Value of Intrauterine Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy on Endometrial Receptivity: A Literature Review

Endometrial receptivity is an important factor that influences embryo implantation. Thus, it is important to identify an applicable approach to improve endometrial receptivity in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Recently, growing evidence has indicated that intrauterine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infusion is an effective method to obtain a satisfactory reproductive outcome by increasing endometrial thickness and improving endometrial receptivity. Therefore, the present review aims to outline the possible mechanisms of PRP on endometrial receptivity and summarize the present literature on the effects of PRP therapy in improving endometrial receptivity.

Pluripotency and embryonic lineage genes expression in the presence of small molecule inhibitors of FGF, TGFβ and GSK3 during pre-implantation development of goat embryos

Generating stable livestock pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be used for complex genome editing, cellular agriculture, gamete generation, regenerative medicine and in vitro breeding schemes. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in characterizing pluripotency markers for livestock species. In this study, we investigated embryo development and gene expression of the core pluripotency triad (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) and cell lineage commitment markers (REX1, CDX2, GATA4) in the presence of three small molecules and their combination [PD0325901 (FGF inhibitor), SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor), and CHIR99021 (GSK3B inhibitor)] from day 2-7 post-insemination in goat. Significant reduction in rate of blastocyst formation was observed when SB was used along with PD or CHIR and their three combinations had more sever effect. SB and CHIR decreased the expression of SOX2 while increasing the GATA4 expression. PD decrease the relative expression of NANOG, OCT4 and GATA4, while increased the expression of REX1. Among the combination of two molecules, only SB + CHIR combination significantly decreased the expression of GATA4, while the combination of the three molecules significantly decreases the expression of NANOG, SOX2 and CDX2. According to these results, the inhibition of the FGF signaling pathway, by PD may lead to blocking the hypoblast formation as observed by reduction of GATA4. OCT4 and NANOG expressions did not show signs of maintenance pluripotency. GATA4, NANOG and OCT4 in the PD group were downregulated and REX1 as EPI-marker was upregulated thus REX1 may be considered as a marker of EPI/ICM in goat.

Exposome and unhealthy aging: environmental drivers from air pollution to occupational exposures

The aging population worldwide is facing a significant increase in age-related non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular and brain pathologies. This comprehensive review paper delves into the impact of the exposome, which encompasses the totality of environmental exposures, on unhealthy aging. It explores how environmental factors contribute to the acceleration of aging processes, increase biological age, and facilitate the development and progression of a wide range of age-associated diseases. The impact of environmental factors on cognitive health and the development of chronic age-related diseases affecting the cardiovascular system and central nervous system is discussed, with a specific focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, small vessel disease, and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Aging is a major risk factor for these diseases. Their pathogenesis involves cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging such as increased oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, DNA damage, and inflammation and is influenced by environmental factors. Environmental toxicants, including ambient particulate matter, pesticides, heavy metals, and organic solvents, have been identified as significant contributors to cardiovascular and brain aging disorders. These toxicants can inflict both macro- and microvascular damage and many of them can also cross the blood-brain barrier, inducing neurotoxic effects, neuroinflammation, and neuronal dysfunction. In conclusion, environmental factors play a critical role in modulating cardiovascular and brain aging. A deeper understanding of how environmental toxicants exacerbate aging processes and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, VCI, and dementia is crucial for the development of preventive strategies and interventions to promote cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health. By mitigating exposure to harmful environmental factors and promoting healthy aging, we can strive to reduce the burden of age-related cardiovascular and brain pathologies in the aging population.

The oocyte: the key player in the success of assisted reproduction technologies

The ovulation of a mature oocyte at metaphase II of meiosis, with optimal potential to undergo fertilisation by a sperm cell, complete meiosis and sustain the switch to mitotic division, and support early embryo development, involves a protracted and disrupted/delayed series of processes. Many of these are targeted for exploitation in vivo , or recapitulation in vitro , by the livestock industry. Reproductive technologies, including AI, multiple ovulation embryo transfer, ovum pick-up, in vitro embryo production, and oestrus and ovulation synchronisation, offer practitioners and producers the opportunity to produce offspring from genetically valuable dams in much greater numbers than they would normally have in their lifetime, while in vitro oocyte and follicle culture are important platforms for researchers to interrogate the physiological mechanisms driving fertility. The majority of these technologies target the ovarian follicle and the oocyte within; thus, the quality and capability of the recovered oocyte determine the success of the reproductive intervention. Molecular and microscopical technologies have grown exponentially, providing powerful platforms to interrogate the molecular mechanisms which are integral to or affected by ART. The development of the bovine oocyte from its differentiation in the ovary to ovulation is described in the light of its relevance to key aspects of individual interventions, while highlighting the historical timeline.

Characterization of the long noncoding RNA transcriptome in human preimplantation embryo development

PURPOSE

Infertility remains a human health burden globally. Only a fraction of embryos produced via assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. lncRNA abundance changes significantly during human early embryonic development, indicating vital regulatory roles of lncRNAs in this process. The aim of this study is to obtain insights into the transcriptional basis of developmental events.

METHODS

scRNA-seq data and SUPeR-seq data were used to investigate the lncRNA profiles of human preimplantation embryos. The top 50 highly expressed unique and shared lncRNAs in each stage of preimplantation development were identified. Comparative analysis of the two datasets was used to verify the consistent expression patterns of the lncRNAs. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified and subjected to functional enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

The lncRNA profiles of human preimplantation embryos in the E-MTAB-3929 dataset were similar to those in the GSE71318 dataset. The ratios of overlap among the top 50 highly expressed lncRNAs between two pairs of stages (2-cell stage vs. 4-cell stage and 8-cell stage vs. morula) were aberrantly low compared with those between other stages. Each stage of preimplantation development exhibited unique and shared lncRNAs among the top 50 highly expressed lncRNAs. Among the between-group comparisons, the 2-cell stage vs. 4-cell stage showed the highest number of differentially expressed lncRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed lncRNAs and their associated super enhancers and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are closely involved in regulating embryonic development. These lncRNAs could function as important cell markers for distinguishing fetal germ cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study paves the way for understanding the regulation of developmental events, which might be beneficial for improved reproductive outcomes.

TPOAb positivity can impact ovarian reserve, embryo quality, and IVF/ICSI outcomes in euthyroid infertile women

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of positive anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies on fertility, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes in women with normal thyroid function. A cross-sectional study of 1223 infertile women who received assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment for the first time was conducted at our hospital from January 2019 to March 2022. Overall, 263 infertile women were included, comprising 263 cycles and 1813 embryos, and were divided into a positive group and a control group based on TPO antibody levels. The positive group was further divided into two subgroups according to the median antibody titer, and the therapeutic indices and pregnancy outcomes for each group were compared. The results showed that the AMH level in the positive group was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.37 (1.26-3.63) ng/ml vs. 3.54 (1.74-5.41) ng/ml, p < 0.001). The high-quality embryo rate (40.04% vs. 45.49%, p = 0.034) and live birth rate (23.26% vs. 36.16, p = 0.035) of the positive group were lower than those of the control group; the miscarriage rate was higher than that of the control group (37.50% vs. 17.95%, p = 0.035). The live birth rate in the low-titer group was significantly higher than that in the high-titer group (32.56% vs. 13.95%, p = 0.041). Studies have shown that positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies are associated with a decreased ovarian reserve and decreased embryo quality. High titers of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies can reduce the live birth rate.

Induced differentiation of primordial germ cell like cells from SOX9+ porcine skin derived stem cells

Understanding the mechanisms behind porcine primordial germ cell like cells (pPGCLCs) development, differentiation, and gametogenesis is crucial in the treatment of infertility. In this study, SOX9+ skin derived stem cells (SOX9+ SDSCs) were isolated from fetal porcine skin and a high-purity SOX9+ SDSCs population was obtained. The SOX9+ SDSCs were induced to transdifferentiate into PGCLCs during 8 days of cultured. The results of RNA-seq, western blot and immunofluorescence staining verified SDSCs have the potential to transdifferentiate into PGCLCs from aspects of transcription factor activation, germ layer differentiation, energy metabolism, and epigenetic changes. Both adherent and suspended cells were collected. The adherent cells were found to be very similar to early porcine primordial germ cells (pPGCs). The suspended cells resembled late stage pPGCs and had a potential to enter meiotic process. This SDSCs culture-induced in vitro model is expected to provide suitable donor cells for stem cell transplantation in the future.

Review on new approach methods to gain insight into the feto-maternal interface physiology

Non-human animals represent a large and important feature in the history of biomedical research. The validity of their use, in terms of reproducible outcomes and translational confidence to the human situation, as well as ethical concerns surrounding that use, have been and remain controversial topics. Over the last 10 years, the communities developing microphysiological systems (MPS) have produced new approach method (NAMs) such as organoids and organs-on-a-chip. These alternative methodologies have shown indications of greater reliability and translatability than animal use in some areas, represent more humane substitutions for animals in these settings, and - with continued scientific effort - may change the conduct of basic research, clinical studies, safety testing, and drug development. Here, we present an introduction to these more human-relevant methodologies and suggest how a suite of pregnancy associated feto-maternal interface system-oriented NAMs may be integrated as reliable partial-/full animal replacements for investigators, significantly aid animal-/environmental welfare, and improve healthcare outcomes.

Machine learning-based integrated identification of predictive combined diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis

Background: Endometriosis (EM) is a common gynecological condition in women of reproductive age, with diverse causes and a not yet fully understood pathogenesis. Traditional diagnostics rely on single diagnostic biomarkers and does not integrate a variety of different biomarkers. This study introduces multiple machine learning techniques, enhancing the accuracy of predictive models. A novel diagnostic approach that combines various biomarkers provides a new clinical perspective for improving the diagnostic efficiency of endometriosis, holding significant potential for clinical application. Methods: In this study, GSE51981 was used as a test set, and 11 machine learning algorithms (Lasso, Stepglm, glmBoost, Support Vector Machine, Ridge, Enet, plsRglm, Random Forest, LDA, XGBoost, and NaiveBayes) were employed to construct 113 predictive models for endometriosis. The optimal model was determined based on the AUC values derived from various algorithms. These genes were then evaluated using nine machine learning algorithms (Random Forest, SVM, Gradient Boosting Machine, LASSO, XGB, NNET, Generalized Linear Model, KNN, and Decision Tree) to assess significance scores and identify diagnostic genes for each algorithm. The diagnostic value of these genes was further validated in external datasets from GSE7305, GSE11691, and GSE120103. Results: Analysis of the GSE51981 dataset revealed 62 DEGs. The Stepglm [Both] and plsRglm algorithms identified 30 genes with the most potential using the AUC evaluation. Subsequently, nine machine learning algorithms were applied to select diagnostic genes, leading to the identification of five key diagnostic genes using the LASSO algorithm. The ADAT1 gene exhibited the best single-gene predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.785. A combination of genes (FOS, EPHX1, DLGAP5, PCSK5, and ADAT1) achieves an AUC of 0.836 in the test dataset. Moreover, these genes consistently exhibited an AUC exceeding 0.78 in all validation datasets, demonstrating superior predictive performance. Furthermore, correlation analysis with immune infiltration strengthened their predictive value by demonstrating the close relationship of the diagnostic genes with immune infiltrating cells. Conclusion: A combination of biomarkers consisting of FOS, EPHX1, DLGAP5, PCSK5, and ADAT1 can serve as a diagnostic tool for endometriosis, enhancing diagnostic efficiency. The association of these genes with immune infiltrating cells reveals their potential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, providing new insights for early detection and treatment.

Modeling Paratuberculosis in Laboratory Animals, Cells, or Tissues: A Focus on Their Applications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Vaccines, and Therapy Studies

Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. It is considered one of the diseases with the highest economic impact on the ruminant industry. Despite many efforts and intensive research, paratuberculosis control still remains controversial, and the existing diagnostic and immunoprophylactic tools have great limitations. Thus, models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and disease, and in testing novel vaccine candidates. Ruminant animal models can be restricted by several reasons, related to space requirements, the cost of the animals, and the maintenance of the facilities. Therefore, we review the potential and limitations of the different experimental approaches currently used in paratuberculosis research, focusing on laboratory animals and cell-based models. The aim of this review is to offer a vision of the models that have been used, and what has been achieved or discovered with each one, so that the reader can choose the best model to answer their scientific questions and prove their hypotheses. Also, we bring forward new approaches that we consider worth exploring in the near future.

Live birth of chimeric monkey with high contribution from embryonic stem cells

A formal demonstration that mammalian pluripotent stem cells possess preimplantation embryonic cell-like (naive) pluripotency is the generation of chimeric animals through early embryo complementation with homologous cells. Whereas such naive pluripotency has been well demonstrated in rodents, poor chimerism has been achieved in other species including non-human primates due to the inability of the donor cells to match the developmental state of the host embryos. Here, we have systematically tested various culture conditions for establishing monkey naive embryonic stem cells and optimized the procedures for chimeric embryo culture. This approach generated an aborted fetus and a live chimeric monkey with high donor cell contribution. A stringent characterization pipeline demonstrated that donor cells efficiently (up to 90%) incorporated into various tissues (including the gonads and placenta) of the chimeric monkeys. Our results have major implications for the study of primate naive pluripotency and genetic engineering of non-human primates.

Impaired Angiogenic Function of Fetal Endothelial Progenitor Cells via PCDH10 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Maternal hyperglycemia, induced by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), has detrimental effects on fetal vascular development, ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in offspring. The potential underlying mechanisms through which these complications occur are due to functional impairment and epigenetic changes in fetal endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which remain less defined. We confirm that intrauterine hyperglycemia leads to the impaired angiogenic function of fetal EPCs, as observed through functional assays of outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) derived from fetal EPCs of GDM pregnancies (GDM-EPCs). Notably, PCDH10 expression is increased in OECs derived from GDM-EPCs, which is associated with the inhibition of angiogenic function in fetal EPCs. Additionally, increased PCDH10 expression is correlated with the hypomethylation of the PCDH10 promoter. Our findings demonstrate that in utero exposure to GDM can induce angiogenic dysfunction in fetal EPCs through altered gene expression and epigenetic changes, consequently increasing the susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in the offspring of GDM mothers.

Adrenomedullin has a pivotal role in trophoblast differentiation: A promising nanotechnology-based therapeutic target for early-onset preeclampsia

Early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) is a severe pregnancy complication associated with defective trophoblast differentiation and functions at implantation, but manifestation of its phenotypes is in late pregnancy. There is no reliable method for early prediction and treatment of EOPE. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an abundant placental peptide in early pregnancy. Integrated single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics confirm a high ADM expression in the human villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The levels of ADM in chorionic villi and serum were lower in first-trimester pregnant women who later developed EOPE than those with normotensive pregnancy. ADM stimulates differentiation of trophoblast stem cells and trophoblast organoids in vitro. In pregnant mice, placenta-specific ADM suppression led to EOPE-like phenotypes. The EOPE-like phenotypes in a mouse PE model were reduced by a placenta-specific nanoparticle-based forced expression of ADM. Our study reveals the roles of trophoblastic ADM in placental development, EOPE pathogenesis, and its potential clinical uses.

Occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer in the Screenwide case-control study

BACKGROUND

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological tumour in developed countries and disease burden is expected to increase over the years. Identifying modifiable risk factors may help developing strategies to reduce the expected increasing incidence of these neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer using data from a recent case-control study in Spain.

METHODS

The analyses included data from 174 consecutive incident endometrial cancer cases and 216 hospital controls frequency-matched by age. Data were collected through structured epidemiological questionnaires and exposure to pesticides was assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix (MatEmESp).

RESULTS

Overall, 12% of controls and 18% of cases were occupationally exposed to pesticides. We observed a positive association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88 compared to non-exposed). In general, exposures that occurred farther in the past were significantly associated with endometrial cancer. Exposure to insecticides, fungicides and herbicides were positively associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88, OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 1.65-13.33, and OR = 5.25; 95% CI = 1.84-17.67, respectively). The agricultural, poultry and livestock activities scenario was associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 4.16; 95% CI = 1.59-12.32), while the cleaning exposure scenario was not (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.55-2.67).

CONCLUSIONS

Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix revealed a positive association with endometrial cancer. The elucidation of the role of pesticide compounds on endometrial cancer should shed a light on the aetiology of this tumour.

Impact of bisphenol A on cell viability and inflammatory cytokine production in human cervical epithelial cells

PROBLEM

An intact cervix is a barrier that prevents pathogenic bacteria from invading the uterine and amniotic cavity during pregnancy. Its disruption is associated with ascending infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study analyzed the effects of bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used in plastics manufacturing, on cell death and inflammation in cervical epithelial cells.

METHODS

Ectocervical epithelial (ecto) and endocervical epithelial (endo) cells were treated with 100 ng/mL and 300 ng/mL of BPA for 48 h. The cells were subjected to flow cytometry using annexin V and propidium iodide to determine apoptosis and necrosis, cell cycle analysis, and ELISA to determine the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10).

RESULTS

Low-dose and high-dose BPA significantly increased the live ecto cell population dose-dependently. BPA did not have any noticeable effect on cell cycle progression in either cell type. BPA treatment also decreased the apoptotic ecto and endo cell population dose-dependently. Lastly, high dose BPA significantly increased IL-6 in ecto and endo cells. However, IL-8 and IL-10 were not affected by BPA treatments.

CONCLUSION

Chemical exposure damage to the cervix can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our study showed that the BPA concentrations reported in pregnant subjects do not induce cervical cell toxicity . The decrease in apoptosis and increase in live cells may be a compensatory mechanism to preserve the integrity of the cervical epithelial layer.

Derivation of new pluripotent stem cells from human extended pluripotent stem cells with formative features and trophectoderm potential

Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of intermediate stem cells, which have been successfully obtained from human naive pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and peri-implantation embryos. However, it is not known whether human extended pluripotent stem cells (hEPSCs) can be directly induced into intermediate stem cells. Moreover, the ability of extra-embryonic lineage differentiation in intermediate stem cells has not been verified. In this issue, we transformed hEPSCs into a kind of novel intermediate pluripotent stem cell resembling embryonic days 8-9 (E8-E9) epiblasts and proved its feature of formative epiblasts. We engineered hEPSCs from primed hPSCs under N2B27-LCDM (N2B27 plus Lif, CHIR, DiH and MiH) conditions. Then, we added Activin A, FGF and XAV939 to modulate signalling pathways related to early humans' embryogenesis. We performed RNA-seq and CUT&Tag analysis to compare with AF9-hPSCs from different pluripotency stages of hPSCs. Trophectoderm (TE), primordial germ cells-like cells (PGCLC) and endoderm, mesoderm, and neural ectoderm induction were conducted by specific small molecules and proteins. AF9-hPSCs transcription resembled that of E8-E9 peri-implantation epiblasts. Signalling pathway responsiveness and histone methylation further revealed their formative pluripotency. Additionally, AF9-hPSCs responded directly to primordial germ cells (PGCs) specification and three germ layer differentiation signals in vitro. Moreover, AF9-hPSCs could differentiate into the TE lineage. Therefore, AF9-hPSCs represented an E8-E9 formative pluripotency state between naïve and primed pluripotency, opening new avenues for studying human pluripotency development during embryogenesis.

Generation of stable integration-free pig induced pluripotent stem cells under chemically defined culture condition

Genome integration-free pig induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) bring tremendous value in pre-clinical testing of regenerative medicine, as well as conservation and exploitation of endangered or rare local pig idioplasmatic resources. However, due to a lack of appropriate culture medium, efficient induction and stable maintenance of pig iPSCs with practical value remains challenging. Here, we established an efficient induction system for exogenous gene-independent iPSCs under chemically defined culture condition previously used for generation of stable pig pre-gastrulation epiblast stem cells (pgEpiSCs). WNT suppression was found to play an essential role in establishment of exogenous gene-independent iPSCs. Strikingly, stable integration-free pig iPSCs could be established from pig somatic cells using episomal vectors in this culture condition. The iPSCs had pluripotency features and transcriptome characteristics approximating pgEpiSCs. More importantly, this induction system may be used to generate integration-free iPSCs from elderly disabled rare local pig somatic cells and the iPSCs could be gene-edited and used as donor cells for nuclear transfer. Our results provide novel insights into potential applications for genetic breeding of livestock species and pre-clinical evaluation of regenerative medicine.

Targeting of insulin receptor endocytosis as a treatment to insulin resistance

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance is the decreased effectiveness of insulin receptor function during signaling of glucose uptake. Insulin receptors are regulated by endocytosis, a process that removes receptors from the cell surface to be marked for degradation or for re-use.

OBJECTIVES

Our goal was to discover insulin-resistance-related genes that play key roles in endocytosis which could serve as potential biological targets to enhance insulin sensitivity.

METHODS

The gene mutations related to insulin resistance were elucidated from ClinVar. These were used as the seed set. Using the GeneFriends program, the genes associated with this set were elucidated and used as an enriched set for the next step. The enriched gene set network was visualized by Cytoscape. After that, using the VisANT program, the most significant cluster of genes was identified. With the help of the DAVID program, the most important KEGG pathway corresponding to the gene cluster and insulin resistance was found. Eleven genes part of the KEGG endocytosis pathway were identified. Finally, using the ChEA3 program, seven transcription factors managing these genes were defined.

RESULTS

Thirty-two genes of pathogenic significance in insulin resistance were elucidated, and then co-expression data for these genes were utilized. These genes were organized into clusters, one of which was singled out for its high node count of 58 genes and low p-value (p = 4.117 × 10-7). DAVID Pathways, a functional annotation tool, helped identify a set of 11 genes from a single cluster associated with the endocytosis pathway related to insulin resistance. These genes (AMPH, BIN1, CBL, DNM1, DNM2, DNM3, ITCH, SH3GL1, SH3GL2, SH3GL3, and SH3KBP1) are all involved in either clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin receptor (IR) or clathrin-independent endocytosis of insulin-resistance-related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). They represent prime therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity through modulation of transmembrane cell signaling. Using the ChEA3 database, we also found seven transcription factors (REST, MYPOP, CAMTA2, MYT1L, ZBTB18, NKX6-2, and CXXC5) that control the expression of these 11 genes. Inhibiting these key transcription factors would be another strategy to downregulate endocytosis.

CONCLUSION

We believe that delaying removal of insulin receptors from the cell surface would prolong signaling of glucose uptake and counteract the symptoms of insulin resistance.

The molecular mechanisms of diapause and diapause-like reversible arrest

Diapause is a protective mechanism that many organisms deploy to overcome environmental adversities. Diapause extends lifespan and fertility to enhance the reproductive success and survival of the species. Although diapause states have been known and employed for commercial purposes, for example in the silk industry, detailed molecular and cell biological studies are an exciting frontier. Understanding diapause-like protective mechanisms will shed light on pathways that steer organisms through adverse conditions. One hope is that an understanding of the mechanisms that support diapause might be leveraged to extend the lifespan and/or health span of humans as well as species threatened by climate change. In addition, recent findings suggest that cancer cells that persist after treatment mimic diapause-like states, implying that these programs may facilitate cancer cell survival from chemotherapy and cause relapse. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying diapause programs in a variety of organisms, and we discuss pathways supporting diapause-like states in tumor persister cells.

A comprehensive review of human trophoblast fusion models: recent developments and challenges

As an essential component of the maternal-fetal interface, the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer contributes to a successful pregnancy by secreting hormones necessary for pregnancy, transporting nutrients, mediating gas exchange, balancing immune tolerance, and resisting pathogen infection. Notably, the deficiency in mononuclear trophoblast cells fusing into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Despite the availability of many models for the study of trophoblast fusion, there exists a notable disparity from the ideal model, limiting the deeper exploration into the placental development. Here, we reviewed the existing models employed for the investigation of human trophoblast fusion from several aspects, including the development history, latest progress, advantages, disadvantages, scope of application, and challenges. The literature searched covers the monolayer cell lines, primary human trophoblast, placental explants, human trophoblast stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional cell spheres, organoids, and placenta-on-a-chip from 1938 to 2023. These diverse models have significantly enhanced our comprehension of placental development regulation and the underlying mechanisms of placental-related disorders. Through this review, our objective is to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the existing trophoblast fusion models, making it easier to select most suitable models to address specific experimental requirements or scientific inquiries. Establishment and application of the existing human placental trophoblast fusion models.

Modulation of fetoplacental growth, development and reproductive function by endocrine disrupters

Maternal endocrine homeostasis is vital to a successful pregnancy, regulated by several hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, leptin, glucocorticoid, insulin, prostaglandin, and others. Endocrine stress during pregnancy can modulate nutrient availability from mother to fetus, alter fetoplacental growth and reproductive functions. Endocrine disrupters such as bisphenols (BPs) and phthalates are exposed in our daily life's highest volume. Therefore, they are extensively scrutinized for their effects on metabolism, steroidogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammation involving obesity, diabetes, and the reproductive system. BPs have their structural similarity to 17-β estradiol and their ability to bind as an agonist or antagonist to estrogen receptors to elicit an adverse response to the function of the endocrine and reproductive system. While adults can negate the adverse effects of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), fetuses do not equip themselves with enzymatic machinery to catabolize their conjugates. Therefore, EDC exposure makes the fetoplacental developmental window vulnerable to programming in utero. On the one hand prenatal BPs and phthalates exposure can impair the structure and function of the ovary and uterus, resulting in placental vascular defects, inappropriate placental expression of angiogenic growth factors due to altered hypothalamic response, expression of nutrient transporters, and epigenetic changes associated with maternal endocrine stress. On the other, their exposure during pregnancy can affect the offspring's metabolic, endocrine and reproductive functions by altering fetoplacental programming. This review highlights the latest development in maternal metabolic and endocrine modulations from exposure to estrogenic mimic chemicals on subcellular and transgenerational changes in placental development and its effects on fetal growth, size, and metabolic & reproductive functions.

Stem cell-based strategies and challenges for production of cultivated meat

Cultivated meat scale-up and industrial production will require multiple stable cell lines from different species to recreate the organoleptic and nutritional properties of meat from livestock. In this Review, we explore the potential of stem cells to create the major cellular components of cultivated meat. By using developments in the fields of tissue engineering and biomedicine, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of strategies involving primary adult and pluripotent stem cells for generating cell sources that can be grown at scale. These myogenic, adipogenic or extracellular matrix-producing adult stem cells as well as embryonic or inducible pluripotent stem cells are discussed for their proliferative and differentiation capacity, necessary for cultivated meat. We examine the challenges for industrial scale-up, including differentiation and culture protocols, as well as genetic modification options for stem cell immortalization and controlled differentiation. Finally, we discuss stem cell-related safety and regulatory challenges for bringing cultivated meat to the marketplace.

Characterization analysis of Rongchang pig population based on the Zhongxin-1 Porcine Breeding Array PLUS

OBJECTIVE

To carry out a comprehensive production planning of the existing Rongchang pig population from both environmental and genetic aspects, and to establish a closed population with stable genetic diversity and strict pathogen control, it is necessary to fully understand the genetic background of the population.

METHODS

We genotyped 54 specific pathogen free (SPF) Rongchang pigs using the Zhongxin-1 Porcine Breeding Array PLUS, calculated their genetic diversity parameters and constructed their families. In addition, we also counted the runs of homozygosity (ROH) of each individual and calculated the value of inbreeding coefficient based on ROH for each individual.

RESULTS

Firstly, the results of genetic diversity analysis showed that the effective population size (Ne) of this population was 3.2, proportion of polymorphic markers (PN) was 0.515, desired heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.315 and 0.335. Ho was higher than He, indicating that the heterozygosity of all the selected loci was high. Secondly, combining the results of genomic relatedness analysis and cluster analysis, it was found that the existing Rongchang pig population could be divided into four families. Finally, we also counted the ROH of each individual and calculated the inbreeding coefficient value accordingly, whose mean value was 0.09.

CONCLUSION

Due to the limitation of population size and other factors, the genetic diversity of this Rongchang pig population is low. The results of this study can provide basic data to support the development of Rongchang pig breeding program, the establishment of SPF Rongchang pig closed herd and its experimental utilization.

Chimaeras, complementation, and controlling the male germline

Animal breeding drives genetic progress mainly through the male germline. This process is slow to respond to rapidly mounting environmental pressures that threaten sustainable food security from animal protein production. New approaches promise to accelerate breeding by producing chimaeras, which comprise sterile host and fertile donor genotypes, to exclusively transmit elite male germlines. Following gene editing to generate sterile host cells, the missing germline can be restored by transplanting either: (i) spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) into the testis; or (ii) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into early embryos. Here we compare these alternative germline complementation strategies and their impact on agribiotechnology and species conservation. We propose a novel breeding platform that integrates embryo-based complementation with genomic selection, multiplication, and gene modification.

A new era of stem cell and developmental biology: from blastoids to synthetic embryos and beyond

Recent discoveries in stem cell and developmental biology have introduced a new era marked by the generation of in vitro models that recapitulate early mammalian development, providing unprecedented opportunities for extensive research in embryogenesis. Here, we present an overview of current techniques that model early mammalian embryogenesis, specifically noting models created from stem cells derived from two significant species: Homo sapiens, for its high relevance, and Mus musculus, a historically common and technically advanced model organism. We aim to provide a holistic understanding of these in vitro models by tracing the historical background of the progress made in stem cell biology and discussing the fundamental underlying principles. At each developmental stage, we present corresponding in vitro models that recapitulate the in vivo embryo and further discuss how these models may be used to model diseases. Through a discussion of these models as well as their potential applications and future challenges, we hope to demonstrate how these innovative advances in stem cell research may be further developed to actualize a model to be used in clinical practice.

Trophoblast Cell Function in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a complex thrombo-inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Women with APS are at high risk of recurrent early pregnancy loss as well as late obstetrical complications-premature birth due to placental insufficiency or severe preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence implies that vascular thrombosis is not the only pathogenic mechanism in obstetric APS, and that the direct negative effect of aPL on the placental cells, trophoblast, plays a major role. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the potential mechanisms involved in aPL-induced trophoblast dysfunction. Introduction on the APS and aPL is followed by an overview of the effects of aPL on trophoblast-survival, cell function and aPL internalization. Finally, the implication of several non-coding RNAs in pathogenesis of obstetric APS is discussed, with special emphasis of their possible role in trophoblast dysfunction and the associated mechanisms.

Derivation of Arbas Cashmere Goat Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in LCDM with Trophectoderm Lineage Differentiation and Interspecies Chimeric Abilities

The Arbas cashmere goat is a unique biological resource that plays a vital role in livestock husbandry in China. LCDM is a medium with special small molecules (consisting of human LIF, CHIR99021, (S)-(+)-dimethindene maleate, and minocycline hydrochloride) for generation pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) with bidirectional developmental potential in mice, humans, pigs, and bovines. However, there is no report on whether LCDM can support for generation of PSCs with the same ability in Arbas cashmere goats. In this study, we applied LCDM to generate goat induced PSCs (giPSCs) from goat fetal fibroblasts (GFFs) by reprogramming. The derived giPSCs exhibited stem cell morphology, expressing pluripotent markers, and could differentiate into three germ layers. Moreover, the giPSCs differentiated into the trophectoderm lineage by spontaneous and directed differentiation in vitro. The giPSCs contributed to embryonic and extraembryonic tissue in preimplantation blastocysts and postimplantation chimeric embryos. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the giPSCs were very close to goat embryos at the blastocyst stage and giPSCs have similar properties to typical extended PSCs (EPSCs). The establishment of giPSCs with LCDM provides a new way to generate PSCs from domestic animals and lays the foundation for basic and applied research in biology and agriculture.

Effect of lipid oxidation on the channel properties of Cx26 hemichannels: A molecular dynamics study

Intercellular communication plays a crucial role in cancer, as well as other diseases, such as inflammation, tissue degeneration, and neurological disorders. One of the proteins responsible for this, are connexins (Cxs), which come together to form a hemichannel. When two hemichannels of opposite cells interact with each other, they form a gap junction (GJ) channel, connecting the intracellular space of these cells. They allow the passage of ions, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and signaling molecules from the interior of one cell to another cell, thus playing an essential role in cell growth, differentiation, and homeostasis. The importance of GJs for disease induction and therapy development is becoming more appreciated, especially in the context of oncology. Studies have shown that one of the mechanisms to control the formation and disruption of GJs is mediated by lipid oxidation pathways, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate how lipid oxidation influences the channel properties of Cx26 hemichannels, such as channel gating and permeability. Our results demonstrate that the Cx26 hemichannel is more compact in the presence of oxidized lipids, decreasing its pore diameter at the extracellular side and increasing it at the amino terminus domains, respectively. The permeability of the Cx26 hemichannel for water and RONS molecules is higher in the presence of oxidized lipids. The latter may facilitate the intracellular accumulation of RONS, possibly increasing oxidative stress in cells. A better understanding of this process will help to enhance the efficacy of oxidative stress-based cancer treatments.

G1 Dynamics at the Crossroads of Pluripotency and Cancer

G1 cell cycle phase dynamics are regulated by intricate networks involving cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors, which control G1 progression and ensure proper cell cycle transitions. Moreover, adequate origin licensing in G1 phase, the first committed step of DNA replication in the subsequent S phase, is essential to maintain genome integrity. In this review, we highlight the intriguing parallels and disparities in G1 dynamics between stem cells and cancer cells, focusing on their regulatory mechanisms and functional outcomes. Notably, SOX2, OCT4, KLF4, and the pluripotency reprogramming facilitator c-MYC, known for their role in establishing and maintaining stem cell pluripotency, are also aberrantly expressed in certain cancer cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the regulatory role of these pluripotency factors in G1 dynamics in the context of stem cells and cancer cells, which may offer new insights into the interconnections between pluripotency and tumorigenesis.

Chemical reprogramming for cell fate manipulation: Methods, applications, and perspectives

Chemical reprogramming offers an unprecedented opportunity to control somatic cell fate and generate desired cell types including pluripotent stem cells for applications in biomedicine in a precise, flexible, and controllable manner. Recent success in the chemical reprogramming of human somatic cells by activating a regeneration-like program provides an alternative way of producing stem cells for clinical translation. Likewise, chemical manipulation enables the capture of multiple (stem) cell states, ranging from totipotency to the stabilization of somatic fates in vitro. Here, we review progress in using chemical approaches for cell fate manipulation in addition to future opportunities in this promising field.

A comparative study of the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells versus insulin on mandibular dento-alveolar complex collagen formation and beta-catenin expression in experimentally induced type I diabetes

Objective

To assess and compare the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) versus insulin on mandibular dento-alveolar complex collagen formation and beta-catenin (β-catenin) expression in experimentally induced type I diabetes in albino rat.

Design

Twenty-eight male albino rats were equally divided as follows; Group I: was composed of rats which received no drug. The remaining rats were administrated a single streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal injection. After affirmation of diabetes induction, the rats were divided into: Group II: Diabetic rats were given no treatment. Group III: Diabetic rats received a single BM-MSCs intravenous injection (1x106 cells). Group IV: Diabetic rats were given a daily insulin subcutaneous injection (5 IU/kg). After 28 days, mandibles were processed and stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome and anti-β-catenin antibody. A statistical analysis was performed to measure positive area% of Masson's trichrome and β-catenin.

Results

Dento-alveolar complex tissues and cells of Group II showed destructive changes histologically, while Groups III and IV demonstrated improved histological features. Group II presented almost old collagen in all dento-alveolar complex tissues, and nearly negative β-catenin expression. Groups III and IV revealed a newly formed collagen intermingled with very few areas of old collagen, and both groups showed positive β-catenin immunoreactivity. Statistically, Groups III and IV represented the highest mean values of Masson's trichrome area% and β-catenin area%, while Group II reported the lowest mean.

Conclusions

Streptozotocin has a destructive effect on the dento-alveolar complex structure and function. BM-MSCs and insulin show regenerative capacity in STZ-affected periodontal tissues, and statistically, they increase collagen formation and β-catenin expression.

Dissecting peri-implantation development using cultured human embryos and embryo-like assembloids

Studies of cultured embryos have provided insights into human peri-implantation development. However, detailed knowledge of peri-implantation lineage development as well as underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Using 3D-cultured human embryos, herein we report a complete cell atlas of the early post-implantation lineages and decipher cellular composition and gene signatures of the epiblast and hypoblast derivatives. In addition, we develop an embryo-like assembloid (E-assembloid) by assembling naive hESCs and extraembryonic cells. Using human embryos and E-assembloids, we reveal that WNT, BMP and Nodal signaling pathways synergistically, but functionally differently, orchestrate human peri-implantation lineage development. Specially, we dissect mechanisms underlying extraembryonic mesoderm and extraembryonic endoderm specifications. Finally, an improved E-assembloid is developed to recapitulate the epiblast and hypoblast development and tissue architectures in the pre-gastrulation human embryo. Our findings provide insights into human peri-implantation development, and the E-assembloid offers a useful model to disentangle cellular behaviors and signaling interactions that drive human embryogenesis.

Metformin-mediated epigenetic modifications in diabetes and associated conditions: Biological and clinical relevance

An intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Therefore, it is not surprising that the epigenome also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Hyperglycemia can indeed trigger epigenetic modifications, thereby regulating different gene expression patterns. Such epigenetic changes can persist after normalizing serum glucose concentrations, suggesting the presence of a 'metabolic memory' of previous hyperglycemia which may also be epigenetically regulated. Metformin, a derivative of biguanide known to reduce serum glucose concentrations in patients with T2D, appears to exert additional pleiotropic effects that are mediated by multiple epigenetic modifications. Such modifications have been reported in various organs, tissues, and cellular compartments and appear to account for the effects of metformin on glycemic control as well as local and systemic inflammation, oxidant stress, and fibrosis. This review discusses the emerging evidence regarding the reported metformin-mediated epigenetic modifications, particularly on short and long non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone proteins post-translational modifications, their biological and clinical significance, potential therapeutic applications, and future research directions.

Modeling post-implantation stages of human development into early organogenesis with stem-cell-derived peri-gastruloids

In vitro stem cell models that replicate human gastrulation have been generated, but they lack the essential extraembryonic cells needed for embryonic development, morphogenesis, and patterning. Here, we describe a robust and efficient method that prompts human extended pluripotent stem cells to self-organize into embryo-like structures, termed peri-gastruloids, which encompass both embryonic (epiblast) and extraembryonic (hypoblast) tissues. Although peri-gastruloids are not viable due to the exclusion of trophoblasts, they recapitulate critical stages of human peri-gastrulation development, such as forming amniotic and yolk sac cavities, developing bilaminar and trilaminar embryonic discs, specifying primordial germ cells, initiating gastrulation, and undergoing early neurulation and organogenesis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing unveiled transcriptomic similarities between advanced human peri-gastruloids and primary peri-gastrulation cell types found in humans and non-human primates. This peri-gastruloid platform allows for further exploration beyond gastrulation and may potentially aid in the development of human fetal tissues for use in regenerative medicine.

Human and Pig Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Cellular Products to Organogenesis and Beyond

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are important for studying development and hold great promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the potential applications of both human and pig PSCs and provide an overview of the current progress and challenges in this field. In addition to exploring the therapeutic uses of PSC-derived cellular products, we also shed light on their significance in the study of interspecies chimeras, which has led to the creation of transplantable human or humanized pig organs. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of pig PSCs as an ideal cell source for genetic engineering, facilitating the development of genetically modified pigs for pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Despite the achievements that have been made, further investigations and refinement of PSC technologies are necessary to unlock their full potential in regenerative medicine and effectively address critical healthcare challenges.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and autoimmune diseases

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely exist in people's production and life which have great potential to damage human and animal health. Over the past few decades, growing attention has been paid to the impact of EDCs on human health, as well as immune system. So far, researchers have proved that EDCs (such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalate, tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), etc.) affect human immune function and promotes the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Therefore, in order to better understand how EDCs affect ADs, we summarized the current knowledge about the impact of EDCs on ADs, and elaborated the potential mechanism of the impact of EDCs on ADs in this review.

Editorial for the 'Reciprocal Links between RNA Metabolism and DNA Damage' Special Issue: July 2023

Two central parts of molecular biology are the control of genome integrity and genome expression [...].

Human trophoblast stem cell-state acquisition from pluripotent stem cells and somatic cells

For an extended period of time, research on human embryo implantation and early placentation was hindered by ethical limitation and lack of appropriate in vitro models. Recently, an explosion of new research has significantly expanded our knowledge of early human trophoblast development and facilitated the derivation and culture of self-renewing human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs). Multiple approaches have been undertaken in efforts to derive and understand hTSCs, including from blastocysts, early trophoblast tissue, and, more recently, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and somatic cells. In this concise review, we summarize recent advances in derivation of hTSCs, with a focus on derivation from naive and primed hPSCs, as well as via reprogramming of somatic cells into induced hTSCs. Each of these methods harbors distinct advantages and setbacks, which are discussed. Finally, we briefly explore the possibility of the existence of trophectoderm-like hTSCs corresponding to earlier, preimplantation trophoblast cells.

Transcriptomic landscape reveals germline potential of porcine skin-derived multipotent dermal fibroblast progenitors

According to estimations, approximately about 15% of couples worldwide suffer from infertility, in which individuals with azoospermia or oocyte abnormalities cannot be treated with assisted reproductive technology. The skin-derived stem cells (SDSCs) differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) is one of the major breakthroughs in the field of stem cells intervention for infertility treatment in recent years. However, the cellular origin of SDSCs and their dynamic changes in transcription profile during differentiation into PGCLCs in vitro remain largely undissected. Here, the results of single-cell RNA sequencing indicated that porcine SDSCs are mainly derived from multipotent dermal fibroblast progenitors (MDFPs), which are regulated by growth factors (EGF/bFGF). Importantly, porcine SDSCs exhibit pluripotency for differentiating into three germ layers and can effectively differentiate into PGCLCs through complex transcriptional regulation involving histone modification. Moreover, this study also highlights that porcine SDSC-derived PGCLCs specification exhibit conservation with the human primordial germ cells lineage and that its proliferation is mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings provide substantial novel insights into the field of regenerative medicine in which stem cells differentiate into germ cells in vitro, as well as potential therapeutic effects in individuals with azoospermia and/or defective oocytes.

Unlocking the potential of stem cells: Their crucial role in the production of cultivated meat

Cellular agriculture is an emerging research field of agribiotechnology that aims to produce agricultural products using stem cells, without sacrificing animals or cultivating crops. Cultivated meat, as a representative cellular product of cellular agriculture, is being actively researched due to global food insecurity, environmental, and ethical concerns. This review focuses on the application of stem cells, which are the seeds of cellular agriculture, for the production of cultivated meat, with emphasis on deriving and culturing muscle and adipose stem cells for imitating fresh meat. Establishing standards and safety regulations for culturing stem cells is crucial for the market entry of cultured muscle tissue-based biomaterials. Understanding stem cells is a prerequisite for creating reliable cultivated meat and other cellular agricultural biomaterials. The techniques and regulations from the cultivated meat industry could pave the way for new cellular agriculture industries in the future.

Anti-TPO-mediated specific features of the placenta immunohistochemical profile and possible mechanisms for fetal loss

Passive transfer of antithyroid antibodies in mice leads to reproductive disorders. The purpose was to assess the placental tissue of experimental animals under the influence of the circulating thyroperoxidase antibodies. We performed an immunohistochemical examination of murine placentae after a passive transfer of thyroperoxidase antibodies. Placentae of mice that passively transferred IgG from healthy donors were used as control samples. For histological examination, 30 placental samples were selected from mice from the anti-TPO group and 40 placental samples were taken from mice from the IgG group. Immunostaining for VEGFR1, THBS 1, Laminin, CD31, CD34, FGF-β, CD56, CD14, TNF-α, kisspeptin, MCL 1, and Annexin V was performed. There is a significant decrease in the relative area of the expression of VEGFR1 (23.42 ± 0.85 vs. 33.44 ± 0.35, P < 0.01), thrombospondin 1 (31.29 ± 0.83 vs. 34.51 ± 0.75, P < 0.01), CD14 (25.80 ± 0.57 vs. 32.07 ± 0.36, P < .01), CD56 (30.08 ± 0.90 vs. 34.92 ± 0.15, P < 0.01), kisspeptin (25.94 ± 0.47 vs. 31.27 ± 0.57, P < 0.01), MCL 1 (29.24 ± 1.06 vs. 38.57 ± 0.79, P < 0.01) in the labyrinth zone of the placentae of mice from the anti-TPO group compared with control group. A significant increase in the relative expression of laminin and FGF-β was noted in the group of mice to which antibodies to thyroperoxidase were transferred, compared with the control group (36.73 ± 1.38 vs. 29.83 ± 0.94, P < 0.01 and 23.26 ± 0.61 vs. 16.38 ± 1.01, P < 0.01respectively). Our study exposed an imbalance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, decreased representation of placental macrophages and NK cells, abnormal trophoblast invasion processes, and insufficient expression of antiapoptotic factors in the placentae of mice in which anti-TPO antibodies were passively transferred.

Derivation and characteristics of induced pluripotent stem cells from a patient with acute myelitis

The emergence and development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides an approach to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cell pluripotency and demonstrates the great potential of iPSCs in disease modeling. Acute myelitis defines a group of inflammatory diseases that cause acute nerve damage in the spinal cord; however, its pathophysiology remains to be elusive. In this study, we derived skin fibroblasts from a patient with acute myelitis (P-HAF) and then reprogrammed P-HAF cells to iPSCs using eight exogenous factors (namely, OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, KLF4, NANOG, LIN28, RARG, and LRH1). We performed transcriptomic analysis of the P-HAF and compared the biological characteristics of the iPSCs derived from the patient (P-iPSCs) with those derived from normal individuals in terms of pluripotency, transcriptomic characteristics, and differentiation ability toward the ectoderm. Compared to the control iPSCs, the P-iPSCs displayed similar features of pluripotency and comparable capability of ectoderm differentiation in the specified culture. However, when tested in the common medium, the P-iPSCs showed attenuated potential for ectoderm differentiation. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that pathways enriched in P-iPSCs included those involved in Wnt signaling. To this end, we treated iPSCs and P-iPSCs with the Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor IWR1 during the differentiation process and found that the expression of the ectoderm marker Sox1 was increased significantly in P-iPSCs. This study provides a novel approach to investigating the pathogenesis of acute myelitis.

Pluripotency-Associated microRNAs in Early Vertebrate Embryos and Stem Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, regulate a wide range of critical biological processes, such as proliferation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis, in many cell types. The regulatory functions of miRNAs in embryogenesis and stem cell properties have been extensively investigated since the early years of miRNA discovery. In this review, we will compare and discuss the impact of stem-cell-specific miRNA clusters on the maintenance and regulation of early embryonic development, pluripotency, and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, particularly in vertebrates.

Single-cell analysis reveals transcriptomic and epigenomic impacts on the maternal-fetal interface following SARS-CoV-2 infection

During pregnancy the maternal-fetal interface plays vital roles in fetal development. Its disruption is frequently found in pregnancy complications. Recent studies show increased incidences of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with COVID-19; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here we analysed the molecular impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the maternal-fetal interface. Generating bulk and single-nucleus transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles from patients with COVID-19 and control samples, we discovered aberrant immune activation and angiogenesis patterns in distinct cells from patients. Surprisingly, retrotransposons were also dysregulated in specific cell types. Notably, reduced enhancer activities of LTR8B elements were functionally linked to the downregulation of pregnancy-specific glycoprotein genes in syncytiotrophoblasts. Our findings revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced substantial changes to the epigenome and transcriptome at the maternal-fetal interface, which may be associated with pregnancy complications.

Underlying mechanisms and clinical potential of circRNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of glioma and is difficult to diagnose, leading to high mortality rates. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with a covalently closed loop structure. CircRNAs are involved in various pathological processes and have been revealed to be important regulators of GBM pathogenesis. CircRNAs exert their biological effects by 4 different mechanisms: serving as sponges of microRNAs (miRNAs), serving as sponges of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), modulating parental gene transcription, and encoding functional proteins. Among the 4 mechanisms, sponging miRNAs is predominant. Their good stability, broad distribution and high specificity make circRNAs promising biomarkers for GBM diagnosis. In this paper, we summarized the current understanding of the characteristics and action mechanisms of circRNAs, illustrated the underlying regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in GBM progression and explored the possible diagnostic role of circRNAs in GBM.

Gene editing with 'pencil' rather than 'scissors' in human pluripotent stem cells

Owing to the advances in genome editing technologies, research on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have recently undergone breakthroughs that enable precise alteration of desired nucleotide bases in hPSCs for the creation of isogenic disease models or for autologous ex vivo cell therapy. As pathogenic variants largely consist of point mutations, precise substitution of mutated bases in hPSCs allows researchers study disease mechanisms with "disease-in-a-dish" and provide functionally repaired cells to patients for cell therapy. To this end, in addition to utilizing the conventional homologous directed repair system in the knock-in strategy based on endonuclease activity of Cas9 (i.e., 'scissors' like gene editing), diverse toolkits for editing the desirable bases (i.e., 'pencils' like gene editing) that avoid the accidental insertion and deletion (indel) mutations as well as large harmful deletions have been developed. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in genome editing methodologies and employment of hPSCs for future translational applications.

Derivation of trophoblast stem cells from human expanded potential stem cells

Human trophoblast development study has long been limited by the lack of suitable materials. Here we present a detailed protocol for the differentiation of human expanded potential stem cells (hEPSCs) into human trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and for the subsequent establishment of TSC lines. The hEPSC-derived TSC lines can be continuously passaged and are functional in further differentiation into syncytiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts. The hEPSC-TSC system offers a valuable cell source for studying human trophoblast development in pregnancy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gao et al. (2019)¹ and Ruan et al. (2022).².

Influence of Estrus on Dairy Cow Milk Exosomal miRNAs and Their Role in Hormone Secretion by Granulosa Cells

Estrus is crucial for cow fertility in modern dairy farms, but almost 50% of cows do not show the behavioral signs of estrus due to silent estrus and lack of suitable and high-accuracy methods to detect estrus. MiRNA and exosomes play essential roles in reproductive function and may be developed as novel biomarkers in estrus detection. Thus, we analyzed the miRNA expression patterns in milk exosomes during estrus and the effect of milk exosomes on hormone secretion in cultured bovine granulosa cells in vitro. We found that the number of exosomes and the exosome protein concentration in estrous cow milk were significantly lower than in non-estrous cow milk. Moreover, 133 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs were identified in estrous cow milk vs. non-estrous cow milk. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that exosomal miRNAs were involved in reproduction and hormone-synthesis-related pathways, such as cholesterol metabolism, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, Wnt signaling pathway and GnRH signaling pathway. Consistent with the enrichment signaling pathways, exosomes derived from estrous and non-estrous cow milk both could promote the secretion of estradiol and progesterone in cultured bovine granulosa cells. Furthermore, genes related to hormonal synthesis (CYP19A1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 and RUNX2) were up-regulated after exosome treatment, while exosomes inhibited the expression of StAR. Moreover, estrous and non-estrous cow-milk-derived exosomes both could increase the expression of bcl2 and decrease the expression of p53, and did not influence the expression of caspase-3. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate exosomal miRNA expression patterns during dairy cow estrus and the role of exosomes in hormone secretion by bovine granulosa cells. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigating milk-derived exosomes and exosomal miRNA effects on ovary function and reproduction. Moreover, bovine milk exosomes may have effects on the ovaries of human consumers of pasteurized cow milk. These differential miRNAs might provide candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of dairy cow estrus and will assist in developing new therapeutic targets for cow infertility.