101
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Krautter F, Iqbal AJ. Glycans and Glycan-Binding Proteins as Regulators and Potential Targets in Leukocyte Recruitment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624082. [PMID: 33614653 PMCID: PMC7890243 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a highly controlled cascade of interactions between proteins expressed by the endothelium and circulating leukocytes. The involvement of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in the leukocyte recruitment cascade has been well-characterised. However, our understanding of these interactions and their regulation has expanded substantially in recent years to include novel lectins and regulatory pathways. In this review, we discuss the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins, mediating the interactions between endothelium and leukocytes both directly and indirectly. We also highlight recent findings of key enzymes involved in glycosylation which affect leukocyte recruitment. Finally, we investigate the potential of glycans and glycan binding proteins as therapeutic targets to modulate leukocyte recruitment and transmigration in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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102
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Zhao H, De Souza C, Kumar VE, Nambiar R, Hao D, Zhu X, Luo Y, Liu S, Zhang L, Zhu J. Long non-coding RNA signatures as predictors of prognosis in thyroid cancer: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:359. [PMID: 33708986 PMCID: PMC7944284 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with high incidence rates in recent decades. Most TC cases have good prognoses, but a high risk of recurrence and metastases poses challenges, especially for patients with high-risk factors. Currently used prognostic markers for TC involve a combination of genetic factors and overexpressed proteins. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate several integral biologic processes by playing key roles in the transcription of several downstream targets maintaining cellular behavior. Prior studies have revealed that lncRNAs promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, making them important targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. While the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the role of lncRNAs in modulating TC progression and recurrence is still unclear, it is important to note that some lncRNAs are upregulated in certain cancers, while others are downregulated. In the present study, we review several key lncRNAs, their association with cancer progression, and the important roles they may play as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters in tumorigenesis. We discuss the potential mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated pathogenesis that can be targeted for the treatment of TC, the existing and potential benefits of using lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic measures for cancer detection, and tumor burden in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhao
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cristabelle De Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vigneshwari Easwar Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Roshni Nambiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dake Hao
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shengshan Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Department of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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103
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Zhang H, Liu P, Zhang Y, Han L, Hu Z, Cai Z, Cai J. Inhibition of galectin-3 augments the antitumor efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in non-small-cell lung cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:911-920. [PMID: 33455075 PMCID: PMC7931229 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple clinical trials have shown that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) can benefit patients with lung cancer by increasing their progression-free survival and overall survival. However, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAbs. In the present study, we investigated whether galectin (Gal)-3 inhibitors can enhance the antitumor effect of PD-L1 blockade. Using the NSCLC-derived cell line A549, we examined the expression of Gal-3 in lung cancer cells under hypoxic conditions and investigated the regulatory effect of Gal-3 on PD-L1 expression, which is mediated by the STAT3 pathway. We also explored whether Gal-3 inhibition can facilitate the cytotoxic effect of T cells induced by PD-L1 blockade. The effects of combined use of a Gal-3 inhibitor and PD-L1 blockade on tumor growth and T-cell function were also investigated, and we found that hypoxia increased the expression and secretion of Gal-3 by lung cancer cells. Gal-3 increased PD-L1 expression via the upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation, and administration of a Gal-3 inhibitor enhanced the effect of PD-L1 blockade on the cytotoxic activity of T cells against cancer cells in vitro. In a mouse xenograft model, the combination of a Gal-3 inhibitor and PD-L1 blockade synergistically suppressed tumor growth. Furthermore, the administration of a Gal-3 inhibitor enhanced T-cell infiltration and granzyme B release in tumors. Collectively, our results show that Gal-3 increases PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells and that the administration of a Gal-3 inhibitor as an adjuvant enhanced the antitumor activity of PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Zhang
- Department of SurgeryHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of OncologyTianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated HospitalChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of OncologyShijiazhuang First HospitalChina
| | - Lujun Han
- Department of OncologyShijiazhuang First HospitalChina
| | - Zhihui Hu
- Department of OncologyShijiazhuang First HospitalChina
| | - Ziqi Cai
- Hebei Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell TherapyHebei HOFOY Bio‐Tech Co. LtdShijiazhuangChina
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Department of SurgeryHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
- Department of SurgeryDepartment of Oncology & ImmunotherapyHebei General HospitalShijiazhuangChina
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104
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Abstract
Changes in glycosylation on proteins or lipids are one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In many cases, it is still not understood how glycan information is translated into biological function. In this review, we discuss at the example of specific cancer-related glycoproteins how their endocytic uptake into eukaryotic cells is tuned by carbohydrate modifications. For this, we not only focus on overall uptake rates, but also illustrate how different uptake processes-dependent or not on the conventional clathrin machinery-are used under given glycosylation conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the role of certain sugar-binding proteins, termed galectins, to tune glycoprotein uptake by inducing their crosslinking into lattices, or by co-clustering them with glycolipids into raft-type membrane nanodomains from which the so-called clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) are formed for glycoprotein internalization into cells. The latter process has been termed glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, which operates in a complementary manner to the clathrin pathway and galectin lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Anne Billet
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Unit, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR3666, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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105
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Haukedal H, Freude KK. Implications of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:625348. [PMID: 33519371 PMCID: PMC7838500 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.625348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide, and no cure is currently available. The major pathological hallmarks of AD are considered to be amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, generated by respectively APP processing and Tau phosphorylation. Recent evidence imply that glycosylation of these proteins, and a number of other AD-related molecules is altered in AD, suggesting a potential implication of this process in disease pathology. In this review we summarize the understanding of glycans in AD pathogenesis, and discuss how glycobiology can contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of AD, serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we look into the potential link between the emerging topic neuroinflammation and glycosylation, combining two interesting, and until recent years, understudied topics in the scope of AD. Lastly, we discuss how new model platforms such as induced pluripotent stem cells can be exploited and contribute to a better understanding of a rather unexplored area in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine K. Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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106
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Strategies Targeting the Innate Immune Response for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Liver Fibrosis. Drugs 2021; 81:419-443. [PMID: 33400242 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than 95% of treated individuals and may abolish liver injury, arrest fibrogenesis, and reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, liver regeneration is usually a slow process that is less effective in the late stages of fibrosis. What is more, fibrogenesis may prevail in patients with advanced cirrhosis, where it can progress to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the development of antifibrotic drugs that halt and reverse fibrosis progression is urgently needed. Fibrosis occurs due to the repair process of damaged hepatic tissue, which eventually leads to scarring. The innate immune response against HCV is essential in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. HCV-infected hepatocytes and liver macrophages secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that promote the activation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Prolonged ECM production by myofibroblasts due to chronic inflammation is essential to the development of fibrosis. While no antifibrotic therapy is approved to date, several drugs are being tested in phase 2 and phase 3 trials with promising results. This review discusses current state-of-the-art knowledge on treatments targeting the innate immune system to revert chronic hepatitis C-associated liver fibrosis. Agents that cause liver damage may vary (alcohol, virus infection, etc.), but fibrosis progression shows common patterns among them, including chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, hepatocyte injury, HSC activation, and excessive ECM deposition. Therefore, mechanisms underlying these processes are promising targets for general antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepulveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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107
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Narayan V, Thompson EW, Demissei B, Ho JE, Januzzi JL, Ky B. Mechanistic Biomarkers Informative of Both Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 75:2726-2737. [PMID: 32466889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although conventionally managed as separate disease processes, recent research has lent insight into compelling commonalities between CVD and cancer, including shared mechanisms for disease development and progression. In this review, the authors discuss several pathophysiological processes common to both CVD and cancer, such as inflammation, resistance to cell death, cellular proliferation, neurohormonal stress, angiogenesis, and genomic instability, in an effort to understand common mechanisms of both disease states. In particular, the authors highlight key circulating and genomic biomarkers associated with each of these processes, as well as their associations with risk and prognosis in both cancer and CVD. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to further our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying cancer and CVD by contextualizing pathways and biomarkers common to both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Narayan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth W Thompson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Biniyam Demissei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James L Januzzi
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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108
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Kim SJ, Chun KH. Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32172730 PMCID: PMC7196190 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and regulates diverse functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, mRNA splicing, apoptosis induction, immune surveillance and inflammation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and cancer-cell metastasis. Galectin-3 is also recommended as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of various diseases, including heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Galectin-3 exists as a cytosol, is secreted in extracellular spaces on cells, and is also detected in nuclei. It has been found that galectin-3 has different functions in cellular localization: (i) Extracellular galectin-3 mediates cell attachment and detachment. (ii) cytosolic galectin-3 regulates cell survival by blocking the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and (iii) nuclear galectin-3 supports the ability of the transcriptional factor for target gene expression. In this review, we focused on the role of galectin-3 on translocation from cytosol to nucleus, because it happens in a way independent of carbohydrate recognition and accelerates cancer progression. We also suggested here that intracellular galecin-3 could be a potent therapeutic target in cancer therapy. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(4): 173-180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University; Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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109
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Takahara S, Ferdaoussi M, Srnic N, Maayah ZH, Soni S, Migglautsch AK, Breinbauer R, Kershaw EE, Dyck JRB. Inhibition of ATGL in adipose tissue ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling by reducing adipose tissue inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H432-H446. [PMID: 33185110 PMCID: PMC7847076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00737.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following cardiac injury, increased adrenergic drive plays an important role in compensating for reduced cardiac function. However, chronic excess adrenergic stimulation can be detrimental to cardiac pathophysiology and can also affect other organs including adipose tissue, leading to increased lipolysis. Interestingly, inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis, in adipocytes ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in a heart failure model. Thus, we investigated whether inhibition of adipocyte ATGL can mitigate the adverse cardiac effects of chronic adrenergic stimulation and explored the underlying mechanisms. To do this, isoproterenol (ISO) was continuously administered to C57Bl/6N mice for 2 wk with or without an ATGL inhibitor (Atglistatin). We found that Atglistatin alleviated ISO-induced cardiac remodeling and reduced ISO-induced upregulation of galectin-3, a marker of activated macrophages and a potent inducer of fibrosis, in white adipose tissue (WAT), heart, and the circulation. To test whether the beneficial effects of Atglistatin occur via inhibition of adipocyte ATGL, adipocyte-specific ATGL knockout (atATGL-KO) mice were utilized for similar experiments. Subsequently, the same cardioprotective effects of atATGL-KO following ISO administration were observed. Furthermore, Atglistatin and atATGL-KO abolished ISO-induced galectin-3 secretion from excised WAT. We further demonstrated that activation of cardiac fibroblasts by the conditioned media of ISO-stimulated WAT is galectin-3-dependent. In conclusion, the inhibition of adipocyte ATGL ameliorated ISO-induced cardiac remodeling possibly by reducing galectin-3 secretion from adipose tissue. Thus, inhibition of adipocyte ATGL might be a potential target to prevent some of the adverse effects of chronic excess adrenergic drive.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The reduction of lipolysis by adipocyte ATGL inhibition ameliorates cardiac remodeling induced by chronic β-adrenergic stimulation likely via reducing galectin-3 secretion from adipose tissue. Our findings highlight that suppressing lipolysis in adipocytes may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with heart failure whose sympathetic nervous system is activated. Furthermore, galectin-3 might be involved in the mechanisms by which excessive lipolysis in adipose tissues influences remote cardiac pathologies and thus warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahara
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikola Srnic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shubham Soni
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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110
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Sun Z, Zhang L, Li L, Shao C, Liu J, Zhou M, Wang Z. Galectin-3 mediates cardiac remodeling caused by impaired glucose and lipid metabolism through inhibiting two pathways of activating Akt. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H364-H380. [PMID: 33275526 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00523.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac remodeling is a leading cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. Given the glucose and lipid metabolism disorders (GLDs) in patients with diabetes, it is urgent to conduct a comprehensive study of the myocardial damage under GLDs and find key mechanisms. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice, low-density lipoprotein receptor heterozygote (Ldlr+/-) Syrian golden hamsters, or H9C2 cells were used to construct GLDs models. GLDs significantly promoted cardiomyocyte fibrosis, apoptosis, and hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro, but inhibition of galectin-3 (Gal-3) could significantly reverse this process. Then, the signal transmission pathways were determined. It was found that GLDs considerably inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308/Ser473, whereas the silencing of Gal-3 could reverse the inhibition of Akt activity through phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AktThr308 (PI3K-AktThr308) and AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2-AktSer473 (AMPK-mTOR2-AktSer473) pathways. Finally, the PI3K, mTOR, AMPK inhibitor, and Akt activator were used to investigate the role of pathways in regulating cardiac remodeling. Phospho-AktThr308 could mediate myocardial fibrosis, whereas myocardial apoptosis and hypertrophy were regulated by both phospho-AktThr308 and phospho-AktSer473. In conclusion, Gal-3 was an important regulatory factor in GLDs-induced cardiac remodeling, and Gal-3 could suppress the phosphorylation of Akt at different sites in mediating cardiomyocyte fibrosis, apoptosis, and hypertrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies on the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiac remodeling are highly desired. Glucose and lipid metabolism are both disordered in diabetes. Glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances promote myocardial fibrosis, apoptosis, and hypertrophy through galectin-3. Galectin-3 promotes cardiac remodeling by inhibiting phosphorylation of AktThr308 or AktSer473. The present study finds that glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are important causes for myocardial damage and provides novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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111
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Petersen EV, Chudakova DA, Skorova EY, Anikin V, Reshetov IV, Mynbaev OA. The Extracellular Matrix-Derived Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Personalized Therapy of Malignant Tumors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:575569. [PMID: 33425730 PMCID: PMC7793707 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.575569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor biomarkers already have proven clinical value and have become an integral part in cancer management and modern translational oncology. The tumor tissue microenvironment (TME), which includes extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling molecules, immune and stromal cells, and adjacent non-tumorous tissue, contributes to cancer pathogenesis. Thus, TME-derived biomarkers have many clinical applications. This review is predominately based on the most recent publications (manuscripts published in a last 5 years, or seminal publications published earlier) and fills a gap in the current literature on the cancer biomarkers derived from the TME, with particular attention given to the ECM and products of its processing and degradation, ECM-associated extracellular vesicles (EVs), biomechanical characteristics of ECM, and ECM-derived biomarkers predicting response to the immunotherapy. We discuss the clinical utility of the TME-incorporating three-dimensional in vitro and ex vivo cell culture models for personalized therapy. We conclude that ECM is a critical driver of malignancies and ECM-derived biomarkers should be included in diagnostics and prognostics panels of markers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Petersen
- Department of Molecular and Bio Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Daria A. Chudakova
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Skorova
- Department of Molecular and Bio Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vladimir Anikin
- Harefield Hospital, The Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Reshetov
- Department of Molecular and Bio Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ospan A. Mynbaev
- Department of Molecular and Bio Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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112
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Blanda V, Bracale UM, Di Taranto MD, Fortunato G. Galectin-3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239232. [PMID: 33287402 PMCID: PMC7731136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding protein belonging to the lectin family with pleiotropic regulatory activities and several physiological cellular functions, such as cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cellular adhesion, and tissue repair. Inflammation, tissue fibrosis and angiogenesis are the main processes in which Gal-3 is involved. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including organ fibrosis, chronic inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review aims to explore the connections of Gal-3 with cardiovascular diseases since they represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We herein discuss the evidence on the pro-inflammatory role of Gal-3 in the atherogenic process as well as the association with plaque features linked to lesion stability. We report the biological role and molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 in other CVDs, highlighting its involvement in the development of cardiac fibrosis and impaired myocardium remodelling, resulting in heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The role of Gal-3 as a prognostic marker of heart failure is described together with possible diagnostic applications to other CVDs. Finally, we report the tentative use of Gal-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach to prevent cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Blanda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.B.); (G.F.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Umberto Marcello Bracale
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Donata Di Taranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.B.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE S.C.a r.l. Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463530
| | - Giuliana Fortunato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.B.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE S.C.a r.l. Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Shochet GE, Pomerantz A, Shitrit D, Bardenstein-Wald B, Ask K, Surber M, Rabinowicz N, Levy Y, Benchetrit S, Edelstein E, Zitman-Gal T. Galectin-3 levels are elevated following nintedanib treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320968412. [PMID: 33708368 PMCID: PMC7907712 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320968412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common and severe form of pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor, is approved for treating IPF. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) activates a variety of profibrotic processes. Currently, the Gal-3 inhibitor TD139 is being tested in phase II clinical trials. Since this treatment is given ‘on top’ of nintedanib, it is important to estimate its effect on Gal-3 levels. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of nintedanib on Gal-3 expression using both in vitro and in vivo models, in addition to serum samples from patients with IPF. Methods: Gal-3 levels were evaluated in IPF and control tissue samples, primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) following nintedanib treatment (10–100 nM, quantitative polymerase chain reaction), and in a silica-induced fibrosis mouse model with/without nintedanib (0.021–0.21 mg/kg) by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Gal-3 levels were analyzed in serum samples from 41 patients with interstitial lung disease patients with/without nintedanib treatment by ELISA. Results: Nintedanib addition to HLFs resulted in significant elevations in Gal-3, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), as well as IL-8 mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Gal-3 expression was higher in samples from IPF patients compared with non-IPF controls at the protein and mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In the in vivo mouse model, Gal-3 levels were increased following fibrosis induction and even further increased with the addition of nintedanib, mostly in macrophages (p < 0.05). Patients receiving nintedanib presented with higher Gal-3 serum levels compared with those who did not receive nintedanib (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nintedanib elevates Gal-3 levels in both experimental models, along with patient samples. These findings highlight the possibility of using combined inhibition therapy for patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky Street, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Alon Pomerantz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noa Rabinowicz
- Internal Medicine E Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Yair Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Tali Zitman-Gal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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114
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Lowther MK, Tunnell JP, Palka JM, King DR, Salako DC, Macris DG, Italiya JB, Grodin JL, North CS, Brown ES. Relationship between inflammatory biomarker galectin-3 and hippocampal volume in a community study. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577386. [PMID: 32927397 PMCID: PMC7673815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is expressed by microglia and performs functions including adhesion; activation of macrophages and fibroblasts, and mediates inflammatory responses in the hippocampus. The present study examined whether serum Gal3 levels predict hippocampal volume in a multi-ethnic, community-based sample. Results of a multiple linear regression (controlling for depression, serum creatinine level, age, BMI, total brain volume, MoCA score, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, history of diabetes) showed that Gal3 levels significantly predicted left (p = .027) but not right hippocampal volume. The relationship was stronger in men than women. Findings suggest this novel inflammatory biomarker is associated with human hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Lowther
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jarrod P Tunnell
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jayme M Palka
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Darlene R King
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Damilola C Salako
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Dimitri G Macris
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jay B Italiya
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8830, United States of America
| | - Carol S North
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America; The Altshuler Center for Education & Research, Metrocare Services, 1250 Mockingbird Lane, Suite 330, Dallas, TX 75247, United States of America
| | - E Sherwood Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America.
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115
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Gumanova NG, Klimushina MV, Bogdanova NL, Stefanyuk OV, Metelskaya VA. Valid cardiac biochemical markers. Part II. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2020. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. G. Gumanova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - M. V. Klimushina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - N. L. Bogdanova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. V. Stefanyuk
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. A. Metelskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
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Yin Q, Chen J, Ma S, Dong C, Zhang Y, Hou X, Li S, Liu B. Pharmacological Inhibition of Galectin-3 Ameliorates Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:533-542. [PMID: 32982368 PMCID: PMC7508034 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s273858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, cognitive impairment is linked with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As the only chimeric member of the galectin family, galectin-3 (Gal3) induces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its role in diabetes-associated cognitive impairment is not established. Methodology Here, we investigated the effects of Gal3 inhibition on cognitive impairment and the possible underlying molecular events in diabetes. We investigated the effects of the Gal3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (MCP; 100 mg/kg/day oral for 6 weeks) in vivo in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, the effects of MCP on high glucose (HG)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were investigated in vitro. Results We found that MCP attenuated memory impairment in diabetic rats in the Morris water maze test and reduced insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In HG-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, MCP increased cell viability and decreased oxidative stress and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the inhibition of Gal3 by MCP ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, suggesting that Gal3 could be a potential new target for therapeutic intervention to prevent cognitive impairment in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfang Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Gabr M, Rehman AU, Chen HF. Quinoline-Pyrazole Scaffold as a Novel Ligand of Galectin-3 and Suppressor of TREM2 Signaling. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1759-1765. [PMID: 32944144 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been identified as a critical player in driving the neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A key feature of this function of galectin-3 is associated with its interaction with the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). Herein, we report a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform that can be used for the identification of inhibitors of TREM2 and galectin-3 interaction. We have utilized this HTS assay to screen a focused library of compounds optimized for the central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases. MG-257 was identified from this screen as the first example of a small molecule that can attenuate TREM2 signaling based on its high affinity to galectin-3 (endogenous ligand of TREM2). Remarkably, MG-257 reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in activated microglial cells, which highlights its ability to inhibit the neuroinflammatory response associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
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Hara A, Niwa M, Kanayama T, Noguchi K, Niwa A, Matsuo M, Kuroda T, Hatano Y, Okada H, Tomita H. Galectin-3: A Potential Prognostic and Diagnostic Marker for Heart Disease and Detection of Early Stage Pathology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091277. [PMID: 32899694 PMCID: PMC7565392 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of molecular biomarkers for the early detection of heart disease, before their onset of symptoms, is an attractive novel approach. Ideal molecular biomarkers, those that are both sensitive and specific to heart disease, are likely to provide a much earlier diagnosis, thereby providing better treatment outcomes. Galectin-3 is expressed by various immune cells, including mast cells, histiocytes and macrophages, and plays an important role in diverse physiological functions. Since galectin-3 is readily expressed on the cell surface, and is readily secreted by injured and inflammatory cells, it has been suggested that cardiac galectin-3 could be a marker for cardiac disorders such as cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, depending on the specific pathogenesis. Thus, galectin-3 may be a novel candidate biomarker for the diagnosis, analysis and prognosis of various cardiac diseases, including heart failure. The goals of heart disease treatment are to prevent acute onset and to predict their occurrence by using the ideal molecular biomarkers. In this review, we discuss and summarize recent developments of galectin-3 as a next-generation molecular biomarker of heart disease. Furthermore, we describe how galectin-3 may be useful as a diagnostic marker for detecting the early stages of various heart diseases, which may contribute to improved early therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-230-6225
| | - Masayuki Niwa
- Medical Education Development Center, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Kei Noguchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Mikiko Matsuo
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Takahiro Kuroda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (T.K.); (Y.H.); (H.T.)
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Ma S, Li S, Lv R, Hou X, Nie S, Yin Q. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with serum galectin-3 level. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1295-1302. [PMID: 32196999 PMCID: PMC7477520 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Galectin-3 (Gal3) contributes to insulin resistance, inflammation and obesity, the three risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 134 hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment method, and divided into 65 MCI and 69 controls. Levels of variables, Gal3 and Aβ42, were investigated in relation with cognitive function in both type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with MCI and high-fat diet/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of serum Gal3 and lower levels of plasma Aβ42 (all P < 0.05) were found in the MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus group as compared with the non-MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus control. Partial correlation analysis showed that Gal3 is negatively correlated with both MMSE score (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (r = -0.47, P < 0.001) after adjustment for glycated hemoglobin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and Aβ42 in all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, with a stronger effect seen in the MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus group after further analysis with MCI strata. A simple logistic regression model showed that Gal3 and Aβ42 are significantly associated with MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after adjustment with the covariates sex, age, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and antidiabetic drugs. Serum and brain Gal3 levels were significantly increased in high-fat diet/streptozotocin diabetic rats, which correlate to the impairment of learning and memory ability. Gal3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin decreased serum and brain Gal3 levels in diabetic rats, accompanied by the amelioration of learning and memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS Gal3 might be associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and serum Gal3 level might be a new risk factor of MCI in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of EndocrinologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of GeriatricsShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Department of GeriatricShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of GeriatricShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shanjing Nie
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
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Wang J, Tripathy N, Chung EJ. Targeting and therapeutic peptide-based strategies for polycystic kidney disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:176-189. [PMID: 32866560 PMCID: PMC7736157 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by progressive cyst growth and is a leading cause of renal failure worldwide. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options available to PKD patients, and only one drug, tolvaptan, has been FDA-approved to slow cyst progression. Similar to other small molecule drugs, however, tolvaptan is costly, only moderately effective, and causes adverse events leading to high patient dropout rates. Peptides may mitigate many drawbacks of small molecule drugs, as they can be highly tissue-specific, biocompatible, and economically scaled-up. Peptides can function as targeting ligands that direct therapies to diseased renal tissue, or be potent as therapeutic agents themselves. This review discusses various aberrant signaling pathways in PKD and renal receptors that can be potential targets of peptide-mediated strategies. Additionally, peptides utilized in other kidney applications, but may prove useful in the context of PKD, are highlighted. Insights into novel peptide-based solutions that have potential to improve clinical management of PKD are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nirmalya Tripathy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wesseling M, de Poel JH, de Jager SC. Growth differentiation factor 15 in adverse cardiac remodelling: from biomarker to causal player. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:1488-1501. [PMID: 32424982 PMCID: PMC7373942 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a growing health issue as a negative consequence of improved survival upon myocardial infarction, unhealthy lifestyle, and the ageing of our population. The large and complex pathology underlying heart failure makes diagnosis and especially treatment very difficult. There is an urgent demand for discriminative biomarkers to aid disease management of heart failure. Studying cellular pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to disease initiation and progression is crucial for understanding the disease process and will aid to identification of novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a proven valuable biomarker for different pathologies, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Although the prognostic value of GDF15 in heart failure is robust, the biological function of GDF15 in adverse cardiac remodelling is not fully understood. GDF15 is a distant member of the transforming growth factor-β family and involved in various biological processes including inflammation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. However, more research is suggesting a role in fibrosis, hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction. As GDF15 is a pleiotropic protein, elucidating the exact role of GDF15 in complex disease processes has proven to be a challenge. In this review, we provide an overview of the role GDF15 plays in various intracellular and extracellular processes underlying heart failure, and we touch upon crucial points that need consideration before GDF15 can be integrated as a biomarker in standard care or when considering GDF15 for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wesseling
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and HematologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Julius H.C. de Poel
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C.A. de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Common Drug Pipelines for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and Hepatopathy: Can We Kill Two Birds with One Stone? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144939. [PMID: 32668632 PMCID: PMC7404115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with diabetic nephropathy as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can be called "diabetic hepatopathy or diabetic liver disease". NASH, a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD), can sometimes progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic failure. T2D patients are at higher risk for liver-related mortality compared with the nondiabetic population. NAFLD is closely associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetic nephropathy according to cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Simultaneous kidney liver transplantation (SKLT) is dramatically increasing in the United States, because NASH-related cirrhosis often complicates end-stage renal disease. Growing evidence suggests that NAFLD and CKD share common pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are expected to ameliorate NASH and diabetic nephropathy/CKD. There are no approved therapies for NASH, but a variety of drug pipelines are now under development. Several agents of them can also ameliorate diabetic nephropathy/CKD, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists, apoptosis signaling kinase 1 inhibitor, nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 activator, C-C chemokine receptor types 2/5 antagonist and nonsteroidal mineral corticoid receptor antagonist. This review focuses on common drug pipelines in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and hepatopathy.
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Hu WM, Yang YZ, Zhang TZ, Qin CF, Li XN. LGALS3 Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Diffusely Infiltrating Gliomas and Is Closely Correlated With CD163+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:182. [PMID: 32528967 PMCID: PMC7254797 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma, the most common brain tumor, is a heterogeneous group of glia-derived tumors, the majority of which have characteristics of diffuse infiltration and immunosuppression. The LGALS protein family is a large class of sugar-binding proteins. Among them, LGALS3 has been reported to promote tumor development and progression in some cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological functions of LGALS3 in glioma remain virtually unknown. The purpose of our research is to detect LGALS3 expression and its prognostic value in glioma and reveal the relationship between its expression and the clinico/molecular-pathological features of patients and immune cell infiltration. Methods: LGALS3 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression data of LGALS3 was downloaded and analyzed from TCGA and Rembrandt datasets. The association between LGALS3 and glioma clinically relevant diagnostic/molecular markers (IDH, 1p19q, ATRX, MGMT, and TERT) was examined using the Chi-Squared (χ2) test. The correlation between LGALS3 expression and the infiltration of multiple intra-tumoral immune cell types, including B cells (CD20), T cells (CD4 and CD8), macrophages (CD68), and M2 tumor-associated macrophages (CD163), was evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox regression analysis were applied to evaluate the prognostic value of LGALS3 in glioma. The log-rank test was used to evaluate Kaplan-Meier results for significance. Results: Out of all 304 glioma cases, LGALS3 protein was expressed in 125 glioma cases (41.1%, 125/304), with 69.2% (9/13) in WHO I, 9.8% (8/82) in WHO II, 34.2% (26/76) in WHO III, and 61.7% (82/133) in WHO IV. The expression of LGALS3 was correlated with patient age, WHO grade, PHH3 (mitosis), Ki67 index, IDH, 1p/19q codeletion, and TERT promoter status. LGALS3 was an independent poor prognostic marker in diffusely infiltrating gliomas and was positively correlated with immune cell infiltration, particularly CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages in the TCGA dataset, Rembrandt dataset, and our SYSUCC cohort (R = 0.419, 0.627, and 0.724). Conclusion: LGALS3 was highly expressed in pilocytic astrocytoma, GBM, and IDH wild-type LGG. It served as a poor prognostic marker in diffusely infiltrating gliomas. Based on its prognostic significance and strong correlation with CD163+ TAMs, it may act as an important therapeutic target for human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang-Fei Qin
- Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Nong Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Bouin A, Semler BL. Picornavirus Cellular Remodeling: Doubling Down in Response to Viral-Induced Inflammation. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:31-37. [PMID: 32704466 PMCID: PMC7377643 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To highlight recent findings on how picornavirus infections of the airways and cardiac tissues impact cellular inflammation and remodeling events. Recent Findings Recent published work has revealed that although many picornavirus infections appear to be initially asymptomatic, there are significant disease sequelae that result from chronic or persistent infections and the long-term, pathogenic effects on host tissues. Summary Because many acute picornavirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to diagnose these pathologies at the early stages of disease. As a result, we must rely on preventative measures (i.e., vaccination) or discover novel treatments to reverse tissue damage and remodeling in affected individuals. Both of these strategies will require a comprehensive knowledge of virus-and cell-specific replication determinants and how these processes induce pathogenic effects in infected cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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Galectin-3 as a Next-Generation Biomarker for Detecting Early Stage of Various Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030389. [PMID: 32138174 PMCID: PMC7175224 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin which is important in numerous biological activities in various organs, including cell proliferation, apoptotic regulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and host defense. Galectin-3 is predominantly located in the cytoplasm and expressed on the cell surface, and then often secreted into biological fluids, like serum and urine. It is also released from injured cells and inflammatory cells under various pathological conditions. Many studies have revealed that galectin-3 plays an important role as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease, viral infection, autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumor formation. In particular, it has been recognized that galectin-3 is extremely useful for detecting many of these diseases in their early stages. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the recent literature focusing on the biomarker characteristics and long-term outcome predictions of galectin-3, in not only patients with various types of diseases, but associated animal models.
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Rios FJ, Zou ZG, Harvey AP, Harvey KY, Nosalski R, Anyfanti P, Camargo LL, Lacchini S, Ryazanov AG, Ryazanova L, McGrath S, Guzik TJ, Goodyear CS, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Chanzyme TRPM7 protects against cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:721-735. [PMID: 31250885 PMCID: PMC7252442 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) cation channel is a chanzyme (channel + kinase) that influences cellular Mg2+ homeostasis and vascular signalling. However, the pathophysiological significance of TRPM7 in the cardiovascular system is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of this chanzyme in the cardiovascular system focusing on inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS TRPM7-deficient mice with deletion of the kinase domain (TRPM7+/Δkinase) were studied and molecular mechanisms investigated in TRPM7+/Δkinase bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and co-culture systems with cardiac fibroblasts. TRPM7-deficient mice had significant cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. Cardiac collagen and fibronectin content, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (SMAD3, TGFβ) and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-α] and phosphorylation of the pro-inflammatory signalling molecule Stat1, were increased in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. These processes were associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells (F4/80+CD206+ cardiac macrophages) and increased galectin-3 expression. Cardiac [Mg2+]i, but not [Ca2+]i, was reduced in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. Calpain, a downstream TRPM7 target, was upregulated (increased expression and activation) in TRPM7+/Δkinase hearts. Vascular functional and inflammatory responses, assessed in vivo by intra-vital microscopy, demonstrated impaired neutrophil rolling, increased neutrophil: endothelial attachment and transmigration of leucocytes in TRPM7+/Δkinase mice. TRPM7+/Δkinase BMDMs had increased levels of galectin-3, IL-10, and IL-6. In co-culture systems, TRPM7+/Δkinase macrophages increased expression of fibronectin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and TGFβ in cardiac fibroblasts from wild-type mice, effects ameliorated by MgCl2 treatment. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic role for TRPM7 and suggest that its protective effects are mediated, in part, through Mg2+-sensitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Zhi-Guo Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Katie Y Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Panagiota Anyfanti
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Silvia Lacchini
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lillia Ryazanova
- Lewis Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Patel DM, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Brown JR, McArthur E, Moledina DG, Mansour SG, Shlipak MG, Koyner JL, Kavsak P, Whitlock RP, Everett AD, Malenka DJ, Garg AX, Coca SG, Parikh CR. Association of plasma-soluble ST2 and galectin-3 with cardiovascular events and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am Heart J 2020; 220:253-263. [PMID: 31911262 PMCID: PMC7008086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac surgery induces hemodynamic stress on the myocardium, and this process can be associated with significant post-operative morbidity and mortality. Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) and galectin-3 (gal-3) are biomarkers of myocardial remodeling and fibrosis; however, their potential association with post-operative changes is unknown. METHODS We measured peri-operative plasma sST2 and gal-3 levels in two prospective cohorts (TRIBE-AKI and NNE) of over 1800 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. sST2 and gal-3 levels were evaluated for association with a composite primary outcome of cardiovascular event or mortality over median follow-up periods of 3.4 and 6.0 years, respectively, for the two cohorts. Meta-analysis of hazard ratio estimates from the cohorts was performed using random effects models. RESULTS Cohorts demonstrated event rates of 70.2 and 66.8 per 1000 person-years for the primary composite outcome. After adjustment for clinical covariates, higher post-operative sST2 and gal-3 levels were significantly associated with cardiovascular event or mortality [pooled estimate HRs: sST2 1.29 (95% CI 1.16, 1.44); gal-3 1.26 (95% CI 1.09, 1.46)]. These associations were not significantly modified by pre-operative congestive heart failure or AKI. CONCLUSIONS Higher post-operative sST2 and gal-3 values were associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular event or mortality. These two biomarkers should be further studied for potential clinical utility for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipal M Patel
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Jeremiah R Brown
- Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, and the Departments of Biomedical Data Science and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Dennis G Moledina
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sherry G Mansour
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jay L Koyner
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter Kavsak
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- Population Health Research Institute and Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allen D Everett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Malenka
- Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, and the Departments of Biomedical Data Science and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
| | - Amit X Garg
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven G Coca
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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128
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Park AM, Khadka S, Sato F, Omura S, Fujita M, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Tsunoda I. Galectin-3 as a Therapeutic Target for NSAID-Induced Intestinal Ulcers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:550366. [PMID: 33072090 PMCID: PMC7539695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and small intestine. NSAID-induced gastric ulcers can be prevented by taking acid-neutralizing/inhibitory drugs and cytoprotective agents. In contrast, there are no medicines to control NSAID-induced small intestinal ulcers, which are accompanied by a mucosal invasion of bacteria and subsequent activation of immune cells. Galectin-3 (Gal3), an endogenous lectin, has anti-microbial and pro-inflammatory functions. In the small intestine, since Gal3 is highly expressed in epithelial cells constitutively and macrophages inducibly, the Gal3 level can affect microbiota composition and macrophage activation. We hypothesized that the modulation of Gal3 expression could be beneficial in NSAID-induced intestinal ulcers. Using Gal3 knockout (Gal3KO) mice, we determined whether Gal3 could be a therapeutic target in NSAID-induced intestinal ulcers. Following the administration of indomethacin, an NSAID, we found that small intestinal ulcers were less severe in Gal3KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. We also found that the composition of intestinal microbiota was different between WT and Gal3KO mice and that bactericidal antibiotic polymyxin B treatment significantly suppressed NSAID-induced ulcers. Furthermore, clodronate, a macrophage modulator, attenuated NSAID-induced ulcers. Therefore, Gal3 could be an exacerbating factor in NSAID-induced intestinal ulcers by affecting the intestinal microbiota population and macrophage activity. Inhibition of Gal3 may be a therapeutic strategy in NSAID-induced intestinal ulcers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03832946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ah-Mee Park,
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel K. Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Role of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in heart failure: galectin 3, α1-antitrypsin and LOX-1: new therapeutic perspective? Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:143-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li CH, Chang YC, Hsiao M, Liang SM. FOXD1 and Gal-3 Form a Positive Regulatory Loop to Regulate Lung Cancer Aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121897. [PMID: 31795213 PMCID: PMC6966623 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) is known to promote tumor progression; however, its molecular mechanism of action is unclear. Based on microarray analysis, we identified galectin-3/LGALS3 (Gal-3) as a potential downstream target of FOXD1, as FOXD1 transactivated Gal-3 by interacting with the Gal-3 promoter to upregulate Gal-3 in FOXD1-overexpressing CL1-0 lung cancer cells. Ectopic expression of FOXD1 increased the expression of Gal-3 and the growth and motility of lung cancer cells, whereas depletion of Gal-3 attenuated FOXD1-mediated tumorigenesis. ERK1/2 interacted with FOXD1 in the cytosol and translocated FOXD1 into the nucleus to activate Gal-3. Gal-3 in turn upregulated FOXD1 via the transcription factor proto-oncogene 1 (ETS-1) to transactivate FOXD1. The increase in ETS-1/FOXD1 expression by Gal-3 was through Gal-3-mediated integrin-β1 (ITGβ1) signaling. The overexpression of both FOXD1 and Gal-3 form a positive regulatory loop to promote lung cancer aggressiveness. Moreover, both FOXD1 and Gal-3 were positively correlated in human lung cancer tissues. Our findings demonstrated that FOXD1 and Gal-3 form a positive feedback loop in lung cancer, and interference of this loop may serve as an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancers, particularly those related to dysregulation of Gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiu Li
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.-M.L.); Tel.: +886-227-871-243 (M.H.); +886-227-872-082 (S.-M.L.)
| | - Shu-Mei Liang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.-M.L.); Tel.: +886-227-871-243 (M.H.); +886-227-872-082 (S.-M.L.)
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Cockram TOJ, Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Calreticulin and Galectin-3 Opsonise Bacteria for Phagocytosis by Microglia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31781126 PMCID: PMC6861381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsonins are soluble, extracellular proteins, released by activated immune cells, and when bound to a target cell, can induce phagocytes to phagocytose the target cell. There are three known classes of opsonin: antibodies, complement factors and secreted pattern recognition receptors, but these have limited access to the brain. We identify here two novel opsonins of bacteria, calreticulin, and galectin-3 (both lectins that can bind lipopolysaccharide), which were released by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) when activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Calreticulin and galectin-3 both bound to Escherichia coli, and when bound increased phagocytosis of these bacteria by microglia. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial phagocytosis of E. coli bacteria was partially inhibited by: sugars, an anti-calreticulin antibody, a blocker of the calreticulin phagocytic receptor LRP1, a blocker of the galectin-3 phagocytic receptor MerTK, or simply removing factors released from the microglia, indicating this phagocytosis is dependent on extracellular calreticulin and galectin-3. Thus, calreticulin and galectin-3 are opsonins, released by activated microglia to promote clearance of bacteria. This innate immune response of microglia may help clear bacterial infections of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom O J Cockram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Eliaz I, Raz A. Pleiotropic Effects of Modified Citrus Pectin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112619. [PMID: 31683865 PMCID: PMC6893732 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified citrus pectin (MCP) has a low-molecular-weight degree of esterification to allow absorption from the small intestinal epithelium into the circulation. MCP produces pleiotropic effects, including but not limited to its antagonism of galectin-3, which have shown benefit in preclinical and clinical models. Regarding cancer, MCP modulates several rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. MCP can also affect cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding fibrotic diseases, MCP modulates many of the steps involved in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. MCP also reduces fibrosis to the kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. Other benefits of MCP include detoxification and improved immune function. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Clinic and Healing Center, 398 Tesconi Ct, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Araújo JRC, Coelho CB, Campos AR, de Azevedo Moreira R, de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira AC. Animal Galectins and Plant Lectins as Tools for Studies in Neurosciences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 18:202-215. [PMID: 31622208 PMCID: PMC7327950 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191016092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immunological origin capable of reversibly and specifically binding to glycoconjugates. They exist in free form or associated with cells and are widely distributed in nature, being found in plants, microorganisms, and animals. Due to their characteristics and mainly due to the possibility of reversible binding to glycoconjugates, lectins have stood out as important tools in research involving Neurobiology. These proteins have the ability to modulate molecular targets in the central nervous system (CNS) which may be involved with neuroplasticity, neurobehavioral effects, and neuroprotection. The present report integrates existing information on the activity of animal and plant lectins in different areas of Neuroscience, presenting perspectives to direct new research on lectin function in the CNS, providing alternatives for understanding neurological diseases such as mental disorders, neurodegenerative, and neuro-oncological diseases, and for the development of new drugs, diagnoses and therapies in the field of Neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cauê Barbosa Coelho
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia Ambiental para o Semiarido (PPGCTAS), State University of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rolim Campos
- Experimental Biology Centre (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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Berberine inhibits adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and adiposity through down-regulating galectin-3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13415. [PMID: 31527742 PMCID: PMC6746795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to investigate the effects of berberine (BBR) on galectin-3 (Gal-3) and the relationships to its suppressive activities on adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and adiposity. Our results showed that BBR greatly suppressed the differentiation and proliferation of mouse primary preadipocytes isolated from epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), during which the expression level of Gal-3 was down-regulated significantly. Overexpression of Gal-3 totally abolished the suppressive activities of BBR on Gal-3 expression, preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. BBR reduced Gal-3 promoter activity, destabilized its mRNA and inhibited firefly luciferase activity of a recombinant plasmid containing the Gal-3 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, BBR up-regulated microRNA (miRNA) let-7d expression and the suppressive activity on Gal-3 3′UTR was abolished by point mutation on the let-7d binding site. In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), BBR up-regulated let-7d and down-regulated Gal-3 expression in eWAT; it also suppressed adipocyte differentiation and proliferation and reduced adiposity greatly. In summary, our study proves that BBR inhibits the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes through down-regulating Gal-3, which is closely associated with its anti-obesity effect. Our results may support the future clinical application of BBR for the treatment of obesity or related diseases.
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Association between Galectin-3 levels within central and peripheral venous blood, and adverse left ventricular remodelling after first acute myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13145. [PMID: 31511537 PMCID: PMC6739356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study investigates association between Galectin-3 levels and adverse left ventricular remodelling (LVR) at six months. Fifty-seven patients following first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were enrolled in this study and blood samples collected on day 1 from the femoral vein and artery, the right atrium near the coronary sinus and the aortic root, and on day 30, from the cubital vein. Patients with LVESV ≥20% at six months, were included in the LVR group. On day 1, Galectin-3 plasma levels in the femoral vein (10.34 ng/ml ± 3.81 vs 8.22 ng/ml ± 2.34, p = 0.01), and near coronary sinus (10.7 ng/ml ± 3.97 vs 8.41 ng/ml ± 2.56, p = 0.007) were higher in the LVR group. Positive correlations between Galectin-3 levels from aortic root and coronary sinus, aortic root and femoral vein, and coronary sinus and femoral vein, were observed in both groups. On day 30, Galectin-3 concentration in the cubital vein was an independent risk factor of LVR six months post-AMI, demonstrating 1.5-fold increased risk. Day-30 Galectin-3 also showed positive correlations with echocardiography parameters indicative of diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Determining Galectin-3 plasma concentration on day 30 following AMI could have beneficial prognostic value in predicting LVR.
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The Number of Liver Galectin-3 Positive Cells Is Dually Correlated with NAFLD Severity in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143460. [PMID: 31337151 PMCID: PMC6679049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease ranging from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is a β-galactoside binding protein, has been associated with liver fibrosis, but its role in NAFLD remains elusive. We investigated the expression of Gal-3 in liver resident cells and its potential association with liver damage in 40 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. We found that several liver cells expressed Gal-3. The number of total Gal-3 positive cells decreased with the severity of disease and the cells were correlated with the presence of steatosis and the diagnosis of NASH. CD68 macrophages expressed Gal-3 but the number CD68/Gal-3 positive cells was significantly reduced in patients diagnosed with steatosis and NASH. Triple CD68/CD206/Gal-3, which represented the subpopulation of M2 macrophages, were mainly present in patients without NASH, and clearly reduced in patients with steatosis and NASH. On the contrary, the number of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)/Gal-3 positive cells increased with the severity of fibrosis in children with NAFLD. Our data demonstrated that the number of Gal-3 positive cells was associated with tissue damage in different ways, which suggests a dual role of this protein in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD, even if the role of Gal-3 deserves further studies.
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Elevated Platelet Galectin-3 and Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Activity Are Associated with Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Shunt Dysfunction among Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8952414. [PMID: 31080833 PMCID: PMC6476156 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8952414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyperglycemia is a major factor in influencing the patency rate of arteriovenous shunts, potentially associated with the RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway. Besides, galectin-3 mediates thrombotic mechanisms in venous thrombosis and peripheral artery disease. We hypothesized that high ROCK activity and galectin-3 levels are associated with arteriovenous shunt dysfunction. Methods We prospectively enrolled 38 patients diagnosed with arteriovenous shunt dysfunction. 29 patients received a complete follow-up and each provided two blood samples, which were collected at the first visit for occluded status of arteriovenous shunts and 1 month later for patent status. A Western blot assay for a myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT) was performed to examine Rho-kinase activity. A Western blot assay for platelet galectin-3 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for circulating galectin-3 were completed. Results Higher platelet MYPT ratios and galectin-3 levels were identified at occluded arteriovenous shunts (MYPT ratio: 0.5 [0.3-1.4] vs. 0.4 [0.3-0.6], p = 0.01; galectin-3: 1.2 [0.4-1.6] vs. 0.7 [0.1-1.2], p = 0.0004). The plasma galectin-3 binding protein ELISA was also higher at occluded arteriovenous shunts (8.4 [6.0-9.7] μg/mL vs. 7.1 [4.5-9.1] μg/mL, p = 0.009). Biomarker ratios (occluded/patent status) trended high in patients with poorly controlled diabetes (MYPT ratio: 1.7 [1.0-3.0] vs. 1.1 [0.7-1.3], p = 0.06; galectin-3: 1.6 [1.3-3.4] vs. 1.1 [0.8-1.9], p = 0.05). Conclusion High platelet ROCK activity and galectin-3 levels are associated with increased risk in arteriovenous shunt dysfunction, especially in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.
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Abel WF, Funk CR, Blenda AV. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Cerebrovascular Accidents: An Overview. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519836794. [PMID: 31007530 PMCID: PMC6458655 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519836794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to limitations of neuroimaging, such as the isodense appearance of blood to neuronal tissue in subacute hemorrhagic stroke, a body of studies have been performed to evaluate candidate biomarkers which may aid in accurate determination of cerebrovascular accident type. Beyond aiding in the delineation of stroke cause, biomarkers could also confer useful prognostic information to help clinicians plan use of resources. One of the candidate biomarkers studied for detection of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) includes a class of proteins called galectins. Galectins bind β-galactoside through a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain, endowing an ability to interact with carbohydrate moieties on glycoproteins, some of which are relevant to CVA response. Furthermore, galectins-1, -2, -3, -9, and -12 are expressed in tissues relevant to CVA, and some exhibit characteristics (eg, extracellular secretion) that could render feasible their detection in serum. Galectins-1 and -3 appear to have the largest amounts of preclinical evidence, consistently demonstrating increased activity and expression levels during CVA. However, a lack of standardization of biochemical assays across cohort studies limits further translation of these basic science studies. This review aims to increase awareness of the biochemical roles of galectins in CVA, while also highlighting challenges and remaining questions preventing the translation of basic science observations into a clinically useful test.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Abel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Anna V Blenda
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
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139
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Zhang G, Wu Y. Circulating Galectin-3 and Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Catheter Ablation: A Meta-Analysis. Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 2019:4148129. [PMID: 31772609 PMCID: PMC6739774 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in fibrosis and heart failure. However, epidemiological studies evaluating the association between Gal-3 and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation showed inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between baseline circulating Gal-3 levels and AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by systematically searching the PubMed and Embase databases. A random-effect model was used to synthesize the results. Sensitivity analyses, performed by omitting one study at a time, were used to evaluate the robustness of the results. RESULTS Seven prospective cohort studies including 645 AF patients were included. Within a follow-up duration of up to 18 months, 244 patients developed AF recurrence. Pooled results showed that baseline circulating Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with AF recurrence compared to those without (standardized mean difference: 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21 - 1.27; p = 0.007; I2 = 89%). Moreover, higher baseline Gal-3 levels were independently associated with a significantly higher risk of AF recurrence after catheter ablation (risk ratio: 1.17 per unit of Gal-3; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.35; p = 0.03; I2 = 40%), which was independent of age, gender, and left atrial dimension. Sensitivity analyses did not significantly affect the results. However, there was a significant publication bias for predicting efficacy of associating preprocedural Gal-3 levels with AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Higher preprocedural Gal-3 levels may be associated with increased risk of AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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140
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Wagdy R, Suliman H, Bamashmose B, Aidaroos A, Haneef Z, Samonti A, Awn F. Subclinical myocardial injury during vaso-occlusive crisis in pediatric sickle cell disease. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1745-1752. [PMID: 30194527 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute painful crisis is the most frequent complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) in children. Recurrent vaso-occlusion may be associated with cardiac injury. The study aimed to assess silent myocardial injuries for sickle cell children during acute painful crisis by measuring serum level of troponin I and galectin-3. The study included 87 participates; study group (n = 44) sickle cell children presented at Jeddah hospitals in Saudi Arabia by painful crisis or acute illness as fever or cough (2017-2018). The controls were healthy children (n = 43). Demographic and history data were collected from the cases. Troponin I and galectin-3 were measured. Galectin-3 values were higher among cases with significant difference when compared to controls (7.5 ± 3.1 versus 3.2 ± 1.6, < 0.001). Galectin-3 at a cutoff > 5.1 ng/ml, the sensitivity was 88.64 and specificity was 88.37. Galectin-3 levels were higher for the pain crisis subgroup in comparison to acute illness group with significant difference (r 0.551*, p < 0.001*). Galectin-3 values were higher among troponin-positive cases with significant difference (p = 0.046) to troponin-negative cases.Conclusion: Positive results of troponin I and high levels of galectin-3 in sickle cell children during acute painful crisis were potent indicators for subclinical myocardial injury. What is Known: • The hallmark of sickle cell disease is recurrent episodes of vaso-occlusive crisis which had deleterious effects on many organs. • Cardiac changes in pediatric sickle cell disease whether structural or functional are mainly attributed to chronic anemia and or pulmonary hypertension. What is New: • The observed positive results of cardiac troponin I and high values of galectin-3 in sickle cell children during vaso-occlusive crisis are strong indicator of myocardial ischemia and ongoing cardiac fibrosis respectively. • The observed correlation between biological markers (positive troponin and high galectin-3) could be an indication of subclinical cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Wagdy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Howayda Suliman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer Bamashmose
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Aidaroos
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhour Haneef
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunima Samonti
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Awn
- Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology, 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
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141
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 and cancer stemness. Glycobiology 2018; 28:172-181. [PMID: 29315388 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades galectin-3, a carbohydrate binding protein, with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine residues, has been unique due to the regulatory roles it performs in processes associated with tumor progression and metastasis such as cell proliferation, homotypic/heterotypic aggregation, dynamic cellular transformation, migration and invasion, survival and apoptosis. Structure-function association of galectin-3 reveals that it consists of a short amino terminal motif, which regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling; a collagen α-like domain, susceptible to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases and prostate specific antigen; accountable for its oligomerization and lattice formation, and a carbohydrate-recognition/binding domain containing the anti-death motif of the Bcl2 protein family. This structural complexity permits galectin-3 to associate with numerous molecules utilizing protein-protein and/or protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extra-cellular as well as intracellular milieu and regulate diverse signaling pathways, a number of which appear directed towards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Self-renewal, differentiation, long-term culturing and drug-resistance potential characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small cell subpopulation within the tumor that is thought to be accountable for heterogeneity, recurrence and metastasis of tumors. Despite the fact that association of galectin-3 to the tumor stemness phenomenon is still in its infancy, there is sufficient direct evidence of its regulatory roles in CSC-associated phenotypes and signaling pathways. In this review, we have highlighted the available data on galectin-3 regulated functions pertinent to cancer stemness and explored the opportunities of its exploitation as a CSC marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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142
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Wehrhan F, Büttner-Herold M, Distel L, Ries J, Moebius P, Preidl R, Geppert CI, Neukam FW, Kesting M, Weber M. Galectin 3 expression in regional lymph nodes and lymph node metastases of oral squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:823. [PMID: 30115022 PMCID: PMC6097288 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck dissection is standard in surgical management of oral squamous cell carcinomas (oscc). However, the immunologic link between primary tumor and lymph nodes is insufficiently understood. Galectin 3 (Gal3) promotes M2 polarization of macrophages and contributes to immunosuppression. The current study analyzes the association between Gal3 expression in regional lymph nodes of oscc with histomorphologic parameters (T-, N-, L- Pn-stage, grading) of the primary tumor. Additionally, Gal3 expression is correlated with markers of macrophage polarization (M1 vs. M2). METHODS Preoperative diagnostic biopsies (n = 26), tumor resection specimens (n = 34), tumor-free lymph nodes (n = 28) and lymph node metastases (n = 10) of T1/T2 oscc patients were immunohistochemically analyzed for Gal3 and macrophage marker (CD68, CD11c, CD163 and MRC1) expression. The number of positive cells and the expression ratios were quantitatively assessed. RESULTS High Gal3 expression in tumor-free regional lymph nodes was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with increased tumor size. The epithelial compartment of lymph node metastases showed a significantly (p < 0.05) increased Gal3 expression compared to biopsies and tumor resection specimens. Cell density of M2 macrophages was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with the number of Gal3 expressing cells in lymph nodes and tumor specimens. CONCLUSION Gal3 expression in regional lymph nodes might be associated with oscc progression. The increased Gal3 expression in regional lymph nodes of larger tumors underlines the need of immunomodulatory treatment concepts in early-stage oscc. Blocking of Gal3 might be a therapeutic option in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Wehrhan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jutta Ries
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Moebius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raimund Preidl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol I Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Neukam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Kesting
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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de Charette M, Houot R. Hide or defend, the two strategies of lymphoma immune evasion: potential implications for immunotherapy. Haematologica 2018; 103:1256-1268. [PMID: 30006449 PMCID: PMC6068015 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.184192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evading immune eradication is a prerequisite for neoplastic progression and one of the hallmarks of cancer. Here, we review the different immune escape strategies of lymphoma and classify them into two main mechanisms. First, lymphoma cells may “hide” to become invisible to the immune system. This can be achieved by losing or downregulating MHC and/or molecules involved in antigen presentation (including antigen processing machinery and adhesion molecules), thereby preventing their recognition by the immune system. Second, lymphoma cells may “defend” themselves to become resistant to immune eradication. This can be achieved in several ways: by becoming resistant to apoptosis, by expressing inhibitory ligands that deactivate immune cells and/or by inducing an immunosuppressive (humoral and cellular) microenvironment. These immune escape mechanisms may have therapeutic implications. Their identification may be used to guide “personalized immunotherapy” for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique, F-35033, France .,INSERM, U1236, F-35043, France
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144
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Galectin-3 in Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040976. [PMID: 29587379 PMCID: PMC5979515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of atrial fibrillation is a complex mechanism, including extensive electrical and structural remodeling of the atria which involves progressive fibrogenesis. Galectin-3 is a biomarker of fibrosis, and, thus, may be involved in atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation patients. We review the role of galectin-3 in AF mechanisms and its potential therapeutic implications.
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145
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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