101
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Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V. Treg Heterogeneity, Function, and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3100. [PMID: 31993063 PMCID: PMC6971100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a unique subpopulation of helper T-cells by maintaining immune equilibrium using various mechanisms. The role of T-cell receptors (TCR) in providing homeostasis and activation of conventional T-cells is well-known; however, for Tregs, this area is understudied. In the last two decades, evidence has accumulated to confirm the importance of the TCR in Treg homeostasis and antigen-specific immune response regulation. In this review, we describe the current view of Treg subset heterogeneity, homeostasis and function in the context of TCR involvement. Recent studies of the TCR repertoire of Tregs, combined with single-cell gene expression analysis, revealed the importance of TCR specificity in shaping Treg phenotype diversity, their functions and homeostatic maintenance in various tissues. We propose that Tregs, like conventional T-helper cells, act to a great extent in an antigen-specific manner, which is provided by a specific distribution of Tregs in niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Shevyrev
- Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
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102
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Papait A, Vertua E, Magatti M, Ceccariglia S, De Munari S, Silini AR, Sheleg M, Ofir R, Parolini O. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Fetal and Maternal Placenta Possess Key Similarities and Differences: Potential Implications for Their Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010127. [PMID: 31935836 PMCID: PMC7017205 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have attracted more attention for their immune modulatory properties and poor immunogenicity, which makes them suitable for allogeneic transplantation. Although MSC isolated from different areas of the placenta share several features, they also present significant biological differences, which might point to distinct clinical applications. Hence, we compared cells from full term placenta distinguishing them on the basis of their origin, either maternal or fetal. We used cells developed by Pluristem LTD: PLacenta expanded mesenchymal-like adherent stromal cells (PLX), maternal-derived cells (PLX-PAD), fetal-derived cells (PLX-R18), and amniotic membrane-derived MSC (hAMSC). We compared immune modulatory properties evaluating effects on T-lymphocyte proliferation, expression of cytotoxicity markers, T-helper and T-regulatory cell polarization, and monocyte differentiation toward antigen presenting cells (APC). Furthermore, we investigated cell immunogenicity. We show that MSCs and MSC-like cells from both fetal and maternal sources present immune modulatory properties versus lymphoid (T cells) and myeloid (APC) cells, whereby fetal-derived cells (PLX-R18 and hAMSC) have a stronger capacity to modulate immune cell proliferation and differentiation. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding the cell origin and characteristics in order to obtain a desired result, such as modulation of the inflammatory response that is critical in fostering regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Papait
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Elsa Vertua
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Sabrina Ceccariglia
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Munari
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
| | | | - Racheli Ofir
- Pluristem LTD, Haifa 31905, Israel; (M.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.V.); (M.M.); (S.D.M.); (A.R.S.)
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0630154464
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103
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OX40 Costimulation Inhibits Foxp3 Expression and Treg Induction via BATF3-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Cell Rep 2019; 24:607-618. [PMID: 30021159 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells can be converted to Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the periphery (iTregs), where induction of Foxp3 gene expression is central to Treg differentiation. OX40 signaling is known to inhibit Foxp3 expression and Treg induction, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we found that OX40 costimulation activates two distinct molecular pathways to suppress Foxp3 expression in freshly activated naive CD4+ T cells. Specifically, OX40 upregulates BATF3 and BATF, which produce a closed chromatin configuration to repress Foxp3 expression in a Sirt1/7-dependent manner. Moreover, OX40 can also activate the AKT-mTOR pathway, especially in the absence of BATF3 and BATF, to inhibit Foxp3 induction, and this is mediated by phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor Foxo1. Taken together, our results provide key mechanistic insights into how OX40 inhibits Foxp3 expression and Treg induction in the periphery.
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104
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Clement M, Raffort J, Lareyre F, Tsiantoulas D, Newland S, Lu Y, Masters L, Harrison J, Saveljeva S, Ma MKL, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Lam BYH, Yeo GSH, Binder CJ, Kaser A, Mallat Z. Impaired Autophagy in CD11b + Dendritic Cells Expands CD4 + Regulatory T Cells and Limits Atherosclerosis in Mice. Circ Res 2019; 125:1019-1034. [PMID: 31610723 PMCID: PMC6844650 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that dysfunctional autophagy in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, plays a detrimental role during atherogenesis, leading to the suggestion that autophagy-stimulating approaches may provide benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Juliette Raffort
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Université CÔte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moléculaire, University Hospital of Nice, France (J.R., F.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Stephen Newland
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Yuning Lu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Leanne Masters
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - James Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.)
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Maria Ozsvar-Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Genomics and Transcriptomics Core, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.K.L.M., B.Y.H.L., G.S.H.Y.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria (M.O.-K., C.J.B)
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.S., A.K.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.C., J.R., F.L., D.T., S.N., Y.L., L.M., J.H., Z.M.).,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.)
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105
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Majedi FS, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Thauland TJ, Li S, Bouchard LS, Butte MJ. Augmentation of T-Cell Activation by Oscillatory Forces and Engineered Antigen-Presenting Cells. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6945-6954. [PMID: 31478664 PMCID: PMC6786928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Activation of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiates their proliferation, cytokine production, and killing of infected or cancerous cells. We and others have shown that T-cell receptors require mechanical forces for triggering, and these forces arise during the interaction of T cells with APCs. Efficient activation of T cells in vitro is necessary for clinical applications. In this paper, we studied the impact of combining mechanical, oscillatory movements provided by an orbital shaker with soft, biocompatible, artificial APCs (aAPCs) of various sizes and amounts of antigen. We showed that these aAPCs allow for testing the strength of signal delivered to T cells, and enabled us to confirm that that absolute amounts of antigen engaged by the T cell are more important for activation than the density of antigen. We also found that when our aAPCs interact with T cells in the context of an oscillatory mechanoenvironment, they roughly double antigenic signal strength, compared to conventional, static culture. Combining these effects, our aAPCs significantly outperformed the commonly used Dynabeads. We finally demonstrated that tuning the signal strength down to a submaximal "sweet spot" allows for robust expansion of induced regulatory T cells. In conclusion, augmenting engineered aAPCs with mechanical forces offers a novel approach for tuning of T-cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh S. Majedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Timothy J. Thauland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Louis-S. Bouchard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel.: 310-825-6482. Fax: 310-825-9832. . Address: Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., MDCC Building Room 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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106
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Flippe L, Bézie S, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Future prospects for CD8 + regulatory T cells in immune tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:209-224. [PMID: 31593314 PMCID: PMC7027528 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ Tregs have been long described and significant progresses have been made about their phenotype, their functional mechanisms, and their suppressive ability compared to conventional CD4+ Tregs. They are now at the dawn of their clinical use. In this review, we will summarize their phenotypic characteristics, their mechanisms of action, the similarities, differences and synergies between CD8+ and CD4+ Tregs, and we will discuss the biology, development and induction of CD8+ Tregs, their manufacturing for clinical use, considering open questions/uncertainties and future technically accessible improvements notably through genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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107
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Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:888-908. [PMID: 31601519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis, interactions between tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), self-reactive T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to maintaining mammalian immune tolerance. In response to infection, immunogenic DCs promote the generation of proinflammatory effector T cell subsets. When complex homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the balance between regulatory and effector functions become impaired, autoimmune diseases can develop. We discuss some of the newest advances on the mechanisms of physiopathologic homeostasis that can be employed to develop strategies to restore a dysregulated immune equilibrium. Some of these designs are based on selectively activating regulators of immunity and inflammation instead of broadly suppressing these processes. Promising approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to restore Treg control over self-reactive cells, aiming to achieve long-term disease remission, and potentially to prevent autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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108
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Wan M, Ning B, Spiegel S, Lyon CJ, Hu TY. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs): How to avoid the sting in the tail. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:385-412. [PMID: 31318078 PMCID: PMC6917833 DOI: 10.1002/med.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted extracellular vesicles that accumulate in the circulation and are of great interest for disease diagnosis and evaluation since their contents reflects the phenotype of their cell of origin. Tumor‐derived exosomes (TDEs) are of particular interest for cancer diagnosis and therapy, since most tumor demonstrate highly elevated exosome secretion rates and provide specific information about the genotype of a tumor and its response to treatment. TDEs also contain regulatory factors that can alter the phenotypes of local and distant tissue sites and alter immune cell functions to promote tumor progression. The abundance, information content, regulatory potential, in vivo half‐life, and physical durability of exosomes suggest that TDEs may represent a superior source of diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets than other materials currently under investigation. This review will summarize current information on mechanisms that may differentially regulate TDE biogenesis, TDE effects on the immune system that promote tumor survival, growth, and metastasis, and new approaches understudy to counteract or utilize TDE properties in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeiHua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tony Y Hu
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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109
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Polanczyk MJ, Walker E, Haley D, Guerrouahen BS, Akporiaye ET. Blockade of TGF-β signaling to enhance the antitumor response is accompanied by dysregulation of the functional activity of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + and CD4 +CD25 -Foxp3 + T cells. J Transl Med 2019; 17:219. [PMID: 31288845 PMCID: PMC6617864 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in actively suppressing antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that TGF-β produced by tumor cells promotes tolerance via expansion of Tregs. Our group previously demonstrated that blockade of TGF-β signaling with a small molecule TGF-β receptor I antagonist (SM16) inhibited primary and metastatic tumor growth in a T cell dependent fashion. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of SM16 on Treg generation and function. Methods Using BALB/c, FoxP3eGFP and Rag−/− mice, we performed FACS analysis to determine if SM16 blocked de novo TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro and in vivo. CD4+ T cells from lymph node and spleen were isolated from control mice or mice maintained on SM16 diet, and flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the frequency of CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. In vitro suppression assays were used to determine the ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro of both CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ T cell sub-populations. We then examined whether SM16 diet exerted an inhibitory effect on primary tumor growth and correlated with changes in FoxP3+expression. ELISA analysis was used to measure IFN-γ levels after 72 h co-culture of CD4+CD25+ T cells from tumor-bearing mice on control or SM16 diet with CD4+CD25− T cells from naive donors. Results SM16 abrogates TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro but does not prevent global homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cell sub-populations in vivo. Instead, SM16 treatment causes expansion of a population of CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg-like cells without significantly altering the overall frequency of Treg in lymphoreplete naive and tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, both the CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ T cells and the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in mice receiving SM16 diet exhibited diminished ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro compared to Treg from mice on control diet. Conclusions These findings suggest that blockade of TGF-β signaling is a potentially useful strategy for blunting Treg function to enhance the anti-tumor response. Our data further suggest that the overall dampening of Treg function may involve the expansion of a quiescent Treg precursor population, which is CD4+CD25−Foxp3+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Walker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel T Akporiaye
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA. .,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
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110
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Yesillik S, Agrawal S, Gollapudi SV, Gupta S. Phenotypic Analysis of CD4+ Treg, CD8+ Treg, and Breg Cells in Adult Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 180:150-158. [PMID: 31284281 DOI: 10.1159/000501457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory lymphocytes (CD4+ T regulatory cells [Treg], CD8+ Treg, and B regulatory cells [Breg]) play a critical role in immune homeostasis and tolerance. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and increased frequency of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. CD4+ Treg cell abnormalities have been reported in CVID; however, CD8+ Treg cells have not been reported in CVID. The objective of this study was to evaluate CD4+ Treg and CD8+ Treg cells in CVID patients. METHODS In 25 patients with CVID and age-matched healthy controls, Treg cells, evaluated in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (natural; nCD4+ Treg and nCD8+ Treg) and following in vitro activation with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies (induced; iCD4+ Treg and iCD8+ Treg) as well as Breg cells were analyzed with specific monoclonal antibodies and isotype controls using flow cytometry. RESULTS The proportions of nCD4+ Treg (CD4+ CD127low CD25high FoxP3+), iCD4+ Treg (CD4+ CD127low CD25high FoxP3+), iCD8+ Treg (CD8+ CD25high CD183+ FoxP3+), and Breg (CD19+ CD24high CD38high) lymphocytes were significantly lower in patients with CVID than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Altered regulatory lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis and autoimmunity and inflammation associated with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Yesillik
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sastry V Gollapudi
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA,
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111
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Holcar M, Goropevšek A, Avčin T. Altered Homeostasis of Regulatory T Lymphocytes and Differential Regulation of STAT1/STAT5 in CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Childhood-onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:557-566. [PMID: 31263070 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.181418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is usually a more severe and aggressive disease than adult-onset SLE (aSLE), but cellular and subcellular reasons for these differences are not well understood. The present study analyzed Th subsets, STAT1/STAT5 signaling response, and cytokine profiles of cSLE. METHODS FOXP3+ regulatory (Treg) and effector Th subsets, expression and phosphorylation of STAT1/STAT5 in Th, and cytokine profiles were measured in the peripheral blood of patients with cSLE and healthy controls (HC), using flow cytometry and immunoassay on a biochip. RESULTS Significant correlation between expression of the activation marker HLA-DR and decreased Th counts, an increase in the percentage of FOXP3+ Th, and a decrease in the activated Treg (aTreg) subset among them were found in cSLE. In contrast to our previous findings in aSLE, no significant differences in percentages and a significant decrease in the numbers of the naive-resting Treg (rTreg) subset compared to HC were found. The percentages of CD25- cells, possibly reflecting interleukin 2 depletion, were significantly increased in cSLE aTreg, but not in the rTreg subset. Consistent with the results of our previous studies in aSLE, increased expression of STAT1, along with significant correlation between decreased Th counts and their increased basal phosphorylation of STAT5, were also found in cSLE. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the key difference in Treg homeostasis between cSLE and aSLE is in the rTreg subset. However, perturbed aTreg homeostasis, increased levels of STAT1 protein, and homeostatic STAT5 signaling appear to be intrinsic characteristics of the disease, present in cSLE and aSLE alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Holcar
- From the Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,M. Holcar, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana; A. Goropevšek, MD, PhD, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor; T. Avčin, MD, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana
| | - Aleš Goropevšek
- From the Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,M. Holcar, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana; A. Goropevšek, MD, PhD, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor; T. Avčin, MD, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana
| | - Tadej Avčin
- From the Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,M. Holcar, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana; A. Goropevšek, MD, PhD, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Maribor; T. Avčin, MD, PhD, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana.
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Skadow M, Penna VR, Galant-Swafford J, Shevach EM, Thornton AM. Helios Deficiency Predisposes the Differentiation of CD4 +Foxp3 - T Cells into Peripherally Derived Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:370-378. [PMID: 31167776 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Helios is expressed in a large percentage of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and is required for the maintenance of their suppressive phenotype, as mice with a selective deficiency of Helios in Treg cells spontaneously develop autoimmunity. However, mice with a deficiency of Helios in all T cells do not exhibit autoimmunity, despite the defect in the suppressor function of their Treg cell population, suggesting that Helios also functions in non-Treg cells. Although Helios is expressed in a small subset of CD4+Foxp3- and CD8+ T cells and its expression is upregulated upon T cell activation, its function in non-Treg cells remains unknown. To examine the function of Helios in CD4+Foxp3- T cells, we transferred Helios-sufficient or -deficient naive CD4+Foxp3- TCR transgenic T cells to normal recipients and examined their capacity to respond to their cognate Ag. Surprisingly, Helios-deficient CD4+ T cells expanded and differentiated into Th1 or Th2 cytokine-producing effectors in a manner similar to wild-type TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells. However, the primed Helios-deficient cells failed to expand upon secondary challenge with Ag. The tolerant state of the Helios-deficient memory T cells was not cell-intrinsic but was due to a small population of Helios-deficient naive T cells that had differentiated into Ag-specific peripheral Treg cells that suppressed the recall response in an Ag-specific manner. These findings demonstrate that Helios plays a role in the determination of CD4+ T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Skadow
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vinay R Penna
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jessica Galant-Swafford
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Angela M Thornton
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on immune cell polarization and muscle regeneration in diabetic mice with limb ischemia. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:921-933. [PMID: 31062080 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting in endothelial dysfunction which contributes to peripheral arterial disease and limb ischemia. Leukocytes play critical roles in vascular and tissue remodelling after ischemia. This study investigated the effects of dietary glutamine (GLN) supplementation on immune cell polarization in diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for 5 consecutive days in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetic mice were fed the AIN-93 diet or an AIN-93 diet in which a part of the casein was replaced by GLN. After 3 weeks of the dietary intervention, mice were subjected to unilateral femoral artery ligation to induce limb ischemia. RESULTS GLN supplementation enhanced the proportion of anti-inflammatory monocytes and regulatory T cells in the blood. Expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 by activated CD4+ T cells was promoted and prolonged in the GLN-supplemented group. GLN downregulated the percentage of M1 macrophages in muscle tissues which was correlated with lower levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in plasma. The muscle M1/M2 ratio was also reduced in the GLN group. Gene expression of interleukin-6 was suppressed by GLN supplementation, while expression levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and myogenic differentiation 1 genes were elevated in post-ischemic muscles. Histological findings also indicated that muscle regeneration was accelerated in the GLN group. CONCLUSIONS GLN supplementation in diabetic mice may exert more-balanced polarization of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, thus attenuating inflammatory responses and contributing to muscle regeneration after limb ischemia.
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Yang M, Liu Y, Mo B, Xue Y, Ye C, Jiang Y, Bi X, Liu M, Wu Y, Wang J, Olsen N, Pan Y, Zheng SG. Helios but not CD226, TIGIT and Foxp3 is a Potential Marker for CD4 + Treg Cells in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 52:1178-1192. [PMID: 30990587 PMCID: PMC6943339 DOI: 10.33594/000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, chronic, even disabling systemic autoimmune disease. Imbalance between pathogenic immune cells and immunosuppressive cells is associated with the pathogenesis and development of RA and other autoimmune diseases. As Foxp3 is also expressed on activated CD4+ cells in the presence of inflammation, the identification of Treg cells in patients with RA remains a challenge. METHODS Comprehensive analyses were carried out by Flow cytometry. Expression of Helios, CD226, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains clinical samples and healthy controls. RESULTS We have systemically examined three potential markers, Helios, CD226 and TIGIT, that are possibly related to Treg identification, and found that Helios expression on CD4+Foxp3+cells was decreased and negatively correlated with the disease activity of RA patients, while CD226 and TIGIT both showed elevated expression levels in CD4+Foxp3+cells in RA patients and they were not associated with disease activity of RA patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicate that CD4+CD25hiCD127low/-Foxp3+Helios+ may represent the real Treg cell population in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyao Mo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Youqiu Xue
- Center for Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congxiu Ye
- Center for Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Bi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Wu
- Center for Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States,
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Wang N, Schoos AMM, Larsen JM, Brix S, Thysen AH, Rasmussen MA, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Chawes BL. Reduced IL-2 response from peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to bacteria at 6 months of age is associated with elevated total-IgE and allergic rhinitis during the first 7 years of life. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:587-593. [PMID: 31056472 PMCID: PMC6558232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity and allergy have been associated with decreased number and function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and low interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels. We aimed to investigate if the release of IL-2 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with pathogenic airway bacteria was associated with development of allergy-outcomes in early childhood. METHODS PBMCs were isolated at age 6 months in 331 infants from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC2000) mother-child cohort, and subsequently stimulated with H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae in in vitro cultures. Levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17A) were determined in the supernatant by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The immune profiles were analyzed for association with development of total-IgE, allergic sensitization and rhinitis during the first 7 years of life using regression models and principal component analysis (PCA). FINDINGS An attenuated IL-2 response to stimulation with H. influenzae (p = 0∙011) and M. catarrhalis (p = 0∙027) was associated with elevated total-IgE at age 7, which was confirmed in a multivariate PCA model including all cytokine measurements (PC2, p = 0∙032). An immune profile with both reduced IL-2 and elevated IL-5 was associated with increased risk of allergic rhinitis (PC3, p = 0∙038). We found no associations with development of allergic sensitization. INTERPRETATION A reduced IL-2 response from PBMCs exposed to common pathogenic airway bacteria at age 6 months was associated with elevated total-IgE and allergic rhinitis during the first 7 years of life. These findings suggest that suppressed Treg activity in early life may herald onset of allergy in early childhood, which could be a target for low-dose IL-2 trials in the future. FUND: COPSAC is funded by private and public research funds all listed on www.copsac.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wang
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie M Schoos
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jeppe M Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna H Thysen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Lundberg J, Berglund D, Molin D, Kinch A. Intratumoral expression of FoxP3-positive regulatory T-cells in T-cell lymphoma: no correlation with survival. Ups J Med Sci 2019; 124:105-110. [PMID: 30856039 PMCID: PMC6566493 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2018.1555195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In cancer, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) were previously believed to inhibit tumor immunity, leading to reduced survival. However, in hematologic malignancies, including T-cell lymphoma (TCL), a correlation between increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and a favorable prognosis has been reported. We aimed to investigate the expression of the Treg biomarker forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) in TCL in immunocompetent individuals and explore a possible correlation to overall survival. Methods. In total, 35 diagnostic biopsies of TCL were stained using a FoxP3-specific monoclonal antibody (clone 236A/E7). Visual scoring was performed by counting positive cells in 15 high-power fields. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Results. All the TCLs contained FoxP3+ cells, median 342 FoxP3+ cells/mm2 (range 1-3047). The degree of intratumoral expression of FoxP3 varied between the different subtypes of TCL, with the highest frequency found in angioimmunoblastic TCL. The frequency of intratumoral FoxP3+ cells had no impact on overall survival; neither when using a cutoff value of 200 FoxP3+ cells/mm2 (P = 0.84) nor with FoxP3 as a continuous variable (P = 0.63). Conclusions. Intratumoral Tregs are frequently found in TCL in immunocompetent individuals. In this heterogeneous group of TCL, there was no correlation between the density of intratumoral FoxP3+ cells and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Lundberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Molin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amelie Kinch
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Peltanova B, Raudenska M, Masarik M. Effect of tumor microenvironment on pathogenesis of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:63. [PMID: 30927923 PMCID: PMC6441173 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of many different cell populations, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and various infiltrating immune cells, and non-cell components of extracellular matrix. These crucial parts of the surrounding stroma can function as both positive and negative regulators of all hallmarks of cancer development, including evasion of apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis, deregulation of the energy metabolism, resistance to the immune detection and destruction, and activation of invasion and metastasis. This review represents a summary of recent studies focusing on describing these effects of microenvironment on initiation and progression of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on oral squamous cell carcinoma, since it is becoming clear that an investigation of differences in stromal composition of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment and their impact on cancer development and progression may help better understand the mechanisms behind different responses to therapy and help define possible targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Peltanova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595,, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Xie YQ, Arik H, Wei L, Zheng Y, Suh H, Irvine DJ, Tang L. Redox-responsive interleukin-2 nanogel specifically and safely promotes the proliferation and memory precursor differentiation of tumor-reactive T-cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1345-1357. [PMID: 30698174 PMCID: PMC6435399 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent T-cell mitogen that can adjuvant anti-cancer adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy by promoting T-cell engraftment. However, the clinical applications of IL-2 in combination with ACT are greatly hindered by the severe adverse effects such as vascular leak syndrome (VLS). Here, we developed a synthetic delivery strategy for IL-2 via backpacking redox-responsive IL-2/Fc nanogels (NGs) to the plasma membrane of adoptively transferred T-cells. The NGs prepared by traceless chemical cross-linking of cytokine proteins selectively released the cargos in response to T-cell receptor activation upon antigen recognition in tumors. We found that IL-2/Fc delivered by T-cell surface-bound NGs expanded transferred tumor-reactive T-cells 80-fold more than the free IL-2/Fc of an equivalent dose administered systemically and showed no effects on tumor-infiltrating regulatory T-cell expansion. Intriguingly, IL-2/Fc NG backpacks that facilitated a sustained and slow release of IL-2/Fc also promoted the CD8+ memory precursor differentiation and induced less T-cell exhaustion in vitro compared to free IL-2/Fc. The controlled responsive delivery of IL-2/Fc enabled the safe administration of repeated doses of the stimulant cytokine with no overt toxicity and improved efficacy against melanoma metastases in a mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Xie
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, SwitzerlandCH-1015.
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Abstract
Taking advantage of two markers critically associated with ATP metabolism, CD39 ectonucleotidase and the adenosine deaminase binding factor CD26, we found that natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) are heterogenous, composed of five major structurally and genetically distinct cell subsets, each representing a stage of nTreg maturation. Three major outcomes are foreseeable from these studies: (i) immunologically, microenvironmental factors dictate nTreg developmental evolution and govern their distinct functional capacity; (ii) clinically, the CD39/CD26 profile is a useful blood biomarker, as illustrated for dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute myelogenous leukemia; and (iii) therapeutically, FOXP3 Tregs transdetermined from TH0 cells are an optimal source of T cells for nTreg-based adoptive immunotherapy because they do not produce IL-17. Natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) ensure the control of self-tolerance and are currently used in clinical trials to alleviate autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transfer. Based on CD39/CD26 markers, blood nTreg analysis revealed the presence of five different cell subsets, each representing a distinct stage of maturation. Ex vivo added microenvironmental factors, including IL-2, TGFβ, and PGE2, direct the conversion from naive precursor to immature memory and finally from immature to mature memory cells, the latest being a no-return stage. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the subsets illustrate the structural parental maturation between subsets, which further correlates with the expression of regulatory factors. Regarding nTreg functional plasticity, both maturation stage and microenvironmental cytokines condition nTreg activities, which include blockade of autoreactive immune cells by cell–cell contact, Th17 and IL-10 Tr1-like activities, or activation of TCR-stimulating dendritic cell tolerization. Importantly, blood nTreg CD39/CD26 profile remained constant over a 2-y period in healthy persons but varied from person to person. Preliminary data on patients with autoimmune diseases or acute myelogenous leukemia illustrate the potential use of the nTreg CD39/CD26 profile as a blood biomarker to monitor chronic inflammatory diseases. Finally, we confirmed that naive conventional CD4 T cells, TCR-stimulated under a tolerogenic conditioned medium, could be ex vivo reprogrammed to FOXP3 lineage Tregs, and further found that these cells were exclusively committed to suppressive function under all microenvironmental contexts.
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Kopřivová H, Hájková M, Koucký M, Malíčková K, Holáň V, Krulová M. Kinetics of Helios(+) and Helios(−) T regulatory cell subsets in the circulation of healthy pregnant women. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12754. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kopřivová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of the First Faculty of Medicine, General Teaching Hospital Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hájková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Transplantation Immunology Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Koucký
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Karin Malíčková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of the First Faculty of Medicine, General Teaching Hospital Charles University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Holáň
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Transplantation Immunology Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Krulová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Transplantation Immunology Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Cellular Metabolic Regulation in the Differentiation and Function of Regulatory T Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020188. [PMID: 30795546 PMCID: PMC6407031 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The activity and function of Tregs are in large part determined by various intracellular metabolic processes. Recent findings have focused on how intracellular metabolism can shape the development, trafficking, and function of Tregs. In this review, we summarize and discuss current research that reveals how distinct metabolic pathways modulate Tregs differentiation, phenotype stabilization, and function. These advances highlight numerous opportunities to alter Tregs frequency and function in physiopathologic conditions via metabolic manipulation and have important translational implications.
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Chapoval SP, Hritzo M, Qi X, Tamagnone L, Golding A, Keegan AD. Semaphorin 4A Stabilizes Human Regulatory T Cell Phenotype via Plexin B1. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:71-87. [PMID: 31236543 PMCID: PMC6590919 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neuroimmune semaphorin (Sema) 4A regulates the severity of experimental allergic asthma and increases regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers in vivo; however, the mechanisms of Sema4A action remain unknown. It was also reported that Sema4A controls murine Treg cell function and survival acting through neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) receptor. To clarify Sema4A action on human T cells, we employed T cell lines (HuT78 and HuT102), human PBMCs, and CD4+ T cells in phenotypic and functional assays. We found that HuT78 demonstrated a T effector-like phenotype (CD4+CD25lowFoxp3-), whereas HuT102 expressed a Treg-like phenotype (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+). Neither cell line expressed NRP-1. HuT102 cells expressed Sema4A counter receptor Plexin B1, whereas HuT78 cells were Sema4A+. All human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, including Treg cells, expressed PlexinB1 and lacked both NRP-1 and -2. However, NRP-1 and Sema4A were detected on CD3negativeCD4intermediate human monocytes. Culture of HuT cells with soluble Sema4A led to an upregulation of CD25 and Foxp3 markers on HuT102 cells. Addition of Sema4A increased the relative numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in PBMCs and CD4+ T cells, which were NRP-1negative but PlexinB1+, suggesting the role of this receptor in Treg cell stability. The inclusion of anti-PlexinB1 blocking Ab in cultures before recombinant Sema4A addition significantly decreased Treg cell numbers as compared with cultures with recombinant Sema4A alone. Sema4A was as effective as TGF-β in inducible Treg cell induction from CD4+CD25depleted cells but did not enhance Treg cell suppressive activity in vitro. These results suggest strategies for the development of new Sema4A-based therapeutic measures to combat allergic inflammatory diseases. ImmunoHorizons, 2019, 3: 71-87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Molly Hritzo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Piedmont Foundation for Cancer Research, Institute of Hospitalization and Scientific Care, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy 10060; and
| | - Amit Golding
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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123
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Cai X, Zhang L, Wei W. Regulatory B cells in inflammatory diseases and tumor. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 67:281-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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124
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Saito M, Otsuka K, Ushio A, Yamada A, Arakaki R, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Unique Phenotypes and Functions of Follicular Helper T Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Sjögren's Syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 14:239-245. [PMID: 28124612 PMCID: PMC6225342 DOI: 10.2174/1573397113666170125122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the systemic exocrine glands, such as salivary and lacrimal glands. A variety of T-cell subpopulations maintain immune tolerance in the thymus and periphery through complex immune responses including cellular and humoral immunity. The T-cell subpopulations exhibiting abnormal or unique phenotypes and impaired functionality have been reported to play important roles in the cellular mechanisms of autoimmunity in SS patients and animal models of SS. In this review, we focused on follicular helper T cells related to antibody production and regulatory T cells to control immune tolerance in the pathogenesis of SS. The unique roles of these T-cell subpopulations in the process of the onset or development of SS have been demonstrated in this review of recent publications. The clinical application of these T-cell subpopulations will be helpful for the development of new techniques for diagnosis or treatment of SS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Saito
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Otsuka
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Aya Ushio
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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125
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Toor D, Sharma N. T cell subsets: an integral component in pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Immunol Res 2019; 66:18-30. [PMID: 29170852 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a consequence of pharyngeal infection of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. Carditis is the most common manifestation of ARF which occurs in 30-45% of the susceptible individuals. Overlooked ARF cases might further progress towards rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in susceptible individuals, which ultimately leads to permanent heart valve damage. Molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and human proteins is the most widely accepted theory to describe the pathogenesis of RHD. In the recent past, various subsets of T cells have been reported to play an imperative role in the pathogenesis of RHD. Alterations in various T cell subsets, viz. Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, and their signature cytokines influence the immune responses and are associated with pathogenesis of RHD. Association of other T cell subsets (Th3, Th9, Th22, and TFH) is not defined in context of RHD. Several investigations have confirmed the up-regulation of adhesion molecules and thus infiltration of T cells into the heart tissues. T cells secrete both Th type 1 and type 2 cytokines and these auto-reactive T cells play a key role in progression of heart valve damage. In this review, we are going to discuss about the role of T cell subsets and their corresponding cytokines in the pathogenesis of RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Toor
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
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126
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Ashfaq H, Soliman H, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. CD4: a vital player in the teleost fish immune system. Vet Res 2019; 50:1. [PMID: 30616664 PMCID: PMC6323851 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 is a nonpolymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein molecule that is expressed on the surface of T-helper cells and plays an essential role in the immune response. It functions as a coreceptor with the T-cell receptor by binding to major histocompatibility complex class II on the surface of dendritic cells that present antigens. CD4+ T cells hold a key position in coordinating the immune system through production of several cytokines after activation and differentiation. The CD4+ T helper subtypes (T-helper 1, T-helper 2, T-helper 17, T-helper 9, and regulatory-T cells) perform different immune functions subsequent to their differentiation from the naive T cells. Different types of CD4+ T cells require different cytokines such as drivers and effectors, as well as master transcription factors for their activation. Fish cells that express CD4-related genes are activated in the presence of a pathogen and release cytokines against the pathogen. This review highlights the types of CD4+ T cells in fish and describes their direct role in cell-mediated and humoral immunity for protection against the intracellular bacterial as well as viral infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashfaq
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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da Silva JMC, Azevedo ADN, Barbosa RPDS, Teixeira MP, Vianna TAG, Fittipaldi J, Cabral VR, Paiva LSD. Ouabain Decreases Regulatory T Cell Number in Mice by Reducing IL-2 Secretion. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:188-197. [PMID: 31412342 DOI: 10.1159/000501720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ouabain (OUA) is a cardiotonic glycoside originally extracted from African plants. It has also been described as an endogenous component in mammals, being released in stress situations mainly by the adrenal gland. OUA has been reported to be capable of inhibiting mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and also affects B and T lymphocytes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to show the effects of OUA in peripheral T lymphocytes. METHODS In the in vivo experiments, mice were injected intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days with RPMI medium (control group) or 0.56 mg/kg of OUA diluted in RPMI medium (OUA group). On the fourth day, spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes were removed. RESULTS OUA significantly reduced the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the spleen, especially regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vitro OUA did not inhibit the proliferation of CD4+T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 neither was able to induce the apoptosis of CD4+ nor Tregs. There was no increase in the number or percentage of T lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that there was no preferential accumulation of these cells in this organ. Secretion of IL-2 by activated T lymphocytes was decreased by the OUA, explaining at least in part the reduction of Tregs, since this cytokine is involved in the peripheral conversion and maintenance of Tregs. CONCLUSION The impact of this reduction in autoimmune diseases, allergy and cancer as well as the potential use of OUA as a therapeutic approach in tumor treatment still needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyle Moreira Carvalho da Silva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Augusto das Neves Azevedo
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Pires Teixeira
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Fittipaldi
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Ribeiro Cabral
- Faculdade de Educação, Departamento de Fundamentos Pedagógicos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza de Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
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128
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Pap R, Ugor E, Litvai T, Prenek L, Najbauer J, Németh P, Berki T. Glucocorticoid hormone differentially modulates the in vitro expansion and cytokine profile of thymic and splenic Treg cells. Immunobiology 2018; 224:285-295. [PMID: 30612787 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional disturbances in regulatory T cells (Treg) have been described in autoimmune diseases, and their potential therapeutic use is intensively studied. Our goal was to investigate the influence of glucocorticoid hormone on the in vitro differentiation of Treg cells from thymic and splenic CD4+ T cells under different conditions to establish methods for generating stable and functionally suppressive iTregs for future use in adoptive transfer experiments. METHODS Thymic and splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from 3 to 4 week-old control and in vivo dexamethasone (DX) pretreated BALB/c mice using magnetic bead negative selection, followed by CD25 positive selection. The cells were cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 beads and IL-2 in the presence or absence of TGFβ and/or DX for 3-6 days. Multiparametric flow cytometry was performed using CD4, CD25, CD8, TGFβ (LAP) cell surface and Foxp3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFNγ intracellular staining. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to measure IL-10, TGFβ cytokine and Foxp3 mRNA levels. RESULTS Differentiation of thymus-derived CD4+ cells in vitro into iTreg cells was most effective (24-25%) when anti-CD3/CD28 beads, IL-2, and TGFβ were present. Splenic CD4+ T cell expansion under same conditions resulted in a higher (44-45%) iTreg cell ratio that further increased (up to 50% Treg) in the presence of DX. Elevated immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10 and TGFβ) production by iTregs could be measured both at protein and mRNA levels without elevation of Th1/Th2 or Th17 cytokine production. We got the highest iTreg ratio (74%) and TGFβ production when CD4+CD25+ splenic T cells were stimulated in the presence of TGFβ. In vivo 4 days DX pretreatment resulted in enhanced in vitro expansion and Foxp3 expression of thymus-derived iTregs and decreased differentiation of spleen-derived iTreg cells. In these Tregs the relative expression of IL-10 mRNA significantly decreased under all in vitro stimulation conditions, while TGFβ mRNA level did not change. CONCLUSION DX promotes the expansion of thymic and splenic Treg cells, and enhances Foxp3+ expression and the production of immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ in vitro. In vivo pretreatment of mice with DX inhibited the immunosuppressive cytokine production of in vitro differentiated Treg cells. We hypothesize that patients receiving GC therapy may need special attention prior to in vitro expansion and transplantation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramóna Pap
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Emese Ugor
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Tímea Litvai
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Lilla Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - József Najbauer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
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129
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Kelly A, Gunaltay S, McEntee CP, Shuttleworth EE, Smedley C, Houston SA, Fenton TM, Levison S, Mann ER, Travis MA. Human monocytes and macrophages regulate immune tolerance via integrin αvβ8-mediated TGFβ activation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2725-2736. [PMID: 30355614 PMCID: PMC6219736 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are crucial immune cells involved in regulation of inflammation either directly or via differentiation into macrophages in tissues. However, many aspects of how their function is controlled in health and disease are not understood. Here we show that human blood monocytes activate high levels of the cytokine TGFβ, a pathway that is not evident in mouse monocytes. Human CD14+, but not CD16+, monocytes activate TGFβ via expression of the integrin αvβ8 and matrix metalloproteinase 14, which dampens their production of TNFα in response to LPS. Additionally, when monocytes differentiate into macrophages, integrin expression and TGFβ-activating ability are maintained in anti-inflammatory macrophages but down-regulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages. In the healthy human intestine, integrin αvβ8 is highly expressed on mature tissue macrophages, with these cells and their integrin expression being significantly reduced in active inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, our data suggest that integrin αvβ8-mediated TGFβ activation plays a key role in regulation of monocyte inflammatory responses and intestinal macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kelly
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sezin Gunaltay
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig P McEntee
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elinor E Shuttleworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Gastroenterology Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine Smedley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie A Houston
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas M Fenton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Scott Levison
- Gastroenterology Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark A Travis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK .,Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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130
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Liu Y, Deng W, Meng Q, Qiu X, Sun D, Dai C. CD8+iTregs attenuate glomerular endothelial cell injury in lupus-prone mice through blocking the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:133-143. [PMID: 30268079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Endothelial cell injury plays an important role in the inflammatory processes associated with SLE. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) reduce the injury to endothelial cells induced by inflammatory factors. As a newly identified regulatory T cell, we previously reported that CD8+CD103+iTregs had similar effects to those of CD4+iTregs in the process of immunoregulation. In this paper, we further explored the effect and mechanism of CD8+iTregs on endothelial cell injury. The expressions of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in MRL/lpr mouse glomerular endothelial cells (lupus-MGECs) were estimated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. The lupus-MGEC apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry and the adhesion of monocyte-like cells to lupus-MGECs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined by the adhesion assay. Additionally, the expressions of P-p38, P-NF-κB and P-IκBα were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that LPS increased the expressions of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in lupus-MGECs, while CD8+iTregs significantly decreased the levels of these adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, CD8+iTregs alleviated lupus-MGEC apoptosis and inhibited the adhesion of monocyte-like cells to lupus-MGECs. Both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activated by LPS, were suppressed by CD8+iTregs. These findings suggest that CD8+iTregs attenuate LPS-induced glomerular endothelial cell injury through blocking the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB in lupus-MGECs. The protective effect of CD8+iTregs indicates their possible therapeutic application in Lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijuan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoyun Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chun Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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131
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Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E258. [PMID: 30200565 PMCID: PMC6162863 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VitA) is a micronutrient that is crucial for maintaining vision, promoting growth and development, and protecting epithelium and mucus integrity in the body. VitA is known as an anti-inflammation vitamin because of its critical role in enhancing immune function. VitA is involved in the development of the immune system and plays regulatory roles in cellular immune responses and humoral immune processes. VitA has demonstrated a therapeutic effect in the treatment of various infectious diseases. To better understand the relationship between nutrition and the immune system, the authors review recent literature about VitA in immunity research and briefly introduce the clinical application of VitA in the treatment of several infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Huang
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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132
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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133
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Yu CX, Bai LY, Lin JJ, Li SB, Chen JY, He WJ, Yu XM, Cui XP, Wang HL, Chen YZ, Zhu L. rhPLD2 inhibits airway inflammation in an asthmatic murine model through induction of stable CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:539-549. [PMID: 30173118 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that recombinant human phospholipase D2 (rhPLD2) plays a modulator role on NF-κB and PKC signaling pathways. It also inhibits IL-5-induced inflammatory response in chronic asthmatic guinea pigs. Additionally, increasing evidence also has revealed that the adoptive transfer of induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be a therapeutic solution to airway allergic diseases. To investigate the epigenetic, transcriptomic and phenotypic variability of Treg population in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation model derived from the induction of rhPLD2, OVA-induced asthmatic murine model is used in this study. The lung inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, the differentiation and proliferation of T helper cells and the amplification of Tregs were examined in this mouse model with and without rhPLD2 induction. Our data showed that rhPLD2 administration in asthmatic mice significantly increases CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cell numbers and alleviates lung inflammation. The addition of rhPLD2 in vitro enhanced the demethylation of Treg-specificdemethylated region (TSDR) in iTregs, suggesting that rhPLD2 protein may be involved in improving the quality and quantity of Treg cells that eventually significantly reduces lung inflammation in asthmatic murine model. These results suggest that rhPLD2 could have a clinical impact treating patients with allergic airway inflammation via promoting and stabilizing iTreg differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xing Yu
- Internal medicine of Second People's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, PR China
| | - Ling-Yu Bai
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Jun-Jin Lin
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Jun-Ying Chen
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan He
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Xiu-Ming Yu
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Xi-Ping Cui
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Yi-Zhong Chen
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Immunology Dept. and Center of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China.
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134
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Gonzalez LL, Garrie K, Turner MD. Type 2 diabetes - An autoinflammatory disease driven by metabolic stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3805-3823. [PMID: 30251697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has traditionally been viewed as a metabolic disorder characterised by chronic high glucose levels, insulin resistance, and declining insulin secretion from the pancreas. Modern lifestyle, with abundant nutrient supply and reduced physical activity, has resulted in dramatic increases in the rates of obesity-associated disease conditions, including diabetes. The associated excess of nutrients induces a state of systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that results from production and secretion of inflammatory mediators from the expanded pool of activated adipocytes. Here, we review the mechanisms by which obesity induces adipose tissue dysregulation, detailing the roles of adipose tissue secreted factors and their action upon other cells and tissues central to glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, given the emerging importance of adipokines, cytokines and chemokines in disease progression, we suggest that type 2 diabetes should now be viewed as an autoinflammatory disease, albeit one that is driven by metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gonzalez
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Garrie
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Turner
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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135
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Gong J, Qiu W, Zeng Q, Liu X, Sun X, Li H, Yang Y, Wu A, Bao J, Wang Y, Shu Y, Hu X, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG, Lu Y, Lu Z. Lack of short-chain fatty acids and overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens define dysbiosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A Chinese pilot study. Mult Scler 2018; 25:1316-1325. [PMID: 30113252 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518790396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Intestinal microbiota is an important environmental factor in the initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases. However, investigations on the gut microbiome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are relatively insufficient, especially for that of the Asia population. Objectives: To evaluate whether or not the intestinal microbiota of NMOSD patients had specific microbial signatures. Methods: Next-generation sequencing and gas chromatography were employed to compare the fecal microbial composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) spectrum between patients with NMOSD ( n = 84) and healthy controls ( n = 54). Results: The gut microbial composition of NMOSD distinguished from healthy individuals. Streptococcus, significantly increased in NMOSD, is positively correlated with disease severities ( p < 0.05). The use of immunosuppressants results in a decrease of Streptococcus, suggesting that Streptococcus might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NMOSD. A striking depletion of fecal SCFAs was observed in NMOSD patients ( p < 0.0001), with acetate and butyrate showing significantly negative correlation with disease severities ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The fecal organismal structures and SCFAs level of patients with NMOSD were distinctive from healthy individuals. These findings not only could be critical events driving the aberrant immune response responsible for the pathogenesis of these disorders but could also provide suggestions for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Gong
- School of Life Sciences and Biomedical Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biomedical Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Biomedical Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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136
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El-Maraghy N, Ghaly MS, Dessouki O, Nasef SI, Metwally L. CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells as a marker of disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1033-1040. [PMID: 30154885 PMCID: PMC6111364 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.63597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION T regulatory cells (Treg) play an important role in the maintenance of immune cell homeostasis, as it has been reported that CD4+CD25+ T cells suppress the auto-reactive responses in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The clinical significance of the recently identified population of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells and whether they are associated with particular organ involvement is still not clear. So, the aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ cells in SLE patients in comparison to healthy controls and to determine whether their frequency is associated with disease activity and particular clinical manifestations in these SLE patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The frequency of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells was analyzed in 56 female SLE patients and 30 healthy female control subjects, using flow cytometry (FACS). CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells were correlated with clinical and laboratory data and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). RESULTS The level of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells was significantly increased in SLE patients (15.57 ±4.32%) as compared with the control group (2.46 ±0.65%). A significant correlation was observed for the percentage of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells with clinical disease activity scores and disease duration (r = 0.6, p < 0.001; r = 0.3, p = 0.02 respectively). It was also positively correlated with renal impairment and hematological involvement. CONCLUSIONS Systemic lupus erythematosus patients exhibited an altered level of their CD4+Foxp3+ T cells with increased levels of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermine El-Maraghy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Ghaly
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Omar Dessouki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samah Ismail Nasef
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lobna Metwally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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137
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Doebbeler M, Koenig C, Krzyzak L, Seitz C, Wild A, Ulas T, Baßler K, Kopelyanskiy D, Butterhof A, Kuhnt C, Kreiser S, Stich L, Zinser E, Knippertz I, Wirtz S, Riegel C, Hoffmann P, Edinger M, Nitschke L, Winkler T, Schultze JL, Steinkasserer A, Lechmann M. CD83 expression is essential for Treg cell differentiation and stability. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99712. [PMID: 29875316 PMCID: PMC6124443 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and keep immune responses in check. Upon activation, Tregs are transferred into an effector state expressing transcripts essential for their suppressive activity, migration, and survival. However, it is not completely understood how different intrinsic and environmental factors control differentiation. Here, we present for the first time to our knowledge data suggesting that Treg-intrinsic expression of CD83 is essential for Treg differentiation upon activation. Interestingly, mice with Treg-intrinsic CD83 deficiency are characterized by a proinflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, the loss of CD83 expression by Tregs leads to the downregulation of Treg-specific differentiation markers and the induction of an inflammatory profile. In addition, Treg-specific conditional knockout mice showed aggravated autoimmunity and an impaired resolution of inflammation. Altogether, our results show that CD83 expression in Tregs is an essential factor for the development and function of effector Tregs upon activation. Since Tregs play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and thus prevention of autoimmune disorders, our findings are also clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Doebbeler
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Koenig
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Krzyzak
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Seitz
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Baßler
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kopelyanskiy
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Butterhof
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Kuhnt
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Kreiser
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Stich
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilka Knippertz
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christin Riegel
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinkasserer
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lechmann
- Department of Immune Modulation at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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138
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Yang S, Wang J, Brand DD, Zheng SG. Role of TNF-TNF Receptor 2 Signal in Regulatory T Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:784. [PMID: 29725328 PMCID: PMC5916970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 is ubiquitously expressed on almost all cells, while TNFR2 exhibits a limited expression, predominantly on regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, the signaling pathway by sTNF via TNFR1 mainly triggers pro-inflammatory pathways, and mTNF binding to TNFR2 usually initiates immune modulation and tissue regeneration. TNFα plays a critical role in upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity. Deficiency in TNFR2 signaling is significant in various autoimmune diseases. An ideal therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases would be to selectively block the sTNF/TNFR1 signal through the administration of sTNF inhibitors, or using TNFR1 antagonists while keeping the TNFR2 signaling pathway intact. Another promising strategy would be to rely on TNFR2 agonists which could drive the expansion of Tregs and promote tissue regeneration. Design of these therapeutic strategies targeting the TNFR1 or TNFR2 signaling pathways holds promise for the treatment of diverse inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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139
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Lawless OJ, Bellanti JA, Brown ML, Sandberg K, Umans JG, Zhou L, Chen W, Wang J, Wang K, Zheng SG. In vitro induction of T regulatory cells by a methylated CpG DNA sequence in humans: Potential therapeutic applications in allergic and autoimmune diseases. Allergy Asthma Proc 2018; 39:143-152. [PMID: 29490770 PMCID: PMC6479479 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2018.39.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic and autoimmune diseases comprise a group of inflammatory disorders caused by aberrant immune responses in which CD25+ Forkhead box P3-positive (FOXP3+) T regulatory (Treg) cells that normally suppress inflammatory events are often poorly functioning. This has stimulated an intensive investigative effort to find ways of increasing Tregs as a method of therapy for these conditions. One such line of investigation includes the study of how ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) results in an immunostimulatory cascade that leads to induction of T-helper (Th) type 1 and Treg-type immune responses. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the mechanisms by which calf thymus mammalian double-stranded DNA (CT-DNA) and a synthetic methylated DNA CpG ODN sequence suppress in vitro lymphoproliferative responses to antigens, mitogens, and alloantigens when measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and promote FoxP3 expression in human CD4+ T cells in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta and interleukin-2 (IL-2). METHODS Lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four healthy subjects or nine subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus to CT-DNA or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was measured by tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) incorporation expressed as a stimulation index. Mechanisms of immunosuppressive effects of CT-DNA were evaluated by measurement of the degree of inhibition to lymphoproliferative responses to streptokinase-streptodornase, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or alloantigens by a Con A suppressor assay. The effects of CpG methylation on induction of FoxP3 expression in human T cells were measured by comparing inhibitory responses of synthetic methylated and nonmethylated 8-mer CpG ODN sequences by using cell sorting, in vitro stimulation, and suppressor assay. RESULTS Here, we showed that CT-DNA and a synthetic methylated DNA 8-mer sequence could suppress antigen-, mitogen-, and alloantigen-induced lymphoproliferation in vitro when measured by [3H]-thymidine. The synthetic methylated DNA CpG ODN but not an unmethylated CpG ODN sequence was shown to promote FoxP3 expression in human CD4+ T cells in the presence of TGF beta and IL-2. The induction of FoxP3+ suppressor cells is dose dependent and offers a potential clinical therapeutic application in allergic and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSION The use of this methylated CpG ODN offers a broad clinical application as a novel therapeutic method for Treg induction and, because of its low cost and small size, should facilitate delivery via nasal, respiratory, gastrointestinal routes, and/or by injection, routes of administration important for vaccine delivery to target sites responsible for respiratory, gastrointestinal, and systemic forms of allergic and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Lawless
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
- International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Joseph A. Bellanti
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
- International Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Inova Shar Cancer Institute, Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Fairfax, VA
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, D.C
| | - Jason G. Umans
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, D.C
| | - Li Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey PA
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey PA
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey PA
| | - Kan Wang
- Inova Shar Cancer Institute, Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Fairfax, VA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey PA
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140
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Toomer KH, Malek TR. Cytokine Signaling in the Development and Homeostasis of Regulatory T cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028597. [PMID: 28620098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine signaling is indispensable for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development in the thymus, and also influences the homeostasis, phenotypic diversity, and function of Tregs in the periphery. Because Tregs are required for establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, investigating the role of cytokines in Treg biology carries therapeutic potential in the context of autoimmune disease. This review discusses the potent and diverse influences of interleukin (IL)-2 signaling on the Treg compartment, an area of knowledge that has led to the use of low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to reregulate autoaggressive immune responses. Evidence suggesting Treg-specific impacts of the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-7, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-15, and IL-33 is also presented. Finally, we consider the technical challenges and knowledge limitations that must be overcome to bring other cytokine-based, Treg-targeted therapies into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136.,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
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141
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Park JY, Ligons DL, Park JH. Out-sourcing for Trans-presentation: Assessing T Cell Intrinsic and Extrinsic IL-15 Expression with Il15 Gene Reporter Mice. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e13. [PMID: 29503743 PMCID: PMC5833120 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is a cytokine of the common γ-chain family that is critical for natural killer (NK), invariant natural killer T (iNKT), and CD8 memory T cell development and homeostasis. The role of IL-15 in regulating effector T cell subsets, however, remains incompletely understood. IL-15 is mostly expressed by stromal cells, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Whether T cells themselves can express IL-15, and if so, whether such T cell-derived IL-15 could play an autocrine role in T cells are interesting questions that were previously addressed but answered with mixed results. Recently, three independent studies described the generation of IL-15 reporter mice which facilitated the identification of IL-15-producing cells and helped to clarify the role of IL-15 both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the findings of these studies and place them in context of recent reports that examined T cell-intrinsic IL-15 expression during CD4 effector T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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142
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Qin T, Barron L, Xia L, Huang H, Villarreal MM, Zwaagstra J, Collins C, Yang J, Zwieb C, Kodali R, Hinck CS, Kim SK, Reddick RL, Shu C, O'Connor-McCourt MD, Hinck AP, Sun LZ. A novel highly potent trivalent TGF-β receptor trap inhibits early-stage tumorigenesis and tumor cell invasion in murine Pten-deficient prostate glands. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86087-86102. [PMID: 27863384 PMCID: PMC5349899 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling on prostate tumorigenesis has been shown to be strongly dependent on the stage of development, with TGF-β functioning as a tumor suppressor in early stages of disease and as a promoter in later stages. To study in further detail the paradoxical tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles of the TGF-β pathway, we investigated the effect of systemic treatment with a TGF-β inhibitor on early stages of prostate tumorigenesis. To ensure effective inhibition, we developed and employed a novel trivalent TGF-β receptor trap, RER, comprised of domains derived from the TGF-β type II and type III receptors. This trap was shown to completely block TβRII binding, to antagonize TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 signaling in cultured epithelial cells at low picomolar concentrations, and it showed equal or better anti-TGF-β activities than a pan TGF-β neutralizing antibody and a TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor in various prostate cancer cell lines. Systemic administration of RER inhibited prostate tumor cell proliferation as indicated by reduced Ki67 positive cells and invasion potential of tumor cells in high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions in the prostate glands of Pten conditional null mice. These results provide evidence that TGF-β acts as a promoter rather than a suppressor in the relatively early stages of this spontaneous prostate tumorigenesis model. Thus, inhibition of TGF-β signaling in early stages of prostate cancer may be a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit the progression as well as the metastatic potential in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Qin
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Lindsey Barron
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria M Villarreal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Zwaagstra
- National Research Council Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, Maureen O'Connor-McCourt is currently affiliated with Formation Biologics, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cathy Collins
- National Research Council Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, Maureen O'Connor-McCourt is currently affiliated with Formation Biologics, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christian Zwieb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ravindra Kodali
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Cynthia S Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Maureen D O'Connor-McCourt
- National Research Council Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, Maureen O'Connor-McCourt is currently affiliated with Formation Biologics, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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143
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Li X, Li D, Huang X, Zhou P, Shi Q, Zhang B, Ju X. Helios expression in regulatory T cells promotes immunosuppression, angiogenesis and the growth of leukemia cells in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2018; 67:60-66. [PMID: 29455107 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. However, FoxP3 does not function alone and Helios is considered a potential candidate for defining Treg subsets. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of Helios for identifying Tregs in childhood precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL). Our results demonstrated that patients with pre-B ALL had a higher percentage of Helios+ FoxP3+ CD4+ Tregs. And there was a positive correlation between the expression of Helios and the suppressive function of Tregs, the risk gradation of ALL. Helios in combination with CD4 and FoxP3 may be an effective way to detect functional Tregs in pre-B ALL by promoting the secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Furthermore, Helios+ Tregs could regulate angiogenesis in the BM niche of pre-B ALL via the VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway. We also found Helios+ Tregs decreased apoptosis rate of nalm-6 cells by up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. In summary, these data strongly imply the physiological importance of Helios expression in Tregs, and suggest that the manipulation of Helios may serve as a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xiuli Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
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144
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Freudenberg K, Lindner N, Dohnke S, Garbe AI, Schallenberg S, Kretschmer K. Critical Role of TGF-β and IL-2 Receptor Signaling in Foxp3 Induction by an Inhibitor of DNA Methylation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:125. [PMID: 29456534 PMCID: PMC5801288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 are generated in the thymus [thymus-derived Foxp3+ Treg (tTregs) cells] and extrathymically at peripheral sites [peripherally induced Foxp3+ Treg (pTreg) cell], and both developmental subsets play non-redundant roles in maintaining self-tolerance throughout life. In addition, a variety of experimental in vitro and in vivo modalities can extrathymically elicit a Foxp3+ Treg cell phenotype in peripheral CD4+Foxp3− T cells, which has attracted much interest as an approach toward cell-based therapy in clinical settings of undesired immune responses. A particularly notable example is the in vitro induction of Foxp3 expression and Treg cell activity (iTreg cells) in initially naive CD4+Foxp3− T cells through T cell receptor (TCR) and IL-2R ligation, in the presence of exogenous TGF-β. Clinical application of Foxp3+ iTreg cells has been hampered by the fact that TGF-β-driven Foxp3 induction is not sufficient to fully recapitulate the epigenetic and transcriptional signature of in vivo induced Foxp3+ tTreg and pTreg cells, which includes the failure to imprint iTreg cells with stable Foxp3 expression. This hurdle can be potentially overcome by pharmacological interference with DNA methyltransferase activity and CpG methylation [e.g., by the cytosine nucleoside analog 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC)] to stabilize TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression and to promote a Foxp3+ iTreg cell phenotype even in the absence of added TGF-β. However, the molecular mechanisms of 5-aza-dC-mediated Foxp3+ iTreg cell generation have remained incompletely understood. Here, we show that in the absence of exogenously added TGF-β and IL-2, efficient 5-aza-dC-mediated Foxp3+ iTreg cell generation from TCR-stimulated CD4+Foxp3− T cells is critically dependent on TGF-βR and IL-2R signaling and that this process is driven by TGF-β and IL-2, which could either be FCS derived or produced by T cells on TCR stimulation. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of Foxp3 induction and may provide a rational basis for generating phenotypically and functionally stable iTreg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Freudenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Lindner
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dohnke
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette I Garbe
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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145
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Olesen MN, Christiansen JR, Petersen SV, Jensen PH, Paslawski W, Romero-Ramos M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. CD4 T cells react to local increase of α-synuclein in a pathology-associated variant-dependent manner and modify brain microglia in absence of brain pathology. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00513. [PMID: 29560431 PMCID: PMC5857520 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunological processes in the brain during α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration vary depending on the presence or absence of cell death. This suggests that the immune system is able to react differently to the different stages of α-synuclein pathology. However, it was unclear whether these immune changes were governed by brain processes or by a direct immune response to α-synuclein modifications. We have herein locally increased the peripheral concentration of α-synuclein or its pathology-associated variants, nitrated or fibrillar, to characterize the modulation of the CD4 T cell pool by α-synuclein and brain microglia in the absence of any α-synuclein brain pathology. We observed that α-synuclein changed the CD4:CD8 ratio by contracting the CD3+CD4+ T cell pool and reducing the pool of memory Regulatory T cells (Treg). Nitrated α-synuclein induced the expansion of both the CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD4- T cells, while fibrils increased the percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells and induced anti-α-synuclein antibodies. Furthermore, the activation pattern of CD3+CD4+ T cells was modulated in a variant-dependent manner; while nitrated and fibrillar α-synuclein expanded the fraction of activated Treg, all three α-synuclein variants reduced the expression levels of STAT3, CD25 and CD127 on CD3+CD4+ T cells. Additionally, while monomeric α-synuclein increased CD103 expression, the fibrils decreased it, and CCR6 expression was decreased by nitrated and fibrillar α-synuclein, indicating that α-synuclein variants affect the homing and tolerance capacities of CD3+CD4+ T cells. Indeed, this correlated with changes in brain microglia phenotype, as determined by FACS analysis, in an α-synuclein variant-specific manner and coincided in time with CD4+ T cell infiltration into brain parenchyma. We have shown that the peripheral immune system is able to sense and react specifically to changes in the local concentration and structure of α-synuclein, which results in variant-specific T cell migration into the brain. This may have a specific repercussion for brain microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads N Olesen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josefine R Christiansen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Vang Petersen
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Wojciech Paslawski
- iNANO, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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146
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Zhong H, Liu Y, Xu Z, Liang P, Yang H, Zhang X, Zhao J, Chen J, Fu S, Tang Y, Lv J, Wang J, Olsen N, Xu A, Zheng SG. TGF-β-Induced CD8 +CD103 + Regulatory T Cells Show Potent Therapeutic Effect on Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Lupus by Suppressing B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29441062 PMCID: PMC5797539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is one of most severe complications of systemic erythematosus lupus and current approaches are not curative for lupus nephritis. Although CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for prevention of autoimmunity, the therapeutic effect of these cells on lupus nephritis is not satisfactory. We previously reported that CD8+CD103+ Treg induced ex vivo with TGF-β1 and IL-2 (CD8+CD103+ iTreg), regardless of Foxp3 expression, displayed potent immunosuppressive effect on Th cell response and had therapeutic effect on Th cell-mediated colitis. Here, we tested whether CD8+CD103+ iTreg can ameliorate lupus nephritis and determined potential molecular mechanisms. Adoptive transfer of CD8+CD103+ iTreg but not control cells to chronic graft-versus-host disease with a typical lupus syndrome showed decreased levels of autoantibodies and proteinuria, reduced renal pathological lesions, lowered renal deposition of IgG/C3, and improved survival. CD8+CD103+ iTreg cells suppressed not only T helper cells but also B cell responses directly that may involve in both TGF-β and IL-10 signals. Using RNA-seq, we demonstrated CD8+CD103+ iTreg have its own unique expression profiles of transcription factors. Thus, current study has identified and extended the target cells of CD8+CD103+ iTreg and provided a possible application of this new iTreg subset on lupus nephritis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliate Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenjian Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliate Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzhen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Anping Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliate Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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147
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Mohr A, Malhotra R, Mayer G, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Human FOXP3 + T regulatory cell heterogeneity. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1005. [PMID: 29484183 PMCID: PMC5822410 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are instrumental for the maintenance of self-tolerance. They are also involved in the prevention of allergy, allograft rejection, foetal rejection during pregnancy and of exaggerated immune response towards commensal pathogens in mucosal tissues. They can also prevent immune responses against tumors and promote tumor progression. FOXP3-expressing Treg cells are not a homogenous population. The different subsets of Treg cells can have different functions or roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and can therefore be differentially targeted in the management of autoimmune diseases or in cancer. We discuss here how Treg cell subsets can be differentiated phenotypically, functionally and developmentally in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Immunity departmentRIA IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca GothenburgMölndalSweden
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Biometrics & Information SciencesRespiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity & NeurosciencesGlobal Medicine Development, AstraZenecaMölndalSweden
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne UniversitéInsermCentre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses‐Paris (Cimi‐Paris)AP‐HP Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département d'ImmunologieAP‐HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
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148
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Ye C, Brand D, Zheng SG. Targeting IL-2: an unexpected effect in treating immunological diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29527328 PMCID: PMC5837126 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-017-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis since Treg dysfunction in both animals and humans is associated with multi-organ autoimmune and inflammatory disease. While IL-2 is generally considered to promote T-cell proliferation and enhance effector T-cell function, recent studies have demonstrated that treatments that utilize low-dose IL-2 unexpectedly induce immune tolerance and promote Treg development resulting in the suppression of unwanted immune responses and eventually leading to treatment of some autoimmune disorders. In the present review, we discuss the biology of IL-2 and its signaling to help define the key role played by IL-2 in the development and function of Treg cells. We also summarize proof-of-concept clinical trials which have shown that low-dose IL-2 can control autoimmune diseases safely and effectively by specifically expanding and activating Treg. However, future studies will be needed to validate a better and safer dosing strategy for low-dose IL-2 treatments utilizing well-controlled clinical trials. More studies will also be needed to validate the appropriate dose of IL-2/anti-cytokine or IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex in the experimental animal models before moving to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiu Ye
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Song G. Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
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149
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Wu C, Chen Z, Xiao S, Thalhamer T, Madi A, Han T, Kuchroo V. SGK1 Governs the Reciprocal Development of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 22:653-665. [PMID: 29346764 PMCID: PMC5826610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A balance between Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells is critical for immune homeostasis and tolerance. Our previous work has shown Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) is critical for the development and function of Th17 cells. Here, we show that SGK1 restrains the function of Treg cells and reciprocally regulates development of Th17/Treg balance. SGK1 deficiency leads to protection against autoimmunity and enhances self-tolerance by promoting Treg cell development and disarming Th17 cells. Treg cell-specific deletion of SGK1 results in enhanced Treg cell-suppressive function through preventing Foxo1 out of the nucleus, thereby promoting Foxp3 expression by binding to Foxp3 CNS1 region. Furthermore, our data suggest that SGK1 also plays a critical role in IL-23R-mediated inhibition of Treg and development of Th17 cells. Therefore, we demonstrate that SGK1 functions as a pivotal node in regulating the reciprocal development of pro-inflammatory Th17 and Foxp3+ Treg cells during autoimmune tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Thalhamer
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asaf Madi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Han
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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150
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Liu J, Wu K, Su L, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Tao L, Liu B, Zhang H. A Cellular MicroRNA Facilitates Regulatory T Lymphocyte Development by Targeting the FOXP3 Promoter TATA-Box Motif. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1053-1063. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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