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Liu ML, Liu C, Wu J, Li B, Zhou ZG, Dai PS, Yu J, Chang XR. Low-frequency fluctuation amplitude analysis of resting-state fMRI for functional brain response differences between acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli (ST 36) in patient with functional dyspepsia. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-017-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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152
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Vandervert L. The Origin of Mathematics and Number Sense in the Cerebellum: with Implications for Finger Counting and Dyscalculia. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:12. [PMID: 28748095 PMCID: PMC5520362 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Mathematicians and scientists have struggled to adequately describe the ultimate foundations of mathematics. Nobel laureates Albert Einstein and Eugene Wigner were perplexed by this issue, with Wigner concluding that the workability of mathematics in the real world is a mystery we cannot explain. In response to this classic enigma, the major purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical model of the ultimate origin of mathematics and “number sense” (as defined by S. Dehaene) that is proposed to involve the learning of inverse dynamics models through the collaboration of the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex (but prominently cerebellum-driven). This model is based upon (1) the modern definition of mathematics as the “science of patterns,” (2) cerebellar sequence (pattern) detection, and (3) findings that the manipulation of numbers is automated in the cerebellum. This cerebro-cerebellar approach does not necessarily conflict with mathematics or number sense models that focus on brain functions associated with especially the intraparietal sulcus region of the cerebral cortex. A direct corollary purpose of this article is to offer a cerebellar inner speech explanation for difficulty in developing “number sense” in developmental dyscalculia. Results It is argued that during infancy the cerebellum learns (1) a first tier of internal models for a primitive physics that constitutes the foundations of visual-spatial working memory, and (2) a second (and more abstract) tier of internal models based on (1) that learns “number” and relationships among dimensions across the primitive physics of the first tier. Within this context it is further argued that difficulty in the early development of the second tier of abstraction (and “number sense”) is based on the more demanding attentional requirements imposed on cerebellar inner speech executive control during the learning of cerebellar inverse dynamics models. Finally, it is argued that finger counting improves (does not originate) “number sense” by extending focus of attention in executive control of silent cerebellar inner speech. Discussion It is suggested that (1) the origin of mathematics has historically been an enigma only because it is learned below the level of conscious awareness in cerebellar internal models, (2) understandings of the development of “number sense” and developmental dyscalculia can be advanced by first understanding the ultimate foundations of number and mathematics do not simply originate in the cerebral cortex, but rather in cerebro-cerebellar collaboration (predominately driven by the cerebellum). Conclusion It is concluded that difficulty with “number sense” results from the extended demands on executive control in learning inverse dynamics models associated with cerebellar inner speech related to the second tier of abstraction (numbers) of the infant’s primitive physics.
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153
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Abnormal functional connectivity strength in patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia: a resting-state fMRI study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:839-845. [PMID: 28185094 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional abnormalities were reported in the brain of patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS). However, evidence of abnormal functional connectivity of the brain in AOS patients is limited. Thus, we analyzed the resting-state functional magnetic resonance scans of 48 drug-naive AOS patients and 31 healthy controls to determine their functional connectivity strength (FCS) and examined if FCS abnormalities were correlated with clinical characteristics. Compared with healthy controls, AOS patients showed significantly increased FCS in the left cerebellum VI and right inferior frontal gyrus/insula. A positive correlation was observed between FCS values in the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula and general psychopathology scores of positive and negative syndrome scale. Results suggest that functional connectivity pattern is disrupted in drug-naive AOS patients. The FCS values in this abnormal region have potential for evaluating the disease severity.
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154
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Iannilli E, Broy F, Kunz S, Hummel T. Age-related changes of gustatory function depend on alteration of neuronal circuits. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1927-1936. [PMID: 28493338 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies on age-related gustatory function report a reduction of the taste function, but the degeneration of the peripheral papillae alone cannot explain this reduction. In the present study, we apply psychophysics and gustatory event-related potentials (gERPs) to explore age-related differences in the processing of gustatory information as indicated by the cerebral sources of the gERP. A total of 96 subjects (47 female), subdivided into four groups with increasing age, participated in the study. After olfactory and gustatory screening for normal function, the subjects were invited to two sessions of gERP acquisition. They received a randomized combination of five isointense basic tastants that were presented at a medium level. At the same time, we recorded scalp electroencephalography (EEG) from 128 scalp locations. Psychophysical testing for smell and taste function exhibited a significant decrease with age. Topographical analyses of the EEG delineated four basic topographical maps that explained the processing of taste in the pre-decline age range, with sources inside the relevant gustatory areas. The age-related change of gustatory processing was associated with the absence of a specific map with sources inside the cerebellum and posterior insula, and the temporal broadening of a map with sources in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus. These results confirm the hypothesis that the reduction of taste function with aging is not only due to degradation of gustatory peripheral tissues but is also related to different neural signatures in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Iannilli
- Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste," Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York
| | - Franziska Broy
- Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste," Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste," Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center "Smell & Taste," Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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155
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Samson M, Claassen DO. Neurodegeneration and the Cerebellum. NEURODEGENER DIS 2017; 17:155-165. [DOI: 10.1159/000460818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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156
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Della-Maggiore V, Villalta JI, Kovacevic N, McIntosh AR. Functional Evidence for Memory Stabilization in Sensorimotor Adaptation: A 24-h Resting-State fMRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1748-1757. [PMID: 26656723 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation learning is crucial to maintain precise motor control in face of environmental perturbations. Although much progress has been made in understanding the psychophysics and neurophysiology of sensorimotor adaptation (SA), the time course of memory consolidation remains elusive. The lack of a reproducible gradient of memory resistance using protocols of retrograde interference has even led to the proposal that memories produced through SA do not consolidate. Here, we pursued an alternative approach using resting-state fMRI to track changes in functional connectivity (FC) induced by learning. Given that consolidation leads to long-term memory, we hypothesized that a change in FC that predicted long-term memory but not short-term memory would provide indirect evidence for memory stabilization. Six scans were acquired before, 15 min, 1, 3, 5.5, and 24 h after training on a center-out task under veridical or distorted visual feedback. The experimental group showed an increment in FC of a network including motor, premotor, posterior parietal cortex, cerebellum, and putamen that peaked at 5.5 h. Crucially, the strengthening of this network correlated positively with long-term retention but negatively with short-term retention. Our work provides evidence, suggesting that adaptation memories stabilize within a 6-h window, and points to different mechanisms subserving short- and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Della-Maggiore
- IFIBIO Houssay, Systems Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge I Villalta
- IFIBIO Houssay, Systems Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natasa Kovacevic
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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157
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Sokolov AA, Miall RC, Ivry RB. The Cerebellum: Adaptive Prediction for Movement and Cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:313-332. [PMID: 28385461 PMCID: PMC5477675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, cumulative evidence has indicated that cerebellar function extends beyond sensorimotor control. This view has emerged from studies of neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and brain stimulation, with the results implicating the cerebellum in domains as diverse as attention, language, executive function, and social cognition. Although the literature provides sophisticated models of how the cerebellum helps refine movements, it remains unclear how the core mechanisms of these models can be applied when considering a broader conceptualization of cerebellar function. In light of recent multidisciplinary findings, we examine how two key concepts that have been suggested as general computational principles of cerebellar function- prediction and error-based learning- might be relevant in the operation of cognitive cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseny A Sokolov
- Service de Neurologie, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - R Chris Miall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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158
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Tremblay P, Sato M, Deschamps I. Age differences in the motor control of speech: An fMRI study of healthy aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2751-2771. [PMID: 28263012 PMCID: PMC6866863 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a decline in cognitive, executive, and motor processes that are concomitant with changes in brain activation patterns, particularly at high complexity levels. While speech production relies on all these processes, and is known to decline with age, the mechanisms that underlie these changes remain poorly understood, despite the importance of communication on everyday life. In this cross-sectional group study, we investigated age differences in the neuromotor control of speech production by combining behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Twenty-seven healthy adults underwent fMRI while performing a speech production task consisting in the articulation of nonwords of different sequential and motor complexity. Results demonstrate strong age differences in movement time (MT), with longer and more variable MT in older adults. The fMRI results revealed extensive age differences in the relationship between BOLD signal and MT, within and outside the sensorimotor system. Moreover, age differences were also found in relation to sequential complexity within the motor and attentional systems, reflecting both compensatory and de-differentiation mechanisms. At very high complexity level (high motor complexity and high sequence complexity), age differences were found in both MT data and BOLD response, which increased in several sensorimotor and executive control areas. Together, these results suggest that aging of motor and executive control mechanisms may contribute to age differences in speech production. These findings highlight the importance of studying functionally relevant behavior such as speech to understand the mechanisms of human brain aging. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2751-2771, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tremblay
- Université Laval, Departement de ReadaptationFaculté de MedecineQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Sante Mentale de QuébecQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Marc Sato
- Laboratoire Parole & LangageUniversité Aix‐Marseille, CNRSAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Isabelle Deschamps
- Université Laval, Departement de ReadaptationFaculté de MedecineQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Sante Mentale de QuébecQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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159
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Greater cerebellar gray matter volume in car drivers: an exploratory voxel-based morphometry study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46526. [PMID: 28417971 PMCID: PMC5394485 DOI: 10.1038/srep46526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous functional neuroimaging studies have identified multiple brain areas associated with distinct aspects of car driving in simulated traffic environments. Few studies, however, have examined brain morphology associated with everyday car-driving experience in real traffic. Thus, the aim of the current study was to identify gray matter volume differences between drivers and non-drivers. We collected T1-weighted structural brain images from 73 healthy young adults (36 drivers and 37 non-drivers). We performed a whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analysis to examine between-group differences in regional gray matter volume. Compared with non-drivers, drivers showed significantly greater gray matter volume in the left cerebellar hemisphere, which has been associated with cognitive rather than motor functioning. In contrast, we found no brain areas with significantly greater gray matter volume in non-drivers compared with drivers. Our findings indicate that experience with everyday car driving in real traffic is associated with greater gray matter volume in the left cerebellar hemisphere. This brain area may be involved in abilities that are critical for driving a car, but are not commonly or frequently used during other daily activities.
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160
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Morita T, Saito DN, Ban M, Shimada K, Okamoto Y, Kosaka H, Okazawa H, Asada M, Naito E. Self-face recognition shares brain regions active during proprioceptive illusion in the right inferior fronto-parietal superior longitudinal fasciculus III network. Neuroscience 2017; 348:288-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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161
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McLachlan NM, Wilson SJ. The Contribution of Brainstem and Cerebellar Pathways to Auditory Recognition. Front Psychol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28373850 PMCID: PMC5357638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been known to play an important role in motor functions for many years. More recently its role has been expanded to include a range of cognitive and sensory-motor processes, and substantial neuroimaging and clinical evidence now points to cerebellar involvement in most auditory processing tasks. In particular, an increase in the size of the cerebellum over recent human evolution has been attributed in part to the development of speech. Despite this, the auditory cognition literature has largely overlooked afferent auditory connections to the cerebellum that have been implicated in acoustically conditioned reflexes in animals, and could subserve speech and other auditory processing in humans. This review expands our understanding of auditory processing by incorporating cerebellar pathways into the anatomy and functions of the human auditory system. We reason that plasticity in the cerebellar pathways underpins implicit learning of spectrotemporal information necessary for sound and speech recognition. Once learnt, this information automatically recognizes incoming auditory signals and predicts likely subsequent information based on previous experience. Since sound recognition processes involving the brainstem and cerebellum initiate early in auditory processing, learnt information stored in cerebellar memory templates could then support a range of auditory processing functions such as streaming, habituation, the integration of auditory feature information such as pitch, and the recognition of vocal communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. McLachlan
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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162
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Longitudinal Changes in Cerebellar and Thalamic Spontaneous Neuronal Activity After Wide-Awake Surgery of Brain Tumors: a Resting-State fMRI Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:451-65. [PMID: 26231514 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypometabolism has been observed in the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere after various supratentorial cortical lesions. It is unknown whether the consequences of the dee- and deafferentation subsequent to wide-awake surgery for brain diffuse low-grade glioma can be assessed within remote and unresected subcortical structures such as the cerebellum or thalamus. To answer this question, we have conducted several regional analyses. More specifically, we have performed amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (neuronal activity magnitude) and regional homogeneity (local temporal correlations) analyses on resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and at different time points, before and after surgery. Our main results demonstrated that it is possible to evaluate subtle subcortical changes using these tools dedicated to the analysis of rs-fMRI data. The observed variations of spontaneous neuronal activity were particularly significant within the cerebellum which showed altered regional homogeneity and neuronal activity intensity in very different, specialized and non-overlapping subregions, in accordance to its neuro-anatomo-functional topography. These variations were moreover observed in the immediate postoperative period and recovered after 3 months.
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163
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Alahmadi AAS, Pardini M, Samson RS, Friston KJ, Toosy AT, D'Angelo E, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force-related-BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2566-2579. [PMID: 28240422 PMCID: PMC5413835 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum-optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non-linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non-linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD-force relationship that is region-dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566-2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pardini
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca S Samson
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Centre, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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164
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Cerebellar-M1 Connectivity Changes Associated with Motor Learning Are Somatotopic Specific. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2377-2386. [PMID: 28137969 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2511-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of the cerebellum in motor learning is to predict and account for systematic changes to the body or environment. This form of adaptive learning is mediated by plastic changes occurring within the cerebellar cortex. The strength of cerebellar-to-cerebral pathways for a given muscle may reflect aspects of cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation. These connections with motor cortex (M1) can be estimated as cerebellar inhibition (CBI): a conditioning pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the cerebellum before a test pulse over motor cortex. Previously, we have demonstrated that changes in CBI for a given muscle representation correlate with learning a motor adaptation task with the involved limb. However, the specificity of these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated whether CBI changes in humans are somatotopy specific and how they relate to motor adaptation. We found that learning a visuomotor rotation task with the right hand changed CBI, not only for the involved first dorsal interosseous of the right hand, but also for an uninvolved right leg muscle, the tibialis anterior, likely related to inter-effector transfer of learning. In two follow-up experiments, we investigated whether the preparation of a simple hand or leg movement would produce a somatotopy-specific modulation of CBI. We found that CBI changes only for the effector involved in the movement. These results indicate that learning-related changes in cerebellar-M1 connectivity reflect a somatotopy-specific interaction. Modulation of this pathway is also present in the context of interlimb transfer of learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex is a critical pathway for the integrity of everyday movements and understanding the somatotopic specificity of this pathway in the context of motor learning is critical to advancing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. We found that adaptive learning with the hand affects cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, not only for the trained hand, but also for an untrained leg muscle, an effect likely related to intereffector transfer of learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to measure cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity during movement preparation. With this technique, we show that, outside the context of learning, modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity is somatotopically specific to the effector being moved.
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165
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Kuo SH, Lin CY, Wang J, Sims PA, Pan MK, Liou JY, Lee D, Tate WJ, Kelly GC, Louis ED, Faust PL. Climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic pathology in tremor and cerebellar degenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:121-138. [PMID: 27704282 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Changes in climbing fiber-Purkinje cell (CF-PC) synaptic connections have been found in the essential tremor (ET) cerebellum, and these changes are correlated with tremor severity. Whether these postmortem changes are specific to ET remains to be investigated. We assessed CF-PC synaptic pathology in the postmortem cerebellum across a range of degenerative movement disorders [10 Parkinson's disease (PD) cases, 10 multiple system atrophy (MSA) cases, 10 spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) cases, and 20 ET cases] and 25 controls. We observed differences in terms of CF pathological features across these disorders. Specifically, PD cases and ET cases both had more CFs extending into the parallel fiber (PF) territory, but ET cases had more complex branching and increased length of CFs in the PF territory along with decreased CF synaptic density compared to PD cases. MSA cases and SCA1 cases had the most severely reduced CF synaptic density and a marked paucity of CFs extending into the PF territory. Furthermore, CFs in a subset of MSA cases formed collateral branches parallel to the PC layer, a feature not seen in other diagnostic groups. Using unsupervised cluster analysis, the cases and controls could all be categorized into four clusters based on the CF pathology and features of PC pathology, including counts of PCs and their axonal torpedoes. ET cases and PD cases co-segregated into two clusters, whereas SCA1 cases and MSA cases formed another cluster, separate from the control cluster. Interestingly, the presence of resting tremor seemed to be the clinical feature that separated the cases into the two ET-PD clusters. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that these degenerative movement disorders seem to differ with respect to the pattern of CF synaptic pathology they exhibit. It remains to be determined how these differences contribute to the clinical presentations of these diseases.
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166
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Morrison MA, Tam F, Garavaglia MM, Hare GMT, Cusimano MD, Schweizer TA, Das S, Graham SJ. Sources of Variation Influencing Concordance between Functional MRI and Direct Cortical Stimulation in Brain Tumor Surgery. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:461. [PMID: 27803645 PMCID: PMC5067437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Object: Preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) remains a promising method to aid in the surgical management of patients diagnosed with brain tumors. For patients that are candidates for awake craniotomies, surgical decisions can potentially be improved by fMRI but this depends on the level of concordance between preoperative brain maps and the maps provided by the gold standard intraoperative method, direct cortical stimulation (DCS). There have been numerous studies of the concordance between fMRI and DCS using sensitivity and specificity measures, however the results are variable across studies and the key factors influencing variability are not well understood. Thus, the present work addresses the influence of technical factors on fMRI and DCS concordance. Methods: Motor and language mapping data were collected for a group of glioma patients (n = 14) who underwent both preoperative fMRI and intraoperative DCS in an awake craniotomy procedure for tumor removal. Normative fMRI data were also acquired in a healthy control group (n = 12). The fMRI and DCS mapping data were co-registered; true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) occurrences were tabulated over the exposed brain surface. Sensitivity and specificity were measured for the total group, and for the motor and language sub-groups. The influence of grid placement, fMRI statistical thresholding, and task standardization were assessed. Correlations between proportions of agreement and error were also carefully scrutinized to evaluate concordance in more detail. Results: Concordance was significantly better for motor vs. language mapping. There was an inverse relationship between TP and TN with increasing statistical threshold, and FP dominated the total error. Sensitivity and specificity were reduced when tasks were not standardized across fMRI and DCS. Conclusions: Although the agreement between fMRI and DCS is good, variability is introduced by technical factors that can diminish the quality of patient data. Neurosurgeons should evaluate the usefulness of fMRI data while considering that (a) discordance arises primarily from FP fMRI results; (b) there is an inherent trade-off between sensitivity and specificity with fMRI statistical threshold; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Morrison
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Tam
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco M. Garavaglia
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia, Toronto Western HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M. T. Hare
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesia, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D. Cusimano
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A. Schweizer
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sunit Das
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J. Graham
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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167
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Stoodley CJ, MacMore JP, Makris N, Sherman JC, Schmahmann JD. Location of lesion determines motor vs. cognitive consequences in patients with cerebellar stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:765-775. [PMID: 27812503 PMCID: PMC5079414 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar lesions can cause motor deficits and/or the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS; Schmahmann's syndrome). We used voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to test the hypothesis that the cerebellar motor syndrome results from anterior lobe damage whereas lesions in the posterolateral cerebellum produce the CCAS. Eighteen patients with isolated cerebellar stroke (13 males, 5 females; 20-66 years old) were evaluated using measures of ataxia and neurocognitive ability. Patients showed a wide range of motor and cognitive performance, from normal to severely impaired; individual deficits varied according to lesion location within the cerebellum. Patients with damage to cerebellar lobules III-VI had worse ataxia scores: as predicted, the cerebellar motor syndrome resulted from lesions involving the anterior cerebellum. Poorer performance on fine motor tasks was associated primarily with strokes affecting the anterior lobe extending into lobule VI, with right-handed finger tapping and peg-placement associated with damage to the right cerebellum, and left-handed finger tapping associated with left cerebellar damage. Patients with the CCAS in the absence of cerebellar motor syndrome had damage to posterior lobe regions, with lesions leading to significantly poorer scores on language (e.g. right Crus I and II extending through IX), spatial (bilateral Crus I, Crus II, and right lobule VIII), and executive function measures (lobules VII-VIII). These data reveal clinically significant functional regions underpinning movement and cognition in the cerebellum, with a broad anterior-posterior distinction. Motor and cognitive outcomes following cerebellar damage appear to reflect the disruption of different cerebro-cerebellar motor and cognitive loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason P. MacMore
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Janet C. Sherman
- Psychology Assessment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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168
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Abstract
Pain-related adaptations in movement require a network architecture that allows for integration across pain and motor circuits. Previous studies addressing this issue have focused on cortical areas such as the midcingulate cortex. Here, we focus on pain and motor processing in the human cerebellum. The goal of this study was to identify areas of activation in the cerebellum, which are common to pain and motor processing, and to determine whether the activation is limited to the superior and inferior cerebellar motor maps or extends into multimodal areas of the posterior cerebellum. Our observations identified overlapping activity in left and right lobules VI and VIIb during pain and motor processing. Activation in these multimodal regions persisted when pain and motor processes were combined within the same trial, and activation in contralateral left lobule VIIb persisted when stimulation was controlled for. Functional connectivity analyses revealed significant correlations in the BOLD time series between multimodal cerebellar regions and sensorimotor regions in the cerebrum including anterior midcingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and thalamus. The current findings are the first to show multimodal processing in lobules VI and VIIb for motor control and pain processing and suggest that the posterior cerebellum may be important in understanding pain-related adaptations in motor control.
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169
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Stoodley CJ, Limperopoulos C. Structure-function relationships in the developing cerebellum: Evidence from early-life cerebellar injury and neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 21:356-64. [PMID: 27184461 PMCID: PMC5282860 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing appreciation of the role of the cerebellum in motor and non-motor functions is crucial to understanding the outcomes of acquired cerebellar injury and developmental lesions in high-risk fetal and neonatal populations, children with cerebellar damage (e.g. posterior fossa tumors), and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). We review available data regarding the relationship between the topography of cerebellar injury or abnormality and functional outcomes. We report emerging structure-function relationships with specific symptoms: cerebellar regions that interconnect with sensorimotor cortices are associated with motor impairments when damaged; disruption to posterolateral cerebellar regions that form circuits with association cortices impact long-term cognitive outcomes; and midline posterior vermal damage is associated with behavioral dysregulation and an autism-like phenotype. We also explore the impact of age and the potential role for critical periods on cerebellar structure and child function. These findings suggest that the cerebellum plays a critical role in motor, cognitive, and social-behavioral development, possibly via modulatory effects on the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC, USA.
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170
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Gallea C, Popa T, García-Lorenzo D, Valabregue R, Legrand AP, Apartis E, Marais L, Degos B, Hubsch C, Fernández-Vidal S, Bardinet E, Roze E, Lehéricy S, Meunier S, Vidailhet M. Orthostatic tremor: a cerebellar pathology? Brain 2016; 139:2182-97. [PMID: 27329770 PMCID: PMC4958903 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SEE MUTHURAMAN ET AL DOI101093/AWW164 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE: Primary orthostatic tremor is characterized by high frequency tremor affecting the legs and trunk during the standing position. Cerebellar defects were suggested in orthostatic tremor without direct evidence. We aimed to characterize the anatomo-functional defects of the cerebellar motor pathways in orthostatic tremor. We used multimodal neuroimaging to compare 17 patients with orthostatic tremor and 17 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Nine of the patients with orthostatic tremor underwent repetitive transcranial stimulation applied over the cerebellum during five consecutive days. We quantified the duration of standing position and tremor severity through electromyographic recordings. Compared to healthy volunteers, grey matter volume in patients with orthostatic tremor was (i) increased in the cerebellar vermis and correlated positively with the duration of the standing position; and (ii) increased in the supplementary motor area and decreased in the lateral cerebellum, which both correlated with the disease duration. Functional connectivity between the lateral cerebellum and the supplementary motor area was abnormally increased in patients with orthostatic tremor, and correlated positively with tremor severity. After repetitive transcranial stimulation, tremor severity and functional connectivity between the lateral cerebellum and the supplementary motor area were reduced. We provide an explanation for orthostatic tremor pathophysiology, and demonstrate the functional relevance of cerebello-thalamo-cortical connections in tremor related to cerebellar defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gallea
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neuroradiologie, Paris, France
| | - Traian Popa
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France
| | - Daniel García-Lorenzo
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neuroradiologie, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neuroradiologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Apartis
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 7 AP-HP, Hôpital de Saint-Antoine, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Lea Marais
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neuroradiologie, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 8 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Hubsch
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 8 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernández-Vidal
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 8 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- 1 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neuroradiologie, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Meunier
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France 3 CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France 4 Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France 8 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
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171
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Bodranghien F, Bastian A, Casali C, Hallett M, Louis ED, Manto M, Mariën P, Nowak DA, Schmahmann JD, Serrao M, Steiner KM, Strupp M, Tilikete C, Timmann D, van Dun K. Consensus Paper: Revisiting the Symptoms and Signs of Cerebellar Syndrome. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:369-91. [PMID: 26105056 PMCID: PMC5565264 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in sensorimotor operations, cognitive tasks and affective processes. Here, we revisit the concept of the cerebellar syndrome in the light of recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar operations. The key symptoms and signs of cerebellar dysfunction, often grouped under the generic term of ataxia, are discussed. Vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance are associated with lesions of the vestibulo-cerebellar, vestibulo-spinal, or cerebellar ocular motor systems. The cerebellum plays a major role in the online to long-term control of eye movements (control of calibration, reduction of eye instability, maintenance of ocular alignment). Ocular instability, nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, impaired smooth pursuit, impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and ocular misalignment are at the core of oculomotor cerebellar deficits. As a motor speech disorder, ataxic dysarthria is highly suggestive of cerebellar pathology. Regarding motor control of limbs, hypotonia, a- or dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, grasping deficits and various tremor phenomenologies are observed in cerebellar disorders to varying degrees. There is clear evidence that the cerebellum participates in force perception and proprioceptive sense during active movements. Gait is staggering with a wide base, and tandem gait is very often impaired in cerebellar disorders. In terms of cognitive and affective operations, impairments are found in executive functions, visual-spatial processing, linguistic function, and affective regulation (Schmahmann's syndrome). Nonmotor linguistic deficits including disruption of articulatory and graphomotor planning, language dynamics, verbal fluency, phonological, and semantic word retrieval, expressive and receptive syntax, and various aspects of reading and writing may be impaired after cerebellar damage. The cerebellum is organized into (a) a primary sensorimotor region in the anterior lobe and adjacent part of lobule VI, (b) a second sensorimotor region in lobule VIII, and (c) cognitive and limbic regions located in the posterior lobe (lobule VI, lobule VIIA which includes crus I and crus II, and lobule VIIB). The limbic cerebellum is mainly represented in the posterior vermis. The cortico-ponto-cerebellar and cerebello-thalamo-cortical loops establish close functional connections between the cerebellum and the supratentorial motor, paralimbic and association cortices, and cerebellar symptoms are associated with a disruption of these loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bodranghien
- FNRS ULB-Erasme, Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amy Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Rome Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- FNRS ULB-Erasme, Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Peter Mariën
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dennis A Nowak
- Helios Klinik Kipfenberg, Kindingerstrasse 13, D-85110, Kipfenberg, Germany
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstraße, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioural Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Rome Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Rehabilitation Centre, Movement Analysis LAB, Policlinico Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Katharina Marie Steiner
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Tilikete
- CRNL INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Team ImpAct, Bron, F-69676, France
- Lyon I University, Lyon, F-69373, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-Ophthalmology and Neurology D, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, F-69677, France
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kim van Dun
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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172
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TURKELTAUB PE, SWEARS MK, D’MELLO AM, STOODLEY CJ. Cerebellar tDCS as a novel treatment for aphasia? Evidence from behavioral and resting-state functional connectivity data in healthy adults. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:491-505. [PMID: 27232953 PMCID: PMC5469248 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphasia is an acquired deficit in the ability to communicate through language. Noninvasive neuromodulation offers the potential to boost neural function and recovery, yet the optimal site of neuromodulation for aphasia has yet to be established. The right posterolateral cerebellum is involved in multiple language functions, interconnects with left-hemisphere language cortices, and is crucial for optimization of function and skill acquisition, suggesting that cerebellar neuromodulation could enhance aphasia rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE To provide preliminary behavioral and functional connectivity evidence from healthy participants that cerebellar neuromodulation may be useful for rehabilitation of aphasia. METHODS In Experiment 1, 76 healthy adults performed articulation and verbal fluency tasks before and after anodal, cathodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied over two cerebellar locations (anterior, right posterolateral). In Experiment 2, we examined whether anodal tDCS over the right posterolateral cerebellum modulated resting-state functional connectivity in language networks in 27 healthy adults. RESULTS TDCS over the right posterolateral cerebellum significantly improved phonemic fluency. Cerebellar neuromodulation increased functional connectivity between the cerebellum and areas involved in the motor control of speech, and enhanced the correlations between left-hemisphere language and speech-motor regions. CONCLUSION We provide proof-of-principle evidence that cerebellar neuromodulation improves verbal fluency and impacts resting-state connectivity in language circuits. These findings suggest that the cerebellum is a viable candidate for neuromodulation in people with aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. TURKELTAUB
- Dept of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
- Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Anila M. D’MELLO
- Dept of Psychology, American University, Washington D.C
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington D.C
| | - Catherine J. STOODLEY
- Dept of Psychology, American University, Washington D.C
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington D.C
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173
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Lotze M, Domin M, Kordass B. Symmetry of fMRI activation in the primary sensorimotor cortex during unilateral chewing. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:967-973. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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174
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Cerebellar contributions to neurological soft signs in healthy young adults. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:35-41. [PMID: 25708455 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurological soft signs (NSS) are frequently found in psychiatric disorders of significant neurodevelopmental origin, e.g., in patients with schizophrenia and autism. Yet NSS are also present in healthy individuals suggesting a neurodevelopmental signature of motor function, probably as a continuum between health and disease. So far, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these motor phenomena in healthy persons, and it is even less known whether the cerebellum contributes to NSS expression. Thirty-seven healthy young adults (mean age = 23 years) were studied using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and "resting-state" functional MRI at three Tesla. NSS levels were measured using the "Heidelberg Scale." Cerebellar gray matter volume was investigated using cerebellum-optimized voxel-based analysis methods. Cerebellar function was assessed using regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of local network strength. The relationship between cerebellar structure and function and NSS was analyzed using regression models. There was no significant relationship between cerebellar volume and NSS (p < 0.005, uncorrected for height, p < 0.05 corrected for spatial extent). Positive associations with cerebellar lobule VI activity were found for the "motor coordination" and "hard signs" NSS domains. A negative relationship was found between lobule VI activity and "complex motor task" domain (p < 0.005, uncorrected for height, p < 0.05 corrected for spatial extent). The data indicate that in healthy young adults, distinct NSS domains are related to cerebellar activity, specifically with activity of cerebellar subregions with known cortical somatomotor projections. In contrast, cerebellar volume is not predictive of NSS in healthy persons.
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175
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D'Mello AM, Stoodley CJ. Cerebro-cerebellar circuits in autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:408. [PMID: 26594140 PMCID: PMC4633503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the most consistent sites of abnormality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebellar damage is associated with an increased risk of ASD symptoms, suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction may play a crucial role in the etiology of ASD. The cerebellum forms multiple closed-loop circuits with cerebral cortical regions that underpin movement, language, and social processing. Through these circuits, cerebellar dysfunction could impact the core ASD symptoms of social and communication deficits and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The emerging topography of sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective subregions in the cerebellum provides a new framework for interpreting the significance of regional cerebellar findings in ASD and their relationship to broader cerebro-cerebellar circuits. Further, recent research supports the idea that the integrity of cerebro-cerebellar loops might be important for early cortical development; disruptions in specific cerebro-cerebellar loops in ASD might impede the specialization of cortical regions involved in motor control, language, and social interaction, leading to impairments in these domains. Consistent with this concept, structural, and functional differences in sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum and sensorimotor cerebro-cerebellar circuits are associated with deficits in motor control and increased repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in ASD. Further, communication and social impairments are associated with atypical activation and structure in cerebro-cerebellar loops underpinning language and social cognition. Finally, there is converging evidence from structural, functional, and connectivity neuroimaging studies that cerebellar right Crus I/II abnormalities are related to more severe ASD impairments in all domains. We propose that cerebellar abnormalities may disrupt optimization of both structure and function in specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila M D'Mello
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
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176
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Palesi F, Tournier JD, Calamante F, Muhlert N, Castellazzi G, Chard D, D'Angelo E, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Contralateral cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways with prominent involvement of associative areas in humans in vivo. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:3369-84. [PMID: 25134682 PMCID: PMC4575696 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor functions, it has become clear that in humans the cerebellum plays a significant role in cognition too, through connections with associative areas in the cerebral cortex. Classical anatomy indicates that neo-cerebellar regions are connected with the contralateral cerebral cortex through the dentate nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle, red nucleus and ventrolateral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. The anatomical existence of these connections has been demonstrated using virus retrograde transport techniques in monkeys and rats ex vivo. In this study, using advanced diffusion MRI tractography we show that it is possible to calculate streamlines to reconstruct the pathway connecting the cerebellar cortex with contralateral cerebral cortex in humans in vivo. Corresponding areas of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex encompassed similar proportion (about 80%) of the tract, suggesting that the majority of streamlines passing through the superior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellar hemispheres through the ventrolateral thalamus with contralateral associative areas. This result demonstrates that this kind of tractography is a useful tool to map connections between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex and moreover could be used to support specific theories about the abnormal communication along these pathways in cognitive dysfunctions in pathologies ranging from dyslexia to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Palesi
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Jacques-Donald Tournier
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, 245 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and Northern Health, University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Australia.
| | - Fernando Calamante
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, 245 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and Northern Health, University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Australia.
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Department of Neuroinflammation, NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 2AT, UK.
| | - Gloria Castellazzi
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Declan Chard
- Department of Neuroinflammation, NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7DN, UK.
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Claudia A M Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Neuroinflammation, NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Ben-Soussan TD, Glicksohn J, Berkovich-Ohana A. From Cerebellar Activation and Connectivity to Cognition: A Review of the Quadrato Motor Training. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:954901. [PMID: 26539545 PMCID: PMC4619922 DOI: 10.1155/2015/954901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the cerebellum is increasingly recognized, not only in motor control but also in cognitive learning and function. Nevertheless, the relationship between training-induced cerebellar activation and electrophysiological and structural changes in humans has yet to be established. In the current paper, we suggest a general model tying cerebellar function to cognitive improvement, via neuronal synchronization, as well as biochemical and anatomical changes. We then suggest that sensorimotor training provides an optimal paradigm to test the proposed model and review supporting evidence of Quadrato Motor Training (QMT), a sensorimotor training aimed at increasing attention and coordination. Subsequently, we discuss the possible mechanisms through which QMT may exert its beneficial effects on cognition (e.g., increased creativity, reflectivity, and reading), focusing on cerebellar alpha activity as a possible mediating mechanism allowing cognitive improvement, molecular and anatomical changes. Using the example of QMT research, this paper emphasizes the importance of investigating whole-body sensorimotor training paradigms utilizing a multidisciplinary approach and its implications to healthy brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph Glicksohn
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviva Berkovich-Ohana
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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178
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Mosconi MW, Wang Z, Schmitt LM, Tsai P, Sweeney JA. The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:296. [PMID: 26388713 PMCID: PMC4555040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been repeatedly implicated in gene expression, rodent model and post-mortem studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How cellular and molecular anomalies of the cerebellum relate to clinical manifestations of ASD remains unclear. Separate circuits of the cerebellum control different sensorimotor behaviors, such as maintaining balance, walking, making eye movements, reaching, and grasping. Each of these behaviors has been found to be impaired in ASD, suggesting that multiple distinct circuits of the cerebellum may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients' sensorimotor impairments. We will review evidence that the development of these circuits is disrupted in individuals with ASD and that their study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of sensorimotor deficits and core symptoms of the disorder. Preclinical studies of monogenetic conditions associated with ASD also have identified selective defects of the cerebellum and documented behavioral rescues when the cerebellum is targeted. Based on these findings, we propose that cerebellar circuits may prove to be promising targets for therapeutic development aimed at rescuing sensorimotor and other clinical symptoms of different forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA ; Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter Tsai
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
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179
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Mizelle JC, Oparah A, Wheaton LA. Reliability of Visual and Somatosensory Feedback in Skilled Movement: The Role of the Cerebellum. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:27-41. [PMID: 26306810 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The integration of vision and somatosensation is required to allow for accurate motor behavior. While both sensory systems contribute to an understanding of the state of the body through continuous updating and estimation, how the brain processes unreliable sensory information remains to be fully understood in the context of complex action. Using functional brain imaging, we sought to understand the role of the cerebellum in weighting visual and somatosensory feedback by selectively reducing the reliability of each sense individually during a tool use task. We broadly hypothesized upregulated activation of the sensorimotor and cerebellar areas during movement with reduced visual reliability, and upregulated activation of occipital brain areas during movement with reduced somatosensory reliability. As specifically compared to reduced somatosensory reliability, we expected greater activations of ipsilateral sensorimotor cerebellum for intact visual and somatosensory reliability. Further, we expected that ipsilateral posterior cognitive cerebellum would be affected with reduced visual reliability. We observed that reduced visual reliability results in a trend towards the relative consolidation of sensorimotor activation and an expansion of cerebellar activation. In contrast, reduced somatosensory reliability was characterized by the absence of cerebellar activations and a trend towards the increase of right frontal, left parietofrontal activation, and temporo-occipital areas. Our findings highlight the role of the cerebellum for specific aspects of skillful motor performance. This has relevance to understanding basic aspects of brain functions underlying sensorimotor integration, and provides a greater understanding of cerebellar function in tool use motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mizelle
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
- Cognitive Motor Control Laboratory, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 555 14th St., Atlanta, GA, 30332-0356, USA
| | - Alexis Oparah
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90086, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lewis A Wheaton
- Cognitive Motor Control Laboratory, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 555 14th St., Atlanta, GA, 30332-0356, USA.
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180
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Batson MA, Petridou N, Klomp DWJ, Frens MA, Neggers SFW. Single session imaging of cerebellum at 7 Tesla: obtaining structure and function of multiple motor subsystems in individual subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134933. [PMID: 26259014 PMCID: PMC4530960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in the use of high field MR systems is accompanied by a demand for acquisition techniques and coil systems that can take advantage of increased power and accuracy without being susceptible to increased noise. Physical location and anatomical complexity of targeted regions must be considered when attempting to image deeper structures with small nuclei and/or complex cytoarchitechtonics (i.e. small microvasculature and deep nuclei), such as the brainstem and the cerebellum (Cb). Once these obstacles are overcome, the concomitant increase in signal strength at higher field strength should allow for faster acquisition of MR images. Here we show that it is technically feasible to quickly and accurately detect blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes and obtain anatomical images of Cb at high spatial resolutions in individual subjects at 7 Tesla in a single one-hour session. Images were obtained using two high-density multi-element surface coils (32 channels in total) placed beneath the head at the level of Cb, two channel transmission, and three-dimensional sensitivity encoded (3D, SENSE) acquisitions to investigate sensorimotor activations in Cb. Two classic sensorimotor tasks were used to detect Cb activations. BOLD signal changes during motor activity resulted in concentrated clusters of activity within the Cb lobules associated with each task, observed consistently and independently in each subject: Oculomotor vermis (VI/VII) and CrusI/II for pro- and anti-saccades; ipsilateral hemispheres IV-VI for finger tapping; and topographical separation of eye- and hand- activations in hemispheres VI and VIIb/VIII. Though fast temporal resolution was not attempted here, these functional patches of highly specific BOLD signal changes may reflect small-scale shunting of blood in the microvasculature of Cb. The observed improvements in acquisition time and signal detection are ideal for individualized investigations such as differentiation of functional zones prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Batson
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W. J. Klomp
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A. Frens
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University College, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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181
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Burciu RG, Ofori E, Shukla P, Planetta PJ, Snyder AF, Li H, Hass CJ, Okun MS, McFarland NR, Vaillancourt DE. Distinct patterns of brain activity in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1248-58. [PMID: 26148135 PMCID: PMC4578977 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits are important for motor control. Whether their functioning is affected in a similar or different way by progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is not clear. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) force production paradigm and voxel-based morphometry were used to assess differences in brain activity and macrostructural volumes between PSP, PD, and healthy age-matched controls. We found that PSP and PD share reduced functional activity of the basal ganglia and cortical motor areas, but this is more pronounced in PSP than in PD. In PSP the frontal regions are underactive, whereas the posterior parietal and occipital regions are overactive as compared with controls and PD. Furthermore, lobules I through IV, V, and VI of the cerebellum are hypoactive in PSP and PD, whereas Crus I and lobule IX are hyperactive in PSP only. Reductions in gray and white matter volume are specific to PSP. Finally, the functional status of the caudate as well as the volume of the superior frontal gyrus predict clinical gait and posture measures in PSP. PSP and PD share hypoactivity of the basal ganglia, motor cortex, and anterior cerebellum. These patients also display a unique pattern, such that anterior regions of the cortex are hypoactive and posterior regions of the cortex and cerebellum are hyperactive. Together, these findings suggest that specific structures within the basal ganglia, cortex, and cerebellum are affected differently in PSP relative to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Burciu
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edward Ofori
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Priyank Shukla
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Peggy J. Planetta
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Amy F. Snyder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Chris J. Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - David E. Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
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182
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Diedrichsen J, Zotow E. Surface-Based Display of Volume-Averaged Cerebellar Imaging Data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133402. [PMID: 26230510 PMCID: PMC4521932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents a flat representation of the human cerebellum, useful for visualizing functional imaging data after volume-based normalization and averaging across subjects. Instead of reconstructing individual cerebellar surfaces, the method uses a white- and grey-matter surface defined on volume-averaged anatomical data. Functional data can be projected along the lines of corresponding vertices on the two surfaces. The flat representation is optimized to yield a roughly proportional relationship between the surface area of the 2D-representation and the volume of the underlying cerebellar grey matter. The map allows users to visualize the activation state of the complete cerebellar grey matter in one concise view, equally revealing both the anterior-posterior (lobular) and medial-lateral organization. As examples, published data on resting-state networks and task-related activity are presented on the flatmap. The software and maps are freely available and compatible with most major neuroimaging packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Diedrichsen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Zotow
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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183
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Hove MJ, Zeffiro TA, Biederman J, Li Z, Schmahmann J, Valera EM. Postural sway and regional cerebellar volume in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:422-8. [PMID: 26106567 PMCID: PMC4474325 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor abnormalities, including impaired balance and increased postural sway, are commonly reported in children with ADHD, but have yet to be investigated in adults with ADHD. Furthermore, although these abnormalities are thought to stem from cerebellar deficits, evidence for an association between the cerebellum and these motor deficits has yet to be provided for either adults or children with ADHD. METHOD In this study, we measured postural sway in adults with ADHD and controls, examining the relationship between sway and regional cerebellar gray matter volume. Thirty-two ADHD and 28 control participants completed various standing-posture tasks on a Wii balance board. RESULTS Postural sway was significantly higher for the ADHD group compared to the healthy controls. Higher sway was positively associated with regional gray matter volume in the right posterior cerebellum (lobule VIII/IX). CONCLUSION These findings show that sway abnormalities commonly reported in children with ADHD are also present in adults, and for the first time show a relationship between postural control atypicalities and the cerebellum in this group. Our findings extend the literature on motor abnormalities in ADHD and contribute to our knowledge of their neural substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hove
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Joseph Biederman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eve M. Valera
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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184
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Labrenz F, Icenhour A, Thürling M, Schlamann M, Forsting M, Timmann D, Elsenbruch S. Sex differences in cerebellar mechanisms involved in pain-related safety learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:92-9. [PMID: 26004678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the cerebellum contributes to the central processing of pain, including pain-related learning and memory processes. As a complex experience with multiple emotional and cognitive facets, the response to pain and its underlying neural correlates differ between men and women. However, it remains poorly understood whether and to what extent sex differences exist in the cerebellar contribution to pain-related associative learning processes. In the present conditioning study with experimental abdominal pain as unconditioned stimuli (US), we assessed sex-dependent differences in behavioral and neural responses to conditioned warning and safety cues in healthy volunteers. The results revealed that in response to visual stimuli signaling safety from abdominal pain (CS(-)), women showed enhanced cerebellar activation in lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIIa, IX and X as well as Crus II and the dentate nucleus, which are mostly representative of somatomotor networks. On the other hand, men showed enhanced neural activation in lobules I-IV, VI, VIIb, VIIIb, IX as well as Crus I and II in response to CS(-), which are representative of frontoparietal and ventral attention networks. No sex differences were observed in response to pain-predictive warning signals (CS(+)). Similarly, men and women did not differ in behavioral measures of conditioning, including conditioned changes in CS valence and contingency awareness. Together, we could demonstrate that the cerebellum is involved in associative learning processes of conditioned anticipatory safety from pain and mediates sex differences in the underlying neural processes. Given the high prevalence of chronic pain conditions in women, these results may contribute to improve our understanding of the acquisition and manifestation of chronic abdominal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Labrenz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Adriane Icenhour
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Thürling
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Forsting
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Elsenbruch
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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185
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Tellmann S, Bludau S, Eickhoff S, Mohlberg H, Minnerop M, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human brain cerebellar nuclei in stereotaxic space and delineation of their co-activation patterns. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 26029057 PMCID: PMC4429588 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar nuclei are involved in several brain functions, including the modulation of motor and cognitive performance. To differentiate their participation in these functions, and to analyze their changes in neurodegenerative and other diseases as revealed by neuroimaging, stereotaxic maps are necessary. These maps reflect the complex spatial structure of cerebellar nuclei with adequate spatial resolution and detail. Here we report on the cytoarchitecture of the dentate, interposed (emboliform and globose) and fastigial nuclei, and introduce 3D probability maps in stereotaxic MNI-Colin27 space as a prerequisite for subsequent meta-analysis of their functional involvement. Histological sections of 10 human post mortem brains were therefore examined. Differences in cell density were measured and used to distinguish a dorsal from a ventral part of the dentate nucleus. Probabilistic maps were calculated, which indicate the position and extent of the nuclei in 3D-space, while considering their intersubject variability. The maps of the interposed and the dentate nuclei differed with respect to their interaction patterns and functions based on meta-analytic connectivity modeling and quantitative functional decoding, respectively. For the dentate nucleus, significant (p < 0.05) co-activations were observed with thalamus, supplementary motor area (SMA), putamen, BA 44 of Broca's region, areas of superior and inferior parietal cortex, and the superior frontal gyrus (SFG). In contrast, the interposed nucleus showed more limited co-activations with SMA, area 44, putamen, and SFG. Thus, the new stereotaxic maps contribute to analyze structure and function of the cerebellum. These maps can be used for anatomically reliable and precise identification of degenerative alteration in MRI-data of patients who suffer from various cerebellar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tellmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-BrainAachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Simon Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Brain, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
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186
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Miller DW. Integrative Perspectives on Human Growth and Development: Insights into Acupuncture-Point Function from Developmental and Evolutionary Viewpoints. Med Acupunct 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/acu.2015.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Miller
- Adjunct Faculty, Pacific College of Oriental Medicine, Chicago, IL; National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL; and East–West Integrated Medicine, LLC, Chicago, IL
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187
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Mottolese C, Szathmari A, Beuriat PA, Sirigu A, Desmurget M. Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum during pineal region surgery. Neurochirurgie 2015; 61:101-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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188
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Stefanescu MR, Dohnalek M, Maderwald S, Thürling M, Minnerop M, Beck A, Schlamann M, Diedrichsen J, Ladd ME, Timmann D. Structural and functional MRI abnormalities of cerebellar cortex and nuclei in SCA3, SCA6 and Friedreich's ataxia. Brain 2015; 138:1182-97. [PMID: 25818870 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia are common hereditary ataxias. Different patterns of atrophy of the cerebellar cortex are well known. Data on cerebellar nuclei are sparse. Whereas cerebellar nuclei have long been thought to be preserved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, histology shows marked atrophy of the nuclei in Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. In the present study susceptibility weighted imaging was used to assess atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (n = 12, age range 41-76 years, five female), Friedreich's ataxia (n = 12, age range 21-55 years, seven female), spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (n = 10, age range 34-67 years, three female), and age- and gender-matched controls (total n = 23, age range 22-75 years, 10 female). T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were used to calculate the volume of the cerebellum. In addition, ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed with optimized normalization methods to assess function of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei during simple hand movements. As expected, the volume of the cerebellum was markedly reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, preserved in Friedreich's ataxia, and mildy reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. The volume of the cerebellar nuclei was reduced in the three patient groups compared to matched controls (P-values < 0.05; two-sample t-tests). Atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei was most pronounced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. On a functional level, hand-movement-related cerebellar activation was altered in all three disorders. Within the cerebellar cortex, functional magnetic resonance imaging signal was significantly reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia compared to matched controls (P-values < 0.001, bootstrap-corrected cluster-size threshold; two-sample t-tests). The difference missed significance in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Within the cerebellar nuclei, reductions were significant when comparing spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia to matched controls (P < 0.01, bootstrap-corrected cluster-size threshold; two-sample t-tests). Susceptibility weighted imaging allowed depiction of atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei in patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. In spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, pathology was not restricted to the cerebellar cortex but also involved the cerebellar nuclei. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data, on the other hand, revealed that pathology in Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is not restricted to the cerebellar nuclei. There was functional involvement of the cerebellar cortex despite no or little structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Stefanescu
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moritz Dohnalek
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Thürling
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany 4 Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- 5 Department of Computer Sciences, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- 6 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joern Diedrichsen
- 7 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Ladd
- 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 6 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 8 Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Brain Activity during Lower-Limb Movement with Manual Facilitation: An fMRI Study. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:701452. [PMID: 25722890 PMCID: PMC4333285 DOI: 10.1155/2015/701452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity knowledge of healthy subjects is an important reference in the context of motor control and reeducation. While the normal brain behavior for upper-limb motor control has been widely explored, the same is not true for lower-limb control. Also the effects that different stimuli can evoke on movement and respective brain activity are important in the context of motor potentialization and reeducation. For a better understanding of these processes, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to collect data of 10 healthy subjects performing lower-limb multijoint functional movement under three stimuli: verbal stimulus, manual facilitation, and verbal + manual facilitation. Results showed that, with verbal stimulus, both lower limbs elicit bilateral cortical brain activation; with manual facilitation, only the left lower limb (LLL) elicits bilateral activation while the right lower limb (RLL) elicits contralateral activation; verbal + manual facilitation elicits bilateral activation for the LLL and contralateral activation for the RLL. Manual facilitation also elicits subcortical activation in white matter, the thalamus, pons, and cerebellum. Deactivations were also found for lower-limb movement. Manual facilitation is stimulus capable of generating brain activity in healthy subjects. Stimuli need to be specific for bilateral activation and regarding which brain areas we aim to activate.
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190
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Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the most consistent sites of abnormality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebellar damage is associated with an increased risk of ASD symptoms, suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction may play a crucial role in the etiology of ASD. The cerebellum forms multiple closed-loop circuits with cerebral cortical regions that underpin movement, language, and social processing. Through these circuits, cerebellar dysfunction could impact the core ASD symptoms of social and communication deficits and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The emerging topography of sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective subregions in the cerebellum provides a new framework for interpreting the significance of regional cerebellar findings in ASD and their relationship to broader cerebro-cerebellar circuits. Further, recent research supports the idea that the integrity of cerebro-cerebellar loops might be important for early cortical development; disruptions in specific cerebro-cerebellar loops in ASD might impede the specialization of cortical regions involved in motor control, language, and social interaction, leading to impairments in these domains. Consistent with this concept, structural, and functional differences in sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum and sensorimotor cerebro-cerebellar circuits are associated with deficits in motor control and increased repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in ASD. Further, communication and social impairments are associated with atypical activation and structure in cerebro-cerebellar loops underpinning language and social cognition. Finally, there is converging evidence from structural, functional, and connectivity neuroimaging studies that cerebellar right Crus I/II abnormalities are related to more severe ASD impairments in all domains. We propose that cerebellar abnormalities may disrupt optimization of both structure and function in specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila M D'Mello
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
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191
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du Plessis L, Jacobson SW, Molteno CD, Robertson FC, Peterson BS, Jacobson JL, Meintjes EM. Neural correlates of cerebellar-mediated timing during finger tapping in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 7:562-70. [PMID: 25844307 PMCID: PMC4377649 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC), an elemental form of learning, is among the most sensitive indicators of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The cerebellum plays a key role in maintaining timed movements with millisecond accuracy required for EBC. Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to identify cerebellar regions that mediate timing in healthy controls and the degree to which these areas are also recruited in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN fMRI data were acquired during an auditory rhythmic/non-rhythmic finger tapping task. We present results for 17 children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial FAS, 17 heavily exposed (HE) nonsyndromal children and 16 non- or minimally exposed controls. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Controls showed greater cerebellar blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in right crus I, vermis IV-VI, and right lobule VI during rhythmic than non-rhythmic finger tapping. The alcohol-exposed children showed smaller activation increases during rhythmic tapping in right crus I than the control children and the most severely affected children with either FAS or PFAS showed smaller increases in vermis IV-V. Higher levels of maternal alcohol intake per occasion during pregnancy were associated with reduced activation increases during rhythmic tapping in all four regions associated with rhythmic tapping in controls. CONCLUSIONS The four cerebellar areas activated by the controls more during rhythmic than non-rhythmic tapping have been implicated in the production of timed responses in several previous studies. These data provide evidence linking binge-like drinking during pregnancy to poorer function in cerebellar regions involved in timing and somatosensory processing needed for complex tasks requiring precise timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindie du Plessis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra W. Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher D. Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances C. Robertson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L. Jacobson
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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192
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Bernard JA, Leopold DR, Calhoun VD, Mittal VA. Regional cerebellar volume and cognitive function from adolescence to late middle age. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1102-20. [PMID: 25395058 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar morphology and function have been implicated in a variety of developmental disorders, and in healthy aging. Although recent work has sought to characterize the relationships between volume and age in this structure during adolescence, young, and older adulthood, there have been no investigations of regional cerebellar volume from adolescence through late middle age. Middle age in particular has been largely understudied, and investigating this period of the lifespan may be especially important for our understanding of senescence. Understanding regional patterns of cerebellar volume with respect to age during this portion of the lifespan may provide important insight into healthy aging and cognitive function as well as pathology from adolescence into later life. We investigated regional cerebellar volume using a highly novel lobular segmentation approach in conjunction with a battery of cognitive tasks in a cross-sectional sample of 123 individuals from 12 to 65 years old. Our results indicated that regional cerebellar volumes show different patterns with respect to age. In particular, the more posterior aspect of the neocerebellum follows a quadratic "inverse-U" pattern while the vermis and anterior cerebellum follow logarithmic patterns. In addition, we quantified the relationships between age and a variety of cognitive assessments and found relationships between regional cerebellar volumes and performance. Finally, exploratory analyses of sex differences in the relationships between regional cerebellar volume, age, and cognition were investigated. Taken together, these results provide key insights into the development and aging of the human cerebellum, and its role in cognitive function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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193
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Effects of visual feedback absence on force control during isometric contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:507-19. [PMID: 25366253 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the force control in the complete absence of visual feedback and the effect of repeated contractions without visual feedback. METHODS Twelve physically active males (age 23 ± 1 years; stature 1.74 ± 0.07 m; body mass 71 ± 6 kg) performed isometric tasks at 20, 40 and 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 20 s. For each intensity, a trial with force visual feedback (FB) was followed by 3 trials without FB (noFB-1, noFB-2, noFB-3). During contraction, force and surface electromyogram (EMG) from the vastus lateralis muscle were recorded. From force signal, the coefficient of variation (CV, force stability index), the distance of force from target (ΔF, force accuracy index) and the time within the target (t-target) were determined. From EMG signal, the root mean square (RMS) and mean frequency (MF) were calculated. RESULTS MVC was 679.14 ± 38.22 N. In noFB-1, CV was similar to FB, ΔF was higher and t-target lower (P < 0.05) than in FB. EMG-RMS in noFB-1 was lower than in FB at 40 and 60%MVC (P < 0.05). A decrease in ΔF between noFB-1 and noFB-3 (P < 0.05) and an increase in t-target from noFB-1 to noFB-3 (P < 0.05) occurred at 20% MVC. A difference in EMG-RMS among noFB conditions was retrieved only at 60% MVC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the complete absence of visual feedback decreased force accuracy but did not affect force stability. Moreover, the repetition of noFB trials improved force accuracy at low exercise intensity, suggesting that real-time visual information could be obviated by other feedbacks for force control.
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194
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Chauvigné LAS, Gitau KM, Brown S. The neural basis of audiomotor entrainment: an ALE meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:776. [PMID: 25324765 PMCID: PMC4179708 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronization of body movement to an acoustic rhythm is a major form of entrainment, such as occurs in dance. This is exemplified in experimental studies of finger tapping. Entrainment to a beat is contrasted with movement that is internally driven and is therefore self-paced. In order to examine brain areas important for entrainment to an acoustic beat, we meta-analyzed the functional neuroimaging literature on finger tapping (43 studies) using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis with a focus on the contrast between externally-paced and self-paced tapping. The results demonstrated a dissociation between two subcortical systems involved in timing, namely the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. Externally-paced tapping highlighted the importance of the spinocerebellum, most especially the vermis, which was not activated at all by self-paced tapping. In contrast, the basal ganglia, including the putamen and globus pallidus, were active during both types of tapping, but preferentially during self-paced tapping. These results suggest a central role for the spinocerebellum in audiomotor entrainment. We conclude with a theoretical discussion about the various forms of entrainment in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa A S Chauvigné
- NeuroArts Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin M Gitau
- NeuroArts Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Brown
- NeuroArts Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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195
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Callan D, Callan A, Jones JA. Speech motor brain regions are differentially recruited during perception of native and foreign-accented phonemes for first and second language listeners. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:275. [PMID: 25232302 PMCID: PMC4153045 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging studies indicate that speech motor areas are recruited for auditory speech perception, especially when intelligibility is low due to environmental noise or when speech is accented. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative contribution of brain regions to the processing of speech containing phonetic categories from one's own language, speech with accented samples of one's native phonetic categories, and speech with unfamiliar phonetic categories. To that end, native English and Japanese speakers identified the speech sounds /r/ and /l/ that were produced by native English speakers (unaccented) and Japanese speakers (foreign-accented) while functional magnetic resonance imaging measured their brain activity. For native English speakers, the Japanese accented speech was more difficult to categorize than the unaccented English speech. In contrast, Japanese speakers have difficulty distinguishing between /r/ and /l/, so both the Japanese accented and English unaccented speech were difficult to categorize. Brain regions involved with listening to foreign-accented productions of a first language included primarily the right cerebellum, left ventral inferior premotor cortex PMvi, and Broca's area. Brain regions most involved with listening to a second-language phonetic contrast (foreign-accented and unaccented productions) also included the left PMvi and the right cerebellum. Additionally, increased activity was observed in the right PMvi, the left and right ventral superior premotor cortex PMvs, and the left cerebellum. These results support a role for speech motor regions during the perception of foreign-accented native speech and for perception of difficult second-language phonetic contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Callan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Multisensory Cognition and Computation Laboratory Universal Communication Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Callan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Multisensory Cognition and Computation Laboratory Universal Communication Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jeffery A Jones
- Laurier Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
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196
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Bernard JA, Mittal VA. Dysfunctional Activation of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia: A Functional Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 3:545-566. [PMID: 26392921 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614542463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive dysmetria framework postulates that the deficits seen in schizophrenia are due to underlying cerebello-thalamo-cortical dysfunction. The cerebellum is thought to be crucial in the formation of internal models for both motor and cognitive behaviors. In healthy individuals there is a functional topography within the cerebellum. Alterations in the functional topography and activation of the cerebellum in schizophrenia patients may be indicative of altered internal models, providing support for this framework. Using state-of-the-art neuroimaging meta-analysis, we investigated cerebellar activation across a variety of task domains affected in schizophrenia and in comparison to healthy controls. Our results indicate an altered functional topography in patients. This was especially apparent for emotion and working memory tasks, and may be related to deficits in these domains. Results suggest that an altered cerebellar functional topography in schizophrenia may be contributing to the many deficits associated with the disease, perhaps due to dysfunctional internal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA ; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
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197
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Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus engages the cerebellum for motor function in parkinsonian rats. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3595-609. [PMID: 25124274 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in managing motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in well-selected individuals. Recently, research has shown that DBS in the basal ganglia (BG) can alter neural circuits beyond the traditional basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical (BG-TH-CX) loop. For instance, functional imaging showed alterations in cerebellar activity with DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, these imaging studies revealed very little about how cell-specific cerebellar activity responds to STN stimulation or if these changes contribute to its efficacy. In this study, we assess whether STN-DBS provides efficacy in managing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease by recruiting cerebellar activity. We do this by applying STN-DBS in hemiparkinsonian rats and simultaneously recording neuronal activity from the STN, brainstem and cerebellum. We found that STN neurons decreased spiking activity by 55% during DBS (P = 0.038), which coincided with a decrease in most pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and Purkinje neurons by 29% (P < 0.001) and 28% (P = 0.003), respectively. In contrast, spike activity in the deep cerebellar nuclei increased 45% during DBS (P < 0.001), which was likely from reduced afferent activity of Purkinje cells. Then, we applied STN-DBS at sub-therapeutic current along with stimulation of the deep cerebellar nuclei and found similar improvement in forelimb akinesia as with therapeutic STN-DBS alone. This suggests that STN-DBS can engage cerebellar activity to improve parkinsonian motor symptoms. Our study is the first to describe how STN-DBS in Parkinson's disease alters cerebellar activity using electrophysiology in vivo and reveal a potential for stimulating the cerebellum to potentiate deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.
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198
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Mariën P, Ackermann H, Adamaszek M, Barwood CHS, Beaton A, Desmond J, De Witte E, Fawcett AJ, Hertrich I, Küper M, Leggio M, Marvel C, Molinari M, Murdoch BE, Nicolson RI, Schmahmann JD, Stoodley CJ, Thürling M, Timmann D, Wouters E, Ziegler W. Consensus paper: Language and the cerebellum: an ongoing enigma. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 13:386-410. [PMID: 24318484 PMCID: PMC4090012 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In less than three decades, the concept "cerebellar neurocognition" has evolved from a mere afterthought to an entirely new and multifaceted area of neuroscientific research. A close interplay between three main strands of contemporary neuroscience induced a substantial modification of the traditional view of the cerebellum as a mere coordinator of autonomic and somatic motor functions. Indeed, the wealth of current evidence derived from detailed neuroanatomical investigations, functional neuroimaging studies with healthy subjects and patients and in-depth neuropsychological assessment of patients with cerebellar disorders shows that the cerebellum has a cardinal role to play in affective regulation, cognitive processing, and linguistic function. Although considerable progress has been made in models of cerebellar function, controversy remains regarding the exact role of the "linguistic cerebellum" in a broad variety of nonmotor language processes. This consensus paper brings together a range of different viewpoints and opinions regarding the contribution of the cerebellum to language function. Recent developments and insights in the nonmotor modulatory role of the cerebellum in language and some related disorders will be discussed. The role of the cerebellum in speech and language perception, in motor speech planning including apraxia of speech, in verbal working memory, in phonological and semantic verbal fluency, in syntax processing, in the dynamics of language production, in reading and in writing will be addressed. In addition, the functional topography of the linguistic cerebellum and the contribution of the deep nuclei to linguistic function will be briefly discussed. As such, a framework for debate and discussion will be offered in this consensus paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mariën
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,
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199
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Shmuelof L, Yang J, Caffo B, Mazzoni P, Krakauer JW. The neural correlates of learned motor acuity. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:971-80. [PMID: 24848466 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00897.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently defined a component of motor skill learning as "motor acuity," quantified as a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off function for a task. These shifts are primarily driven by reductions in movement variability. To determine the neural correlates of improvement in motor acuity, we devised a motor task compatible with magnetic resonance brain imaging that required subjects to make finely controlled wrist movements under visual guidance. Subjects were imaged on day 1 and day 5 while they performed this task and were trained outside the scanner on intervening days 2, 3, and 4. The potential confound of performance changes between days 1 and 5 was avoided by constraining movement time to a fixed duration. After training, subjects showed a marked increase in success rate and a reduction in trial-by-trial variability for the trained task but not for an untrained control task, without changes in mean trajectory. The decrease in variability for the trained task was associated with increased activation in contralateral primary motor and premotor cortical areas and in ipsilateral cerebellum. A global nonlocalizing multivariate analysis confirmed that learning was associated with increased overall brain activation. We suggest that motor acuity is acquired through increases in the number of neurons recruited in contralateral motor cortical areas and in ipsilateral cerebellum, which could reflect increased signal-to-noise ratio in motor output and improved state estimation for feedback corrections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Shmuelof
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel;
| | - Juemin Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pietro Mazzoni
- Motor Performance Laboratory, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - John W Krakauer
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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200
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Structural correlates of motor adaptation deficits in patients with acute focal lesions of the cerebellum. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2847-57. [PMID: 24798401 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies of cerebellar patients employing modern lesion-symptom mapping techniques have provided valuable insights into the contribution of the cerebellum to motor adaptation. In patients with chronic focal lesions of the cerebellum, the process of adapting reaching movements to force field (FF) and visuomotor rotation (VM) perturbations relies on different anatomical structures located primarily within the territory of the superior hand area. By contrast, results within the territory of the inferior hand area are less consistent. Compensatory mechanisms may have masked the contribution of the inferior hand area. To test this hypothesis, reaching adaptation to FF and VM perturbations was investigated in 24 patients with acute and subacute lesions of the cerebellum. High-resolution magnetic resonance images were acquired to perform voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM). VLSM confirmed that distinct and only partially overlapping areas located primarily within the territory of the superior hand area were crucial for adaptation to FF and VM. More specifically, current results add to previous findings that lobule V is of particular importance in FF adaptation, whereas lobule VI plays a more important role in VM adaptation. No clear evidence for a contribution of the inferior hand area to either task was found. Reach adaptation appears to depend primarily on the superior hand area within the cerebellum.
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