is a loss of menses, intense fear of gaining weight, and an often delusional quality of altered body perception. Anorexia nervosa is also associated with a pattern of high cognitive rigidity, which may contribute to treatment resistance and relapse. The complex interplay of state and trait biological, psychological, and social factors has complicated identifying neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the illness. The dopamine D1 and D2 neurotransmitter receptors are involved in motivational aspects of food approach, fear extinction, and cognitive flexibility. They could therefore be important targets to improve core and associated behaviors in anorexia nervosa. Treatment with dopamine antagonists has shown little benefit, and it is possible that antagonists over time increase an already hypersensitive dopamine pathway activity in anorexia nervosa. On the contrary, application of dopamine receptor agonists could reduce circuit responsiveness, facilitate fear extinction, and improve cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa, as they may be particularly effective during underweight and low gonadal hormone states. This article provides evidence that the dopamine receptor system could be a key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and dopamine agonists could be helpful in reducing core symptoms of the disorder. This review is a theoretical approach that primarily focuses on dopamine receptor function as this system has been mechanistically better described than other neurotransmitters that are altered in anorexia nervosa. However, those proposed dopamine mechanisms in anorexia nervosa also warrant further study with respect to their interaction with other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
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137
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Hanson AC, Hagerman RJ. Serotonin dysregulation in Fragile X Syndrome: implications for treatment. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:110-7. [PMID: 25606361 PMCID: PMC4298641 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a trinucleotide repeat disorder that results in the silencing of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1), leading to a lack of the FMR1 protein (FMRP). FMRP is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of hundreds of mRNAs important for synaptic plasticity. Several of these pathways have been identified and have guided the development of targeted treatments for FXS. Here we present evidence that serotonin is dysregulated in FXS and treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline may be beneficial for individuals with FXS, particularly in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Randi J. Hagerman, UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
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138
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Usui N, Co M, Konopka G. Decoding the molecular evolution of human cognition using comparative genomics. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 84:103-16. [PMID: 25247723 DOI: 10.1159/000365182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genetic and molecular factors responsible for the specialized cognitive abilities of humans is expected to provide important insights into the mechanisms responsible for disorders of cognition such as autism, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we discuss the use of comparative genomics for identifying salient genes and gene networks that may underlie cognition. We focus on the comparison of human and non-human primate brain gene expression and the utility of building gene coexpression networks for prioritizing hundreds of genes that differ in expression among the species queried. We also discuss the importance of and methods for functional studies of the individual genes identified. Together, this integration of comparative genomics with cellular and animal models should provide improved systems for developing effective therapeutics for disorders of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex., USA
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139
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Microglia Modulate Wiring of the Embryonic Forebrain. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Afonso-Oramas D, Cruz-Muros I, Castro-Hernández J, Salas-Hernández J, Barroso-Chinea P, García-Hernández S, Lanciego JL, González-Hernández T. Striatal vessels receive phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase-rich innervation from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:84. [PMID: 25206324 PMCID: PMC4144090 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is assumed that besides its roles in neuronal processing, dopamine (DA) is also involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, studies on the hemodynamic actions of DA have been mainly focused on the cerebral cortex, but the possibility that vessels in deeper brain structures receive dopaminergic axons and the origin of these axons have not been investigated. Bearing in mind the evidence of changes in the blood flow of basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pivotal role of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the pathophysiology of this disease, here we studied whether striatal vessels receive inputs from midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The injection of an anterograde neuronal tracer in combination with immunohistochemistry for dopaminergic, vascular and astroglial markers, and dopaminergic lesions, revealed that midbrain dopaminergic axons are in close apposition to striatal vessels and perivascular astrocytes. These axons form dense perivascular plexuses restricted to striatal regions in rats and monkeys. Interestingly, they are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylated at Ser19 and Ser40 residues. The presence of phosphorylated TH in vessel terminals indicates they are probably the main source of basal TH activity in the striatum, and that after activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, DA release onto vessels precedes that onto neurons. Furthermore, the relative weight of this "vascular component" within the mesostriatal pathway suggests that it plays a relevant role in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Castro-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Josmar Salas-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - José L. Lanciego
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Tomás González-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La LagunaLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Biomedical Technologies Institute (ITB, CIBICAN)La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Spanish Network of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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Göttle M, Prudente CN, Fu R, Sutcliffe D, Pang H, Cooper D, Veledar E, Glass JD, Gearing M, Visser JE, Jinnah HA. Loss of dopamine phenotype among midbrain neurons in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:95-107. [PMID: 24891139 PMCID: PMC4827147 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by congenital deficiency of the purine recycling enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Affected patients have a peculiar neurobehavioral syndrome linked with reductions of dopamine in the basal ganglia. The purpose of the current studies was to determine the anatomical basis for the reduced dopamine in human brain specimens collected at autopsy. METHODS Histopathological studies were conducted using autopsy tissue from 5 LND cases and 6 controls. Specific findings were replicated in brain tissue from an HGprt-deficient knockout mouse using immunoblots, and in a cell model of HGprt deficiency by flow-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Extensive histological studies of the LND brains revealed no signs suggestive of a degenerative process or other consistent abnormalities in any brain region. However, neurons of the substantia nigra from the LND cases showed reduced melanization and reduced immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. In the HGprt-deficient mouse model, immunohistochemical stains for TH revealed no obvious loss of midbrain dopamine neurons, but quantitative immunoblots revealed reduced TH expression in the striatum. Finally, 10 independent HGprt-deficient mouse MN9D neuroblastoma lines showed no signs of impaired viability, but FACS revealed significantly reduced TH immunoreactivity compared to the control parent line. INTERPRETATION These results reveal an unusual phenomenon in which the neurochemical phenotype of dopaminergic neurons is not linked with a degenerative process. They suggest an important relationship between purine recycling pathways and the neurochemical integrity of the dopaminergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Cachope R, Cheer JF. Local control of striatal dopamine release. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:188. [PMID: 24904339 PMCID: PMC4033078 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) systems play a key role in the physiology of reward seeking, motivation and motor control. Importantly, they are also involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, schizophrenia and addiction. Control of DA release in the striatum is tightly linked to firing of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SN). However, local influences in the striatum affect release by exerting their action directly on axon terminals. For example, endogenous glutamatergic and cholinergic activity is sufficient to trigger striatal DA release independently of cell body firing. Recent developments involving genetic manipulation, pharmacological selectivity or selective stimulation have allowed for better characterization of these phenomena. Such termino-terminal forms of control of DA release transform considerably our understanding of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems, and have strong implications as potential mechanisms to modify impaired control of DA release in the diseased brain. Here, we review these and related mechanisms and their implications in the physiology of ascending DA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Cachope
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; CHDI Foundation Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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