101
|
Hemmat N, Asadzadeh Z, Ahangar NK, Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Derakhshani A, Baghbanzadeh A, Baghi HB, Javadrashid D, Najafi S, Ar Gouilh M, Baradaran B. The roles of signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection; lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Arch Virol 2021; 166:675-696. [PMID: 33462671 PMCID: PMC7812983 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of descriptions of emerging viruses has grown at an unprecedented rate since the beginning of the 21st century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that has introduced itself into the human population in the current era, after SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Molecular and cellular studies of the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus are still in the early stages of research; however, based on similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses, it can be hypothesized that the NF-κB, cytokine regulation, ERK, and TNF-α signaling pathways are the likely causes of inflammation at the onset of COVID-19. Several drugs have been prescribed and used to alleviate the adverse effects of these inflammatory cellular signaling pathways, and these might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic modalities against COVID-19. In this review, we briefly summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Darya Javadrashid
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, EA2656 Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
- Virology Lab, Department of Biology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, 14000, Caen, France.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Nallanthighal S, Heiserman JP, Cheon DJ. Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 (COL11A1): A Novel Biomarker and a Key Player in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:935. [PMID: 33668097 PMCID: PMC7956367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type XI alpha 1 (COL11A1), one of the three alpha chains of type XI collagen, is crucial for bone development and collagen fiber assembly. Interestingly, COL11A1 expression is increased in several cancers and high levels of COL11A1 are often associated with poor survival, chemoresistance, and recurrence. This review will discuss the recent discoveries in the biological functions of COL11A1 in cancer. COL11A1 is predominantly expressed and secreted by a subset of cancer-associated fibroblasts, modulating tumor-stroma interaction and mechanical properties of extracellular matrix. COL11A1 also promotes cancer cell migration, metastasis, and therapy resistance by activating pro-survival pathways and modulating tumor metabolic phenotype. Several inhibitors that are currently being tested in clinical trials for cancer or used in clinic for other diseases, can be potentially used to target COL11A1 signaling. Collectively, this review underscores the role of COL11A1 as a promising biomarker and a key player in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Joo Cheon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.N.); (J.P.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Yang S, Zhang H, Yang H, Zhang J, Wang J, Luo T, Jiang Y, Hua H. SEPHS1 promotes SMAD2/3/4 expression and hepatocellular carcinoma cells invasion. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 33622411 PMCID: PMC7903722 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the common cancers that are very aggressive. The secreted cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes cancer metastasis by multiple mechanisms such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune evasion. The canonical TGF-β signaling is largely mediated by smooth muscle actin/mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) proteins. The current study aims to explore the regulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling by selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1). METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of SEPHS1 in HCC and adjacent liver tissues. Western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA levels in HCC cell lines. Cell migration and invasion were determined by transwell assay. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to determine SEPHS1 expression in HCC and its correlation with the survival of HCC patients. RESULTS Here we report that SEPHS1 is a positive regulator of SMAD proteins. SEPHS1 expression is up-regulated in HCC compared with adjacent liver tissues. SEPHS1 knockdown leads to decreased expression of SMAD2/3/4 and mesenchymal markers including snail, slug and N-cadherin in HCC cells. Furthermore, SEPHS1 knockdown results in a decrease in HCC cells migration and invasion, and suppresses the stimulation of HCC cells migration and invasion by TGF-β. Overexpression of SEPHS1 in HCC cells promotes cell invasion, which can be abrogated by SMAD3 knockdown. Lastly, higher expression of SEPHS1 is correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients, as manifested by decreased overall survival and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS SEPHS1 is a positive regulator of TGF-β/SMAD signaling that is up-regulated in HCC. Increased SEPHS1 expression may indicate poor prognosis for patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Hua
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Wang J, Xiang H, Lu Y, Wu T. Role and clinical significance of TGF‑β1 and TGF‑βR1 in malignant tumors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:55. [PMID: 33604683 PMCID: PMC7895515 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance and growth of malignant tumors is a complicated process that is regulated by a number of genes. In recent years, studies have revealed that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves an important role in cell cycle regulation, growth and development, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and immune response. Notably, two members of the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 promote proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells by activating other signaling pathways, signaling molecules or microRNAs (miRs), such as the NF-κB signaling pathway and miR-133b. In addition, some inhibitors targeting TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 have exhibited positive effects in in vitro experiments. The present review discusses the association between TGF-β1 or TGF-βR1 and tumors, and the development of some inhibitors, hoping to provide more approaches to help identify novel tumor markers to restrain and cure tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ramesh P, Shivde R, Jaishankar D, Saleiro D, Le Poole IC. A Palette of Cytokines to Measure Anti-Tumor Efficacy of T Cell-Based Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:821. [PMID: 33669271 PMCID: PMC7920025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key molecules within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can be used as biomarkers to predict the magnitude of anti-tumor immune responses. During immune monitoring, it has been customary to predict outcomes based on the abundance of a single cytokine, in particular IFN-γ or TGF-β, as a readout of ongoing anti-cancer immunity. However, individual cytokines within the TME can exhibit dual opposing roles. For example, both IFN-γ and TGF-β have been associated with pro- and anti-tumor functions. Moreover, cytokines originating from different cellular sources influence the crosstalk between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while the array of cytokines expressed by T cells is also instrumental in defining the mechanisms of action and efficacy of treatments. Thus, it becomes increasingly clear that a reliable readout of ongoing immunity within the TME will have to include more than the measurement of a single cytokine. This review focuses on defining a panel of cytokines that could help to reliably predict and analyze the outcomes of T cell-based anti-tumor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathyaya Ramesh
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.R.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rohan Shivde
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.R.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.R.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.R.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.R.); (R.S.); (D.J.); (D.S.)
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Rosas E, Roberts JT, O’Neill KI, Christenson JL, Williams MM, Hanamura T, Spoelstra NS, Vahrenkamp JM, Gertz J, Richer JK. A Positive Feedback Loop Between TGFβ and Androgen Receptor Supports Triple-negative Breast Cancer Anoikis Resistance. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6027912. [PMID: 33294922 PMCID: PMC7806239 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with peak recurrence as metastatic disease within the first few years of diagnosis. Androgen receptor (AR) expression is increased in anchorage-independent cells in TNBC preclinical models. Both AR knockdown and inhibition lead to reduced TNBC invasion in vitro, reduced tumorigenicity, and less recurrence in vivo in preclinical models. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway gene signatures also increased during anchorage-independent survival both in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients during emergence of chemo resistant disease. We hypothesized that a positive loop between AR and TGFβ signaling facilitates TNBC anchorage-independent survival. We find that multiple components of the TGFβ pathway, including TGFβ1 and 3, as well as pathway activity measured by nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of phosphorylated Smad3, are enhanced in anchorage-independent conditions. Further, exogenous TGFβ increased AR protein while TGFβ inhibition decreased AR and TNBC viability, particularly under anchorage-independent culture conditions. ChIP-seq experiments revealed AR binding to TGFB1 and SMAD3 regulatory regions in MDA-MB-453 cells. In clinical datasets, TGFB3 and AR positively correlate and high expression of both genes together corresponded to significantly worse recurrence-free and overall survival in both ER-negative and basal-like breast cancer. Finally, inhibiting both AR and TGFβ decreased cell survival, particularly under anchorage-independent conditions. These findings warrant further investigations into whether combined inhibition of AR and TGFβ pathways might decrease metastatic recurrence rates and mortality from TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Rosas
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justin T Roberts
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathleen I O’Neill
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica L Christenson
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michelle M Williams
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Toru Hanamura
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicole S Spoelstra
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Correspondence: Jennifer K. Richer, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Liu S, Ren J, Ten Dijke P. Targeting TGFβ signal transduction for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33414388 PMCID: PMC7791126 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of TGFβ family signaling can lead to a plethora of developmental disorders and diseases, including cancer, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. In this review, we focus on TGFβ, a well-characterized family member that has a dichotomous role in cancer progression, acting in early stages as a tumor suppressor and in late stages as a tumor promoter. The functions of TGFβ are not limited to the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis of cancer cells. Recent reports have related TGFβ to effects on cells that are present in the tumor microenvironment through the stimulation of extracellular matrix deposition, promotion of angiogenesis, and suppression of the anti-tumor immune reaction. The pro-oncogenic roles of TGFβ have attracted considerable attention because their intervention provides a therapeutic approach for cancer patients. However, the critical function of TGFβ in maintaining tissue homeostasis makes targeting TGFβ a challenge. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions of TGFβ in cancer initiation and progression, summarize the recent clinical advancements regarding TGFβ signaling interventions for cancer treatment, and discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities related to targeting this pathway. We provide a perspective on synergistic therapies that combine anti-TGFβ therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiang Ren
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Fibroblast Subsets in Intestinal Homeostasis, Carcinogenesis, Tumor Progression, and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020183. [PMID: 33430285 PMCID: PMC7825703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer often develops via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence, a process which is accompanied by (epi) genetic alterations in epithelial cells and gradual phenotypic changes in fibroblast populations. Recent studies have made it clear that these fibroblast populations which, in the context of invasive cancers are termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play an important role in intestinal tumor progression. This review provides an overview on the emerging role of fibroblasts in various stages of colorectal cancer development, ranging from adenoma initiation to metastatic spread of tumor cells. As fibroblasts show considerable heterogeneity in subsets and phenotypes during cancer development, a better functional understanding of stage-specific (alterations in) fibroblast/CAF populations is key to increase the effectiveness of fibroblast-based prognosticators and therapies. Abstract In intestinal homeostasis, continuous renewal of the epithelium is crucial to withstand the plethora of stimuli which can damage the structural integrity of the intestines. Fibroblasts contribute to this renewal by facilitating epithelial cell differentiation as well as providing the structural framework in which epithelial cells can regenerate. Upon dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis, (pre-) malignant neoplasms develop, a process which is accompanied by (epi) genetic alterations in epithelial cells as well as phenotypic changes in fibroblast populations. In the context of invasive carcinomas, these fibroblast populations are termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain fibroblast subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the emerging role of fibroblasts in various stages of CRC development, ranging from adenoma initiation to the metastatic spread of cancer cells. In addition, we highlighted translational and therapeutic perspectives of fibroblasts in the different stages of intestinal tumor progression.
Collapse
|
109
|
Sinha A, Iyengar PV, ten Dijke P. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Key Regulators of TGFβ Signaling in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E476. [PMID: 33418880 PMCID: PMC7825147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a secreted growth and differentiation factor that influences vital cellular processes like proliferation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. Regulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway is of key importance to maintain tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of this signaling pathway has been implicated in a plethora of diseases, including cancer. The effect of TGFβ is dependent on cellular context, and TGFβ can perform both anti- and pro-oncogenic roles. TGFβ acts by binding to specific cell surface TGFβ type I and type II transmembrane receptors that are endowed with serine/threonine kinase activity. Upon ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation, SMAD proteins and other intracellular effectors become activated and mediate biological responses. The levels, localization, and function of TGFβ signaling mediators, regulators, and effectors are highly dynamic and regulated by a myriad of post-translational modifications. One such crucial modification is ubiquitination. The ubiquitin modification is also a mechanism by which crosstalk with other signaling pathways is achieved. Crucial effector components of the ubiquitination cascade include the very diverse family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. This review summarizes the diverse roles of E3 ligases that act on TGFβ receptor and intracellular signaling components. E3 ligases regulate TGFβ signaling both positively and negatively by regulating degradation of receptors and various signaling intermediates. We also highlight the function of E3 ligases in connection with TGFβ's dual role during tumorigenesis. We conclude with a perspective on the emerging possibility of defining E3 ligases as drug targets and how they may be used to selectively target TGFβ-induced pro-oncogenic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (P.V.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Schubert A, Boutros M. Extracellular vesicles and oncogenic signaling. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3-26. [PMID: 33207034 PMCID: PMC7782092 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer therapy. While the field of EV research is rapidly developing and their application as vehicles for therapeutic cargo is being tested, little is still known about the exact mechanisms of signaling specificity and cargo transfer by EVs, especially in vivo. Several signaling cascades have been found to use EVs for signaling in the tumor-stroma interaction. These include potentially oncogenic, verbatim transforming, signaling cascades such as Wnt and TGF-β signaling, and other signaling cascades that have been tightly associated with tumor progression and metastasis, such as PD-L1 and VEGF signaling. Multiple mechanisms of how these signaling cascades and EVs interplay to mediate these complex processes have been described, such as direct signal activation through pathway components on or in EVs or indirectly by influencing vesicle biogenesis, cargo sorting, or uptake dynamics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of EVs, their biogenesis, and our understanding of EV interactions with recipient cells with a focus on selected oncogenic and cancer-associated signaling pathways. After an in-depth look at how EVs mediate and influence signaling, we discuss potentially translatable EV functions and existing knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schubert
- Division Signaling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg UniversityGermany
- Clinic for Hematology and Medical OncologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGermany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg UniversityGermany
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Teicher BA. TGFβ-Directed Therapeutics: 2020. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 217:107666. [PMID: 32835827 PMCID: PMC7770020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway is essential during embryo development and in maintaining normal homeostasis. During malignancy, the TGFβ pathway is co-opted by the tumor to increase fibrotic stroma, to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition increasing metastasis and producing an immune-suppressed microenvironment which protects the tumor from recognition by the immune system. Compelling preclinical data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of blocking TGFβ function in cancer. However, the TGFβ pathway cannot be described as a driver of malignant disease. Two small molecule kinase inhibitors which block the serine-threonine kinase activity of TGFβRI on TGFβRII, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, a TGFβ trap, a TGFβ antisense agent, an antibody which stabilizes the latent complex of TGFβ and a fusion protein which neutralizes TGFβ and binds PD-L1 are in clinical development. The challenge is how to most effectively incorporate blocking TGFβ activity alone and in combination with other therapeutics to improve treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, RM 4-W602, MSC 9735, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Chen J, Ding ZY, Li S, Liu S, Xiao C, Li Z, Zhang BX, Chen XP, Yang X. Targeting transforming growth factor-β signaling for enhanced cancer chemotherapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:1345-1363. [PMID: 33391538 PMCID: PMC7738904 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, drugs targeting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling have received tremendous attention for late-stage cancer treatment since TGFβ signaling has been recognized as a prime driver for tumor progression and metastasis. Nonetheless, in healthy and pre-malignant tissues, TGFβ functions as a potent tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling plays a key role in normal development and homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune evasion, and by suppressing tumor-associated inflammation. Therefore, targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy is challenging. Recently, we and others showed that blocking TGFβ signaling increased chemotherapy efficacy, particularly for nanomedicines. In this review, we briefly introduce the TGFβ signaling pathway, and the multifaceted functions of TGFβ signaling in cancer, including regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the behavior of cancer cells. We also summarize TGFβ targeting agents. Then, we highlight TGFβ inhibition strategies to restore the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate the tumor vasculature, reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and impair the stemness of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) to enhance cancer chemotherapy efficacy. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities in targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ze-yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510530, China
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Mao S, Jin J, Li Z, Yang W. Knockdown of long non‑coding RNA ANRIL inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cells through the TGF‑β1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:146. [PMID: 33325535 PMCID: PMC7751452 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has a high mortality rate and its treatment is currently limited to chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. The long non-coding RNA antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) has been identified as an oncogene that can regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the function of ANRIL in BL remains unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effect of ANRIL on cell proliferation and apoptosis in BL. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of ANRIL in BL cells. The effect of ANRIL knockdown on BL cells was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometric, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Hoechst staining assays. The results revealed that ANRIL silencing inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of BL cells. In addition, the expression levels of cyclin D1, E2F transcription factor 1 and Bcl-2 were downregulated, while the expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, Bcl-2-associated X protein, cleaved-caspase-9/pro-caspase-9 and cleaved-caspase-3/pro-caspase-3 were upregulated. Furthermore, the knockdown of ANRIL activated the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, as evidenced by the upregulated expression levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated (p)-SMAD2/3/SMAD2/3, p-SMAD1/SMAD1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. Moreover, the protective effect of ANRIL silencing in BL could be inhibited by the TGF-β receptor type I/II dual inhibitor, LY2109761. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that the knockdown of ANRIL may inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis in BL by regulating the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which may provide a novel target for the treatment of BL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Mao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Jieping Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Kim S, Jeong CH, Song SH, Um JE, Kim HS, Yun JS, Han D, Cho ES, Nam BY, Yook JI, Ku M, Yang J, Kim MD, Kim NH, Yoo TH. Micellized Protein Transduction Domain-Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Efficiently Blocks Renal Fibrosis Via Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:591275. [PMID: 33364962 PMCID: PMC7751754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.591275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis is a chronic disease process affecting chronic kidney disease (CKD). While the etiological role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is well known for epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic kidney disease, effective therapeutics for renal fibrosis are largely limited. As a member of the TGF-β superfamily, bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) plays an important role as an endogenous antagonist of TGF-β, inhibiting fibrotic progression in many organs. However, soluble rhBMP-7 is hardly available for therapeutics due to its limited pharmacodynamic profile and rapid clearance in clinical settings. In this study, we have developed a novel therapeutic approach with protein transduction domain (PTD) fused BMP-7 in micelle (mPTD-BMP-7) for long-range signaling in vivo. Contrary to rhBMP-7 targeting its cognate receptors, the nano-sized mPTD-BMP-7 is transduced into cells through an endosomal pathway and secreted to the exosome having active BMP-7. Further, transduced mPTD-BMP-7 successfully activates SMAD1/5/8 and inhibits the TGF-β–mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition process in vitro and in an in vivo unilateral ureter obstruction model. To determine the clinical relevance of our strategy, we also developed an intra-arterial administration of mPTD-BMP-7 through renal artery in pigs. Interestingly, mPTD-BMP-7 through renal artery intervention effectively delivered into Bowman’s space and inhibits unilateral ureter obstruction–induced renal fibrosis in pigs. Our results provide a novel therapeutic targeting TGF-β–mediated renal fibrosis and other organs as well as a clinically available approach for kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,MET Life Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Seop Yun
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dawool Han
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunae Sandra Cho
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Hanna A, Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109826. [PMID: 33160018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most myocardial pathologic conditions are associated with cardiac fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although replacement fibrosis plays a reparative role after myocardial infarction, excessive, unrestrained or dysregulated myocardial ECM deposition is associated with ventricular dysfunction, dysrhythmias and adverse prognosis in patients with heart failure. The members of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily are critical regulators of cardiac repair, remodeling and fibrosis. TGF-βs are released and activated in injured tissues, bind to their receptors and transduce signals in part through activation of cascades involving a family of intracellular effectors the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads). This review manuscript summarizes our knowledge on the role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Smad3, the best-characterized member of the family plays a critical role in activation of a myofibroblast phenotype, stimulation of ECM synthesis, integrin expression and secretion of proteases and anti-proteases. In vivo, fibroblast Smad3 signaling is critically involved in scar organization and exerts matrix-preserving actions. Although Smad2 also regulates fibroblast function in vitro, its in vivo role in rodent models of cardiac fibrosis seems more limited. Very limited information is available on the potential involvement of the Smad1/5/8 cascade in cardiac fibrosis. Dissection of the cellular actions of Smads in cardiac fibrosis, and identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial Smad-dependent fibrogenic responses are critical for design of successful therapeutic strategies in patients with fibrosis-associated heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Marvin DL, Heijboer R, ten Dijke P, Ritsma L. TGF-β signaling in liver metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e160. [PMID: 33252863 PMCID: PMC7701955 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of liver metastases drastically worsens the prognosis of cancer patients. The liver is the second most prevalent metastatic site in cancer patients, but systemic therapeutic opportunities that target liver metastases are still limited. To aid the discovery of novel treatment options for metastatic liver disease, we provide insight into the cellular and molecular steps required for liver colonization. For successful colonization in the liver, adaptation of tumor cells and surrounding stroma is essential. This includes the formation of a pre-metastatic niche, the creation of a fibrotic and immune suppressive environment, angiogenesis, and adaptation of tumor cells. We illustrate that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a central cytokine in all these processes. At last, we devise that future research should focus on TGF-β inhibitory strategies, especially in combination with immunotherapy. This promising systemic treatment strategy has potential to eliminate distant metastases as the efficacy of immunotherapy will be enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke L Marvin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosan Heijboer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Terrén I, Orrantia A, Vitallé J, Astarloa-Pando G, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. Modulating NK cell metabolism for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:213-224. [PMID: 33256914 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with potent antitumor functions and, therefore, multiple NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies have been developed and are currently being tested. However, there is a necessity to find new means to improve these therapies, and immunometabolism represents an attractive target. NK cell effector functions are intricately linked to their metabolism, and modulating the latter could be the key to release their full potential. In this review, we have summarized how NK cell metabolism is regulated during some processes, such as maturation, viral infection, and cytokine stimulation. Additionally, we provide an overview of how NK cell metabolism is affected by current therapeutic approaches aimed to promote NK cell expansion and/or to increase their effector functions. We have also recapitulated several strategies that could help alleviating the metabolic impairment that characterizes tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and thus increase or restore their effector functions. Furthermore, we have reviewed several therapeutic approaches targeting cancer metabolism that could synergize with NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies, and thus enhance their efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Gong H, Fan Z, Yi D, Chen J, Li Z, Guo R, Wang C, Fang W, Liu S. Histidine kinase NME1 and NME2 are involved in TGF-β1-induced HSC activation and CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:573-581. [PMID: 32860079 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histidine phosphorylation (pHis) was first reported in 1962. There are few studies on pHis because of the thermal and acidic instability of pHis and the lack of specific methods to detect it. pHis has two isomers of 1-phosphate histidine (1-pHis) and 3-phosphate histidine (3-pHis). pHis antibodies have been developed recently and have promoted research in this field. In this study, we established a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in C57 mice and a TGF-β1-induced HSC activation model in LX-2 cells, to study the role of histidine phosphorylation. The expression of histidine kinases NME1 and NME2 was increased, histidine phosphatase PGAM5 and PHPT1 was unchanged, and 1-pHis and 3-pHis were increased in the in vivo and in vitro models. The expression of LHPP was decreased in the in vivo model but not in the in vitro model. To further study the role of NME1, NME2, and histidine phosphorylation in HSC activation, we silenced NME1 or NME2 and administered TGF-β1 in LX-2 cells. The results showed silencing NME1 or NME2 decreased TGF-β1-induced pHis levels and the expression of α-SMA and COL1A1, indicating the activation of HSC was suppressed. Then, we found the inhibitory effect on HSC activation is due to reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. In summary, our studies indicate that NME1 and NME2 are involved in TGF-β1-induced HSC activation and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, which may be mediated by histidine phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Center of Drug Clinical Trial, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zuojun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Weijin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shikun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Wojtowicz S, Lee S, Chan E, Ng E, Campbell CI, Di Guglielmo GM. SMURF2 and SMAD7 induce SARA degradation via the proteasome. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
120
|
Pakshir P, Noskovicova N, Lodyga M, Son DO, Schuster R, Goodwin A, Karvonen H, Hinz B. The myofibroblast at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/13/jcs227900. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In 1971, Gabbiani and co-workers discovered and characterized the “modification of fibroblasts into cells which are capable of an active spasm” (contraction) in rat wound granulation tissue and, accordingly, named these cells ‘myofibroblasts’. Now, myofibroblasts are not only recognized for their physiological role in tissue repair but also as cells that are key in promoting the development of fibrosis in all organs. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the current understanding of central aspects of myofibroblast biology, such as their definition, activation from different precursors, the involved signaling pathways and most widely used models to study their function. Myofibroblasts will be placed into context with their extracellular matrix and with other cell types communicating in the fibrotic environment. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies to target myofibroblasts in anti-fibrotic therapies are summarized to emphasize their crucial role in disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Nina Noskovicova
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Henna Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Takahashi K, Akatsu Y, Podyma-Inoue KA, Matsumoto T, Takahashi H, Yoshimatsu Y, Koinuma D, Shirouzu M, Miyazono K, Watabe T. Targeting all transforming growth factor-β isoforms with an Fc chimeric receptor impairs tumor growth and angiogenesis of oral squamous cell cancer. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12559-12572. [PMID: 32631954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is governed by various growth factors and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is secreted by various cell types residing in the TME and promotes tumor progression by inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells and tumor angiogenesis. TGF-β comprises three isoforms, TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3, and transduces intracellular signals via TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). For the purpose of designing ligand traps that reduce oncogenic signaling in the TME, chimeric proteins comprising the ligand-interacting ectodomains of receptors fused with the Fc portion of immunoglobulin are often used. For example, chimeric soluble TβRII (TβRII-Fc) has been developed as an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting TGF-β ligands, but several lines of evidence indicate that TβRII-Fc more effectively traps TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 than TGF-β2, whose expression is elevated in multiple cancer types. In the present study, we developed a chimeric TGF-β receptor containing both TβRI and TβRII (TβRI-TβRII-Fc) and found that TβRI-TβRII-Fc trapped all TGF-β isoforms, leading to inhibition of both the TGF-β signal and TGF-β-induced EMT of oral cancer cells, whereas TβRII-Fc failed to trap TGF-β2. Furthermore, we found that TβRI-TβRII-Fc suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis more effectively than TβRII-Fc in a subcutaneous xenograft model of oral cancer cells with high TGF-β expression. These results suggest that TβRI-TβRII-Fc may be a promising tool for targeting all TGF-β isoforms in the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Akatsu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Biomedicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, and Pharmaceutical Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katarzyna A Podyma-Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Sachdeva A, Gouge J, Kontovounisios C, Nikolaou S, Ashworth A, Lim K, Chong I. Klotho and the Treatment of Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061665. [PMID: 32585905 PMCID: PMC7352559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho was first discovered as an anti-ageing protein linked to a number of age-related disease processes, including cardiovascular, renal, musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative conditions. Emerging research has also demonstrated a potential therapeutic role for Klotho in cancer biology, which is perhaps unsurprising given that cancer and ageing share similar molecular hallmarks. In addition to functioning as a tumour suppressor in numerous solid tumours and haematological malignancies, Klotho represents a candidate therapeutic target for patients with these diseases, the majority of whom have limited treatment options. Here, we examine contemporary evidence evaluating the anti-neoplastic effects of Klotho and describe the modulation of downstream oncogenic signalling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, FGF, IGF1, PIK3K/AKT, TGFβ, and the Unfolded Protein Response. We also discuss possible approaches to developing therapeutic Klotho and consider technological advances that may facilitate the delivery of Klotho through gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishani Sachdeva
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Jerome Gouge
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK;
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Stella Nikolaou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, USA;
| | - Irene Chong
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Fang WY, Kuo YZ, Chang JY, Hsiao JR, Kao HY, Tsai ST, Wu LW. The Tumor Suppressor TGFBR3 Blocks Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061375. [PMID: 32471132 PMCID: PMC7352722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β type III receptor (TGFBR3) is an essential constituent of the TGF-β signaling. In this study, we observed a down-regulation of TGFBR3 in oral cancer, a subtype of head and neck cancer (HNC), and patients with low TGFBR3 had poor clinical outcomes. Ectopic expression of TGFBR3 decreased migration and invasion of oral cancer cells and lymph node metastasis of tumors, whereas depletion of TGFBR3 had the opposite effect. In SMAD4-positive OC-2 oral cancer cells, TGFBR3-mediated suppression requires both of its cytoplasmic interacting partners ARRB2 and GIPC1. We demonstrated that TGFBR3 induces the abundance of secreted angiogenin (ANG), a known pro-angiogenic factor, and ANG is essential and sufficient to mediate TGFBR3-dependent inhibition of migration and invasion of oral cancer cells. Notably, in SMAD4-deficient CAL-27 oral cancer cells, only GIPC1 is essential for TGFBR3-induced suppressive activity. Accordingly, HNC patients with low expressions of both TGFBR3 and GIPC1 had the poorest overall survival. In summary, we conclude that TGFBR3 is as a tumor suppressor via SMAD4-dependent and -independent manner in both tumor and stromal cells during oral carcinogenesis. Our study should facilitate the possibility of using TGFBR3-mediated tumor suppression for HNC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Fang
- Institutes of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Zih Kuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.K.); (J.-R.H.)
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan;
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.K.); (J.-R.H.)
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Sen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.K.); (J.-R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-T.T.); (L.-W.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5315) (S.-T.T.); +886-6-2353535 (ext. 3618) (L.-W.W.); Fax: +886-6-2095845 (L.-W.W.)
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-T.T.); (L.-W.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5315) (S.-T.T.); +886-6-2353535 (ext. 3618) (L.-W.W.); Fax: +886-6-2095845 (L.-W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
ATBF1 Participates in Dual Functions of TGF-β via Regulation of Gene Expression and Protein Translocalization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050807. [PMID: 32456355 PMCID: PMC7277730 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a critical cytokine to regulate multiple pathophysiological functions. For tumor development and progression, TGF-β was reported to play dual functions as a tumor suppressor and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer. The mechanism of the TGF-β signaling pathway is essential for TGF-β/Smad-targeted therapy in clinic. Here, ATBF1 was demonstrated to participate in dual functions of TGF-β via different ways. On one hand, ATBF1 expression level was associated with EMT and migration induced by TGF-β. After TGF-β treatment, ATBF1 expression was reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner, along with the alteration of cell morphology and EMT marker expression. Knockdown of ATBF1 by siRNA further promoted EMT progression and cell migration. On the other hand, ATBF1 localization was associated with cell proliferation inhibited by TGF-β. The number of cells with nucleus localization of ATBF1 in TGF-β activation group was much higher than that in control group. After that, knockdown of ATBF1 by siRNA rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation affected by TGF-β. These data revealed that ATBF1 is a key gene for the dual roles of TGF-β, which may contribute to future therapy.
Collapse
|
125
|
Naik AS, Lin JM, Taroc EZM, Katreddi RR, Frias JA, Lemus AA, Sammons MA, Forni PE. Smad4-dependent morphogenic signals control the maturation and axonal targeting of basal vomeronasal sensory neurons to the accessory olfactory bulb. Development 2020; 147:147/8/dev184036. [PMID: 32341026 PMCID: PMC7197725 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) contains two main types of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) that express distinct vomeronasal receptor (VR) genes and localize to specific regions of the neuroepithelium. Morphogenic signals are crucial in defining neuronal identity and network formation; however, if and what signals control maturation and homeostasis of VSNs is largely unexplored. Here, we found transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal transduction in postnatal mice, with BMP signaling being restricted to basal VSNs and at the marginal zones of the VNO: the site of neurogenesis. Using different Smad4 conditional knockout mouse models, we disrupted canonical TGFβ/BMP signaling in either maturing basal VSNs (bVSNs) or all mature VSNs. Smad4 loss of function in immature bVSNs compromises dendritic knob formation, pheromone induced activation, correct glomeruli formation in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and survival. However, Smad4 loss of function in all mature VSNs only compromises correct glomeruli formation in the posterior AOB. Our results indicate that Smad4-mediated signaling drives the functional maturation and connectivity of basal VSNs. Summary: Genetic disruption of TGFβ/BMP signaling in maturing basal vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) or in all mature VSNs indicates that Smad4 signaling drives maturation and connectivity of basal VSNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankana S Naik
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Raghu R Katreddi
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jesus A Frias
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Alex A Lemus
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Wang H, Chen M, Sang X, You X, Wang Y, Paterson IC, Hong W, Yang X. Development of small molecule inhibitors targeting TGF-β ligand and receptor: Structures, mechanism, preclinical studies and clinical usage. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112154. [PMID: 32092587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a member of a superfamily of pleiotropic proteins that regulate multiple cellular processes such as growth, development and differentiation. Following binding to type I and II TGF-β serine/threonine kinase receptors, TGF-β activates downstream signaling cascades involving both SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways. Aberrant TGF-β signaling is associated with a variety of diseases, such as fibrosis, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Hence, the TGF-β signaling pathway is recognized as a potential drug target. Various organic molecules have been designed and developed as TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitors and they function by either down-regulating the expression of TGF-β or by inhibiting the kinase activities of the TGF-β receptors. In this review, we discuss the current status of research regarding organic molecules as TGF-β inhibitors, focusing on the biological functions and the binding poses of compounds that are in the market or in the clinical or pre-clinical phases of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiaohong Sang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuefu You
- Laboratory of Pharmacology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-β1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:123-139. [PMID: 31879265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Jack of all trades, master of everything' is a fair label for transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β) - a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is critical for the development and maturation of immune cells, maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis, and regulates various aspects of immune responses. Following acute tissue damages, TGF-β1 becomes a master regulator of the healing process with impacts on about every cell type involved. Divergence from the tight control of TGF-β1 actions, for instance caused by chronic injury, severe trauma, or infection can tip the balance from regulated physiological to excessive pathological repair. This condition of fibrosis is characterized by accumulation and stiffening of collagenous scar tissue which impairs organ functions to the point of failure. Fibrosis and dysregulated immune responses are also a feature of cancer, in which tumor cells escape immune control partly by manipulating TGF-β1 regulation and where immune cells are excluded from the tumor by fibrotic matrix created during the stroma 'healing' response. Despite the obvious potential of TGF-β-signalling therapies, globally targeting TGF-β1 receptor, downstream pathways, or the active growth factor have proven to be extremely difficult if not impossible in systemic treatment regimes. However, TGF-β1 binding to cell receptors requires prior activation from latent complexes that are extracellularly presented on the surface of immune cells or within the extracellular matrix. These different locations have led to some divergence in the field which is often either seen from the perspective of an immunologists or a fibrosis/matrix researcher. Despite these human boundaries, there is considerable overlap between immune and tissue repair cells with respect to latent TGF-β1 presentation and activation. Moreover, the mechanisms and proteins employed by different cells and spatiotemporal control of latent TGF-β1 activation provide specificity that is amenable to drug development. This review aims at synthesizing the knowledge on TGF-β1 extracellular activation in the immune system and in fibrosis to further stimulate cross talk between the two research communities in solving the TGF-β conundrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|