1601
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Yu J, Chai P, Ge S, Fan X. Recent Understandings Toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): From Bench to Bedside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:476. [PMID: 32582719 PMCID: PMC7296090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (previously named 2019-nCoV) in Wuhan became the most challenging health emergency. Since its rapid spread in China and many other countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30th January 2020 and a pandemic on 11th March 2020. Thousands of people have died, and there are currently no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Therefore, it is critical to have a comprehensive understanding of the virus. In this review, we highlight the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, clinical management, prognosis, infection control and prevention of COVID-19 based on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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1602
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Studies of Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Analysis of Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114095. [PMID: 32521776 PMCID: PMC7312200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a global threat to millions of lives. Enormous efforts in knowledge production have been made in the last few months, requiring a comprehensive analysis to examine the research gaps and to help guide an agenda for further studies. This study aims to explore the current research foci and their country variations regarding levels of income and COVID-19 transmission features. This textual analysis of 5780 publications extracted from the Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus databases was performed to explore the current research foci and propose further research agenda. The Latent Dirichlet allocation was used for topic modeling. Regression analysis was conducted to examine country variations in the research foci. Results indicate that publications are mainly contributed by the United States, China, and European countries. Guidelines for emergency care and surgical, viral pathogenesis, and global responses in the COVID-19 pandemic are the most common topics. There is variation in the research approaches to mitigate COVID-19 problems in countries with different income and transmission levels. Findings highlighted the need for global research collaborations among high- and low/middle-income countries in the different stages of pandemic prevention and control.
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1603
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Saçar Demirci MD, Adan A. Computational analysis of microRNA-mediated interactions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9369. [PMID: 32547891 PMCID: PMC7278893 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression found in more than 200 diverse organisms. Although it is still not fully established if RNA viruses could generate miRNAs, there are examples of miRNA like sequences from RNA viruses with regulatory functions. In the case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are several mechanisms that would make miRNAs impact the virus, like interfering with viral replication, translation and even modulating the host expression. In this study, we performed a machine learning based miRNA prediction analysis for the SARS-CoV-2 genome to identify miRNA-like hairpins and searched for potential miRNA-based interactions between the viral miRNAs and human genes and human miRNAs and viral genes. Overall, 950 hairpin structured sequences were extracted from the virus genome and based on the prediction results, 29 of them could be precursor miRNAs. Targeting analysis showed that 30 viral mature miRNA-like sequences could target 1,367 different human genes. PANTHER gene function analysis results indicated that viral derived miRNA candidates could target various human genes involved in crucial cellular processes including transcription, metabolism, defense system and several signaling pathways such as Wnt and EGFR signalings. Protein class-based grouping of targeted human genes showed that host transcription might be one of the main targets of the virus since 96 genes involved in transcriptional processes were potential targets of predicted viral miRNAs. For instance, basal transcription machinery elements including several components of human mediator complex (MED1, MED9, MED12L, MED19), basal transcription factors such as TAF4, TAF5, TAF7L and site-specific transcription factors such as STAT1 were found to be targeted. In addition, many known human miRNAs appeared to be able to target viral genes involved in viral life cycle such as S, M, N, E proteins and ORF1ab, ORF3a, ORF8, ORF7a and ORF10. Considering the fact that miRNA-based therapies have been paid attention, based on the findings of this study, comprehending mode of actions of miRNAs and their possible roles during SARS-CoV-2 infections could create new opportunities for the development and improvement of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysun Adan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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1604
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Cimolai N. Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1834-1844. [PMID: 32462689 PMCID: PMC7283829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have long been studied in both human and veterinary fields. Whereas the initial detection of endemic human respiratory coronaviruses was problematic, detection of these and newly discovered human coronaviruses has been greatly facilitated with major advances in the laboratory. Nevertheless, technological factors can affect the accuracy and timeliness of virus detection. Many human coronaviruses can be variably found in stool samples. All human coronaviruses have been variably associated with symptoms of gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses can occasionally be cultured from enteric specimens, but most detection is accomplished with genetic amplification technologies. Excretion of viral RNA in stool can extend for a prolonged period. Culture‐positive stool samples have been found to exceed a fourteen day period after onset of infection for some coronaviruses. Virus can also sometimes be cultured from patients' respiratory samples during the late incubation period. Relatively asymptomatic patients may excrete virus. Both viable and nonviable virus can be found in the immediate environment of the patient, the health care worker, and less often the public. These lessons from the past study of animal and human coronaviruses can be extended to presumptions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Already, the early reports from the coronavirus disease‐2019 pandemic are confirming some concerns. These data have the cumulative potential to cause us to rethink some current and common public health and infection control strategies. coronaviruses are variably found in human enteric samples during the course of infection. abdominal and intestinal illnesses are associated with coronavirus infections. enteric excretion of live virus and viral RNA have been confirmed. occasionally, live virus can be found in stool samples to exceed a fourteen day period after disease onset, and virus can also be cultured from these samples during the late incubation period or from asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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1605
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On the Coronaviruses and Their Associations with the Aquatic Environment and Wastewater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe respiratory disease caused by betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, in 2019 that further developed into a pandemic has received an unprecedented response from the scientific community and sparked a general research interest into the biology and ecology of Coronaviridae, a family of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Aquatic environments, lakes, rivers and ponds, are important habitats for bats and birds, which are hosts for various coronavirus species and strains and which shed viral particles in their feces. It is therefore of high interest to fully explore the role that aquatic environments may play in coronavirus spread, including cross-species transmissions. Besides the respiratory tract, coronaviruses pathogenic to humans can also infect the digestive system and be subsequently defecated. Considering this, it is pivotal to understand whether wastewater can play a role in their dissemination, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. This review provides an overview of the taxonomy, molecular biology, natural reservoirs and pathogenicity of coronaviruses; outlines their potential to survive in aquatic environments and wastewater; and demonstrates their association with aquatic biota, mainly waterfowl. It also calls for further, interdisciplinary research in the field of aquatic virology to explore the potential hotspots of coronaviruses in the aquatic environment and the routes through which they may enter it.
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1606
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Abstract
Amid of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, much emphasis was initially placed on the elderly or those who have preexisting health conditions such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as being at high risk of contracting and/or dying of Covid-19. But it is now becoming clear that being male is also a factor. The epidemiological findings reported across different parts of the world indicated higher morbidity and mortality in males than females. While it is still too early to determine why the gender gap is emerging, this article point to several possible factors such as higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE 2; receptors for coronavirus) in male than female, sex-based immunological differences driven by sex hormone and X chromosome. Furthermore, a large part of this difference in number of deaths is caused by gender behavior (lifestyle), i.e., higher levels of smoking and drinking among men compared to women. Lastly, studies reported that women had more responsible attitude toward the Covid-19 pandemic than men. Irresponsible attitude among men reversibly affect their undertaking of preventive measures such as frequent handwashing, wearing of face mask, and stay at home orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Bwire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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1607
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Khan MM, Noor A, Madni A, Shafiq M. Emergence of novel coronavirus and progress toward treatment and vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2116. [PMID: 32495979 PMCID: PMC7300813 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In late December 2019, a group of patients was observed with pneumonia‐like symptoms that were linked with a wet market in Wuhan, China. The patients were found to have a novel coronavirus genetically related to a bat coronavirus that was termed SARS‐CoV‐2. The virus gradually spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by WHO. Scientists have started trials on potential preventive and treatment options. Currently, there is no specific approved treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2, and various clinical trials are underway to explore better treatments. Some previously approved antiviral and other drugs have shown some in vitro activity. Here we summarize the fight against this novel coronavirus with particular focus on the different treatment options and clinical trials exploring treatment as well as work done toward development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muzamil Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.,Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (CEO (DHA) office D.G.Khan), Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Amna Noor
- Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (RHC-161/TDA Layyah), Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Shafiq
- Department of Pulmonology, District Headquarter Hospital, Rawalpinid, Pakistan
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1608
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Raza A, Estepa A, Chan V, Jafar MS. Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients With a Focus on the Role of Renal Replacement Therapy: A Review of What We Know So Far. Cureus 2020; 12:e8429. [PMID: 32642345 PMCID: PMC7336623 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure remains a significant concern in all patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Management is particularly challenging in critically ill patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) level of care. Supportive care in the form of accurate volume correction and avoiding nephrotoxic agents are the chief cornerstone of the management of these patients. The pathophysiology of acute renal failure in COVID-19 is multifactorial, with significant contributions from excessive cytokine release. Gaining a better insight into the pathophysiology of renal failure will hopefully help develop more directed treatment options. A considerable number of these patients deteriorate despite adequate supportive care owing to the complexity of the disease and multi-organ involvement. Renal replacement therapy is used for a long time in critically ill septic patients who develop progressive renal failure despite adequate conservative support. Timing and choice of renal replacement therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients remains an area of future research that may help decrease mortality in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Raza
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
| | - Adrian Estepa
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital, Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
| | - Vincent Chan
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital, Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
| | - Munnam S Jafar
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital, Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
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1609
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SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 54:62-75. [PMID: 32513566 PMCID: PMC7265853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of cytokines are involved in the development of COVID-19 disease. Some of these biomolecules are related to the progression and even to the prognosis of the infection. Findings on the role of cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection can be useful in order to manage this highly virulent disease.
COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. In the most severe cases, the prognosis can be markedly worsened by the hyperproduction of mainly proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, preferentially targeting lung tissue. This study reviews published data on alterations in the expression of different cytokines in patients with COVID-19 who require admission to an intensive care unit. Data on the implication of cytokines in this disease and their effect on outcomes will support the design of more effective approaches to the management of COVID-19.
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1610
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Abidha CA, Nyiro J, Kamau E, Abdullahi O, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Transmission and evolutionary dynamics of human coronavirus OC43 strains in coastal Kenya investigated by partial spike sequence analysis, 2015-16. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa031. [PMID: 32523779 PMCID: PMC7266483 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a major contributor to seasonal outbreaks of acute respiratory illness (ARI). The origins of locally circulating HCoV-OC43 strains and characteristics of their genetic diversity are unknown for most settings despite significance to effective HCoV control strategies. Between December 2015 and June 2016, we undertook ARI surveillance in coastal Kenya in nine outpatients and one inpatient health facility (HF). Ninety-two patient samples tested HCoV-OC43 positive and forty (43.5%) were successfully sequenced in spike (S) gene region (2,864 long, ∼70%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed co-circulation of two distinct HCoV-OC43 clades that closely clustered with genotype G (n = 34, 85%) and genotype H (n = 6, 15%) reference strains. Local viruses within the same clade displayed low genetic diversity yielding identical sequences in multiple HF. Furthermore, the newly sequenced Kenyan viruses showed close phylogenetic relationship to other contemporaneous sampled strains (2015-16) including those originating from distant places (e.g. USA and China). Using a genetic similarity threshold of 99.1 per cent at nucleotide level, the HCoV-OC43 strains sampled globally between 1967 and 2019 fell into nine sequence clusters. Notably, some of these clusters appeared to have become extinct, or occurred only sporadically in a few geographical areas while others persisted globally for multiple years. In conclusion, we found that HCoV-OC43 strains spread rapidly both locally and across the globe with limited genetic evolution in the spike gene. Full-genome sequences that are spatio-temporally representative are required to advance understanding of the transmission pathways of this important human respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Abidha
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, Germany, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324 - 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joyce Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Osman Abdullahi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya.,Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
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1611
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Wu Y, Lin H, Xie Q, Chen Q, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Chen L. COVID-19 in a patient with pre-existing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:e13-e15. [PMID: 32379902 PMCID: PMC7267334 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinlian Wu
- Department of Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Huang
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yueyong Zhu
- Department of Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lizhou Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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1612
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Gasmi A, Noor S, Tippairote T, Dadar M, Menzel A, Bjørklund G. Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108409. [PMID: 32276137 PMCID: PMC7139252 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is an ugly fact that a significant amount of the world's population will contract SARS-CoV-II infection with the current spreading. While a specific treatment is not yet coming soon, individual risk assessment and management strategies are crucial. The individual preventive and protective measures drive the personal risk of getting the disease. Among the virus-contracted hosts, their different metabolic status, as determined by their diet, nutrition, age, sex, medical conditions, lifestyle, and environmental factors, govern the personal fate toward different clinical severity of COVID-19, from asymptomatic, mild, moderate, to death. The careful individual assessment for the possible dietary, nutritional, medical, lifestyle, and environmental risks, together with the proper relevant risk management strategies, is the sensible way to deal with the pandemic of SARS-CoV-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sadaf Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Torsak Tippairote
- Nutritional and Environmental Medicine Department, BBH Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
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1613
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Ky B, Mann DL. COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Primer for the Cardiovascular and Cardio-Oncology Communities. JACC CardioOncol 2020; 2:254-269. [PMID: 32313885 PMCID: PMC7164888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a proliferation of clinical trials designed to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many therapeutic agents that are being used to treat patients with COVID-19 are repurposed treatments for influenza, Ebola, or for malaria that were developed decades ago and are unlikely to be familiar to the cardiovascular and cardio-oncology communities. Here, we provide a foundation for cardiovascular and cardio-oncology physicians on the front line providing care to patients with COVID-19, so that they may better understand the emerging cardiovascular epidemiology and the biological rationale for the clinical trials that are ongoing for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE2
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor
- CI, confidence interval
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- CoV, coronavirus
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IQR, interquartile range
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- RAS, renin-angiotensin system
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- clinical trials
- renin angiotensin system
- sACE2, soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas L. Mann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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1614
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Liao X, Yang H, Kong J, Yang H. Chest CT Findings in a Pregnant Patient with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Balkan Med J 2020; 37:226-228. [PMID: 32212578 PMCID: PMC7285659 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinggui Liao
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Kong
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Clinic of Radiology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
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1615
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Nile SH, Nile A, Qiu J, Li L, Jia X, Kai G. COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:66-70. [PMID: 32418715 PMCID: PMC7204669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed into an unprecedented global pandemic. Clinical investigations in patients with COVID-19 has shown a strong upregulation of cytokine and interferon production in SARS-CoV2- induced pneumonia, with an associated cytokine storm syndrome. Thus, the identification of existing approved therapies with proven safety profiles to treat hyperinflammation is a critical unmet need in order to reduce COVI-19 associated mortality. To date, no specific therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available to treat COVID-19 patients. This review evaluates several options that have been proposed to control SARS-CoV2 hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, eincluding antiviral drugs, vaccines, small-molecules, monoclonal antibodies, oligonucleotides, peptides, and interferons (IFNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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1616
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Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, Hu Q, Xia L. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 2020. [PMID: 32055945 DOI: 10.1007/s00330–020-06731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to observe the imaging characteristics of the novel coronavirus pneumonia. METHODS Sixty-three confirmed patients were enrolled from December 30, 2019 to January 31, 2020. High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest was performed. The number of affected lobes, ground glass nodules (GGO), patchy/punctate ground glass opacities, patchy consolidation, fibrous stripes and irregular solid nodules in each patient's chest CT image were recorded. Additionally, we performed imaging follow-up of these patients. RESULTS CT images of 63 confirmed patients were collected. M/F ratio: 33/30. The mean age was 44.9 ± 15.2 years. The mean number of affected lobes was 3.3 ± 1.8. Nineteen (30.2%) patients had one affected lobe, five (7.9%) patients had two affected lobes, four (6.3%) patients had three affected lobes, seven (11.1%) patients had four affected lobes while 28 (44.4%) patients had 5 affected lobes. Fifty-four (85.7%) patients had patchy/punctate ground glass opacities, 14 (22.2%) patients had GGO, 12 (19.0%) patients had patchy consolidation, 11 (17.5%) patients had fibrous stripes and 8 (12.7%) patients had irregular solid nodules. Fifty-four (85.7%) patients progressed, including single GGO increased, enlarged and consolidated; fibrous stripe enlarged, while solid nodules increased and enlarged. CONCLUSIONS Imaging changes in novel viral pneumonia are rapid. The manifestations of the novel coronavirus pneumonia are diverse. Imaging changes of typical viral pneumonia and some specific imaging features were observed. Therefore, we need to strengthen the recognition of image changes to help clinicians to diagnose quickly and accurately. KEY POINTS • High-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest is critical for early detection, evaluation of disease severity and follow-up of patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia. • The manifestations of the novel coronavirus pneumonia are diverse and change rapidly. • Radiologists should be aware of the various features of the disease and temporal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Pan
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiong Guan
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchang Zhou
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Wang
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongjie Hu
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liming Xia
- Department of radiology, Tongji hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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1617
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Hancu A, Mihaltan F. Possible Nutritional Interventions in COVID 19. MAEDICA 2020; 15:246-249. [PMID: 32952690 PMCID: PMC7482682 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new viral pandemic evolution totaly surprised all services worldwide. This pandemic hit has a huge interference with three global crises: governance, economics, and migration (1). It is a new coronavirus infection, "COVID-19" (which is the acronym of "coronavirus disease 2019"), first reported to the WHO Country Office in China on the 31st of December 2019 and detected in Wuhan, the largest metropolitan area in China's Hubei province (2), COVID-19 outbreak situation on 6 April 2020 was with more than 1 175 000 confirmed cases, more than 65 000 deaths and already reported in 209 countries (3). This new coronavirus belongs to the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily of the Coronaviridae family (order Nidovirales) and it is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a crown-like appearance under an electron microscope, SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the beta CoVs human category. It is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat and is inactivated by lipid solvents including ether (75%), ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid and chloroform (except for chlorhexidine) (4) Genomic analyses suggest that SARS-CoV-2 probably evolved from a strain found in bats. The mammalian host between bats and humans is not well known; also, it is not certain whether this intermediary really exists (5). The pathogenic mechanism inducing pneumonia is complex. The virus is capable of producing an excessive immune reaction in the host; for some patients, the disaster starts from a 'cytokine storm' with tissue damage (one of the protagonists is IL6) (6).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florin Mihaltan
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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1618
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Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, Yuan Q, Xiao X. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1011-1019. [PMID: 32291542 PMCID: PMC7154215 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 7 January 2020, a novel coronavirus, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in the throat swab sample of one patient. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, affecting more than seventy countries. China, with a huge burden of this disease, has taken strong measures to control the spread and improve the curative rate of COVID-19. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding will help to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangning Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Gong Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Tianci Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China.
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1619
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Abstract
Since December 2019, a series of unexplained pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan, China. On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) temporarily named this new virus as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). On 11 February 2020, the WHO officially named the disease caused by the 2019-nCoV as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The COVID-19 epidemic is spreading all over the world, especially in China. Based on the published evidence, we systematically discuss the characteristics of COVID-19 in the hope of providing a reference for future studies and help for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaosheng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- Department of Medicine, People's Hospital of Boxing, Binzhou, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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1620
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Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, Yuan Q, Xiao X. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020. [PMID: 32291542 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 7 January 2020, a novel coronavirus, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in the throat swab sample of one patient. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, affecting more than seventy countries. China, with a huge burden of this disease, has taken strong measures to control the spread and improve the curative rate of COVID-19. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding will help to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangning Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Gong Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Tianci Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiangcheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road No 87, Changsha, 41008, Hunan, China.
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1621
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Dehority W, Spence D, Dinwiddie DL. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Genomic Observations and Emerging Therapies. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2020; 33:49-52. [PMID: 35921576 PMCID: PMC8443257 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2020.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the disease COVID-19, first emerged in late December 2019 in China, and has subsequently become a pandemic with unprecedented clinical impact. The virus appears to more severely affect older individuals and those with co-morbid medical conditions, specifically those with chronic lung disease, obesity, heart failure and diabetes. Fortunately, children appear to be less severely affected, though mortality and severe disease have been reported. In addition, children's role in spreading the disease (potentially through asymptomatic shedding of the virus) remains an important area requiring further investigation. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the importance of metagenomic next generation sequencing as a tool for pandemic investigation. Though no proven therapeutic options currently exist, ongoing genomic and clinical trial data may help inform the identification and development of both repurposed and novel therapeutic agents for use in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dehority
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Address correspondence to: Walter Dehority, MD, MSc, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC10 5590, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Dominique Spence
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Darrell L. Dinwiddie
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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1622
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Liu YJ, Chen P, Liu ZS, Li Y, DU H, Xu JL. [Clinical features of asymptomatic or subclinical COVID-19 in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2020; 22:578-582. [PMID: 32571455 PMCID: PMC7390219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical features of asymptomatic or subclinical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 53 children who were confirmed with asymptomatic or subclinical COVID-19, including epidemiological history, clinical typing, co-infection, time to clearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid in nasopharyngeal swabs, laboratory examination results, length of hospital stay, and treatment outcome. RESULTS The children with asymptomatic or subclinical COVID-19 accounted for 30.5% (53/174) in children with COVID-19 hospitalized in the COVID-19 ward of Wuhan Children's Hospital. All cases occurred with familial aggregation. Among the 53 children, 35 (66%) had asymptomatic infection and 18 (34%) had subclinical infection. Mycoplasma infection was found in 17 children (32%). For the 53 children, the mean time to clearance of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in nasopharyngeal swabs was 9±4 days. Most laboratory markers were maintained within the normal range. The mean hospital stay was 11±4 days. Lung CT of 18 children with subclinical COVID-19 showed ground-glass opacities, linear opacities, and patchy opacities, with relatively limited lesions. CONCLUSIONS There is a high proportion of children with asymptomatic or subclinical COVID-19 among the children with COVID-19 hospitalized in the COVID-19 ward. The transmission risk of asymptomatic or subclinical COVID-19 should be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China.
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1623
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Soofi M, Najafi F, Karami-Matin B. Using Insights from Behavioral Economics to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2020; 18:345-350. [PMID: 32435987 PMCID: PMC7239690 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-020-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a public health emergency of international concern. The number of COVID-infected individuals and related deaths continues to rise rapidly. Encouraging people to adopt and sustain preventive behaviors is a central focus of public health policies that seek to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Public health policy needs improved methods to encourage people to adhere to COVID-19-preventive behaviors. In this paper, we introduce a number of insights from behavioral economics that help explain why people may behave irrationally during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, present bias, status quo bias, framing effect, optimism bias, affect heuristic, and herding behavior are discussed. We hope this paper will shed light on how insights from behavioral economics can enrich public health policies and interventions in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Karami-Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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1624
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Gabutti G, d’Anchera E, Sandri F, Savio M, Stefanati A. Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:241-253. [PMID: 32292686 PMCID: PMC7139198 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, some cases of viral pneumonia were epidemiologically related to a new coronavirus in the province of Hubei, China. Subsequently, there has been an increase in infections attributable to this virus throughout China and worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This appears to be a virus from Rhinolophus bats, but the intermediate host has not yet been identified. The mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet known; it appears to have affinity for cells located in the lower airways, where it replicates. The interhuman transmission of coronaviruses mainly occurs through saliva droplets and direct and indirect contact via surfaces. As of March 10, 2020, the number of cases worldwide was 113,702. Along with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 appears to cause a severe clinical picture in humans, ranging from mild malaise to death by sepsis/acute respiratory distress syndrome. The prognosis is worse in elderly patients with comorbidities. To date, there is no specific therapy for COVID-19. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection implies strategies that limit the spread of the virus. WHO and other international and national bodies have developed continuously updated strategic objectives and provisions to contain the spread of the virus and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gabutti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica d’Anchera
- Post-Graduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Sandri
- Post-Graduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Savio
- Post-Graduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Armando Stefanati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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1625
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 2020; 92:568-576. [PMID: 32134116 PMCID: PMC7228347 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. COVID-19 has spread to 46 countries internationally. Total fatality rate of COVID-19 is estimated at 3.46% by far based on published data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Average incubation period of COVID-19 is around 6.4 days, ranges from 0 to 24 days. The basic reproductive number (R0 ) of COVID-19 ranges from 2 to 3.5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models, which is higher than SARS and MERS. A study from China CDC showed majority of patients (80.9%) were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection, which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID-19. Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem. A total of 3019 health workers were infected by 12 February 2020, which accounted for 3.83% of total number of infections, and extremely burdened the health system, especially in Wuhan. Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID-19 may differ from SARS or MERS. We summarize latest literatures on genetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions. This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID-19 and enhance our control measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of PediatricUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
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1626
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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1627
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Petrosillo N, Viceconte G, Ergonul O, Ippolito G, Petersen E. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:729-734. [PMID: 32234451 PMCID: PMC7176926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new human coronavirus which is spreading with epidemic features in China and other Asian countries; cases have also been reported worldwide. This novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with a respiratory illness that may lead to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 shows some peculiar pathogenetic, epidemiological and clinical features which to date are not completely understood. AIMS To provide a review of the differences in pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS. SOURCES The most recent literature in the English language regarding COVID-19 has been reviewed, and extracted data have been compared with the current scientific evidence about SARS and MERS epidemics. CONTENT COVID-19 seems not to be very different from SARS regarding its clinical features. However, it has a fatality rate of 2.3%, lower than that of SARS (9.5%) and much lower than that of MERS (34.4%). The possibility cannot be excluded that because of the less severe clinical picture of COVID-19 it can spread in the community more easily than MERS and SARS. The actual basic reproductive number (R0) of COVID-19 (2.0-2.5) is still controversial. It is probably slightly higher than the R0 of SARS (1.7-1.9) and higher than that of MERS (<1). A gastrointestinal route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, which has been assumed for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, cannot be ruled out and needs further investigation. IMPLICATIONS There is still much more to know about COVID-19, especially as concerns mortality and its capacity to spread on a pandemic level. Nonetheless, all of the lessons we learned in the past from the SARS and MERS epidemics are the best cultural weapons with which to face this new global threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Viceconte
- University 'Federico II', Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy
| | - O Ergonul
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; ESCMID Executive Committee, Switzerland
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E Petersen
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Min of Health, Muscat, Oman; ESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force, ESCMID, Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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1628
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Ceylan Z, Meral R, Cetinkaya T. Relevance of SARS-CoV-2 in food safety and food hygiene: potential preventive measures, suggestions and nanotechnological approaches. Virusdisease 2020; 31:154-160. [PMID: 32656309 PMCID: PMC7289231 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic. Governments in different countries have taken drastic actions such as complete lockdown. However, little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 spread from staff to food products or food surfaces is conceivable. At least, instead of consuming unpackaged or uncovered foods, consumption of boiled or canned foods processed at high temperatures should be preferred. Before consumption, consumers should clean the surface of canned foods. In addition to recommending or enforcing simple precautions, such as using masks, governments must conduct mandatory SARS-CoV-2 tests regularly and intermittently for personnel who handle food materials or supporting materials (e.g., plastic pouches). Local markets, such as those in Wuhan, which sell live animals and exotic foods for consumption, are a concern. Trade of exotic or wild animals, unhygienic marketplace conditions, and not cooking at high temperatures ought to be prohibited. The consumption of vitamins, minerals, and other food-derived compounds such as omega fatty acids is a prudent way to improve the performance of the immune system. In addition, nano-encapsulated materials with controlled release properties may be useful in protecting food products and packaging from SARS-CoV-2 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Ceylan
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Raciye Meral
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Turgay Cetinkaya
- Food Processing Department, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500 Yalova, Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, 34467 Istanbul, Turkey
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1629
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Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global pandemic and requires the whole world to respond together. There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended at present for COVID-19. The patients must receive the supportive care to help relieve the symptoms and ensure appropriate infection control. Whether or not to use corticosteroids clinically caused controversy. This article has summarized previous researches about the using of corticosteroids in other viral pneumonia, related clinical data in COVID-19, and recommendations in Chinese guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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1630
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Klimek L, Becker S, Buhl R, Chaker AM, Huppertz T, Hoffmann TK, Dazert S, Deitmer T, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Olze H, Hagemann J, Plontke SK, Wrede H, Schlenter W, Welkoborsky HJ, Wollenberg B, Beule AG, Rudack C, Strieth S, Mösges R, Bachert C, Stöver T, Matthias C, Dietz A. Positionspapier: Empfehlungen zur Behandlung der chronischen Rhinosinusitis während der COVID-19-Pandemie im deutschen Gesundheitssystem – Empfehlungen des Ärzteverbandes Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie (DGHNO-KHC) – Diese Empfehlungen basieren auf dem EAACI Positionspapier „Treatment of chronic RhinoSinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in the COVID-19 pandemics – An EAACI Position Paper”, Allergy, 2020 und wurden auf die Situation im deutschen Gesundheitswesen angepasst. Laryngorhinootologie 2020; 99:356-364. [PMID: 32384572 PMCID: PMC7362395 DOI: 10.1055/a-1164-9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund Von der chronischen Rhinosinusitis (CRS) sind weltweit etwa 5–12 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen. Die CRS gilt als chronische Atemwegserkrankung, die nach den Empfehlungen der WHO ein Risikofaktor für COVID-19-Patienten sein kann. Die entzündlichen Veränderungen der Nasenschleimhäute bei chronischer Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP) sind in den meisten Fällen vom Entzündungsendotyp 2 (T2). Methoden Der aktuelle Wissensstand sowohl zu COVID-19 als auch zu den Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von CRSwNP wurde durch eine Literaturrecherche in Medline, Pubmed, internationalen Leitlinien, der Cochrane Library und im Internet analysiert. Ergebnisse Auf Grundlage der internationalen Literatur, der aktuellen Empfehlungen der WHO und anderer internationaler Organisationen sowie der bisherigen Erfahrungen gab ein Expertengremium von EAACI und ARIA Empfehlungen für die Behandlung von CRSwNP während der COVID-19-Pandemien. Schlussfolgerung Intranasale Kortikosteroide stellen die Standardbehandlung für CRS bei Patienten mit einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion dar. Chirurgische Behandlungen sollten auf ein Minimum reduziert werden und nur bei Patienten mit lokalen Komplikationen und solchen, für die keine anderen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bestehen, durchgeführt werden. Systemische Kortikosteroide sollten bei COVID-19-Patienten vermieden werden. Die Behandlung mit Biologika kann bei nicht infizierten Patienten unter sorgfältiger Überwachung fortgesetzt werden und sollte während einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion vorübergehend unterbrochen werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, Wiesbaden, Präsident des AeDA
| | - S. Becker
- Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinik Tübingen
| | - R. Buhl
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - A. M. Chaker
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, TU München
| | - T. Huppertz
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - T. K. Hoffmann
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm
| | - S. Dazert
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St.-Elisabeth-Hospital
| | - T. Deitmer
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Bonn
| | - U. Förster-Ruhrmann
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - H. Olze
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - J. Hagemann
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - S. K. Plontke
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Halle
| | - H. Wrede
- Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenarzt, Herford
| | | | | | - B. Wollenberg
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, TU München
| | - A. G. Beule
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Münster
| | - C. Rudack
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Münster
| | - S. Strieth
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Bonn
| | - R. Mösges
- CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd., Hamburg
| | - C. Bachert
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Gent, Belgien
| | - T. Stöver
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt/M.
| | - C. Matthias
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - A. Dietz
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Präsident der DGHNO, KHC
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1631
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Chen X, Liu Y, Gong Y, Guo X, Zuo M, Li J, Shi W, Li H, Xu X, Mi W, Huang Y. Perioperative Management of Patients Infected with the Novel Coronavirus: Recommendation from the Joint Task Force of the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology and the Chinese Association of Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2020; 132:1307-1316. [PMID: 32195699 PMCID: PMC7155907 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the new Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has been involved in 77,262 cases in China as well as in 27 other countries as of February 24, 2020. Because the virus is novel to human beings, and there is no vaccine yet available, every individual is susceptible and can become infected. Healthcare workers are at high risk, and unfortunately, more than 3,000 healthcare workers in China have been infected. Anesthesiologists are among healthcare workers who are at an even higher risk of becoming infected because of their close contact with infected patients and high potential of exposure to respiratory droplets or aerosol from their patients' airways. In order to provide healthcare workers with updated recommendations on the management of patients in the perioperative setting as well as for emergency airway management outside of the operating room, the two largest anesthesia societies, the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology (CSA) and the Chinese Association of Anesthesiologists (CAA) have formed a task force to produce the recommendations. The task force hopes to help healthcare workers, particularly anesthesiologists, optimize the care of their patients and protect patients, healthcare workers, and the public from becoming infected. The recommendations were created mainly based on the practice and experience of anesthesiologists who provide care to patients in China. Therefore, adoption of these recommendations outside of China must be done with caution, and the local environment, culture, uniqueness of the healthcare system, and patients' needs should be considered. The task force will continuously update the recommendations and incorporate new information in future versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (X.C.) the Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.L., W.S., H.L., W.M.) the Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.G., X.X., Y.H.) the Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (X.G.) the Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (M.Z.) the Department of Anesthesiology, Sixth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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1632
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Xiong Y, Wang Y, Chen F, Zhu M. Spatial Statistics and Influencing Factors of the COVID-19 Epidemic at Both Prefecture and County Levels in Hubei Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3903. [PMID: 32486403 PMCID: PMC7312640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has had a crucial influence on people's lives and socio-economic development throughout China and across the globe since December 2019. An understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of the COVID-19 epidemic on multiple scales could benefit the control of the outbreak. Therefore, we used spatial autocorrelation and Spearman's rank correlation methods to investigate these two topics, respectively. The COVID-19 epidemic data reported publicly and relevant open data in Hubei province were analyzed. The results showed that (1) at both prefecture and county levels, the global spatial autocorrelation was extremely significant for the cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases (CCC) in Hubei province from 30 January to 18 February 2020. Further, (2) at both levels, the significant hotspot and cluster/outlier area was observed solely in Wuhan city and most of its districts/sub-cities from 30 January to 18 February 2020. (3) At the prefecture level in Hubei province, the number of CCC had a positive and extremely significant correlation (p < 0.01) with the registered population (RGP), resident population (RSP), Baidu migration index (BMI), regional gross domestic production (GDP), and total retail sales of consumer goods (TRS), respectively, from 29 January to 18 February 2020 and had a negative and significant correlation (p < 0.05) with minimum elevation (MINE) from 2 February to 18 February 2020, but no association with the land area (LA), population density (PD), maximum elevation (MAXE), mean elevation (MNE), and range of elevation (RAE) from 23 January to 18 February 2020. (4) At the county level, the number of CCC in Hubei province had a positive and extremely significant correlation (p < 0.01) with PD, RGP, RSP, GDP, and TRS, respectively, from 27 January to 18 February 2020, and was negatively associated with MINE, MAXE, MNE, and RAE, respectively, from 26 January to 18 February 2020, and negatively associated with LA from 30 January to 18 February 2020. It suggested that (1) the COVID-19 epidemic at both levels in Hubei province had evident characteristics of significant global spatial autocorrelations and significant centralized high-risk outbreaks, and had an extremely significant association with social and economic factors. (2) The COVID-19 epidemics were significantly associated with the natural factors, such as LA, MAXE, MNE, and RAE, -only at the county level, not at the prefecture level, from 2 February to 18 February 2020. (3) The COVID-19 epidemics were significantly related to the socioeconomic factors, such as RGP, RSP, TRS, and GDP, at both levels from 26 January to 18 February 2020. It is desired that this study enrich our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of the COVID-19 epidemic and benefit classified prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhu Xiong
- School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
- Big Data Institute of Digital Natural Disaster Monitoring in Fujian, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Mingyong Zhu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
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1633
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Nasab MG, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. SARS-CoV-2-A Tough Opponent for the Immune System. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:589-592. [PMID: 32532524 PMCID: PMC7260490 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses recently returned with a new one, SARS-CoV-2, related to a potentially severe respiratory disease–called the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Research shows that the SARS-CoV-2 can be clustered with the Bat SARS-like coronavirus. Bats possess an additional, innate ability for antiviral defense, and, on the other hand, the potential to go hand-in-hand with the virus to generate variability. Besides the high potential of the novel coronavirus in compromising the respiratory system, its rapid transmission and ability to engage many hosts in severe forms of infections or immunopathological complications make it a tough opponent for the immune system. The interactions between SARS-CoV2 and the host immune system result in unleashing tremendous amounts of cytokines, and these cytokines make a storm that would determine the outcome (recovery or death) of the lungs of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Golshani Nasab
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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1634
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Tabibzadeh A, Zamani F, Laali A, Esghaei M, Safarnezhad Tameshkel F, Keyvani H, Jamshidi Makiani M, Panahi M, Motamed N, Perumal D, Khoonsari M, Ajdarkosh H, Sohrabi M, Ghanbari B, Savaj S, Mosavi-Jarrahi A, Karbalaie Niya MH. SARS-CoV-2 Molecular and Phylogenetic analysis in COVID-19 patients: A preliminary report from Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104387. [PMID: 32485332 PMCID: PMC7832360 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to investigate and track the SARS-CoV-2 in Iranian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using molecular and phylogenetic methods. Methods We enrolled seven confirmed cases of COVID-19 patients for the phylogenetic assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 in Iran. The nsp-2, nsp-12, and S genes were amplified using one-step RT-PCR and sequenced using Sanger sequencing method. Popular bioinformatics software were used for sequences alignment and analysis as well as phylogenetic construction. Results The mean age of the patients in the present study was 60.42 ± 9.94 years and 57.1% (4/7) were male. The results indicated high similarity between Iranian and Chinese strains. We could not find any particular polymorphisms in the assessed regions of the three genes. Phylogenetic trees by neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood method of nsp-2, nsp-12, and S genes showed that there are not any differences between Iranian isolates and those of other countries. Conclusion As a preliminary phylogenetic study in Iranian SARS-CoV-2 isolates, we found that these isolates are closely related to the Chinese and reference sequences. Also, no sensible differences were observed between Iranian isolates and those of other countries. Further investigations are recommended using more comprehensive methods and larger sample sizes. SARS-2 genome showed one genetic pattern. Iran has the same sequence of SARS-2 like other countries isolates. SNPs in nsp-2 did not show any polymorphisms between this study isolates and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Laali
- Antimicrobial Resistant Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahin Jamshidi Makiani
- Antimicrobial Resistant Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Motamed
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Dhayaneethie Perumal
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoodreza Khoonsari
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masuodreza Sohrabi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghanbari
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Savaj
- Department of Nephrology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hadi Karbalaie Niya
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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1635
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Terrazzano G, Rubino V, Palatucci AT, Giovazzino A, Carriero F, Ruggiero G. An Open Question: Is It Rational to Inhibit the mTor-Dependent Pathway as COVID-19 Therapy? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:856. [PMID: 32574238 PMCID: PMC7273850 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavia Carriero
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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1636
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Byrnes JR, Zhou XX, Lui I, Elledge SK, Glasgow JE, Lim SA, Loudermilk R, Chiu CY, Wilson MR, Leung KK, Wells JA. A SARS-CoV-2 serological assay to determine the presence of blocking antibodies that compete for human ACE2 binding. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.27.20114652. [PMID: 32511506 PMCID: PMC7273274 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread around the world, there is an urgent need for new assay formats to characterize the humoral response to infection. Convalescent serum is being used for treatment and for isolation of patient-derived antibodies. However, currently there is not a simple means to estimate serum bulk neutralizing capability. Here we present an efficient competitive serological assay that can simultaneously determine an individual's seropositivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and estimate the neutralizing capacity of anti-Spike antibodies to block interaction with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) required for viral entry. In this ELISA-based assay, we present natively-folded viral Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-containing antigens via avidin-biotin interactions. Sera are then supplemented with soluble ACE2-Fc to compete for RBD-binding serum antibodies, and antibody binding quantified. Comparison of signal from untreated serum and ACE2-Fc-treated serum reveals the presence of antibodies that compete with ACE2 for RBD binding, as evidenced by loss of signal with ACE2-Fc treatment. In our test cohort of nine convalescent SARS-CoV-2 patients, we found all patients had developed anti-RBD antibodies targeting the epitope responsible for ACE2 engagement. This assay provides a simple and high-throughput method to screen patient sera for potentially neutralizing anti-Spike antibodies to enable identification of candidate sera for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Jeff E. Glasgow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Shion A. Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Rita Loudermilk
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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1637
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Emerging Zoonotic Respiratory Pathogen in Humans. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.spl1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly human pathogenic coronaviruses outbreak in the beginning of 21st century i.e. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2002 and 2012 respectively caused high pathogenicity and fatality rates in human populations. Recently, a new coronavirus named as SARS-CoV-2 or nCoV-2019 was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 which is responsible for an acute human respiratory illness referred as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the third known highly pathogenic virus affecting human population. This virus spread globally within few weeks of first identification and nearly 5.52 million confirmed cases with more than 3,47,000 deaths reported as of May 25, 2020. Till date, there are no specific anti-viral drugs, therapies or vaccines to contain and prevent this infectious pathogen outbreak. The global spread of this virus to over 210 countries resulted in both human and economic losses, highlighting the need for an immediate imperative research exploration on prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Current knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis of similar coronavirus SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV might be helpful for the rapid development of treatment strategies to prevent the further spread of this virus. In this review, we recapitulate the topical understanding on the structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 that has emerged as a major health concern worldwide.
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1638
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Allergen immunotherapy in the current COVID-19 pandemic: A position paper of AeDA, ARIA, EAACI, DGAKI and GPA: Position paper of the German ARIA Group A in cooperation with the Austrian ARIA Group B, the Swiss ARIA Group C, German Society for Applied Allergology (AEDA) D, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) E, Society for Pediatric Allergology (GPA) F in cooperation with AG Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine of the DGHNO-KHC G and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) H. Allergol Select 2020; 4:44-52. [PMID: 32568272 PMCID: PMC7304289 DOI: 10.5414/alx02147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
No abstract available.
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1639
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Keni R, Alexander A, Nayak PG, Mudgal J, Nandakumar K. COVID-19: Emergence, Spread, Possible Treatments, and Global Burden. Front Public Health 2020; 8:216. [PMID: 32574299 PMCID: PMC7270802 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of viruses known to cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory tract infection. The severity of the infection may be visible as pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, and even death. Until the outbreak of SARS, this group of viruses was greatly overlooked. However, since the SARS and MERS outbreaks, these viruses have been studied in greater detail, propelling the vaccine research. On December 31, 2019, mysterious cases of pneumonia were detected in the city of Wuhan in China's Hubei Province. On January 7, 2020, the causative agent was identified as a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and the disease was later named as COVID-19 by the WHO. The virus spread extensively in the Wuhan region of China and has gained entry to over 210 countries and territories. Though experts suspected that the virus is transmitted from animals to humans, there are mixed reports on the origin of the virus. There are no treatment options available for the virus as such, limited to the use of anti-HIV drugs and/or other antivirals such as Remdesivir and Galidesivir. For the containment of the virus, it is recommended to quarantine the infected and to follow good hygiene practices. The virus has had a significant socio-economic impact globally. Economically, China is likely to experience a greater setback than other countries from the pandemic due to added trade war pressure, which have been discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuvir Keni
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anila Alexander
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Education and Health, Cape Breton University, Sydney, NS, Canada
| | - Pawan Ganesh Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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1640
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Hays P. Clinical sequelae of the novel coronavirus: does COVID-19 infection predispose patients to cancer? Future Oncol 2020; 16:1463-1474. [PMID: 32456461 PMCID: PMC7255429 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As cancer patients are clinically known to be predisposed to COVID-19 infection, a corollary question of whether COVID-19 infection predisposes to cancer is explored. This article seeks to establish an association between novel coronavirus sequelae and cancer. A literature review on COVID-19 mechanisms of action, molecular responses it elicits upon infection and tumorigenesis pathways is conducted to establish this association. Major signaling pathways implicated in aberrant cellular growth are activated, the ensuing cytokine storm weakens the immune system response to tumors, and patients may develop cancer as a result of superimposed mutagenic and/or carcinogenic events. Future work needs to be performed to support this hypothesis, both in in vitro models and preclinical studies. COVID-19 patients may need to be monitored post-infection for developing cancer.
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1641
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Scala S, Pacelli R. Fighting the Host Reaction to SARS-COv-2 in Critically Ill Patients: The Possible Contribution of Off-Label Drugs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1201. [PMID: 32574268 PMCID: PMC7267058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COv-2) is the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID19). The majority of infected people presents flu like symptoms and among them 15–20% develops a severe interstitial pneumonitis (IP) that may eventually evolve in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). IP is caused by the viral glycoprotein spike (S) binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressed on the surface of alveolar pneumocytes. The virus is recognized by the “pattern recognition receptors” (PRR) of the immune cells that release cytokines activating more immune cells that produce a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tissue factors and vasoactive peptides. Affected patients might develop the “cytokine storm syndrome,” a fulminant and fatal hypercytokinaemia with multiorgan failure. In patients infected by SARS-COv-2 increase in T-helper 2 (TH2) cytokines (IL-4 and IL10) are reported in addition to the T-helper 1 (TH1) cytokines (IL1B, IFNγ, IP10, and MCP1) previously detected in other coronavirus infections. Cytokines and other molecules involved in immune response and inflammation are conceivable therapeutic targets for IP and ARDS, improving symptoms and decreasing intensive care unit admissions. To this aim off label drugs may be used taking into consideration the window timing for immunosuppressive drugs in virus infected patients. Some off label therapeutic options and preclinical evidence drugs are herein considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scala
- Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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1642
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Ng SW, Selvarajah GT, Cheah YK, Mustaffa Kamal F, Omar AR. Cellular Metabolic Profiling of CrFK Cells Infected with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Using Phenotype Microarrays. Pathogens 2020; 9:E412. [PMID: 32466289 PMCID: PMC7281222 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal feline immune-mediated disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Little is known about the biological pathways associated in FIP pathogenesis. This is the first study aiming to determine the phenotypic characteristics on the cellular level in relation to specific metabolic pathways of importance to FIP pathogenesis. METHODS The internalization of type II FIPV WSU 79-1146 in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CrFK) cells was visualized using a fluorescence microscope, and optimization prior to phenotype microarray (PM) study was performed. Then, four types of Biolog Phenotype MicroArray™ plates (PM-M1 to PM-M4) precoated with different carbon and nitrogen sources were used to determine the metabolic profiles in FIPV-infected cells. RESULTS The utilization of palatinose was significantly low in FIPV-infected cells; however, there were significant increases in utilizing melibionic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid and alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) compared to non-infected cells. CONCLUSION This study has provided the first insights into the metabolic profiling of a feline coronavirus infection in vitro using PMs and deduced that glutamine metabolism is one of the essential metabolic pathways for FIPV infection and replication. Further studies are necessary to develop strategies to target the glutamine metabolic pathway in FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Wei Ng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Farina Mustaffa Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.M.K.); (A.R.O.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (F.M.K.); (A.R.O.)
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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1643
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Wu YP, Cao JM, Chen TW, Li R, Liu FJ, Zeng Y, Zhang XM, Mu QW, Li HJ. CT manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 of imported infection versus second-generation infection in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20370. [PMID: 32481333 PMCID: PMC7249955 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the discrepancy in computed tomography (CT) manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) between cases with imported infection and second-generation infection, 22 patients with COVID-19 from 2 hospitals in Nanchong, China, 938 km away from the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease were enrolled. All patients underwent initial and follow-up CT after admission during the treatment, and were divided into 2 groups. Group A and B were composed of 15 patients with a history of exposure to the original district (Wuhan, China) in short-term (i.e., imported infection), and 7 with a close contact with the patients with confirmed COVID-19 or with the healthy individuals from the original district (i.e., second-generation infection), respectively. Initial CT features including extent score and density score between groups were statistically compared. We found that all patients in group A and 3 of 7 patients in group B had abnormal CT findings while 4 of 7 patients in group B had not. Patients with abnormal CT findings were more frequent in group A than in group B (P < .05). On initial CT, pure ground glass opacity (GGO), and GGO with consolidation and/or other abnormalities were found in 20% (3/15) and 80% (12/15) patients in group A, respectively, while 1 (14.3%), 2 (28.6%), and 4 (57.1%) had pure GGOs, GGO with focal consolidation, and normal CT appearances in Group B, respectively. Patients with extent and density scores of ≥5 were more frequent in group A than in group B (all P-values < .01). Additionally, 3 of 4 (75%) patients with normal initial CT findings had focal pure GGO lesions on follow-up. In conclusion, COVID-19 in patients with a history of exposure to the original district can be severer than with the second-generation infection on CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ping Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Jin-ming Cao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
- Department of Radiology, Nanchong Central Hospital / Second School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Tian-wu Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Rui Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Feng-jun Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan
| | - Xiao-ming Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Qi-wen Mu
- Department of Radiology, Nanchong Central Hospital / Second School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Hong-jun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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1644
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Shchelkanov MY, Popova AY, Dedkov VG, Akimkin VG, Maleyev VV. History of investigation and current classification of coronaviruses ( Nidovirales: Coronaviridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-hoi-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yu. Shchelkanov
- International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor; Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS; Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory
| | - A. Yu. Popova
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor); Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | - V. G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
| | - V. V. Maleyev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
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1645
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1646
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Abstract
The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened activity is accompanied by an increased rate of metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived from the diet. A number of vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated to have key roles in supporting the human immune system and reducing risk of infections. Other essential nutrients including other vitamins and trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids are also important. Each of the nutrients named above has roles in supporting antibacterial and antiviral defence, but zinc and selenium seem to be particularly important for the latter. It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected. The gut microbiota plays a role in educating and regulating the immune system. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of disease including many infectious diseases and has been described in COVID-19. Dietary approaches to achieve a healthy microbiota can also benefit the immune system. Severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised by excessive and damaging host inflammation, termed a cytokine storm. This is seen in cases of severe COVID-19. There is evidence from ARDS in other settings that the cytokine storm can be controlled by n-3 fatty acids, possibly through their metabolism to specialised pro-resolving mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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1647
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Abstract
The first case of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, South China Seafood Market in December 2019. As a group with a high probability of infection, health workers are faced with a certain degree of psychological challenges in the process of facing the epidemic. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of 2019-nCoV outbreak on the psychological state of Chinese health workers and to explore the influencing factors. During the period from 31 January 2020 to 4 February 2020, the ‘Questionnaire Star’ electronic questionnaire system was used to collect data. The 2019-nCoV impact questionnaire and The Impact of Event Scale (IES) were used to check the psychological status of health workers in China. A total of 442 valid data were collected in this study. Seventy-four (16.7%) male and 368 (83.3%) female individuals participated in this study. The average score of high arousal dimension was 5.15 (s.d. = 4.71), and the median score was 4.0 (IQR 2.0, 7.0). The average score of IES was 15.26 (s.d. = 11.23), and the median score was 13.5 (IQR 7.0, 21.0). Multiple regression analysis showed that there were critical statistical differences in high arousal scores among different gender groups (male 3.0 vs. female 5.0, P = 0.075). Whether being quarantined had significant statistical differences of IES scores (being quarantined 16.0 vs. not being quarantined 13.0, P = 0.021). The overall impact of the 2019-nCoV outbreak on health workers is at a mild level. Chinese health workers have good psychological coping ability in the face of public health emergencies.
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1648
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Khan K, Dimtri F, Vargas C, Surani S. COVID-19: A Review of Emerging Preventative Vaccines and Treatment Strategies. Cureus 2020; 12:e8206. [PMID: 32577324 PMCID: PMC7305574 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, which was first detected in the Hubei province of China, has become a global phenomenon. The effects and devastation on both health and economy have been global. At present, there is a substantial amount of research being done to discover suitable treatment modalities. Efforts have been made on the development of potential efficacious vaccines. The development of a vaccine can be complex, expensive as well as time-consuming. Currently, various ongoing clinical trials are in progress that are investigating either pharmacologic therapies or vaccines against this virus. We, in this brief review have tried to address the process and current development efforts of vaccine in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmala Khan
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Francis Dimtri
- Cardiology, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Carlos Vargas
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA
| | - Salim Surani
- Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of North Texas, Dallas, USA
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1649
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Wen J, Wang R, Liu H, Tong Y, Wei S, Zhou X, Li H, Jing M, Wang M, Zhao Y. Potential therapeutic effect of Qingwen Baidu Decoction against Corona Virus Disease 2019: a mini review. Chin Med 2020; 15:48. [PMID: 32454888 PMCID: PMC7235554 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease. At present, COVID-19 has no specific therapeutic drugs, and the main clinical treatment is symptomatic treatment and control of complications. On March 5, 2020, the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China issued the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection (Trial Version 7), which integrated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) into the treatment of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to summarize recent studies on the clinic application, pharmacological action, chemical substances and mechanism of Qingwen Baidu Decoction (QBD) on the treatment of various diseases. The results suggested that QBD has multiple pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, antiviral, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antipyretic and so on. It has been used in the treatment of sepsis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, infantile pneumonia, sepsis-related encephalopathy, epidemic encephalitis B and other diseases. In addition, this study attempts to explore the possible mechanism of QBD in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Through the analysis of the chemical substances, pharmacological action and mechanism of QBD, this paper will provide a reference theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by QBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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1650
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Pereira LJ, Pereira CV, Murata RM, Pardi V, Pereira-Dourado SM. Biological and social aspects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) related to oral health. Braz Oral Res 2020; 34:e041. [PMID: 32401931 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) throughout the world has alarmed all health professionals. Especially in dentistry, there is a growing concern due to it's high virulence and routes of transmission through saliva aerosols. The virus keeps viable on air for at least 3 hours and on plastic and stainless-steel surfaces up to 72 hours. In this sense, dental offices, both in the public and private sectors, are high-risk settings of cross infection among patients, dentists and health professionals in the clinical environment (including hospital's intensive dental care facilities). This manuscript aims to compile current available evidence on prevention strategies for dental professionals. Besides, we briefly describe promising treatment strategies recognized until this moment. The purpose is to clarify dental practitioners about the virus history and microbiology, besides guiding on how to proceed during emergency consultations based on international documents. Dentists should consider that a substantial number of individuals (including children) who do not show any signs and symptoms of COVID-19 may be infected and can disseminate the virus. Currently, there is no effective treatment and fast diagnosis is still a challenge. All elective dental treatments and non-essential procedures should be postponed, keeping only urgent and emergency visits to the dental office. The use of teledentistry (phone calls, text messages) is a very promising tool to keep contact with the patient without being at risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano José Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Cassio Vicente Pereira
- Centro Universitário de Lavras - Unilavras, Faculdade de Odontologia, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Pardi
- East Carolina University - ECU, School of Dental Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
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