101
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Lee SW, Park Y, Song A, Cheroutre H, Kwon BS, Croft M. Functional Dichotomy between OX40 and 4-1BB in Modulating Effector CD8 T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4464-72. [PMID: 16982882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the TNFR family are thought to deliver costimulatory signals to T cells and modulate their function and survival. In this study, we compare the role of two closely related TNFR family molecules, OX40 and 4-1BB, in generating effector CD8 T cells to Ag delivered by adenovirus. OX40 and 4-1BB were both induced on responding naive CD8 T cells, but 4-1BB exhibited faster and more sustained kinetics than OX40. OX40-deficient CD8 T cells initially expanded normally; however, their accumulation and survival at late times in the primary response was significantly impaired. In contrast, 4-1BB-deficient CD8 T cells displayed hyperresponsiveness, expanding more than wild-type cells. The 4-1BB-deficient CD8 T cells also showed enhanced maturation attributes, whereas OX40-deficient CD8 T cells had multiple defects in the expression of effector cell surface markers, the synthesis of cytokines, and in cytotoxic activity. These results suggest that, in contrast to current ideas, OX40 and 4-1BB can have a clear functional dichotomy in modulating effector CD8 T cell responses. OX40 can positively regulate effector function and late accumulation/survival, whereas 4-1BB can initially operate in a negative manner to limit primary CD8 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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102
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Cho YS, Kwon B, Lee TH, Kim TB, Moon KA, La S, Lee J, Lee SD, Oh YM, Moon HB. 4-1 BB stimulation inhibits allergen-specific immunoglobulin E production and airway hyper-reactivity but partially suppresses bronchial eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse asthma model. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:377-85. [PMID: 16499650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-1 BB, a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, functions as a co-stimulatory molecule. Recently, stimulation of the 4-1 BB pathway was shown to suppress antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell and subsequent T cell-dependent humoral immune responses. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of agonistic anti-4-1 BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment on allergic asthma, in which allergen-specific type 2 helper T cells (Th2) have been shown to play an important role. METHODS BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin (OVA) and alum on days 0 and 14, and then challenged with inhaled OVA on days 28, 29 and 30. In test groups, the agonistic anti-4-1 BB mAb was administered at the time of initial systemic sensitization with OVA. On day 31, mice were challenged with inhaled methacholine, and enhanced pause was measured as an index of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Levels of OVA-specific IgE in serum, and levels of various cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were measured. The severity of airway inflammation was determined by differential cell counts in BAL fluids and histopathologic lung analysis. To evaluate local immunity, we cultured lymphocytes from draining perihilar lymph nodes and evaluated the proliferative response to OVA and the levels of IL-5 in the culture supernatant. In addition, the functional mechanism of 4-1 BB stimulation was evaluated in splenocytes obtained at day 7 after systemic OVA sensitization. RESULTS We found that treatment with the anti-4-1 BB mAb significantly decreased AHR and the production of allergen-specific IgE. Bronchial inflammation, however, had only partially improved and the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in BAL fluids showed only a small degree of reduction compared with the control Ig-treated mice. Thoracic lymphocytes from anti-4-1 BB-treated mice showed significant suppression of OVA-induced proliferation and IL-5 production. In anti-4-1 BB-treated mice, splenocytes exhibited poor proliferation and marked apoptosis 7 days after systemic OVA challenge. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stimulation of the 4-1 BB pathway effectively suppresses some features of allergic asthma, including allergen-specific IgE production and AHR, through deletion of allergen-specific Th2 cells. However, we found that bronchial allergic inflammation was not strictly mediated by suppression of the Th2 immune response in this murine model of asthma. Despite these somewhat contradictory effects, intervention in the 4-1 BB pathway might provide a potential novel immunotherapeutic approach for treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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103
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Vinay DS, Cha K, Kwon BS. Dual immunoregulatory pathways of 4-1BB signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:726-36. [PMID: 16924475 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is perhaps rare to encounter among the various immunologically competent receptor-ligand pairs that a single cell surface determinant unleashes both a hidden suppressive function and costimulation. 4-1BB, an activation-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family member chiefly viewed as a powerful T-cell costimulatory molecule, is one such example. Accumulated evidence in recent years uncovered an unknown facet of in vivo 4-1BB signaling (i.e., "active suppression"). Although in vitro signaling via 4-1BB is shown to support both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, the same induces a predominant CD8(+) T-cell response suppressing CD4(+) T-cell function when applied in vivo. How, when, and why such dual immunoregulatory effect of anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (MAB) comes into play is currently the focus of intense research. Existing data, although not complete, uncover several important aspects of in vivo 4-1BB signaling in the amelioration or exacerbation of various immune disorders. Despite minor disagreements, a majority agree that upregulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma is critical to anti-4-1BB MAB therapy in addition to immune modulators such as interleukin 2, transforming growth factor beta, and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase(5), all of which contribute greatly to the success of anti-4-1BB MAB-based immunotherapy. Anti-4-1BB MAB-mediated expansion of novel CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells is additional weaponry that appears critical for its in vivo suppressive function. These CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells express high levels of IFN-gamma, become effective killers, and mediate selective suppression of CD4(+) T cells. In this review, we discuss the dual nature (costimulatory and suppressive) of 4-1BB-mediated immune regulation, its current status, future direction, and its impact on the immune system, with special reference to its immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Suite B, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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104
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Sun Y, Blink SE, Liu W, Lee Y, Chen B, Solway J, Weinstock J, Chen L, Fu YX. Inhibition of Th2-Mediated Allergic Airway Inflammatory Disease by CD137 Costimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:814-21. [PMID: 16818735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of CD137 (4-1BB), an inducible T cell costimulatory receptor and member of the TNF receptor superfamily, by agonistic Abs can promote strong tumor and viral immunity mediated by CD8(+) T cells and stimulate IFN-gamma production. However, its role in Th2-mediated immune responses has not been well defined. To address this issue, we studied the function of CD137 engagement using an allergic airway disease model in which the mice were sensitized with inactivated Schistosoma mansoni eggs followed by S. mansoni egg Ag challenge directly in the airways and Th1/2 cytokine production was monitored. Interestingly, treatment of C57BL/6 mice with agonistic anti-CD137 (2A) during sensitization completely prevents allergic airway inflammation, as shown by a clear inhibition of T cell and eosinophil infiltration into the lung tissue and airways, accompanied by diminished Th2 cytokine production and reduced serum IgE levels, as well as a reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness. At various time points after immunization, restimulated splenocytes from 2A-treated mice displayed reduced proliferation and Th2 cytokine production. In accordance with this, agonistic Ab to CD137 can directly coinhibit Th2 responses in vitro although it costimulates Th1 responses. CD137-mediated suppression of Th2 response is independent of IFN-gamma and T regulatory cells. Our study has identified a novel pathway to inhibit Th2 responses in a CD137-dependent fashion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/prevention & control
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis/immunology
- Schistosomiasis/pathology
- Schistosomiasis/prevention & control
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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105
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Abstract
T-cell activation in the absence of costimulation is futile because T-cells deprived of costimulatory signals enter a state of unresponsiveness or anergy. The interaction of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) activates an important costimulatory pathway with diverse and important roles in immune regulation. Signals relayed through 4-1BB generate strong CD8(+) T-cell responses rather than CD4(+) T-cell responses; this action results in cytokine induction and promotes T-cell survival. In recent years, 4-1BB-mediated immune regulation has gained great significance because of the seemingly contradictory dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB in vivo disease models. To date, agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody has shown therapeutic potential against a variety of tumors, CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. In addition, blockade of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction has produced therapeutic effects against coxsackievirus-induced myocardial inflammation, herpetic stromal keratitis, and graft rejection. We propose that the dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB--an enhanced effector function and a suppressor function--are mediated by a novel CD11c(+)CD8(+) T-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
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106
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Maerten P, Kwon BS, Shen C, De Hertogh G, Cadot P, Bullens DMA, Overbergh L, Mathieu C, Van Assche G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL. Involvement of 4-1BB (CD137)-4-1BBligand interaction in the modulation of CD4 T cell-mediated inflammatory colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:228-36. [PMID: 16412046 PMCID: PMC1809580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) expressed on antigen-presenting cells interacts with 4-1BB on activated T cells (especially CD8+ cells) and co-stimulates the latter to secrete cytokines and to proliferate. The role of 4-1BB-4-1BBL interaction was studied here in a model of colitis based on naive CD4+ T cell transfer to SCID mice, a disease model in which CD8 cells do not take part. We found that CD4+ T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice, after transfer in SCID mice, proliferated more rapidly compared to wild-type CD4+ T cells. Mice reconstituted with naive CD4+ T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice developed colitis, however, with a mixed Th1/Th2 response, in contrast to the Th1-type response in mice reconstituted with wild-type naive CD4+ T cells. Importantly, this altered cytokine response did not temper colitis severity. Although it has been reported previously that 4-1BB co-stimulation may contribute to regulatory T cell functioning, we found that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice were perfectly able to prevent naive CD4+ T cell-induced colitis. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that 4-1BB-4-1BBL interaction modulates the effector CD4+ T cell-driven immune response and cytokine production in experimental colitis without affecting regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maerten
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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107
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Stasiolek M, Bayas A, Kruse N, Wieczarkowiecz A, Toyka KV, Gold R, Selmaj K. Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 129:1293-305. [PMID: 16513684 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a DC subtype that exerts divergent functions in innate and adoptive immunity including the immediate reaction to microbial factors and the induction of immunoregulatory responses. It is thought that different DC subtypes may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In our study we assessed the phenotype, maturation and functional properties of peripheral blood pDCs from 35 clinically stable, untreated multiple sclerosis patients, 30 healthy controls and 9 patients with pneumonia, which was used as a non-specific inflammatory condition (NIC). Ex vivo expression of CD86 and 4-1BBL was significantly lower on pDCs from multiple sclerosis patients than from controls and patients with NIC (22 versus 47 versus 41% and 12 versus 35 versus 32%, respectively). When stimulated with IL-3 and CD40L, pDCs of multiple sclerosis patients showed inefficient maturation as demonstrated by significantly lower or delayed upregulation of CD86, 4-1BBL, CD40 and CD83. Additionally, in multiple sclerosis, stimulation of pDCs by unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) resulted in a significantly lower interferon (IFN) alpha secretion than in controls. In multiple sclerosis, but not in controls, pDCs failed to upregulate proliferative responses and IFN-gamma secretion of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a co-culture system. Moreover, depletion of pDCs in multiple sclerosis patients, but not in controls, had no effect on generation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. We also provide data showing that glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment partially restores phenotype and function of pDCs in multiple sclerosis patients. These findings suggest functional abnormalities of pDCs in these patients, which might be of importance in the understanding of the development of immune dysregulation in this disease.
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108
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Irie J, Wu Y, Sass DA, Ridgway WM. Genetic control of anti-Sm autoantibody production in NOD congenic mice narrowed to the Idd9.3 region. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:9-14. [PMID: 16425035 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) autoantibodies are directed to proteins in the small-nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) family and are considered specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in both humans and mice. We previously established that NOD.c3c4 mice, carrying B6 and B10 congenic segments from chromosomes 3 to 4 on an nonobese diabetic (NOD) background, and NOD.Idd9R28 mice, carrying a B10 segment on c4 alone, developed significant penetrance of anti-Sm antibody production. Here we determine autoantibody incidence in additional NOD.Idd9 congenic strains and use a congenic mapping approach to narrow the interval necessary for enhanced autoantibody production to a approximately 5.6-Mb region containing insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd)9.3. The Idd9.3 interval contains the candidate molecule cluster of differentiation (CD)137, which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, functions as an inducible costimulator of T cells, and controls T-B interactions. The NOD and B10 CD137 alleles have sequence polymorphisms and different functional effects on T cells; the NOD CD137 allele mediates weaker T cell proliferative responses and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production after CD137-mediated costimulation. Our work establishes CD137 as a candidate gene for control of autoantibody production in NOD.Idd9.3 congenic mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- snRNP Core Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Irie
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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109
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Lee J, Lee EN, Kim EY, Park HJ, Chang CY, Jung DY, Choi SY, Lee SK, Lee KW, Kwon GY, Joh JW, Kim SJ. Administration of agonistic anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody leads to the amelioration of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Lett 2006; 101:210-6. [PMID: 16026855 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB (CDw 137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a costimulatory receptor primarily expressed on activated T cells. It has been shown that the administration of agonistic anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) enhances tumor immunity and allogenic immune responses. Paradoxically, we found that the administration of anti-4-1BB mAb reduced the incidence and severity of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of anti-4-1BB mAb in a murine intestinal inflammation model, which induced by the hapten reagent, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and mimics immunologic characteristics of human Crohn's disease (CD). Colitis was induced by rectal administration of 2mg of TNBS in 35% ethanol using a vinyl catheter positioned 4cm from the anus. All mice were sacrificed 3 and 10 days after the TNBS administration. The disease activity index (DAI), histological changes of the colon and production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) were evaluated. The surface molecules of T cells in peripheral blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed by flow cytometry. When mice were treated with anti-4-1BB mAb, improvement in both wasting and histopathologic signs of colonic inflammation was observed. The increase a number of splenic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and decreased synthesis of the Th1 cytokine IL-2 also occurred. Interestingly, increased production of Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma and proportion of CD8(+) T cells were observed in mice treated with anti-4-1BB mAb in comparison to the colitic mice. These studies show, for the first time, that agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb can improve experimental colitis by reduction of IL-2 and augmentation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. TNBS colitis is Th1-mediated and has similar histologic features and distribution of inflammation to CD. This study suggests that anti-4-1BB mAb therapy could be effective in the treatment of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienny Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
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110
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Vidric M, Suh WK, Dianzani U, Mak TW, Watts TH. Cooperation between 4-1BB and ICOS in the immune response to influenza virus revealed by studies of CD28/ICOS-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7288-96. [PMID: 16301634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD28, ICOS, and 4-1BB each play distinct roles in the CD8 T cell response to influenza virus. CD28-/- mice are severely impaired in primary CD8 T cell expansion and fail to mount a secondary response to influenza. Influenza-specific CD8 T cells expand normally in ICOS-/- mice, with only a small and transient defect late in the primary response and an unimpaired secondary response. Conversely, 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction is dispensable for the primary CD8 T cell response to influenza, but maintains CD8 T cell survival and controls the size of the secondary response. Previous results showed that a single dose of agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab at priming allowed partial restoration of primary CD8 T cell expansion and full recovery of the secondary CD8 T cell responses to influenza in CD28-/- mice. In this study we show that anti-4-1BB fails to correct the CD8 T cell defect in CD28-/-ICOS-/- mice, suggesting that ICOS partially compensates for CD28 in this model. In support of this hypothesis, we found that anti-4-1BB enhances ICOS expression on both T cell subsets and that anti-4-1BB and anti-ICOS can synergistically activate CD4 and CD8 T cells. Furthermore, ICOS and 4-1BB can cooperate to directly stimulate isolated CD28-/- CD8 T cells. These results reveal a novel interaction between the ICOS and 4-1BB costimulatory pathways as well as unexpected redundancy between CD28 and ICOS in primary CD8 T cell expansion. These findings have implications for costimulation of human T cell responses in diseases such as AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis, in which CD28- T cells accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vidric
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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111
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Sun Y, Blink SE, Chen JH, Fu YX. Regulation of follicular dendritic cell networks by activated T cells: the role of CD137 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:884-90. [PMID: 16002686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B cells, but not T cells, are considered to be important for the formation of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) clusters. Stimulation with agonist mAbs against CD137 (4-1BB), a TNFR family member primarily expressed on activated T cells, was effective in promoting T cell responses, but paradoxically suppressed T-dependent humoral immunity and autoantibody production in autoimmune disease models. Our present study shows that agonistic anti-CD137 treatment activates T cells, resulting in diminished FDC networks in B cell follicles, which are important components in T-dependent humoral immune responses both before and after the initiation of an immune response. Pretreatment with anti-CD137 before the secondary immunization inhibited memory Ab responses. Interestingly, CD137 costimulation-induced diminishment of FDC is T cell dependent. In addition, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are recruited into FDC area and are able to regulate FDCs by CD137 costimulation through a direct or indirect mechanism. These studies have revealed a previously unappreciated role of T cells in the regulation of FDC networks.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/cytology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/metabolism
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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112
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Cannons JL, Chamberlain G, Howson J, Smink LJ, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Watts TH. Genetic and functional association of the immune signaling molecule 4-1BB (CD137/TNFRSF9) with type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:13-20. [PMID: 15998581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Idd9.3, a locus that determines susceptibility to the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, has been mapped to the distal region of chromosome 4. In the current report we reduce the size of the Idd9.3 interval to 1.2Mb containing 15 genes, including one encoding the immune signaling molecule, 4-1BB, which shows amino acid variation between diabetes sensitive and resistant strains. 4-1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily expressed by a variety of immune cells, mediates growth and survival signals for T cells. Functional analyses demonstrate that purified T cells from NOD congenic mice with the C57BL/10 (B10) allele at Idd9.3 produce more IL-2 and proliferate more vigorously in response to anti-CD3 plus immobilized 4-1BB ligand than T cells from NOD mice with the NOD allele at Idd9.3. In contrast, the response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 costimulation was indistinguishable between the congenic strains, pinpointing the differences in NOD versus NOD.B10 Idd9.3 T cell responses to the 4-1BB costimulatory pathway. These data provide evidence in support of Idd9.3 as the locus encoding 4-1BB and suggest that the 4-1BB signaling pathway could have a primary function in the etiology of autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Cell Line
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- Department of Immunology, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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113
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Ju SA, Lee SC, Kwon TH, Heo SK, Park SM, Paek HN, Suh JH, Cho HR, Kwon B, Kwon BS, Kim BS. Immunity to melanoma mediated by 4‐1BB is associated with enhanced activity of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:344-51. [PMID: 16033529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB costimulates T cells to carry out effector functions such as eradication of established tumours. 4-1BB (CD137) is a member of the TNF receptor family, and its triggering by either 4-1BB ligand or antibody ligation induces T-cell activation and growth. We analysed tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the experimental B16F10 melanoma model to determine the mechanisms involved in 4-1BB-mediated tumour suppression. 4-1BB(+/+) mice survived longer than 4-1BB(-/-) mice, and survival was further prolonged by triggering 4-1BB with an agonistic mAb. The number of metastatic B16F10 colonies in the lung was much greater in 4-1BB(-/-) mice than in their 4-1BB(+/+) littermates. Administration of agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb increased the number of TIL in the tumour masses in the lungs of 4-1BB(+/+) mice. The numbers of CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T and CD11b(+) TIL increased in these mice. Anti-4-1BB mAb induced not only CD8(+) 4-1BB(+) T cells but also a CD8(+) IFN-gamma(+) T-cell population. B16F10 cells from the lungs of anti-4-1BB-treated mice showed enhanced expression of MHC class Iota and IotaIota antigens compared with the same cells from control IgG-treated mice. Thus, the increase in number of CD8(+) T cells and enhanced MHC Iota and IotaIota expression in B16F10 cells that result from augmented IFN-gamma production in response to anti-4-1BB mAb may lead to suppression of tumour growth and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Flow Cytometry
- Interferons/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-A Ju
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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114
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Abstract
Several members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family function after initial T cell activation to sustain T cell responses. This review focuses on CD27, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), HVEM, CD30, and GITR, all of which can have costimulatory effects on T cells. The effects of these costimulatory TNFR family members can often be functionally, temporally, or spatially segregated from those of CD28 and from each other. The sequential and transient regulation of T cell activation/survival signals by different costimulators may function to allow longevity of the response while maintaining tight control of T cell survival. Depending on the disease condition, stimulation via costimulatory TNF family members can exacerbate or ameliorate disease. Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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115
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Myers L, Croft M, Kwon BS, Mittler RS, Vella AT. Peptide-specific CD8 T regulatory cells use IFN-gamma to elaborate TGF-beta-based suppression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:7625-32. [PMID: 15944263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We identified a murine peptide-specific CD8 T regulatory cell population able to suppress responding CD4 T cells. Immunization with OVA, poly(I:C), and anti-4-1BB generated a population of SIINFEKL-specific CD8 T regulatory cells that profoundly inhibited peptide-responding CD4 T cells from cellular division. The mechanism of suppression required IFN-gamma, but IFN-gamma alone was not sufficient to suppress the responding CD4 T cells. The data show that CD8 T regulatory cells were unable to suppress unless they engaged IFN-gamma. Furthermore, even in the absence of recall with peptide, the CD8 T regulatory cells suppressed CD4 responses as long as IFN-gamma was present. To examine the effector mechanism of suppression, we showed that neutralizing TGF-beta inhibited suppression because inclusion of anti-TGF-beta rescued the proliferative capacity of the responding cells. TGF-beta-based suppression was dependent completely upon the CD8 T regulatory cells being capable of binding IFN-gamma. This was the case, although peptide recall of primed IFN-gamma (-/-) or IFN-gammaR(-/-) CD8 T cells up-regulated pro-TGF-beta protein as measured by surface latency-associated peptide expression but yet were unable to suppress. Finally, we asked whether the CD8 T regulatory cells were exposed to active TGF-beta in vivo and showed that only wild-type CD8 T regulatory cells expressed the TGF-beta-dependent biomarker CD103, suggesting that latency-associated peptide expression is not always congruent with elaboration of active TGF-beta. These data define a novel mechanism whereby IFN-gamma directly stimulates CD8 T regulatory cells to elaborate TGF-beta-based suppression. Ultimately, this mechanism may permit regulation of pathogenic Th1 responses by CD8 T regulatory cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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116
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Lee SW, Vella AT, Kwon BS, Croft M. Enhanced CD4 T Cell Responsiveness in the Absence of 4-1BB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6803-8. [PMID: 15905521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 4-1BB (CD137) is a member of the TNFR superfamily, and is expressed on several cell types, including activated T cells. Although 4-1BB ligation by agonistic Ab or 4-1BB ligand-expressing APCs can costimulate T cells, the physiological significance of 4-1BB expression in vivo during T cell responses is still being elucidated. In this study, we have addressed the impact on CD4 T cell priming when 4-1BB is absent after gene targeting. Surprisingly, 4-1BB(-/-) mice generated more enhanced effector CD4 T cell responses to OVA protein in adjuvant, even though Ab responses in 4-1BB(-/-) mice were normal. Using an adoptive transfer system with OT-II TCR transgenic CD4 T cells, we found that 4-1BB(-/-) CD4 cells responding in a 4-1BB-sufficient environment had enhanced cell division compared with wild-type cells and displayed augmented clonal expansion during the primary response. This was not due to a developmental defect as 4-1BB-deficient CD4 cells could respond normally to Ag in vitro. These results demonstrate that the absence of 4-1BB can make CD4 T cells hyperresponsive to protein Ag in vivo, suggesting a new unappreciated negative regulatory role of 4-1BB when expressed on a T cell.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Molecular Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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117
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Arribillaga L, Sarobe P, Arina A, Gorraiz M, Borrás-Cuesta F, Ruiz J, Prieto J, Chen L, Melero I, Lasarte JJ. Enhancement of CD4 and CD8 immunity by anti-CD137 (4-1BB) monoclonal antibodies during hepatitis C vaccination with recombinant adenovirus. Vaccine 2005; 23:3493-9. [PMID: 15855007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The induction of protective or therapeutic cellular immunity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a difficult goal. In a previous work we showed that immunization with a recombinant adenovirus encoding HCV-NS3 (RAdNS3) could partially protect mice from challenge with a vaccinia virus encoding HCV antigens. We sought to investigate whether systemic administration of an immunostimulatory monoclonal antibody directed against the lymphocyte surface molecule CD137 could enhance the immunity elicited by RAdNS3. It was found that treatment with anti-CD137 mAb after the administration of a suboptimal dose of RAdNS3 enhanced cytotoxic and T helper cell responses against HCV NS3. Importantly, the ability of RAdNS3 to induce protective immunity against challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HCV proteins was markedly augmented. Thus, combination of immunostimulatory anti-CD137 mAb with recombinant adenoviruses expressing HCV proteins might be useful in strategies of immunization against HCV.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C/immunology
- Hepatitis C/prevention & control
- Hepatitis C/virology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Load/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribillaga
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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118
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Kim J, Choi WS, La S, Suh JH, Kim BS, Cho HR, Kwon BS, Kwon B. Stimulation with 4-1BB (CD137) inhibits chronic graft-versus-host disease by inducing activation-induced cell death of donor CD4+ T cells. Blood 2005; 105:2206-13. [PMID: 15522958 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a costimulator for activated T cells. Previous studies have established that treatment with agonistic anti–4-BB monoclonal antibody (3H3) is effective in reversing the progression of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Its therapeutic effect is mediated by suppression of autoantibody production. In this report, we show that a single injection of 3H3 blocks chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in the parent-into-F1 model. In particular, donor CD4+ T cells are rapidly eliminated from host spleens by activation-induced cell death after 4-1BB triggering. Since donor CD4+ T cells are required for the development of cGVHD, and 3H3-mediated inhibition of autoantibody production occurs without donor CD8+ T cells, 3H3 blocks cGVHD by preventing alloreactive donor CD4+ T cells from activating host B cells. Importantly, 3H3 treatment can reverse the progression of advanced cGVHD. Our findings indicate that agonistic anti–4-1BB monoclonal antibody has potential as an immunotherapeutic agent for preventing and treating cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyang Kim
- The Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, San29, Mukeo-dong, Nam-ku, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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119
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Nam KO, Kang H, Shin SM, Cho KH, Kwon B, Kwon BS, Kim SJ, Lee HW. Cross-Linking of 4-1BB Activates TCR-Signaling Pathways in CD8+ T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1898-905. [PMID: 15699116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of 4-1BB, a member of the TNFR family, increased tyrosine phosphorylation of TCR-signaling molecules such as CD3epsilon, CD3zeta, Lck, the linker for activation of T cells, and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76). In addition, incubation of activated CD8+ T cells with p815 cells expressing 4-1BBL led to redistribution of the lipid raft domains and Lck, protein kinase C-theta;, SLP-76, and phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) on the T cell membranes to the areas of contact with the p815 cells and recruitment of 4-1BB, TNFR-associated factor 2, and phospho-tyrosine proteins to the raft domains. 4-1BB ligation also caused translocation of TNFR-associated factor 2, protein kinase C-theta;, PLC-gamma1, and SLP-76 to detergent-insoluble compartments in the CD8+ T cells, and cross-linking of 4-1BB increased intracellular Ca2+ levels apparently by activating PLC-gamma1. The redistribution of lipid rafts and Lck, as well as translocation of PLC-gamma1, and degradation of IkappaB-alpha in response to 4-1BB were inhibited by disrupting the formation of lipid rafts with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. These findings demonstrate that 4-1BB is a T cell costimulatory receptor that activates TCR-signaling pathways in CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cetomacrogol
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Detergents
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Membrane Microdomains/enzymology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Solubility
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- beta-Cyclodextrins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ok Nam
- Immunomodulation Research Center and Graduate Program in Immunology and Biomedicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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120
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Lee UH, Son JH, Lee JJ, Kwon B, Park JW, Se Kwon B. Humanization of antagonistic anti-human 4-1BB monoclonal antibody using a phage-displayed combinatorial library. J Immunother 2004; 27:201-10. [PMID: 15076137 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200405000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-4-1BB (CD137) monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been reported to suppress immune responses and to have the potential for use as a therapeutic agent to block autoimmune diseases. Previously, the authors prepared an antagonistic anti-human 4-1BB (CD137) mAb, BBK2. Here the authors report the humanization of BBK2 using a phage display library. Four humanized single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments were selected from a combinatorial library expressing a phage-displayed humanized scFv. They were found to retain the epitope specificity of the original mAb and to have affinities higher than those of the original. Both the soluble and bound forms of the humanized scFv suppressed the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, similar to the original mAb. These results suggest that humanized anti-human 4-1BB scFvs can be used as a valuable reagent for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unn Hwa Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Tenovus Research Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD, UK.
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122
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Maerten P, Geboes K, De Hertogh G, Shen C, Cadot P, Bullens DMA, Van Assche G, Penninckx F, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL. Functional expression of 4-1BB (CD137) in the inflammatory tissue in Crohn's disease. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:239-46. [PMID: 15308117 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB ligand (L) expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC) interacts with 4-1BB, expressed on activated T cells and this interaction costimulates T cells to secrete cytokines and to proliferate. We investigated whether 4-1BB/4-1BBL interactions might be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). In immunohistochemistry, we found 4-1BB expression on lamina propria (LP) cells in inflamed and to a lesser extend in non-inflamed gut tissue from CD patients. mRNA levels for 4-1BB were also elevated in intestinal CD tissue. In contrast, only few 4-1BB-expressing cells were found in inflamed tissue from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and almost no positive cells were found in control intestinal tissue. 4-1BB expression was better sustained on in vitro activated lamina propria T cells from CD patients compared to controls. Finally, agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and proliferation of lamina propria T cells from CD patients. Taken together, our data suggest that 4-1BB/4-1BBL interactions contribute to the persistence of gut inflammation in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Maerten
- Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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123
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Abstract
New immunosuppressants are consistently developed to treat autoimmune diseases and some of them might have implications in multiple sclerosis (MS). A new antiproliferative agent, pixantrone, an analogue of mitoxantrone (MX), has a much lower cardiotoxicity and exerts the same potent immunosuppressive effects in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). A phase I trial in MS patients is planned in the next future. New monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and other biological constructs containing foreign proteins are developed but their potential immunogenicity is a considerable drawback to their long-term administration. In addition, their beneficial effects in MS are not evident so far. Small molecules targeting the voltage-gated Kv1.3K+ channel regulating CA2+ signaling in T lymphocytes, specifically target activated, pathogenic T cells. Already found effective in EAE, those agents would be easier to handle than T-cell vaccination. Two new immunosuppressants with a unique mechanism of action (FTY720 and Epomycine M) selectively impair autoreactive T-cell homing, without affecting the other components of the immune response. The potent protective effect of TRY720 has been demonstrated in EAE and a phase I trial in MS appears warranted. Finally, a new concept about immunosuppressive treatments in organ transplantation, "tolerogenic immunosuppression", may have potential in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gonsette
- National Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Vanheylenstraat 16, Melsbroek B-1820, Belgium.
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124
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Cho HR, Kwon B, Yagita H, La S, Lee EA, Kim JE, Akiba H, Kim J, Suh JH, Vinay DS, Ju SA, Kim BS, Mittler RS, Okumura K, Kwon BS. Blockade of 4-1BB (CD137)/4-1BB ligand interactions increases allograft survival. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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125
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Fukumoto N, Shimaoka T, Fujimura H, Sakoda S, Tanaka M, Kita T, Yonehara S. Critical Roles of CXC Chemokine Ligand 16/Scavenger Receptor that Binds Phosphatidylserine and Oxidized Lipoprotein in the Pathogenesis of Both Acute and Adoptive Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1620-7. [PMID: 15265890 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor that binds phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein (SR-PSOX)/CXCL16 is a chemokine expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, while its receptor expresses on T and NK T cells. We investigated the role of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 on acute and adoptive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is Th1-polarized T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS. Administration of mAb against SR-PSOX/CXCL16 around the primary immunization decreased disease incidence of acute EAE with associated reduced infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS. Its administration was also shown to inhibit elevation of serum IFN-gamma level at primary immune response, as well as subsequent generation of Ag-specific T cells. In adoptive transfer EAE, treatment of recipient mice with anti-SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mAb also induced not only decreased clinical disease incidence, but also diminished traffic of mononuclear cells into the CNS. In addition, histopathological analyses showed that clinical development of EAE correlates well with expression of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 in the CNS. All the results show that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 plays important roles in EAE by supporting generation of Ag-specific T cells, as well as recruitment of inflammatory mononuclear cells into the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Demyelinating Diseases
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunization
- Inflammation
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fukumoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies and Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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126
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Yu XZ, Albert MH, Martin PJ, Anasetti C. CD28 ligation induces transplantation tolerance by IFN-gamma-dependent depletion of T cells that recognize alloantigens. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1624-30. [PMID: 15173889 PMCID: PMC419490 DOI: 10.1172/jci20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of an agonistic anti-CD28 mAb paradoxically inhibits donor T cell expansion and prevents graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in mice. Here we examined the mechanism of anti-CD28-mediated immunosuppression and found that anti-CD28 mAb activated, rather than blocked, CD28-mediated signaling in vivo. Anti-CD28 treatment prevented GVHD by selectively depleting alloantigen-activated donor T cells through apoptosis but spared the T cells that did not recognize recipient alloantigens. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) did not protect T cells from depletion and did not affect GVHD prevention after anti-CD28 treatment. Depletion of activated T cells mediated through CD28 did not depend on the expression of death receptors Fas and TNF receptors type I and II, but both the depletion of activated T cells and the suppressive effect of anti-CD28 mAb on GVHD lethality required donor-derived IFN-gamma production. This study demonstrates that agonistic Ab's specific for the CD28 costimulatory molecule may be used as novel therapeutic agents to abrogate pathogenic T cell responses by selective depletion of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhong Yu
- Human Immunogenetics Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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127
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Morris GP, Chen L, Kong YCM. CD137 signaling interferes with activation and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in induced tolerance to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Cell Immunol 2004; 226:20-9. [PMID: 14746804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), a model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is a T cell-mediated disease inducible with mouse thyroglobulin (mTg). Pretreatment with mTg, however, can induce CD4+ T cell-mediated tolerance to EAT. We demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells are critical for the tolerance induction, as in vivo depletion of CD25+ cells abrogated established tolerance, and CD4+CD25+ cells from tolerized mice suppressed mTg-responsive cells in vitro. Importantly, administration of an agonistic CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited tolerance development, and the mediation of established tolerance. CD137 mAb also inhibited the suppression of mTg-responsive cells by CD4+CD25+ cells in vitro. Signaling through CD137 likely resulted in enhancement of the responding inflammatory T cells, as anti-CD137 did not enable CD4+CD25+ T cells to proliferate in response to mTg in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald P Morris
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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128
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Wan YL, Zheng SS, Zhao ZC, Li MW, Jia CK, Zhang H. Expression of co-stimulator 4-1BB molecule in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent non-tumor liver tissue, and its possible role in tumor immunity. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:195-9. [PMID: 14716821 PMCID: PMC4717002 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of 4-1BB molecule in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its adjacent tissues.
METHODS: Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the gene expression of 4-1BB in hepatocarcinoma and its adjacent tissues, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both HCC and health control groups. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the phenotypes of T cell subsets from the blood of HCC patients and healthy volunteers, and further to determine whether 4-1BB molecules were also expressed on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The localization of 4-1BB proteins on tumor infiltrating T cells was determined by direct immunofluorescence cytochemical staining and detected by confocal microscopy.
RESULTS: 4-1BB mRNA, which was not detectable in normal liver, was found in 19 liver tissues adjacent to tumor edge (< 1.0 cm). Low expression of 4-1BB mRNA was shown in 8 tumor tissues and 6 liver tissues located within 1 to 5 cm away from tumor edge. In PBMCs, 4-1BB mRNA was almost not detected. Percentage of CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+/CD25+ T cells, as well as ratio of CD4 to CD8 revealed no difference between groups (P > 0.05, respectively), while a significant lower percentage of CD3+ T cell was found in HCC group as compared to healthy control group (P < 0.05). However, 4-1BB molecules were almost not found on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HCC and healthy control group. Double-staining of 4-1BB+/CD4+ and 4-1BB+/CD8+ immunofluorescence on tumor infiltrating T cells was detected in 13 liver tissues adjacent to tumor edge (< 1.0 cm) by confocal microscopy.
CONCLUSION: Although HCC may escape from immune attack by weak immunogenicity or downregulated expression of MHC-1 molecules on the tumor cell surface, tumor infiltrating T cells can be activated via other costimulatory signal pathways to exert a limited antitumor effect on local microenvironment. The present study also implicates that modulating 4-1BB/4-1BBL costimulatory pathway may be an effective immunotherapy strateg to augment the host response.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/physiopathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Le Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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129
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Chitnis T, Khoury SJ. Role of costimulatory pathways in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:837-49; quiz 850. [PMID: 14610467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system. T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in the initiation and potentially in the propagation of this disease. Two signals are required for T-cell activation. The first signal consists of the interaction of the T-cell receptor with antigen presented by the MHC molecule on antigen-presenting cells. The second signal requires engagement of costimulatory receptors on T cells with their ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Several costimulatory pathways have been shown to play an important role in T-lymphocyte activation. Here we will review the current literature on the contribution of the B7-1/2-CD28/CTLA-4, inducible costimulatory molecule-B7h, programmed death pathway 1-programmed death pathway ligand 1/ligand 2, CD40-CD154, OX40-OX40 ligand, and CD137-CD137 ligand pathways to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and their potential roles as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA
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130
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Lee HW, Nam KO, Seo SK, Kim YH, Kang H, Kwon BS. 4-1BB cross-linking enhances the survival and cell cycle progression of CD4 T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2003; 223:143-50. [PMID: 14527512 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB, a T cell co-stimulatory receptor, prolongs the survival and multiplication of CD4 T cells. Cross-linking 4-1BB stimulated expression of the anti-apoptotic genes bcl-XL and bcl-2, as well as of cyclins D2 and E, and inhibited expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27kip1. Ova-activated CD4 T cells of 4-1BB-deficient/DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice survived less well and underwent less expansion than cells of wild type DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice. These findings demonstrate that 4-1BB is a co-stimulatory molecule for CD4 T cell survival and expansion in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- Cyclin D2
- Cyclin E/biosynthesis
- Cyclin E/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Cyclins/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, bcl-2/drug effects
- Genes, bcl-2/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/drug effects
- bcl-X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Woo Lee
- The Immunomodulation Research Center and Graduate Program in Immunology and Biomedicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea.
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131
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Abstract
Lymphocytes are important in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Blocking co-stimulatory signals for T-cell activation has been widely used as an approach to treating autoimmunity, but it has encountered limited clinical success. Some agonistic monoclonal antibodies to co-stimulatory molecules greatly enhance immune responses mediated by T cells, such as antiviral, anti-tumor and alloresponses. Surprisingly, recent studies have demonstrated that these agonists have profound therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases by potentially depleting autoreactive lymphocytes or by inhibiting their function. These findings imply that signaling through co-stimulatory molecules can have diametric outcomes in modulating immune responses, thereby providing a novel approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Committee in Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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132
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Sytwu HK, Lin WD, Roffler SR, Hung JT, Sung HS, Wang CH, Cheng TL, Tsou SC, Hsi SC, Shen KL. Anti-4-1BB-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diabetes: lessons from a transgenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) model. J Autoimmun 2003; 21:247-54. [PMID: 14599849 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various therapeutic strategies have been developed to tolerize autoreactive T cells and prevent autoimmune pathology in type 1 diabetes. 4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a costimulatory receptor primarily expressed on activated T cells. The administration of an agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody (2A) dramatically reduced the incidence and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Treatment with the same antibody in Fas-deficient MRL/lpr mice blocked lymphadenopathy and lupus-like autoimmune processes. Paradoxically, transgenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice overexpressing membrane-bound agonistic single-chain anti-4-1BB Fv in pancreatic beta cells developed more severe diabetes than their non-transgenic littermates, with earlier onset, faster diabetic processes, and higher mortality. Forty percent of transgenic mice developed diabetes by 4 weeks of age, compared with their control littermates, which first exhibited diabetes at 14 weeks. The frequency of diabetes in female transgenics reached 70% by 8 weeks of age. Most female transgenic mice died around 12 weeks. Consistent with this, transgenic mice developed earlier and more severe insulitis and showed stronger GAD-specific T-cell responses, compared with age-matched control littermates. Our results indicate an adverse effect of transgenic anti-4-1BB scFv in NOD mice and suggest a potential risk of this anti-4-1BB-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- BALB 3T3 Cells
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Blotting, Southern
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Glycosuria/urine
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Insulin/genetics
- Isoenzymes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Sex Factors
- Spleen/cytology
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan.
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133
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Abstract
Interactions between co-stimulatory ligands and their receptors are crucial for the activation of T cells, the prevention of tolerance and the development of T-cell immunity. It is now evident that members of the immunoglobulin-like CD28-B7 co-stimulatory family cannot fully account for an effective long-lasting T-cell response or the generation of memory T cells. Several members of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily--OX40, 4-1BB, CD27, CD30 and HVEM (herpes-virus entry mediator)--are poised to deliver co-stimulatory signals both early and late after encounter with antigen. The roles of these molecules in initiating and sustaining the T-cell response and in promoting long-lived immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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134
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Seo SK, Park HY, Choi JH, Kim WY, Kim YH, Jung HW, Kwon B, Lee HW, Kwon BS. Blocking 4-1BB/4-1BB ligand interactions prevents herpetic stromal keratitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:576-83. [PMID: 12847221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) is a chronic inflammatory process in corneal stroma that results from recurrent HSV type 1 infection. We used the murine model of HSK to demonstrate the importance of the interaction between an inducible T cell costimulatory receptor, 4-1BB, and its ligand, 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL), in the development of this disease. In BALB/c mice, HSK ordinarily induced by infection with the RE strain of herpes was prevented by blocking 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction, either by deleting 4-1BB (in mutant 4-1BB(-/-) mice) or by introducing mAbs against 4-1BBL. The majority of T cells infiltrating the infected corneas were 4-1BB(+) activated effector cells that expressed cell surface markers CD44, CD25, and/or CD62L, as well as chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5, and a limited number of TCR Vbeta chains (Vbeta8.1/8.2, Vbeta8.3, Vbeta10b, and Vbeta5.1/5.2, in order of abundance). Analysis of cell surface phenotypes showed that the failure to develop HSK in the 4-1BB(-/-) mice was associated with a reduced expression of CD62L at the time of T cell migration into the corneal stroma.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/metabolism
- Cornea/pathology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Keratitis, Herpetic/metabolism
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Su K Seo
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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135
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Foell J, Strahotin S, O'Neil SP, McCausland MM, Suwyn C, Haber M, Chander PN, Bapat AS, Yan XJ, Chiorazzi N, Hoffmann MK, Mittler RS. CD137 costimulatory T cell receptor engagement reverses acute disease in lupus-prone NZB x NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1505-18. [PMID: 12750400 PMCID: PMC155050 DOI: 10.1172/jci17662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a CD4(+) T cell-dependent, immune complex-mediated, autoimmune disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. Generation of high-titer affinity-matured IgG autoantibodies, specific for double-stranded DNA and other nuclear antigens, coincides with disease progression. Current forms of treatment of SLE including glucocorticosteroids are often inadequate and induce severe side effects. Immunological approaches for treating SLE in mice using anti-CD4 mAb's or CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 mAb's have proven to be effective. However, like steroid treatment, these regimens induce global immunosuppression, and their withdrawal allows for disease progression. In this report we show that lupus-prone NZB x NZW F(1) mice given three injections of anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAb's between 26 and 35 weeks of age reversed acute disease, blocked chronic disease, and extended the mice's lifespan from 10 months to more than 2 years. Autoantibody production in recipients was rapidly suppressed without inducing immunosuppression. Successful treatment could be traced to the fact that NZB x NZW F(1) mice, regardless of their age or disease status, could not maintain pathogenic IgG autoantibody production in the absence of continuous CD4(+) T cell help. Our data support the hypothesis that CD137-mediated signaling anergized CD4(+) T cells during priming at the DC interface.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antigens, CD
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Chronic Disease
- Crosses, Genetic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Proteinuria/prevention & control
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Foell
- Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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136
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Foell J, Strahotin S, O’Neil SP, McCausland MM, Suwyn C, Haber M, Chander PN, Bapat AS, Yan XJ, Chiorazzi N, Hoffmann MK, Mittler RS. CD137 costimulatory T cell receptor engagement reverses acute disease in lupus-prone NZB × NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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137
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Myers L, Takahashi C, Mittler RS, Rossi RJ, Vella AT. Effector CD8 T cells possess suppressor function after 4-1BB and Toll-like receptor triggering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5348-53. [PMID: 12695569 PMCID: PMC154348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0837611100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how innate and adaptive immune responses interact with each other, we combined 4-1BB T cell costimulation with specific adjuvants to determine whether these treatments would influence specific T cell expansion and function in vivo. In the presence of 4-1BB ligation and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR)3 and/or TLR4 triggering, CD8 T cell clonal expansion and survival was augmented profoundly. Specific T cells primed in vivo with TLR ligands responded normally to in vitro recall stimulus, but, surprisingly, copriming with 4-1BB costimulation significantly impaired the recall response even though many more specific effector T cells were rescued in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the rescued CD8 T cells suppressed CD4 T cell proliferation via a type beta transforming growth factor-dependent mechanism. Thus, 4-1BB and TLR ligands induce survival of specific effector CD8 T cells with suppressive recall potential, which may explain the dual role that 4-1BB activation plays in mediating tumor clearance and prevention of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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138
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Davidson A, Wang X, Mihara M, Ramanujam M, Huang W, Schiffer L, Sinha J. Co-stimulatory blockade in the treatment of murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 987:188-98. [PMID: 12727639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the life span of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has improved considerably over the last several decades, the toxicities of chronic immunosuppressive therapy are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Safer and more effective therapies for SLE are clearly needed. SLE is characterized by excessive activation of both B and T lymphocytes. Activation of these cells requires both antigen engagement and co-stimulatory signals from interacting lymphocytes (Carreno, B.M. M. Collins, 2002, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20: 29-53; Grewal, I.S. R.A. Flavell, 1998, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16: 111-135). Thus, blockade of co-stimulatory signals offers a new therapeutic approach to SLE. Our short-term goal has been to understand the effect of co-stimulatory blocking reagents on the development, selection, and activation of pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibody producing B cells in mice genetically pre-determined to develop SLE and showing signs of either early or advanced disease activity. Our long-term goal is to use the knowledge we gain to design therapeutic regimens for humans that avoid the complications of long-term immunosuppression. As new co-stimulatory molecules are discovered, studying their mechanism of action in animal models and their clinical utility in human autoimmune disease should lead both to a new understanding of disease pathogenesis and also to safer and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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139
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Abstract
The field of combinatorial peptide chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of many biological systems. This review focuses on combinatorial peptide library methodology, which includes biological library methods, spatially addressable parallel library methods, library methods requiring deconvolution, the "one-bead one-compound" library method, and affinity chromatography selection method. These peptide libraries have successfully been employed to study a vast array of cell surface receptors, as well as have been useful in identifying protein kinase substrates and inhibitors. In recent immunobiological applications, peptide libraries have proven monumental in the definition of MHC anchor residues, in lymphocyte epitope mapping, and in the development of peptide vaccines. Peptides identified from such libraries, when presented in a chemical microarray format, may prove useful in immunodiagnostics. Combinatorial peptide libraries offer a high-throughput approach to study limitless biological targets. Peptides discovered from such studies may be therapeutically and diagnostically useful agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwu Liu
- UC Davis Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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140
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Abstract
Over two decades of research have increased the interest in factors from the tumor necrosis factor family. The vast majority of these factors are powerful modulators of critical immune functions and participate in pathogenic mechanisms leading to autoimmune disease. This field constantly evolves with the addition of new family members and the discovery of their function. During the past few years several additional factors from this family, such as BAFF, RANKL, TRAIL and GITRL, have emerged with novel functions that regulate both T and B cell immune tolerance and participate in tissue destruction in autoimmunity. These new findings revealed exciting innovative strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Arthritis and Inflammation, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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141
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Sun Y, Chen HM, Subudhi SK, Chen J, Koka R, Chen L, Fu YX. Costimulatory molecule-targeted antibody therapy of a spontaneous autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2002; 8:1405-13. [PMID: 12426559 DOI: 10.1038/nm1202-796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2002] [Accepted: 10/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humans and mice deficient in Fas, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor family member, cannot induce apoptosis of autoreactive cells, and consequently develop progressive lymphoproliferative disorders and lupus-like autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have shown that short-term administrations of agonistic monoclonal antibodies against CD137, another TNF-receptor family member, activate T cells and induce rejection of allografts and established tumors. Here we report that treatment with an agonistic monoclonal antibody to CD137 (2A) blocks lymphadenopathy and spontaneous autoimmune diseases in Fas-deficient MRL/lpr mice, ultimately leading to their prolonged survival. Notably, 2A treatment rapidly augments IFN-gamma production, and induces the depletion of autoreactive B cells and abnormal double-negative T cells, possibly by increasing their apoptosis through Fas- and TNF receptor-independent mechanisms. This study demonstrates that agonistic monoclonal antibodies specific for costimulatory molecules can be used as novel therapeutic agents to delete autoreactive lymphocytes and block autoimmune disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/mortality
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Committee in Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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142
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Kwon B, Lee HW, Kwon BS. New insights into the role of 4-1BB in immune responses: beyond CD8+ T cells. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:378-80. [PMID: 12133793 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of 4-1BB 15 years ago, the receptor and its ligand (4-1BBL) have remained enigmatic molecules because of their highly regulated pattern of expression. Classically, 4-1BB is known to function as a costimulator for T cells and as a potent survival factor for CD8+ T cells. Recent studies highlight the participation of 4-1BB and its ligand 4-1BBL in a more complex network of immune cell responses and suggest that intervening in the 4-1BB costimulatory pathway might have some potential as a therapeutic approach to immune disorders.
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