101
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Imbriglio T, Verhaeghe R, Martinello K, Pascarelli MT, Chece G, Bucci D, Notartomaso S, Quattromani M, Mascio G, Scalabrì F, Simeone A, Maccari S, Del Percio C, Wieloch T, Fucile S, Babiloni C, Battaglia G, Limatola C, Nicoletti F, Cannella M. Developmental abnormalities in cortical GABAergic system in mice lacking mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors. FASEB J 2019; 33:14204-14220. [PMID: 31665922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901093rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants of the gene encoding for metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3) are linked to schizophrenia. Because abnormalities of cortical GABAergic interneurons lie at the core of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we examined whether mGlu3 receptors influence the developmental trajectory of cortical GABAergic transmission in the postnatal life. mGlu3-/- mice showed robust changes in the expression of interneuron-related genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including large reductions in the expression of parvalbumin (PV) and the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. The number of cortical cells enwrapped by perineuronal nets was increased in mGlu3-/- mice, suggesting that mGlu3 receptors shape the temporal window of plasticity of PV+ interneurons. Electrophysiological measurements of GABAA receptor-mediated responses revealed a more depolarized reversal potential of GABA currents in the somata of PFC pyramidal neurons in mGlu3-/- mice at postnatal d 9 associated with a reduced expression of the K+/Cl- symporter. Finally, adult mGlu3-/- mice showed lower power in electroencephalographic rhythms at 1-45 Hz in quiet wakefulness as compared with their wild-type counterparts. These findings suggest that mGlu3 receptors have a strong impact on the development of cortical GABAergic transmission and cortical neural synchronization mechanisms corroborating the concept that genetic variants of mGlu3 receptors may predispose to psychiatric disorders.-Imbriglio, T., Verhaeghe, R., Martinello, K., Pascarelli, M. T., Chece, G., Bucci, D., Notartomaso, S., Quattromani, M., Mascio, G., Scalabrì, F., Simeone, A., Maccari, S., Del Percio, C., Wieloch, T., Fucile, S., Babiloni, C., Battaglia, G., Limatola, C., Nicoletti, F., Cannella, M. Developmental abnormalities in cortical GABAergic system in mice lacking mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Imbriglio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Remy Verhaeghe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Martinello
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pascarelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bucci
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Serena Notartomaso
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Miriana Quattromani
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giada Mascio
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Scalabrì
- Istituto di Ricerca Biologia Molecolare (IRBM) Science Park S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Centro Nazionale Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Maccari
- Department of Science and Medical-Surgical Biotechnology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Sergio Fucile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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102
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In Vitro Modeling of the Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Copy Number Variations of PCDH15 and RELN. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0403-18.2019. [PMID: 31540999 PMCID: PMC6800292 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0403-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are major psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the complicated pathologies of these disorders remain unclear. It is difficult to establish adequate in vitro models for pathological analysis because of the heterogeneity of these disorders. In the present study, to recapitulate the pathologies of these disorders in vitro, we established in vitro models by differentiating mature neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from BP and SCZ patient with contributive copy number variations, as follows: two BP patients with PCDH15 deletion and one SCZ patient with RELN deletion. Glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic neurons were induced from hiPSCs under optimized conditions. Both types of induced neurons from both hiPSCs exhibited similar phenotypes of MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2)-positive dendrite shortening and decreasing synapse numbers. Additionally, we analyzed isogenic PCDH15- or RELN-deleted cells. The dendrite and synapse phenotypes of isogenic neurons were partially similar to those of patient-derived neurons. These results suggest that the observed phenotypes are general phenotypes of psychiatric disorders, and our in vitro models using hiPSC-based technology may be suitable for analysis of the pathologies of psychiatric disorders.
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103
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Roles of Reelin/Disabled1 pathway on functional recovery of hemiplegic mice after neural cell transplantation; Reelin promotes migration toward motor cortex and maturation to motoneurons of neural grafts. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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104
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Sapir T, Barakat TS, Paredes MF, Lerman-Sagie T, Aronica E, Klonowski W, Nguyen L, Ben Zeev B, Bahi-Buisson N, Leventer R, Rachmian N, Reiner O. Building Bridges Between the Clinic and the Laboratory: A Meeting Review - Brain Malformations: A Roadmap for Future Research. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:434. [PMID: 31611776 PMCID: PMC6776596 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the middle of March 2019, a group of scientists and clinicians (as well as those who wear both hats) gathered in the green campus of the Weizmann Institute of Science to share recent scientific findings, to establish collaborations, and to discuss future directions for better diagnosis, etiology modeling and treatment of brain malformations. One hundred fifty scientists from twenty-two countries took part in this meeting. Thirty-eight talks were presented and as many as twenty-five posters were displayed. This review is aimed at presenting some of the highlights that the audience was exposed to during the three-day meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mercedes F. Paredes
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Wlodzimierz Klonowski
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Stem Cells, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), C.H.U. Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruria Ben Zeev
- Sackler School of Medicine and Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lilly Safra Pediatric Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Pediatrric Neurology APHP, Paris, France
| | - Richard Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Noa Rachmian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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105
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Yamakage Y, Kato M, Hongo A, Ogino H, Ishii K, Ishizuka T, Kamei T, Tsuiji H, Miyamoto T, Oishi H, Kohno T, Hattori M. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 cleaves and inactivates Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 100:103401. [PMID: 31491533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays important roles in regulating neuronal development, modulating synaptic function, and counteracting amyloid β toxicity. A specific proteolytic cleavage (N-t cleavage) of Reelin abolishes its biological activity. We recently identified ADAMTS-3 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3) as the major N-t cleavage enzyme in the embryonic and early postnatal brain. The contribution of other proteases, particularly in the postnatal brain, has not been demonstrated in vivo. ADAMTS-2, -3 and -14 share similar domain structures and substrate specificity, raising the possibility that ADAMTS-2 and -14 may cleave Reelin. We found that recombinant ADAMTS-2 protein expressed in cultured cell lines cleaves Reelin at the N-t site as efficiently as ADAMTS-3 while recombinant ADAMTS-14 hardly cleaves Reelin. The disintegrin domain is necessary for the Reelin-cleaving activity of ADAMTS-2 and -3. ADAMTS-2 is expressed in the adult brain at approximately the same level as ADAMTS-3. We generated ADAMTS-2 knockout (KO) mice and found that ADAMTS-2 significantly contributes to the N-t cleavage and inactivation of Reelin in the postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but much less in the cerebellum. Therefore, it was suggested that ADAMTS-2 can be a therapeutic target for adult brain disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamakage
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michinao Kato
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Hongo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Himari Ogino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ishizuka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takana Kamei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Miyamoto
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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106
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Menozzi E, Balint B, Latorre A, Valente EM, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Twenty years on: Myoclonus-dystonia and ε-sarcoglycan - neurodevelopment, channel, and signaling dysfunction. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1588-1601. [PMID: 31449710 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a typical childhood onset of myoclonic jerks and dystonia involving the neck, trunk, and upper limbs. Psychiatric symptomatology, namely, alcohol dependence and phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorder, is also part of the clinical picture. Zonisamide has demonstrated effectiveness at reducing both myoclonus and dystonia, and deep brain stimulation seems to be an effective and long-lasting therapeutic option for medication-refractory cases. In a subset of patients, myoclonus-dystonia is associated with pathogenic variants in the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene, located on chromosome 7q21, and up to now, more than 100 different pathogenic variants of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene have been described. In a few families with a clinical phenotype resembling myoclonus-dystonia associated with distinct clinical features, variants have been identified in genes involved in novel pathways such as calcium channel regulation and neurodevelopment. Because of phenotypic similarities with epsilon-sarcoglycan gene-related myoclonus-dystonia, these conditions can be collectively classified as "myoclonus-dystonia syndromes." In the present article, we present myoclonus-dystonia caused by epsilon-sarcoglycan gene mutations, with a focus on genetics and underlying disease mechanisms. Second, we review those conditions falling within the spectrum of myoclonus-dystonia syndromes, highlighting their genetic background and involved pathways. Finally, we critically discuss the normal and pathological function of the epsilon-sarcoglycan gene and its product, suggesting a role in the stabilization of the dopaminergic membrane via regulation of calcium homeostasis and in the neurodevelopmental process involving the cerebello-thalamo-pallido-cortical network. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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107
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Li H, Zhu Y, Morozov YM, Chen X, Page SC, Rannals MD, Maher BJ, Rakic P. Disruption of TCF4 regulatory networks leads to abnormal cortical development and mental disabilities. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1235-1246. [PMID: 30705426 PMCID: PMC11019556 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The TCF4 gene is the subject of numerous and varied investigations of it's role in the genesis of neuropsychiatric disease. The gene has been identified as the cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) and it has been implicated in various other neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, depression, and autism. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of the gene's involvement in neurogenesis, particularly, corticogenesis, are not well understood. Here, we present data showing that TCF4 is expressed in a region-specific manner in the radial glia and stem cells of transient embryonic zones at early gestational ages in both humans and mice. TCF4 haploinsufficiency mice exhibit a delay in neuronal migration, and a significant increase in the number of upper-layer cortical neurons, as well as abnormal dendrite and synapse formation. Our research also reveals that TCF3 up-regulates Tcf4 by binding to the specific "E-box" and its flank sequence in intron 2 of the Tcf4 gene. Additionally, our transcriptome study substantiates that Tcf4 transcriptional function is essential for locomotion, cognition, and learning. By activating expression of TCF4 in the regulation of neuronal proliferation and migration to the overlaying neocortex and subsequent differentiation leading to laminar formation TCF4 fulfills its normal function, but if not, abnormalities such as those reported here result. These findings provide new insight into the specific roles of Tcf4 molecular pathway in neocortical development and their relevance in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
- Biopharmaceutical Institute, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Stephanie Cerceo Page
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew D Rannals
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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108
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Nimura T, Itoh T, Hagio H, Hayashi T, Di Donato V, Takeuchi M, Itoh T, Inoguchi F, Sato Y, Yamamoto N, Katsuyama Y, Del Bene F, Shimizu T, Hibi M. Role of Reelin in cell positioning in the cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2019; 455:393-408. [PMID: 31323192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure in the mesencephalic tectum in zebrafish contain multiple cell types, including principal cells (i.e., Purkinje cells and type I neurons) and granule cells, that form neural circuits in which the principal cells receive and integrate inputs from granule cells and other neurons. It is largely unknown how these cells are positioned and how neural circuits form. While Reelin signaling is known to play an important role in cell positioning in the mammalian brain, its role in the formation of other vertebrate brains remains elusive. Here we found that zebrafish with mutations in Reelin or in the Reelin-signaling molecules Vldlr or Dab1a exhibited ectopic Purkinje cells, eurydendroid cells (projection neurons), and Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum, and ectopic type I neurons in the tectum. The ectopic Purkinje cells and type I neurons received aberrant afferent fibers in these mutants. In wild-type zebrafish, reelin transcripts were detected in the internal granule cell layer, while Reelin protein was localized to the superficial layer of the cerebellum and the tectum. Laser ablation of the granule cell axons perturbed the localization of Reelin, and the mutation of both kif5aa and kif5ba, which encode major kinesin I components in the granule cells, disrupted the elongation of granule cell axons and the Reelin distribution. Our findings suggest that in zebrafish, (1) Reelin is transported from the granule cell soma to the superficial layer by axonal transport; (2) Reelin controls the migration of neurons and glial cells from the ventricular zone; and (3) Purkinje cells and type I neurons attract afferent axons during the formation of the cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Itoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuto Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Di Donato
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Miki Takeuchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takeaki Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Fuduki Inoguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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109
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Takano T, Funahashi Y, Kaibuchi K. Neuronal Polarity: Positive and Negative Feedback Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:69. [PMID: 31069225 PMCID: PMC6491837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are critical for neuronal development and function. One of the fundamental questions in neurodevelopment is how neurons generate only one axon and several dendrites from multiple minor neurites. Over the past few decades, molecular and cell biological approaches have unveiled a large number of signaling networks regulating neuronal polarity in cultured hippocampal neurons and the developing cortex. Emerging evidence reveals that positive and negative feedback signals play a crucial role in axon and dendrite specification. Positive feedback signals are continuously activated in one of minor neurites and result in axon specification and elongation, whereas negative feedback signals are propagated from a nascent axon terminal to all minor neurites and inhibit the formation of multiple axon, thereby leading to dendrite specification, and maintaining neuronal polarity. This current insight provides a holistic picture of the signaling mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization during neuronal development. Here, our review highlights recent advancements in this fascinating field, with a focus on the positive, and negative feedback signals as key regulatory mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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110
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Kolaka R, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Chutabhakdikul N. Fetal exposure to high levels of maternal glucocorticoids alters reelin signaling in the prefrontal cortex of rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 78:185-190. [PMID: 31014819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress (MS) is associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in the offspring. However, it is unclear how early life stress alters the pup's brain development and how it contributes to the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays essential roles in early brain development such as neural migration, synaptic development, and maturation. Dysregulation of reelin and its signaling proteins is associated with the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. This study examined the effect of repeated maternal Carbenoxolone (CBX) injection during late gestation on reelin signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rat pups. CBX is a selective 11β-HSD2 enzyme inhibitor that promotes the direct transfer of maternal corticosteroids (CORT) to the fetus. Therefore, treatment with CBX can mimic the animal model of early life exposure to high levels of maternal stress hormone. In this study, pregnant rats were injected daily with either saline or CBX during gestation day (GD) 14-21, and the levels of reelin and its signaling proteins were examined in the PFC of rat pups at different postnatal age from P0-P21. The main result of this study is the repeated maternal CBX injections during GD14-21 acutely increase reln mRNA and protein expression in the PFC of rat pups at birth (P0) and follow by a significant decrease during P7-P14. The treatment also causes long term decreases in the amount of VLDLR and Dab1 which are the downstream signaling proteins for the reelin pathway, at least until P21. Our results indicated that fetal exposure to high levels of maternal CORT interferes with reelin signaling which might have profound effects on cortical development associated with neuropsychiatric disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratirat Kolaka
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
| | | | - Nuanchan Chutabhakdikul
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
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111
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Serati M, Delvecchio G, Orsenigo G, Mandolini GM, Lazzaretti M, Scola E, Triulzi F, Brambilla P. The Role of the Subplate in Schizophrenia and Autism: A Systematic Review. Neuroscience 2019; 408:58-67. [PMID: 30930130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The subplate (SP) represents a transitory cytoarchitectural fetal compartment containing most subcortical and cortico-cortical afferents, and has a fundamental role in the structural development of the healthy adult brain. There is evidence that schizophrenia and autism may be determined by developmental defects in the cortex or cortical circuitry during the earliest stages of pregnancy. This article provides an overview on fetal SP development, considering its role in schizophrenia and autism, as supported by a systematic review of the main databases. The SP has been described as a cortical amplifier with a role in the coordination of cortical activity, and sensitive growth and migration windows have crucial consequences with respect to cognitive functioning. Although there are not enough studies to draw final conclusions, improved knowledge of the SP's role in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders may help to elucidate and possibly prevent the onset of these two severe disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serati
- Department of Mental Health, ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Orsenigo
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Mandolini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Lazzaretti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA
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112
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Caruncho HJ, Rivera-Baltanas T, Romay-Tallon R, Kalynchuk LE, Olivares JM. Patterns of Membrane Protein Clustering in Peripheral Lymphocytes as Predictors of Therapeutic Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:190. [PMID: 30930773 PMCID: PMC6423346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an utmost necessity of developing novel biomarkers of depression that result in a more efficacious use of current antidepressant drugs. The present report reviews and discusses a recent series of experiments that focused on analysis of membrane protein clustering in peripheral lymphocytes as putative biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy for major depressive disorder. This review recapitulates how the ideas were originated, and the main findings demonstrated that analysis of serotonin transporter and serotonin 2 A receptor clustering in peripheral lymphocytes of naïve depression patients resulted in a discrimination of two subpopulations of depressed patients that showed a differential response upon 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. The paper also reviews the usefulness of animal models of depression for an initial evaluation of membrane protein clustering in lymphocytes, which provides a screening tool to determine additional proteins to be further evaluated in depression patients. Finally, the present review provides a brief discussion of the general field of biomarkers of depression in relation to therapeutic outcomes and suggests additional ideas to provide extra value to the reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanas
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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113
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Yamakage Y, Tsuiji H, Kohno T, Ogino H, Saito T, Saido TC, Hattori M. Reducing ADAMTS-3 Inhibits Amyloid β Deposition in App Knock-in Mouse. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:354-356. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamakage
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Himari Ogino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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114
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang Y, He X, Sun S, Ma S, Shyh-Chang N, Liu F, Wang Q, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang W, Song M, Liu GH, Qu J. Telomere-dependent and telomere-independent roles of RAP1 in regulating human stem cell homeostasis. Protein Cell 2019; 10:649-667. [PMID: 30796637 PMCID: PMC6711945 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RAP1 is a well-known telomere-binding protein, but its functions in human stem cells have remained unclear. Here we generated RAP1-deficient human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by using CRISPR/Cas9 technique and obtained RAP1-deficient human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and neural stem cells (hNSCs) via directed differentiation. In both hMSCs and hNSCs, RAP1 not only negatively regulated telomere length but also acted as a transcriptional regulator of RELN by tuning the methylation status of its gene promoter. RAP1 deficiency enhanced self-renewal and delayed senescence in hMSCs, but not in hNSCs, suggesting complicated lineage-specific effects of RAP1 in adult stem cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate for the first time that RAP1 plays both telomeric and nontelomeric roles in regulating human stem cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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115
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Cortical interneuron function in autism spectrum condition. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:146-154. [PMID: 30367159 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (INs) are a diverse group of neurons that project locally and shape the function of neural networks throughout the brain. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a proper balance of glutamate and GABA signaling is essential for both the proper function and development of the brain. Dysregulation of this system may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum condition (ASC). We evaluate the development and function of INs in rodent and human models and examine how neurodevelopmental dysfunction may produce core symptoms of ASC. Finding common physiological mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders may lead to novel pharmacological targets and candidates that could improve the cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with ASC.
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116
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Haldipur P, Millen KJ. What cerebellar malformations tell us about cerebellar development. Neurosci Lett 2019; 688:14-25. [PMID: 29802918 PMCID: PMC6240394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural birth defects of the cerebellum, or cerebellar malformations, in humans, have long been recognized. However, until recently there has been little progress in elucidating their developmental pathogenesis. Innovations in brain imaging and human genetic technologies over the last 2 decades have led to better classifications of these disorders and identification of several causative genes. In contrast, cerebellar malformations in model organisms, particularly mice, have been the focus of intense study for more than 70 years. As a result, many of the molecular, genetic and cellular programs that drive formation of the cerebellum have been delineated in mice. In this review, we overview the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs that build the structure of the mouse cerebellum. This mouse-centric approach has been a useful to interpret the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar malformations. However, it is becoming apparent that we actually know very little regarding the specifics of human cerebellar development beyond what is inferred from mice. A better understanding of human cerebellar development will not only facilitate improved diagnosis of human cerebellar malformations, but also lead to the development of treatment paradigms for these important neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Seattle, WA, United States.
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117
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Sobue A, Kushima I, Nagai T, Shan W, Kohno T, Aleksic B, Aoyama Y, Mori D, Arioka Y, Kawano N, Yamamoto M, Hattori M, Nabeshima T, Yamada K, Ozaki N. Genetic and animal model analyses reveal the pathogenic role of a novel deletion of RELN in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13046. [PMID: 30158644 PMCID: PMC6115412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin protein (RELN), an extracellular matrix protein, plays multiple roles that range from embryonic neuronal migration to spine formation in the adult brain. Results from genetic studies have suggested that RELN is associated with the risk of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). We previously identified a novel exonic deletion of RELN in a patient with SCZ. High-resolution copy number variation analysis revealed that this deletion included exons 52 to 58, which truncated the RELN in a similar manner to the Reln Orleans mutation (Relnrl-Orl). We examined the clinical features of this patient and confirmed a decreased serum level of RELN. To elucidate the pathophysiological role of the exonic deletion of RELN in SCZ, we conducted behavioral and neurochemical analyses using heterozygous Relnrl-Orl/+ mice. These mice exhibited abnormalities in anxiety, social behavior, and motor learning; the deficits in motor learning were ameliorated by antipsychotics. Methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine release were significantly reduced in the Relnrl-Orl/+ mice. In addition, the levels of GABAergic markers were decreased in the brain of these mice. Taken together, our results suggest that the exonic deletion of RELN plays a pathological role, implicating functional changes in the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems, in the pathophysiology of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoyama
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maeri Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Aino University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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118
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Single-cell trajectory analysis of human homogenous neurons carrying a rare RELN variant. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:129. [PMID: 30022058 PMCID: PMC6052151 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a protein encoded by the RELN gene that controls neuronal migration in the developing brain. Human genetic studies suggest that rare RELN variants confer susceptibility to mental disorders such as schizophrenia. However, it remains unknown what effects rare RELN variants have on human neuronal cells. To this end, the analysis of human neuronal dynamics at the single-cell level is necessary. In this study, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cells carrying a rare RELN variant (RELN-del) using targeted genome editing; cells were further differentiated into highly homogeneous dopaminergic neurons. Our results indicated that RELN-del triggered an impaired reelin signal and decreased the expression levels of genes relevant for cell movement in human neurons. Single-cell trajectory analysis revealed that control neurons possessed directional migration even in vitro, while RELN-del neurons demonstrated a wandering type of migration. We further confirmed these phenotypes in neurons derived from a patient carrying the congenital RELN-del. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the biological significance of a rare RELN variant in human neurons based on individual neuron dynamics. Collectively, our approach should be useful for studying reelin function and evaluating mental disorder susceptibility, focusing on individual human neuronal migration.
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119
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Kara B, Sahin N, Kara M, Sakalli Cetin E, Topal H. The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reelin gene polymorphisms in Turkish population. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1478192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Kara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Nilfer Sahin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Murat Kara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Esin Sakalli Cetin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Hatice Topal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
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120
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Denley MCS, Gatford NJF, Sellers KJ, Srivastava DP. Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:245. [PMID: 29887794 PMCID: PMC5981095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an "inside-outside" manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. S. Denley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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121
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Molinard-Chenu A, Dayer A. The Candidate Schizophrenia Risk Gene DGCR2 Regulates Early Steps of Corticogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:692-706. [PMID: 29305086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in early steps of cortical circuit assembly are thought to play a critical role in vulnerability to schizophrenia (SZ), but the pathogenic impact of SZ-risk mutations on corticogenesis remains to be determined. DiGeorge syndrome critical region 2 (DGCR2) is located in the 22q11.2 locus, whose deletion is a major risk factor for SZ. Moreover, exome sequencing of individuals with idiopathic SZ identified a rare missense mutation in DGCR2, further suggesting that DGCR2 is involved in SZ. METHODS Here we investigated the function of Dgcr2 and the pathogenic impact of the SZ-risk DGCR2 mutation in mouse corticogenesis using in utero electroporation targeted to projection neurons. RESULTS Dgcr2 knockdown impaired radial locomotion and final translocation of projection neurons, leading to persistent laminar positioning alterations. The DGCR2 missense SZ-risk mutation had a pathogenic impact on projection neuron laminar allocation by reducing protein expression. Mechanistically, we identified Dgcr2 as a novel member of the Reelin complex, regulating the phosphorylation of Reelin-dependent substrates and the expression of Reelin-dependent transcriptional targets. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides biological evidence that the SZ-risk gene DGCR2 regulates critical steps of early corticogenesis possibly through a Reelin-dependent mechanism. Additionally, we found that the SZ-risk mutation in DGCR2 has a pathogenic impact on cortical formation by reducing protein expression level, suggesting a functional role for DGCR2 haploinsufficiency in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Molinard-Chenu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Hornix BE, Havekes R, Kas MJH. Multisensory cortical processing and dysfunction across the neuropsychiatric spectrum. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 97:138-151. [PMID: 29496479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing is affected in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Genetic and environmental factors guide the formation and fine-tuning of brain circuitry necessary to receive, organize, and respond to sensory input in order to behave in a meaningful and consistent manner. During certain developmental stages the brain is sensitive to intrinsic and external factors. For example, disturbed expression levels of certain risk genes during critical neurodevelopmental periods may lead to exaggerated brain plasticity processes within the sensory circuits, and sensory stimulation immediately after birth contributes to fine-tuning of these circuits. Here, the neurodevelopmental trajectory of sensory circuit development will be described and related to some example risk gene mutations that are found in neuropsychiatric disorders. Subsequently, the flow of sensory information through these circuits and the relationship to synaptic plasticity will be described. Research focusing on the combined analyses of neural circuit development and functioning are necessary to expand our understanding of sensory processing and behavioral deficits that are relevant across the neuropsychiatric spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty E Hornix
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Havekes
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hass H, Kipkeew F, Gauhar A, Bouché E, May P, Timmer J, Bock HH. Mathematical model of early Reelin-induced Src family kinase-mediated signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186927. [PMID: 29049379 PMCID: PMC5648249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large glycoprotein with a dual role in the mammalian brain. It regulates the positioning and differentiation of postmitotic neurons during brain development and modulates neurotransmission and memory formation in the adult brain. Alterations in the Reelin signaling pathway have been described in different psychiatric disorders. Reelin mainly signals by binding to the lipoprotein receptors Vldlr and ApoER2, which induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 mediated by Src family kinases (SFKs). In turn, phosphorylated Dab1 activates downstream signaling cascades, including PI3-kinase-dependent signaling. In this work, a mechanistic model based on ordinary differential equations was built to model early dynamics of the Reelin-mediated signaling cascade. Mechanistic models are frequently used to disentangle the highly complex mechanisms underlying cellular processes and obtain new biological insights. The model was calibrated on time-resolved data and a dose-response measurement of protein concentrations measured in cortical neurons treated with Reelin. It focusses on the interplay between Dab1 and SFKs with a special emphasis on the tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1, and their role for the regulation of Reelin-induced signaling. Model selection was performed on different model structures and a comprehensive mechanistic model of the early Reelin signaling cascade is provided in this work. It emphasizes the importance of Reelin-induced lipoprotein receptor clustering for SFK-mediated Dab1 trans-phosphorylation and does not require co-receptors to describe the measured data. The model is freely available within the open-source framework Data2Dynamics (www.data2dynamics.org). It can be used to generate predictions that can be validated experimentally, and provides a platform for model extensions both to downstream targets such as transcription factors and interactions with other transmembrane proteins and neuronal signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Hass
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Friederike Kipkeew
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Bouché
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
| | - Hans H. Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (JT); (HHB)
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124
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Kohno T. Regulatory Mechanisms and Physiological Significance of Reelin Function. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:1233-1240. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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126
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Jin H, Komita M, Aoe T. The Role of BiP Retrieval by the KDEL Receptor in the Early Secretory Pathway and its Effect on Protein Quality Control and Neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:222. [PMID: 28769758 PMCID: PMC5511815 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control in the early secretory pathway is a ubiquitous eukaryotic mechanism for adaptation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. An ER molecular chaperone, immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP), is one of the essential components in this process. BiP interacts with nascent proteins to facilitate their folding. BiP also plays an important role in preventing aggregation of misfolded proteins and regulating the ER stress response when cells suffer various injuries. BiP is a member of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family of molecular chaperones that resides in the ER. Interaction between BiP and unfolded proteins is mediated by a substrate-binding domain and a nucleotide-binding domain for ATPase activity, leading to protein folding and maturation. BiP also possesses a retrieval motif in its carboxyl terminal. When BiP is secreted from the ER, the Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) receptor in the post-ER compartments binds with the carboxyl terminal KDEL sequence of BiP and returns BiP to the ER via coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicular transport. Although yeast studies showed that BiP retrieval by the KDEL receptor is not essential in single cells, it is crucial for multicellular organisms, where some essential proteins require retrieval to facilitate folding and maturation. Experiments in knock-in mice expressing mutant BiP with the retrieval motif deleted revealed a unique role of BiP retrieval by the KDEL receptor in neuronal development and age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Mari Komita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba Rosai HospitalIchihara, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Aoe
- Pain Center, Chiba Medical Center, Teikyo UniversityIchihara, Japan
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127
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Kon E, Cossard A, Jossin Y. Neuronal Polarity in the Embryonic Mammalian Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:163. [PMID: 28670267 PMCID: PMC5472699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of neurons that can grossly be subdivided into two broad classes: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. The majority of cortical neurons in mammals are the excitatory type and they are the main focus of this review article. Like many of the cells in multicellular organisms, fully differentiated neurons are both morphologically and functionally polarized. However, they go through several changes in polarity before reaching this final mature differentiated state. Neurons are derived from polarized neuronal progenitor/stem cells and their commitment to neuronal fate is decided by cellular and molecular asymmetry during their last division in the neurogenic zone. They migrate from their birthplace using so-called multipolar migration, during which they switch direction of movement several times, and repolarize for bipolar migration when the axon is specified. Therefore, neurons have to break their previous symmetry, change their morphology and adequately respond to polarizing signals during migration in order to reach the correct position in the cortex and start making connections. Finally, the dendritic tree is elaborated and the axon/dendrite morphological polarity is set. Here we will describe the function, establishment and maintenance of polarity during the different developmental steps starting from neural stem cell (NSC) division, neuronal migration and axon specification at embryonic developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Jossin
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
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128
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Wasser CR, Herz J. Reelin: Neurodevelopmental Architect and Homeostatic Regulator of Excitatory Synapses. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1330-1338. [PMID: 27994051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.766782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half a century ago, D. S. Falconer first reported a mouse with a reeling gate. Four decades later, the Reln gene was isolated and identified as the cause of the reeler phenotype. Initial studies found that loss of Reelin, a large, secreted glycoprotein encoded by the Reln gene, results in abnormal neuronal layering throughout several regions of the brain. In the years since, the known functions of Reelin signaling in the brain have expanded to include multiple postdevelopmental neuromodulatory roles, revealing an ever increasing body of evidence to suggest that Reelin signaling is a critical player in the modulation of synaptic function. In writing this review, we intend to highlight the most fundamental aspects of Reelin signaling and integrate how these various neuromodulatory effects shape and protect synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Wasser
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, and
| | - Joachim Herz
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, .,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, and.,Department of Neuroscience.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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