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Haj CG, Sumariwalla PF, Hanuš L, Kogan NM, Yektin Z, Mechoulam R, Feldmann M, Gallily R. HU-444, a Novel, Potent Anti-Inflammatory, Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:66-75. [PMID: 26272937 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a component of cannabis, which does not cause the typical marijuana-type effects, but has a high potential for use in several therapeutic areas. In contrast to Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), it binds very weakly to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It has potent activity in both in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assays. Thus, it lowers the formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, and was found to be an oral antiarthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. However, in acidic media, it can cyclize to the psychoactive Δ(9)-THC. We report the synthesis of a novel CBD derivative, HU-444, which cannot be converted by acid cyclization into a Δ(9)-THC-like compound. In vitro HU-444 had anti-inflammatory activity (decrease of reactive oxygen intermediates and inhibition of TNF-α production by macrophages); in vivo it led to suppression of production of TNF-α and amelioration of liver damage as well as lowering of mouse collagen-induced arthritis. HU-444 did not cause Δ(9)-THC-like effects in mice. We believe that HU-444 represents a potential novel drug for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christeene G Haj
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Percy F Sumariwalla
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Lumír Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Natalya M Kogan
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Zhana Yektin
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Mark Feldmann
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Ruth Gallily
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
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152
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Fife TD, Moawad H, Moschonas C, Shepard K, Hammond N. Clinical perspectives on medical marijuana (cannabis) for neurologic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract 2015; 5:344-351. [PMID: 26336632 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The American Academy of Neurology published an evidence-based systematic review of randomized controlled trials using marijuana (Cannabis sativa) or cannabinoids in neurologic disorders. Several cannabinoids showed effectiveness or probable effectiveness for spasticity, central pain, and painful spasms in multiple sclerosis. The review justifies insurance coverage for dronabinol and nabilone for these indications. Many insurance companies already cover these medications for other indications. It is unlikely that the review will alter coverage for herbal marijuana. Currently, no payers cover the costs of herbal medical marijuana because it is illegal under federal law and in most states. Cannabinoid preparations currently available by prescription may have a role in other neurologic conditions, but quality scientific evidence is lacking at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Fife
- Barrow Neurological Institute (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; John Carroll University (HM), Cleveland, OH; Four Peaks Neurology (CM), Scottsdale, AZ; American Academy of Neurology (KS), Minneapolis, MN; and University of Kansas (NH), Kansas City, KS
| | - Heidi Moawad
- Barrow Neurological Institute (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; John Carroll University (HM), Cleveland, OH; Four Peaks Neurology (CM), Scottsdale, AZ; American Academy of Neurology (KS), Minneapolis, MN; and University of Kansas (NH), Kansas City, KS
| | - Constantine Moschonas
- Barrow Neurological Institute (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; John Carroll University (HM), Cleveland, OH; Four Peaks Neurology (CM), Scottsdale, AZ; American Academy of Neurology (KS), Minneapolis, MN; and University of Kansas (NH), Kansas City, KS
| | - Katie Shepard
- Barrow Neurological Institute (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; John Carroll University (HM), Cleveland, OH; Four Peaks Neurology (CM), Scottsdale, AZ; American Academy of Neurology (KS), Minneapolis, MN; and University of Kansas (NH), Kansas City, KS
| | - Nancy Hammond
- Barrow Neurological Institute (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine (TDF), Phoenix, AZ; John Carroll University (HM), Cleveland, OH; Four Peaks Neurology (CM), Scottsdale, AZ; American Academy of Neurology (KS), Minneapolis, MN; and University of Kansas (NH), Kansas City, KS
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153
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Nettekoven M, Adam JM, Bendels S, Bissantz C, Fingerle J, Grether U, Grüner S, Guba W, Kimbara A, Ottaviani G, Püllmann B, Rogers-Evans M, Röver S, Rothenhäusler B, Schmitt S, Schuler F, Schulz-Gasch T, Ullmer C. Novel Triazolopyrimidine-Derived Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists as Potential Treatment for Inflammatory Kidney Diseases. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:179-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nettekoven
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Adam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Bendels
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Catarina Bissantz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sabine Grüner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Kimbara
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bernd Püllmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Stephan Röver
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Benno Rothenhäusler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, DMPK; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schulz-Gasch
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Small-Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development; Discovery Biology; Roche Innovation Center Basel; Grenzacher Str. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
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154
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Morrone LA, Rombolà L, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Nucci C, Russo R. Natural compounds and retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:257-81. [PMID: 26497795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, is a chronic optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure and characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons degeneration and death leading to typical optic nerve head damage and distinctive visual field defects. Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still largely unknown, it is hypothesized that RCGs become damaged through various insults/mechanisms, including ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, defective axonal transport, trophic factor withdrawal, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of several natural compounds for RGCs neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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155
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Moris D, Georgopoulos S, Felekouras E, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. The effect of endocannabinoid system in ischemia-reperfusion injury: a friend or a foe? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1261-75. [PMID: 25936364 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1043268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new therapeutic target in variety of disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, including those of the neuronal, liver, renal and cardiovascular system. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the effect of endocannabinoid system on ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in different organs and systems. AREAS COVERED The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched for publications with the medical subject heading Cannabinoids* (CBs), CB receptors*, organ*, ischemia/reperfusion injury*, endocannabinoid* and system*. The initial relevant studies retrieved from the literature were 91 from PubMed. This number was initially limited to 35, after excluding the reviews and studies reporting data for receptors other than cannabinoid. EXPERT OPINION CB2 receptors may play an important compensatory role in controlling tissue inflammation and injury in cells of the neuronal, cardiovascular, liver and renal systems, as well as in infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes during various pathological conditions of the systems (atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart, liver and renal failure). These receptors limit inflammation and associated tissue injury. On the basis of preclinical results, pharmacological modulation of CB2 receptors may hold a unique therapeutic potential in stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, IRI and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Anastasiou Gennadiou 56, 11474, Athens , Greece +30 210 6440590 ;
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156
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Cannabidiol rescues acute hepatic toxicity and seizure induced by cocaine. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:523418. [PMID: 25999668 PMCID: PMC4427116 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a commonly abused illicit drug that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The most severe and common complications are seizures, ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction, and acute liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that acute cocaine intoxication promoted seizure along with acute liver damage in mice, with intense inflammatory infiltrate. Considering the protective role of the endocannabinoid system against cell toxicity, we hypothesized that treatment with an anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor, URB597, or with a phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), protects against cocaine toxicity. URB597 (1.0 mg/kg) abolished cocaine-induced seizure, yet it did not protect against acute liver injury. Using confocal liver intravital microscopy, we observed that CBD (30 mg/kg) reduced acute liver inflammation and damage induced by cocaine and prevented associated seizure. Additionally, we showed that previous liver damage induced by another hepatotoxic drug (acetaminophen) increased seizure and lethality induced by cocaine intoxication, linking hepatotoxicity to seizure dynamics. These findings suggest that activation of cannabinoid system may have protective actions on both liver and brain induced by cocaine, minimizing inflammatory injury promoted by cocaine, supporting its further clinical application in the treatment of cocaine abuse.
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157
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Alizadeh A, Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Hassanpour S. Role of cannabinoidergic system on food intake in neonatal layer-type chicken. Vet Res Commun 2015; 39:151-7. [PMID: 25902906 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Central regulatory mechanisms for neurotransmitters of food intake vary among animals. Endocannabinoids have crucial role on central food intake regulation in mammals but its role has not been studied in layer-type chicken. Thus, in this study 6 experiments designed to evaluate effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol, selective CB1 receptors agonist), SR141716A (selective CB1 receptors antagonist), JWH015 (selective CB2 receptors agonist), AM630 (selective CB2 receptors antagonist) on feeding behavior in 3 h food deprived neonatal layer-type chickens. In experiment 1, birds ICV injected with control solution and 2-AG (0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg). In experiment 2: control solution, SR141716A (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg) were ICV injected to birds. In experiment 3 animals received: control solution, SR141716A (6.25 μg), 2-AG (1 μg) and co-injection of SR141716A+2-AG. In experiment 4, chickens received control solution and JWH015 (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg). In experiment 5, control solution and AM630 (1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg) were injected. In experiment 6, the birds received control solution, AM630 (1.25 μg), JWH015 (25 μg) and co-administration of AM630+JWH015. Then, cumulative food intake was recorded until 120 min after injection. According to the results, 2-AG dose dependently increased cumulative food intake while SR141716A reduced appetite compared to control group (P < 0.05). Injection of 2-AG (1 μg) amplified food intake and its effect minimized by SR141716A (6.25 μg) (P < 0.05). Also, ICV injection of JWH015 (25 μg) dose dependently increased food intake and co-injection of JWH015+AM630 decreased JWH015-induced food intake (P < 0.05). These results suggest CB1 and CB2 receptors have an important role on ingestive behavior in FD3 neonatal layer-type chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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158
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A Basal Tone of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Contributes to Early Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Proliferation by Activating Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (MTOR) Pathways. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:309-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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159
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Zawilska JB. "Legal Highs"--An Emerging Epidemic of Novel Psychoactive Substances. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 120:273-300. [PMID: 26070762 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been an increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), also known as "legal highs," across the world. They include a wide range of products, from natural plant-originated substances to synthetic compounds, that can be purchased both online and from high street retailers. "Legal highs" mimic psychoactive effects of illicit drugs of abuse. However, they are claimed to consist of compounds that are legal to sell, possess, and use, often labeled as "not for human consumption" to circumvent drug abuse legislation. Based on the spectrum of their actions on cognitive processes, mood, and behavior, "legal highs" can be classified into four basis categories: amphetamine- and ecstasy-like stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), hallucinogenic/dissociative, and opioid-like compounds. NPS may, however, exhibit a combination of these actions due to their designed chemical structure. Although the prevalence and pattern of NPS use differ between various countries, the most popular groups are SCs and psychostimulants, described in this chapter. Currently, there is limited information available on the potential acute toxicity (harms) associated with the use of these substances. However, the number of intoxicated people presenting with emergencies is constantly increasing, providing evidence that negative health and social consequences may indeed seriously affect recreational and chronic users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
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160
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Abstract
AbstractThe biology of the endocannabinoid system in the brain provides a possible basis for a beneficial pharmacological effect of marijuana on seizures. However, evidence for efficacy of cannabis treatment of epilepsy is anecdotal because no acceptable randomized controlled trials have been done. Proper dosage and means of administration remain unknown. Cannabis is safer than other controlled substances, including tobacco or alcohol, and appears to be relatively safe compared with most pharmaceuticals used to treat epilepsy. This is a review of this topic from a Canadian perspective.
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161
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Makwana R, Venkatasamy R, Spina D, Page C. The Effect of Phytocannabinoids on Airway Hyper-Responsiveness, Airway Inflammation, and Cough. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:169-80. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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162
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Caltana LR, Heimrich B, Brusco A. Further Evidence for the Neuroplastic Role of Cannabinoids: A Study in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:773-781. [PMID: 25645684 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are present in the CNS and modulate synaptic activity. By using an in vitro model, two concentrations of CB1R agonist ACEA at 0.5 and 5 μM doses and CB1R antagonist AM251 at 1 and 10 μM doses were administered in organotypic slice cultures of mouse hippocampus, and their effects on neurons and glial cells were analyzed at different time points. Exposure to low concentrations of ACEA (0.5 μM) did not seem to affect tissue organization, neuronal morphology, or glial response. In contrast, at a higher concentration of ACEA, many neurons in the dentate gyrus exhibited strong caspase-3 immunoreactivity. After treatment with AM251, we observed an increase in caspase-3 immunoreactivity and a downregulation of CB1R expression. Results show that long-term hippocampal slice cultures respond to both CB1R activation and inactivation by changing neuronal protein expression patterns. In the present study, we demonstrate that CB1R agonist ACEA promotes alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton as well as changes in CB1R expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, and that CB1R antagonist AM251 promotes neuronal death and astroglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romina Caltana
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina.
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina
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163
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Anandamide is involved in appetite-related amygdala hyperactivations in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:82-3. [PMID: 25370126 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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164
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Campos AC, Brant F, Miranda AS, Machado FS, Teixeira AL. Cannabidiol increases survival and promotes rescue of cognitive function in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Neuroscience 2015; 289:166-80. [PMID: 25595981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection that might cause permanent neurological deficits. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychotomimetic compound of Cannabis sativa with neuroprotective properties. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of CBD in a murine model of CM. Female mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) and treated with CBD (30mg/kg/day - 3 or 7days i.p.) or vehicle. On 5th day-post-infection (dpi), at the peak of the disease), animals were treated with single or repeated doses of Artesunate, an antimalarial drug. All groups were tested for memory impairment (Novel Object Recognition or Morris Water Maze) and anxiety-like behaviors (Open field or elevated plus maze test) in different stages of the disease (at the peak or after the complete clearance of the disease). Th1/Th2 cytokines and neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of experimental groups. PbA-infected mice displayed memory deficits and exhibited increase in anxiety-like behaviors on the 5dpi or after the clearance of the parasitemia, effects prevented by CBD treatment. On 5dpi, TNF-α and IL-6 increased in the hippocampus, while only IL-6 increased in the prefrontal cortex. CBD treatment resulted in an increase in BDNF expression in the hippocampus and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus (TNF-α) and prefrontal cortex (IL-6). Our results indicate that CBD exhibits neuroprotective effects in CM model and might be useful as an adjunctive therapy to prevent neurological symptoms following this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - F Brant
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A S Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A L Teixeira
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pascual A, Martín-Moreno A, Giusto N, de Ceballos M, Pasquaré S. Normal aging in rats and pathological aging in human Alzheimer’s disease decrease FAAH activity: Modulation by cannabinoid agonists. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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166
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Santiago FE, Fior-Chadi DR, Carrettiero DC. Alpha2-adrenoceptor and adenosine A1 receptor within the nucleus tractus solitarii in hypertension development. Auton Neurosci 2014; 187:36-44. [PMID: 25466830 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alpha2-adrenoceptor and A1 adenosine receptor systems within the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) play an important role in cardiovascular control. Deregulation of these systems may result in an elevated sympathetic tone, one of the root causes of neurogenic hypertension. The dorsomedial/dorsolateral and subpostremal NTS subnuclei of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show density changes in both receptors, even at 15 days of age, prior to the onset of hypertension. In addition, adenosine A1 receptors have been specifically reported to modulate alpha2-adrenoceptors in several brain regions, including the NTS, via a PLC-dependent pathway involving cross regulation between sympathetic neurons and astrocytes. The physiological cross talk between these receptor systems is also deregulated in SHR suggesting that alpha2-adrenoceptor and A1 adenosine receptor might be germane to the development of hypertension. In this review, we will focus on these systems within the NTS during development, pointing out some interesting modulations in processes, and chemical changes within specific subnuclei of NTS circuitry, that might have implications for neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Santiago
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora R Fior-Chadi
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Carrettiero
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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167
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Basavarajappa BS, Subbanna S. CB1 receptor-mediated signaling underlies the hippocampal synaptic, learning, and memory deficits following treatment with JWH-081, a new component of spice/K2 preparations. Hippocampus 2014; 24:178-88. [PMID: 24123667 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, synthetic cannabinoids have been sprayed onto plant material, which is subsequently packaged and sold as "Spice" or "K2" to mimic the effects of marijuana. A recent report identified several synthetic additives in samples of "Spice/K2", including JWH-081, a synthetic ligand for the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). The deleterious effects of JWH-081 on brain function are not known, particularly on CB1 signaling, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Here, we evaluated the effects of JWH-081 on pCaMKIV, pCREB, and pERK1/2 signaling events followed by long-term potentiation (LTP), hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks using CB1 receptor wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. Acute administration of JWH-081 impaired CaMKIV phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas inhibition of CREB phosphorylation in CB1 receptor WT mice was observed only at higher dose of JWH-081 (1.25 mg/kg). JWH-081 at higher dose impaired CaMKIV and CREB phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner in CB1 receptor WT mice but not in KO mice and failed to alter ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, SR treated or CB1 receptor KO mice have a lower pCaMKIV/CaMKIV ratio and higher pCREB/CREB ratio compared with vehicle or WT littermates. In hippocampal slices, JWH-081 impaired LTP in CB1 receptor WT but not in KO littermates. Furthermore, JWH-081 at higher dose impaired object recognition, spontaneous alternation and spatial memory on the Y-maze in CB1 receptor WT mice but not in KO mice. Collectively our findings suggest that deleterious effects of JWH-081 on hippocampal function involves CB1 receptor mediated impairments in CaMKIV and CREB phosphorylation, LTP, learning and memory in mice.
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168
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Papanti D, Orsolini L, Francesconi G, Schifano F. “Noids” in a nutshell: everything you (don’t) want to know about synthetic cannabimimetics. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/add-02-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– “Spice” products are synthetic cannabimimetics (SC; also called “synthetic cannabinoids”)-based designer drugs used as a legal alternative to cannabis for their very strong tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-like effects. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of more recent clinical and pharmacology/toxicology findings relating to SC and describe how they could impact on health, with a particular focus on mental health.
Design/methodology/approach
– A systematic search and descriptive analysis of the available evidence on psychopathological issues related to misuse was performed here, whilst taking into account the Pubmed/Medline databases, a range of conference proceedings and national/international agencies’ reports.
Findings
– While THC is a partial agonist, SC are full agonists on the cannabinoid receptors (CB-rs) and the administration of multiple SC can produce additive and/or synergistic agonistic interaction effects on the endocannabinoid system. These levels of strong CB-rs’ activation may be high enough to produce severe physiological and psychological disturbances. The available evidence suggests an existing relationship between SC use and psychosis (“Spiceophrenia”). The acute SC intoxication is usually characterized by tachycardia/hypertension; visual/auditory hallucinations; mydriasis; agitation/anxiety; tachypnoea; nausea/vomiting; and seizures.
Research limitations/implications
– The absence of clinical trials and longitudinal studies, together with the heterogeneity of SC compounds does not facilitate a precise assessment of the health risks related to their use, with long-term effects being of particular concern.
Originality/value
– Appropriate, non-judgemental, prevention campaigns with a special focus on the differences between SC and cannabis may need to be organized on a large scale. At the same time, clinicians need to be regularly updated about novel psychoactive substances, including SC, to promptly recognize signs/symptoms of intoxication.
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169
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Abstract
GPR55 belongs to the class A family of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) and its activity is regulated by a range of synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids, and by lipid-derived ligands. Cannabinoids are known to be important in controlling appetite and metabolic balance, and it is now emerging that GPR55 may have a role to play in energy homeostasis through the regulation of food intake, fuel storage in adipocytes, gut motility and insulin secretion. This review summarises our current knowledge of expression and function of GPR55 in tissues involved in metabolic regulation, the signalling cascades through which GPR55 is reported to act to exert its effects, and it comments on the difficulties in reaching firm conclusions when using GPR55 ligands of poor specificity. Understanding the role of GPR55 in energy homeostasis may provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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170
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Vendel E, de Lange ECM. Functions of the CB1 and CB 2 receptors in neuroprotection at the level of the blood-brain barrier. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:620-42. [PMID: 24929655 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid (CB) receptors are the main targets of the cannabinoids, which include plant cannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Over the last few years, accumulated evidence has suggested a role of the CB receptors in neuroprotection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important brain structure that is essential for neuroprotection. A link between the CB receptors and the BBB is thus likely, but this possible connection has only recently gained attention. Cannabinoids and the BBB share the same mechanisms of neuroprotection and both protect against excitotoxicity (CB1), cell death (CB1), inflammation (CB2) and oxidative stress (possibly CB independent)-all processes that also damage the BBB. Several examples of CB-mediated protection of the BBB have been found, such as inhibition of leukocyte influx and induction of amyloid beta efflux across the BBB. Moreover, the CB receptors were shown to improve BBB integrity, particularly by restoring the tightness of the tight junctions. This review demonstrated that both CB receptors are able to restore the BBB and neuroprotection, but much uncertainty about the underlying signaling cascades still exists and further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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171
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Franks LN, Ford BM, Madadi NR, Penthala NR, Crooks PA, Prather PL. Characterization of the intrinsic activity for a novel class of cannabinoid receptor ligands: Indole quinuclidine analogs. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 737:140-8. [PMID: 24858620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory recently reported that a group of novel indole quinuclidine analogs bind with nanomolar affinity to cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors. This study characterized the intrinsic activity of these compounds by determining whether they exhibit agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist activity at cannabinoid type-1 and/or type-2 receptors. Cannabinoid receptors activate Gi/Go-proteins that then proceed to inhibit activity of the downstream intracellular effector adenylyl cyclase. Therefore, intrinsic activity was quantified by measuring the ability of compounds to modulate levels of intracellular cAMP in intact cells. Concerning cannabinoid type-1 receptors endogenously expressed in Neuro2A cells, a single analog exhibited agonist activity, while eight acted as neutral antagonists and two possessed inverse agonist activity. For cannabinoid type-2 receptors stably expressed in CHO cells, all but two analogs acted as agonists; these two exceptions exhibited inverse agonist activity. Confirming specificity at cannabinoid type-1 receptors, modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity by all proposed agonists and inverse agonists was blocked by co-incubation with the neutral cannabinoid type-1 antagonist O-2050. All proposed cannabinoid type-1 receptor antagonists attenuated adenylyl cyclase modulation by cannabinoid agonist CP-55,940. Specificity at cannabinoid type-2 receptors was confirmed by failure of all compounds to modulate adenylyl cyclase activity in CHO cells devoid of cannabinoid type-2 receptors. Further characterization of select analogs demonstrated concentration-dependent modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity with potencies similar to their respective affinities for cannabinoid receptors. Therefore, indole quinuclidines are a novel structural class of compounds exhibiting high affinity and a range of intrinsic activity at cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Chemical Phenomena
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Humans
- Indoles/chemistry
- Ligands
- Mice
- Quinuclidines/chemistry
- Quinuclidines/metabolism
- Quinuclidines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirit N Franks
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Ford
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Nikhil R Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Narsimha R Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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172
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Pascual AC, Gaveglio VL, Giusto NM, Pasquaré SJ. Cannabinoid receptor-dependent metabolism of 2-arachidonoylglycerol during aging. Exp Gerontol 2014; 55:134-42. [PMID: 24768821 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is one of the principal endocannabinoids involved in the protection against neurodegenerative processes. Cannabinoids primarily interact with the seven-segment transmembrane cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), both of which are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). The level of 2-AG is controlled through key enzymes responsible for its synthesis or degradation. We have previously observed a deregulation of 2-AG metabolism in physiological aging. The aim of this study was to analyze how 2-AG metabolism is modulated by CB1/CB2 receptors during aging. To this end, both CB1 and CB2 receptor expression and the enzymatic activities (diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), lysophosphatidate phosphohydrolase (LPAase) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)) involved in 2-AG metabolism were analyzed in the presence of cannabinoid receptor (CBR) agonists (WIN and JWH) and/or antagonists (SR1 and SR2) in synaptosomes from adult and aged rat cerebral cortex (CC). Our results demonstrate that: (a) aging decreases the expression of both CBRs; (b) LPAase inhibition, due to the individual action of SR1 or SR2, is reverted in the presence of both antagonists together; (c) LPAase activity is regulated mainly by the CB1 receptor in adult and in aged synaptosomes while the CB2 receptor acquires importance when CB1 is blocked; (d) modulation via CBRs of DAGL and MAGL by both antagonists occurs only in aged synaptosomes, stimulating DAGL and inhibiting MAGL activities; (e) only DAGL stimulation is reverted by WIN. Taken together, the results of the present study show that CB1 and/or CB2 receptor antagonists trigger a significant modulation of 2-AG metabolism, underlining their relevance as therapeutic strategy for controlling endocannabinoid levels in physiological aging.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Phosphatidate Phosphatase/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/physiology
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio E1. Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Virginia L Gaveglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio E1. Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norma M Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio E1. Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Susana J Pasquaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio E1. Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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173
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Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG, Izzo AA. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:631-639. [PMID: 24373545 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colon cancer is a major public health problem. Cannabis-based medicines are useful adjunctive treatments in cancer patients. Here, we have investigated the effect of a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol (CBD), here named CBD BDS, i.e. CBD botanical drug substance, on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and in experimental models of colon cancer in vivo. METHODS Proliferation was evaluated in colorectal carcinoma (DLD-1 and HCT116) as well as in healthy colonic cells using the MTT assay. CBD BDS binding was evaluated by its ability to displace [(3)H]CP55940 from human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. In vivo, the effect of CBD BDS was examined on the preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypt foci), polyps and tumours induced by the carcinogenic agent azoxymethane (AOM) as well as in a xenograft model of colon cancer in mice. RESULTS CBD BDS and CBD reduced cell proliferation in tumoral, but not in healthy, cells. The effect of CBD BDS was counteracted by selective CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists. Pure CBD reduced cell proliferation in a CB1-sensitive antagonist manner only. In binding assays, CBD BDS showed greater affinity than pure CBD for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, with pure CBD having very little affinity. In vivo, CBD BDS reduced AOM-induced preneoplastic lesions and polyps as well as tumour growth in the xenograft model of colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS CBD BDS attenuates colon carcinogenesis and inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation via CB1 and CB2 receptor activation. The results may have some clinical relevance for the use of Cannabis-based medicines in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy; School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
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174
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Abstract
Cannabis (or marijuana) has been used in traditional medicine to treat intestinal inflammation and is used as a self-medication by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A survey by Ravikoff Allegretti et al. at a specialized IBD clinic shows that, in the US, marijuana is used by a significant number of patients with IBD to alleviate their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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175
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Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol protects primary cultured neurons against LPS-induced impairments in rat caudate nucleus. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:49-58. [PMID: 24510751 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases in the central nervous system. Caudate nucleus (CN), the largest nucleus in the brain, is also implicated in many neurological disorders. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid and the true natural ligand for CB1 receptors, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory action from proinflammatory stimuli in hippocampus. However, it is still not clear whether 2-AG is also able to protect CN neurons from proinflammation stimuli. In the present study, we discovered that 2-AG significantly protects CN neurons in culture against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. 2-AG is capable of suppressing elevation of LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression associated with ERK/p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in CB1 receptor-dependant manner in primary cultured CN neurons. Moreover, 2-AG inhibits LPS-induced increase in voltage-gated sodium channel currents and hyperpolarizing shift of activation curves through CB1 receptor-dependant pathway. Our study suggests the therapeutic potential of 2-AG for the treatment of some inflammation-induced neurological disorders and pain.
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176
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Viscomi MT, Molinari M. Remote neurodegeneration: multiple actors for one play. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:368-89. [PMID: 24442481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remote neurodegeneration significantly influences the clinical outcome in many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Because these processes develop days or months after injury, they are accompanied by a therapeutic window of opportunity. The complexity and clinical significance of remote damage is prompting many groups to examine the factors of remote degeneration. This research is providing insights into key unanswered questions, opening new avenues for innovative neuroprotective therapies. In this review, we evaluate data from various remote degeneration models to describe the complexity of the systems that are involved and the importance of their interactions in reducing damage and promoting recovery after brain lesions. Specifically, we recapitulate the current data on remote neuronal degeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular events, as studied in stroke and brain and spinal cord injury models. Remote damage is a multifactorial phenomenon in which many components become active in specific time frames. Days, weeks, or months after injury onset, the interplay between key effectors differentially affects neuronal survival and functional outcomes. In particular, we discuss apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative damage, and autophagy-all of which mediate remote degeneration at specific times. We also review current findings on the pharmacological manipulation of remote degeneration mechanisms in reducing damage and sustaining outcomes. These novel treatments differ from those that have been proposed to limit primary lesion site damage, representing new perspectives on neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143, Rome, Italy,
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177
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Parolaro D, Massi P. Cannabinoids as potential new therapy for the treatment of gliomas. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:37-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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178
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Inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase increases atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 66:126-32. [PMID: 24286707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of endocannabinoids such as anandamide during atherogenesis remains largely unknown. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) represents the key enzyme in anandamide degradation, and its inhibition is associated with subsequent higher levels of anandamide. Here, we tested whether selective inhibition of FAAH influences the progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Selective inhibition of FAAH using URB597 resulted in significantly increased plasma levels of anandamide compared to control, as assessed by mass spectrometry experiments in mice. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet to induce atherosclerotic conditions. Simultaneously, mice received either the pharmacological FAAH inhibitor URB597 1mg/kg body weight (n=28) or vehicle (n=25) via intraperitoneal injection three times a week. After eight weeks, mice were sacrificed, and experiments were performed. Vascular superoxide generation did not differ between both groups, as measured by L012 assay. To determine whether selective inhibition of FAAH affects atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, immunohistochemical staining of the aortic root was performed. Atherosclerotic plaque formation, vascular macrophage accumulation, as well as vascular T cell infiltration did not differ between both groups. Interestingly, neutrophil cell accumulation was significantly increased in mice receiving URB597 compared to control. Vascular collagen structures in atherosclerotic plaques were significantly diminished in mice treated with URB597 compared to control, as assessed by picro-sirius-red staining. This was accompanied by an increased aortic expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase does not influence plaque size but increases plaque vulnerability in mice.
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179
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CB2 cannabinoid receptor is a novel target for third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:144-9. [PMID: 24275139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of the third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene to bind and act on CB2 cannabinoid receptor. We have identified, for the first time, that CB2 is a novel target for bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene. Our results showed that bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene were able to compete for specific [(3)H]CP-55,940 binding to CB2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data also demonstrated that by acting on CB2, bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene concentration-dependently enhanced forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Furthermore, bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene caused parallel, rightward shifts of the CP-55,940, HU-210, and WIN55,212-2 concentration-response curves without altering the efficacy of these cannabinoid agonists on CB2, which indicates that bazedoxifene- and lasofoxifene-induced CB2 antagonism is most likely competitive in nature. Our discovery that CB2 is a novel target for bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene suggests that these third-generation SERMs can potentially be repurposed for novel therapeutic indications for which CB2 is a target. In addition, identifying bazedoxifene and lasofoxifene as CB2 inverse agonists also provides important novel mechanisms of actions to explain the known therapeutic effects of these SERMs.
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180
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PPARγ mediates the effects of WIN55,212-2, an synthetic cannabinoid, on the proliferation and apoptosis of the BEL-7402 hepatocarcinoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6287-93. [PMID: 24062073 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used as a traditional medicine in China. Among its effective compounds are cannabinoids. This study determined the effect of WIN55,212-2 (WIN), a synthetic cannabinoid, on the BEL-7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line. The results showed that WIN could decrease the proliferation of BEL-7402 cells. Moreover, WIN could cause apoptosis of the cells via up-regulation of Bax expression, down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, induction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities, and induction of the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). The WIN-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the up-regulation of PPARγ expression, the activation of PPARγ DNA binding activity, and a down-regulation of PPARγ target oncogene c-myc. Conversely, the effects of WIN could be attenuated by PPARγ antagonist GW9662, and the WIN induced PPARγ expression was partially attenuated by AM630, a cannabinoid receptor-2 antagonist, whereas the WIN-induced reduction of c-myc expression was partially restored by GW9662. Collectively, our results suggest that WIN can decrease the proliferation and cause apoptosis of the BEL-7402 cells via a mitochondrial-caspase pathway and mediated by PPARγ. These results may provide a basis for the application of WIN in HCC treatment.
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181
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Nigrostriatal damage after systemic rotenone and/or lipopolysaccharide and the effect of cannabis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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182
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Stanley CP, Hind WH, O'Sullivan SE. Is the cardiovascular system a therapeutic target for cannabidiol? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:313-22. [PMID: 22670794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has beneficial effects in disorders as wide ranging as diabetes, Huntington's disease, cancer and colitis. Accumulating evidence now also suggests that CBD is beneficial in the cardiovascular system. CBD has direct actions on isolated arteries, causing both acute and time-dependent vasorelaxation. In vitro incubation with CBD enhances the vasorelaxant responses in animal models of impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. CBD protects against the vascular damage caused by a high glucose environment, inflammation or the induction of type 2 diabetes in animal models and reduces the vascular hyperpermeability associated with such environments. A common theme throughout these studies is the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of CBD. In the heart, in vivo CBD treatment protects against ischaemia-reperfusion damage and against cardiomyopathy associated with diabetes. Similarly, in a different model of ischaemia-reperfusion, CBD has been shown to reduce infarct size and increase blood flow in animal models of stroke, sensitive to 5HT(1A) receptor antagonism. Although acute or chronic CBD treatment seems to have little effect on haemodynamics, CBD reduces the cardiovascular response to models of stress, applied either systemically or intracranially, inhibited by a 5HT(1A) receptor antagonist. In blood, CBD influences the survival and death of white blood cells, white blood cell migration and platelet aggregation. Taken together, these preclinical data appear to support a positive role for CBD treatment in the heart, and in peripheral and cerebral vasculature. However, further work is required to strengthen this hypothesis, establish mechanisms of action and whether similar responses to CBD would be observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Stanley
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine & Health, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
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183
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Sousa VC, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM. Caffeine and Adenosine Receptor Modulation of Cannabinoid Influence Upon Cognitive Function. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2013.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C. Sousa
- Laboratory of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joaquim A. Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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184
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Effect of Cannabis sativa on oxidative stress and organ damage after systemic endotoxin administration in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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185
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Kumar P, Song ZH. Identification of raloxifene as a novel CB2 inverse agonist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:76-81. [PMID: 23611779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to apply a high throughput assay to systematically screen a library of food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs as potential ligands for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). A cell-based, homogenous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) method for measuring changes in intracellular cAMP levels was validated and found to be suitable for testing ligands that may act on CB2. Among the 640 FDA-approved drugs screened, raloxifene, a drug used to treat/prevent post-menopausal osteoporosis, was identified for the first time to be a novel CB2 inverse agonist. Our results demonstrated that by acting on CB2, raloxifene enhances forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in a concentration-dependant manner. Furthermore, our data showed that raloxifene competes concentration-dependently for specific [(3)H]CP-55,940 binding to CB2. In addition, raloxifene pretreatment caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curves of the cannabinoid agonists CP-55,940, HU-210, and WIN55,212-2. Raloxifene antagonism is most likely competitive in nature, as these rightward shifts were parallel and were not associated with any changes in the efficacy of cannabinoid agonists on CB2. Our discovery that raloxfiene is an inverse agonist for CB2 suggests that it might be possible to repurpose this FDA-approved drug for novel therapeutic indications for which CB2 is a target. Furthermore, identifying raloxifene as a CB2 inverse agonist also provides important novel mechanisms of actions to explain the known therapeutic effects of raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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186
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McLaughlin PJ, Thakur GA, Vemuri VK, McClure ED, Brown CM, Winston KM, Wood JT, Makriyannis A, Salamone JD. Behavioral effects of the novel potent cannabinoid CB1 agonist AM 4054. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 109:16-22. [PMID: 23603029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ubiquity of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor throughout the nervous system, as well as the many potential therapeutic uses of CB1 agonist-based interventions, it is desirable to synthesize novel probes of the CB1 receptor. Here, the acute behavioral effects of systemic (i.p.) administration of the putative novel CB1 full agonist AM 4054 were tested in rats. In Experiment 1, a dose range (0.15625-1.25 mg/kg) of AM 4054 produced effects consistent with CB1 agonism in the cannabinoid tetrad of tasks in rats, including induction of analgesia, catalepsy, hypothermia, and locomotor suppression. These effects were reversed with the CB1-selective inverse agonist AM 251 in Experiment 2, indicating that AM 4054 produced CB1 receptor-mediated effects. Analysis of open-field activity indicated that the reduction in locomotion is more consistent with general motor slowing than anxiogenesis. AM 4054 (0.0625-0.5 mg/kg) also dose-dependently reduced fixed-ratio 5 (FR5) operant responding for food in Experiment 3, and microanalysis of the timing and rate of lever pressing indicated a pattern of suppression similar to other CB1 agonists. Minimum doses of AM 4054 (0.125-0.3125 mg/kg) required to produce significant effects in these behavioral assays were lower than those of many CB1 agonists. It is likely that AM 4054 is a potent pharmacological tool for assessment of cannabinoid receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
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187
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Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabinoids increase type 1 cannabinoid receptor expression in a cell culture model of striatal neurons: implications for Huntington's disease. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:47-57. [PMID: 23602984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in the striatum. Activation of CB1 increases expression of neuronal trophic factors and inhibits neurotransmitter release from GABA-ergic striatal neurons. CB1 mRNA levels can be elevated by treatment with cannabinoids in non-neuronal cells. We wanted to determine whether cannabinoid treatment could induce CB1 expression in a cell culture model of striatal neurons and, if possible, determine the molecular mechanism by which this occurred. We found that treatment of STHdh(7/7) cells with the cannabinoids ACEA, mAEA, and AEA produced a CB1receptor-dependent increase in CB1 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein expression. This response was Akt- and NF-κB-dependent. Because decreased CB1 expression is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD), we wanted to determine whether cannabinoids could increase CB1 expression in STHdh(7/111) and (111/111) cells expressing the mutant huntingtin protein. We observed that cannabinoid treatment increased CB1 mRNA levels approximately 10-fold in STHdh(7/111) and (111/111) cells, compared to vehicle treatment. Importantly, cannabinoid treatment improved ATP production, increased the expression of the trophic factor BDNF-2, and the mitochondrial regulator PGC1α, and reduced spontaneous GABA release, in HD cells. Therefore, cannabinoid-mediated increases in CB1 levels could reduce the severity of some molecular pathologies observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Rm 6E Sir Charles Tupper Medical Bldg, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2.
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188
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Starowicz K, Przewlocka B. Modulation of neuropathic-pain-related behaviour by the spinal endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3286-99. [PMID: 23108547 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain refers to chronic pain that results from injury to the nervous system. The mechanisms involved in neuropathic pain are complex and involve both peripheral and central phenomena. Although numerous pharmacological agents are available for the treatment of neuropathic pain, definitive drug therapy has remained elusive. Recent drug discovery efforts have identified an original neurobiological approach to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. The development of innovative pharmacological strategies has led to the identification of new promising pharmacological targets, including glutamate antagonists, microglia inhibitors and, interestingly, endogenous ligands of cannabinoids and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). Endocannabinoids (ECs), endovanilloids and the enzymes that regulate their metabolism represent promising pharmacological targets for the development of a successful pain treatment. This review is an update of the relationship between cannabinoid receptors (CB1) and TRPV1 channels and their possible implications for neuropathic pain. The data are focused on endogenous spinal mechanisms of pain control by anandamide, and the current and emerging pharmacotherapeutic approaches that benefit from the pharmacological modulation of spinal EC and/or endovanilloid systems under chronic pain conditions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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189
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Dodd GT, Worth AA, Hodkinson DJ, Srivastava RK, Lutz B, Williams SR, Luckman SM. Central functional response to the novel peptide cannabinoid, hemopressin. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:27-36. [PMID: 23542442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemopressin is the first peptide ligand to be described for the CB₁ cannabinoid receptor. Hemopressin acts as an inverse agonist in vivo and can cross the blood-brain barrier to both inhibit appetite and induce antinociception. Despite being highly effective, synthetic CB₁ inverse agonists are limited therapeutically due to unwanted, over dampening of central reward pathways. However, hemopressin appears to have its effect on appetite by affecting satiety rather than reward, suggesting an alternative mode of action which might avoid adverse side effects. Here, to resolve the neuronal circuitry mediating hemopressin's actions, we have combined blood-oxygen-level-dependent, pharmacological-challenge magnetic resonance imaging with c-Fos functional activity mapping to compare brain regions responsive to systemic administration of hemopressin and the synthetic CB₁ inverse agonist, AM251. Using these complementary methods, we demonstrate that hemopressin activates distinct neuronal substrates within the brain, focused mainly on the feeding-related circuits of the mediobasal hypothalamus and in nociceptive regions of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and dorsal raphe (DR). In contrast to AM251, there is a distinct lack of activation of the brain reward centres, such as the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex, which normally form a functional activity signature for the central action of synthetic CB₁ receptor inverse agonists. Thus, hemopressin modulates the function of key feeding-related brain nuclei of the mediobasal hypothalamus, and descending pain pathways of the PAG and DR, and not higher limbic structures. Thus, hemopressin may offer behaviourally selective effects on nociception and appetite, without engaging reward pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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190
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Molica F, Burger F, Thomas A, Staub C, Tailleux A, Staels B, Pelli G, Zimmer A, Cravatt B, Matter CM, Pacher P, Steffens S. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor CB1 activation promotes vascular smooth-muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1360-8. [PMID: 23479425 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is frequently used in patients with severe arterial narrowing due to atherosclerosis. However, it induces severe arterial injury and an inflammatory response leading to restenosis. Here, we studied a potential activation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect of FA amide hydrolase (FAAH) deficiency, the major enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid anandamide degradation, in arterial injury. We performed carotid balloon injury in atherosclerosis-prone apoE knockout (apoE(-/-)) and apoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) mice. Anandamide levels were systemically elevated in apoE(-/-) mice after balloon injury. ApoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) mice had significantly higher baseline anandamide levels and enhanced neointima formation compared with apoE(-/-) controls. The latter effect was inhibited by treatment with CB1 antagonist AM281. Similarly, apoE(-/-) mice treated with AM281 had reduced neointimal areas, reduced lesional vascular smooth-muscle cell (SMC) content, and proliferating cell counts. The lesional macrophage content was unchanged. In vitro proliferation rates were significantly reduced in CB1(-/-) SMCs or when treating apoE(-/-) or apoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) SMCs with AM281. Macrophage in vitro adhesion and migration were marginally affected by CB1 deficiency. Reendothelialization was not inhibited by treatment with AM281. In conclusion, endogenous CB1 activation contributes to vascular SMC proliferation and neointima formation in response to arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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191
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Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, Auwärter V. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction 2013; 108:534-44. [PMID: 22971158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently, several synthetic cannabinoids were identified in herbal mixtures consumed as recreational drugs alternative to cannabis products. The aim was to characterize the acute toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids as experienced by emergency patients. DESIGN This was a retrospective study targeting patients seeking emergency treatment after recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Patients were selected from the database of the Poisons Information Center Freiburg between September 2008 and February 2011. The inclusion criteria were: hospitalization, available clinical reports and analytical verification of synthetic cannabinoid uptake. In total, 29 patients were included (age 14-30 years, median 19; 25 males, four females). MEASUREMENTS Clinical reports were evaluated and synthetic cannabinoids and other drugs were determined analytically. FINDINGS CP-47,497-C8 (one), JWH-015 (one), JWH-018 (eight), JWH-073 (one), JWH-081 (seven), JWH-122 (11), JWH-210 (11), JWH-250 (four) and AM 694 (one) were quantified in blood samples. JWH-018 was most common in 2008-9, JWH-122 in 2010, and JWH-210 in 2011. Tachycardia, agitation, hallucination, hypertension, minor elevation of blood glucose, hypokalaemia and vomiting were reported most frequently. Chest pain, seizures, myoclonia and acute psychosis were also noted. CONCLUSIONS There appears to have been an increase in use of the extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids JWH-122 and JWH-210. Acute toxic symptoms associated with their use are also reported after intake of high doses of cannabis, but agitation, seizures, hypertension, emesis and hypokalaemia seem to be characteristic to the synthetic cannabinoids, which are high-affinity and high-efficacy agonists of the CB(1) receptor. Thus, these effects are due probably to a strong CB(1) receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hermanns-Clausen
- Poisons Information Center Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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192
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Nettekoven M, Fingerle J, Grether U, Grüner S, Kimbara A, Püllmann B, Rogers-Evans M, Röver S, Schuler F, Schulz-Gasch T, Ullmer C. Highly potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists: Initial hit optimization of an adamantyl hit series identified from high-through-put screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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193
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Saponaro G, Moorman AR, Romagnoli R, Preti D, Baraldi S, Corciulo C, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Properties of New Heteroarylpyridine/Heteroarylpyrimidine Derivatives as CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Partial Agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1098-112. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301527r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Saponaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Allan R. Moorman
- King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Inc., 4000 Centre Green Way,
Suite 300, Cary, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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194
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Panlilio LV, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR. Inhibition of FAAH and activation of PPAR: new approaches to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:84-102. [PMID: 23333350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the effects of endogenously-released cannabinoid ligands in the brain might provide therapeutic effects more safely and effectively than administering drugs that act directly at the cannabinoid receptor. Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) prevent the breakdown of endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), prolonging and enhancing the effects of these ligands when they are naturally released. This review considers recent research on the effects of FAAH inhibitors and PPAR activators in animal models of addiction and cognition (specifically learning and memory). These studies show that FAAH inhibitors can produce potentially therapeutic effects, some through cannabinoid receptors and some through PPAR. These effects include enhancing certain forms of learning, counteracting the rewarding effects of nicotine and alcohol, relieving symptoms of withdrawal from cannabis and other drugs, and protecting against relapse-like reinstatement of drug self-administration. Since FAAH inhibition might have a wide range of therapeutic actions but might also share some of the adverse effects of cannabis, it is noteworthy that at least one FAAH-inhibiting drug (URB597) has been found to have potentially beneficial effects but no indication of liability for abuse or dependence. Although these areas of research are new, the preliminary evidence indicates that they might lead to improved therapeutic interventions and a better understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying addiction and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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195
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Steffens S, Pacher P. Targeting cannabinoid receptor CB(2) in cardiovascular disorders: promises and controversies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:313-23. [PMID: 22612332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, which can be largely attributed to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arteries characterized by lesions containing immune and smooth muscle cells, lipids and extracellular matrix. In recent years, the lipid endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new therapeutic target in variety of disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, including those of the cardiovascular system. The discovery that Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main active constituent of marijuana, inhibited atherosclerotic plaque progression via a cannabinoid 2 (CB(2) ) receptor-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanism, and that certain natural and synthetic cannabinoid ligands could modulate the myocardial or cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion-induced tissue damage, have stimulated impetus for a growing number of studies investigating the implication of CB(2) receptors in atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. The aim of this review is to update on recent findings and controversies on the role of CB(2) receptors in cardiovascular disease. Particular emphasis will be placed on novel insights in the potential cellular targets of CB(2) stimulation in cardiovascular system (e.g. endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, infiltrating and/or resident monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes, etc.), their interplay and intracellular signalling mechanisms identified, as well as on experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Steffens
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, Geneva, Switzerland
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196
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Fonseca BM, Correia-da-Silva G, Almada M, Costa MA, Teixeira NA. The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:510540. [PMID: 24228028 PMCID: PMC3818851 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the detrimental effects of cannabis consumption during gestation are known for years, the vast majority of studies established a link between cannabis consumption and foetal development. The complex maternal-foetal interrelationships within the placental bed are essential for normal pregnancy, and decidua definitively contributes to the success of this process. Nevertheless, the molecular signalling network that coordinates strategies for successful decidualization and placentation are not well understood. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system highlighted new signalling mediators in various physiological processes, including reproduction. It is known that endocannabinoids present regulatory functions during blastocyst development, oviductal transport, and implantation. In addition, all the endocannabinoid machinery was found to be expressed in decidual and placental tissues. Additionally, endocannabinoid's plasmatic levels were found to fluctuate during normal gestation and to induce decidual cell death and disturb normal placental development. Moreover, aberrant endocannabinoid signalling during the period of placental development has been associated with pregnancy disorders. It indicates the existence of a possible regulatory role for these molecules during decidualization and placentation processes, which are known to be particularly vulnerable. In this review, the influence of the endocannabinoid system in these critical processes is explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Fonseca
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - G. Correia-da-Silva
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Almada
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. A. Costa
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - N. A. Teixeira
- Biologia da Inflamação e Reprodução, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Rua do Campo Alegre No. 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Ciências Biológicas Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- *N. A. Teixeira:
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197
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Loewinger GC, Oleson EB, Cheer JF. Using dopamine research to generate rational cannabinoid drug policy. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:22-6. [PMID: 22991092 PMCID: PMC5819603 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent rise in the recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (e.g. 'K2' and 'Spice') has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in regulation. Besides prohibition of specific compounds and general class bans in over forty states, five synthetic cannabinoids (CB) are federally regulated under a 'temporary' ban and are currently under a formal review to determine whether to permanently schedule them. Whether through explicit prohibition of specific chemicals, or potential de facto bans of unofficially scheduled compounds through the analogue act, scheduling CBs may significantly impede researching their therapeutic utility and elucidating physiological roles of the endogenous CB system. We argue that a review of neuroscience research suggests that synthetic CBs that act like Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by directly binding to and stimulating CB receptors (i.e. direct agonists), as well as novel drugs that indirectly stimulate these receptors by increasing levels of endogenous CB neurotransmitters (i.e. indirect agonists) have therapeutic value. Specifically, neurochemical research into how CBs influence mesolimbic dopamine release, a reliable and consistent marker of drugs' rewarding/reinforcing effects, provides the most useful indication of CB abuse liability, and may have implications for the generation of rational drug policy. It demonstrates that direct CB receptor agonists, but not indirect agonists, increase mesolimbic dopamine release. Thus, while direct CB receptor agonists pose an abuse liability, indirect agonists do not. We recommend regulatory agencies revise policies that treat these separate CB classes similarly and to curb regulation aimed at any CB receptor agonists as Schedule I, as this ignores their medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Loewinger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E. B. Oleson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J. F. Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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198
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Ayakannu T, Taylor AH, Marczylo TH, Willets JM, Konje JC. The endocannabinoid system and sex steroid hormone-dependent cancers. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:259676. [PMID: 24369462 PMCID: PMC3863507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/259676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The "endocannabinoid system (ECS)" comprises the endocannabinoids, the enzymes that regulate their synthesis and degradation, the prototypical cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), some noncannabinoid receptors, and an, as yet, uncharacterised transport system. Recent evidence suggests that both cannabinoid receptors are present in sex steroid hormone-dependent cancer tissues and potentially play an important role in those malignancies. Sex steroid hormones regulate the endocannabinoid system and the endocannabinoids prevent tumour development through putative protective mechanisms that prevent cell growth and migration, suggesting an important role for endocannabinoids in the regulation of sex hormone-dependent tumours and metastasis. Here, the role of the endocannabinoid system in sex steroid hormone-dependent cancers is described and the potential for novel therapies assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anthony H. Taylor
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
- *Anthony H. Taylor:
| | - Timothy H. Marczylo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jonathon M. Willets
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Justin C. Konje
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
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199
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Abstract
In recent years, a growing interest has been dedicated to the study of the endocannabinoid system. The isolation of Cannabis sativa main psychotropic compound, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has led to the discovery of an atypical neurotransmission system that modulates the release of other neurotransmitters and participates in many biological processes, including the cascade of inflammatory responses. In this context, cannabinoids have been studied for their possible therapeutic properties in neuroinflammatory diseases. In this review, historic and biochemical aspects of cannabinoids are discussed, as well as their function as modulators of inflammatory processes and therapeutic perspectives for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly, multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Saito
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Graduate Program in Neurosciences, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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200
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Elphick MR. The evolution and comparative neurobiology of endocannabinoid signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3201-15. [PMID: 23108540 PMCID: PMC3481536 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CB(1)- and CB(2)-type cannabinoid receptors mediate effects of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide in mammals. In canonical endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity, 2-AG is generated postsynaptically by diacylglycerol lipase alpha and acts via presynaptic CB(1)-type cannabinoid receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release. Electrophysiological studies on lampreys indicate that this retrograde signalling mechanism occurs throughout the vertebrates, whereas system-level studies point to conserved roles for endocannabinoid signalling in neural mechanisms of learning and control of locomotor activity and feeding. CB(1)/CB(2)-type receptors originated in a common ancestor of extant chordates, and in the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis a CB(1)/CB(2)-type receptor is targeted to axons, indicative of an ancient role for cannabinoid receptors as axonal regulators of neuronal signalling. Although CB(1)/CB(2)-type receptors are unique to chordates, enzymes involved in biosynthesis/inactivation of endocannabinoids occur throughout the animal kingdom. Accordingly, non-CB(1)/CB(2)-mediated mechanisms of endocannabinoid signalling have been postulated. For example, there is evidence that 2-AG mediates retrograde signalling at synapses in the nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis by activating presynaptic transient receptor potential vanilloid-type ion channels. Thus, postsynaptic synthesis of 2-AG or anandamide may be a phylogenetically widespread phenomenon, and a variety of proteins may have evolved as presynaptic (or postsynaptic) receptors for endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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