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Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082940. [PMID: 32331305 PMCID: PMC7215817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal condition, including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Cannabis sativa (CS) is widely used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes. The most studied compound of CS is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Besides many relevant therapeutic roles such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there is still much controversy about the consumption of this plant since the misuse can lead to serious health problems. Because of these reasons, the aim of this review is to investigate the effects of CS on the treatment of UC and CD. The literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, PMC, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The use of CS leads to the improvement of UC and CD scores and quality of life. The medical use of CS is on the rise. Although the literature shows relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that could improve UC and CD scores, it is still not possible to establish a treatment criterion since the studies have no standardization regarding the variety and part of the plant that is used, route of administration and doses. Therefore, we suggest caution in the use of CS in the therapeutic approach of IBD until clinical trials with standardization and a relevant number of patients are performed.
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Brown JD, Costales B, van Boemmel-Wegmann S, Goodin AJ, Segal R, Winterstein AG. Characteristics of Older Adults Who Were Early Adopters of Medical Cannabis in the Florida Medical Marijuana Use Registry. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1166. [PMID: 32325769 PMCID: PMC7230351 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of medical marijuana is increasing in the United States and older adults are the fastest growing user group. There is little information about the characteristics and outcomes related to medical marijuana use. This study is a descriptive analysis of older adults (aged ≥50 years old) who were early adopters of a medical marijuana program in the U.S. state of Florida. Per state legislation, initial and follow-up treatment plans were submitted to the University of Florida College of Pharmacy. Data collection included demographics, clinical history, medical conditions, substance use history, prescription history, and health status. Follow-up treatment plans noted changes in the chief complaint and actions taken since the initial visit. Of the state's 7548 registered users between August 2016 and July 2017, N = 4447 (58.9%) were older adults. Patients utilized cannabidiol (CBD)-only preparations (45%), preparations that had both tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD (33.3%) or were recorded to use both CBD-only and THC + CBD products (21.7%). The chief complaints indicating medical cannabis treatment were musculoskeletal disorders and spasms (48.4%) and chronic pain (45.4%). Among other prescription medications, patients utilized antidepressants (23.8%), anxiolytics and benzodiazepines (23.5%), opioids (28.6%), and cardiovascular agents (27.9%). Among all drug classes with potential sedating effects, 44.8% of the cohort were exposed to at least one. Patients with follow-up visits (27.5%) exhibited marked improvement as assessed by the authorizing physicians. However, the patient registry lacked detailed records and linkable information to other data resources to achieve complete follow up in order to assess safety or efficacy. Future improvements to registries are needed to more adequately capture patient information to fill knowledge gaps related to the safety and effectiveness of medical marijuana, particularly in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brianna Costales
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Sascha van Boemmel-Wegmann
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Amie J. Goodin
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard Segal
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Almut G. Winterstein
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (B.C.); (S.v.B.-W.); (A.J.G.); (R.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Consortium for Medical Marijuana Clinical Outcomes Research, Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Colleges of Public Health and Health Professions and Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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153
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Nissen L, Bordoni A, Gianotti A. Shift of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Gluten-Free Hemp-Enriched Sourdough Bread: A Metabolomic Approach. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041050. [PMID: 32290149 PMCID: PMC7230689 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp seed flour represents a potential ingredient for protein enrichment of gluten-free bakery products, the nutritional value of which could be further increased by fermentation with sourdough or with beneficial lactic acid bacteria strains. In this study, a metabolomic approach was used to evaluate the effect of hemp seed flour addition and sourdough fermentation on the production of flavoring and health-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a gluten-free bread. Multivariate analysis of VOCs provided an in-depth description of the effects of hemp seed flour addition and sourdough fermentation on flavoring and bioactive compounds. In particular, an increased concentration of antimicrobial compounds, a larger spectrum of bioactive VOCs and a typical flavoring profile was evidenced in comparison to standard products. Furthermore, an increase of fermentation metabolites was observed in comparison to a standard dough, relating to abundances of 2-butanone-3-hydroxy, acetic acid, ethanol, and 1,4-butanediol. This study provides new insights on the evolution of flavoring and bioactive hemp seed flour constituents during sourdough fermentation, evidencing their retention in baked goods, and describes a new approach that could guide the formulation of innovative, fermented food with enhanced nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nissen
- CIRI - Interdepartamental Centre of Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (L.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- CIRI - Interdepartamental Centre of Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (L.N.); (A.G.)
- DiSTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, 60–47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Gianotti
- CIRI - Interdepartamental Centre of Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, P.za G. Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, FC, Italy; (L.N.); (A.G.)
- DiSTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, 60–47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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154
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Gonçalves ECD, Baldasso GM, Bicca MA, Paes RS, Capasso R, Dutra RC. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant. Molecules 2020; 25:E1567. [PMID: 32235333 PMCID: PMC7181184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has an extensive history and it was essential in the discovery of phytocannabinoids, including the Cannabis major psychoactive compound-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-as well as the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CBR), named cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R), both part of the now known endocannabinoid system (ECS). Cannabinoids is a vast term that defines several compounds that have been characterized in three categories: (i) endogenous, (ii) synthetic, and (iii) phytocannabinoids, and are able to modulate the CBR and ECS. Particularly, phytocannabinoids are natural terpenoids or phenolic compounds derived from Cannabis sativa. However, these terpenoids and phenolic compounds can also be derived from other plants (non-cannabinoids) and still induce cannabinoid-like properties. Cannabimimetic ligands, beyond the Cannabis plant, can act as CBR agonists or antagonists, or ECS enzyme inhibitors, besides being able of playing a role in immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases, neuroinflammatory, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer, and autoimmunity by itself. In this review, we summarize and critically highlight past, present, and future progress on the understanding of the role of cannabinoid-like molecules, mainly terpenes, as prospective therapeutics for different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (E.C.D.G.); (G.M.B.); (R.S.P.)
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. Baldasso
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (E.C.D.G.); (G.M.B.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Maíra A. Bicca
- Neurosurgery Department, Neurosurgery Pain Research institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Rodrigo S. Paes
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (E.C.D.G.); (G.M.B.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80,055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rafael C. Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (E.C.D.G.); (G.M.B.); (R.S.P.)
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
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155
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Comeau D, Novinscak A, Joly DL, Filion M. Spatio-Temporal and Cultivar-Dependent Variations in the Cannabis Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 32265895 PMCID: PMC7105690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incipient legalization and commercialization of Cannabis sativa in Canada have promulgated research into characterizing the plant’s microbiome as it promotes many facets of plant growth and health. The emblematic production of commercially important secondary metabolites, namely tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and terpenes, has warranted investigating the modulating capacity of these molecules on the plant microbiome. C. sativa cultivars can be classified into chemotypes depending on the relative levels of THC and CBD they produce; their biosynthesis also varies spatially and temporally during the life cycle of the plant. To study the differential microbiome structure and diversity between cultivars in a spatio-temporal manner, we extracted microbial DNA from the rhizosphere, endorhizosphere, and phyllosphere during the entire life cycle of three different chemotypes; CBD Yummy (<1% THC/13% CBD), CBD shark (6% THC/10% CBD) and Hash (14% THC/ < 1% CBD). Illumina marker gene sequencing of bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) communities were coupled to the QIIME2, PICRUSt, and LEfSe pipelines for analysis. Our study describes spatio-temporal and cultivar-dependent variations in the fungal and bacterial microbiome of C. sativa, and details strong cultivar-dependent variance in the belowground microbiome. Furthermore, the predicted pathway abundance of the bacterial microbiome is concomitantly subject to spatio-temporal variations; pathways related to lipid, amino acid, glucose and pentose metabolism were noteworthy. These results describe, for the first time, spatio-temporal and cultivar-dependent variations in the microbiome of C. sativa produced under strict commercial settings. Describing the microbiome is the first step in discoveries that could help in engineering a plant growth and health promoting microbiome in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Comeau
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Amy Novinscak
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - David L Joly
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Martin Filion
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
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156
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Sarris J, Sinclair J, Karamacoska D, Davidson M, Firth J. Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: a clinically-focused systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:24. [PMID: 31948424 PMCID: PMC6966847 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal cannabis has received increased research attention over recent years due to loosening global regulatory changes. Medicinal cannabis has been reported to have potential efficacy in reducing pain, muscle spasticity, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and intractable childhood epilepsy. Yet its potential application in the field of psychiatry is lesser known. METHODS The first clinically-focused systematic review on the emerging medical application of cannabis across all major psychiatric disorders was conducted. Current evidence regarding whole plant formulations and plant-derived cannabinoid isolates in mood, anxiety, sleep, psychotic disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is discussed; while also detailing clinical prescription considerations (including pharmacogenomics), occupational and public health elements, and future research recommendations. The systematic review of the literature was conducted during 2019, assessing the data from all case studies and clinical trials involving medicinal cannabis or plant-derived isolates for all major psychiatric disorders (neurological conditions and pain were omitted). RESULTS The present evidence in the emerging field of cannabinoid therapeutics in psychiatry is nascent, and thereby it is currently premature to recommend cannabinoid-based interventions. Isolated positive studies have, however, revealed tentative support for cannabinoids (namely cannabidiol; CBD) for reducing social anxiety; with mixed (mainly positive) evidence for adjunctive use in schizophrenia. Case studies suggest that medicinal cannabis may be beneficial for improving sleep and post-traumatic stress disorder, however evidence is currently weak. Preliminary research findings indicate no benefit for depression from high delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) therapeutics, or for CBD in mania. One isolated study indicates some potential efficacy for an oral cannabinoid/terpene combination in ADHD. Clinical prescriptive consideration involves caution in the use of high-THC formulations (avoidance in youth, and in people with anxiety or psychotic disorders), gradual titration, regular assessment, and caution in cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, pregnancy and breast-feeding. CONCLUSIONS There is currently encouraging, albeit embryonic, evidence for medicinal cannabis in the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders. Supportive findings are emerging for some key isolates, however, clinicians need to be mindful of a range of prescriptive and occupational safety considerations, especially if initiating higher dose THC formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, Professorial Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Justin Sinclair
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Diana Karamacoska
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Maggie Davidson
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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157
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Xi Z, Muldoon P, Wang X, Bi G, Damaj MI, Lichtman AH, Pertwee RG, Gardner EL. Δ 8 -Tetrahydrocannabivarin has potent anti-nicotine effects in several rodent models of nicotine dependence. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4773-4784. [PMID: 31454413 PMCID: PMC6965695 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Both types of cannabinoid receptors-CB1 and CB2 -regulate brain functions relating to addictive drug-induced reward and relapse. CB1 receptor antagonists and CB2 receptor agonists have anti-addiction efficacy, in animal models, against a broad range of addictive drugs. Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9 -THCV)-a cannabis constituent-acts as a CB1 antagonist and a CB2 agonist. Δ8 -Tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ8 -THCV) is a Δ9 -THCV analogue with similar combined CB1 antagonist/CB2 agonist properties. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested Δ8 -THCV in seven different rodent models relevant to nicotine dependence-nicotine self-administration, cue-triggered nicotine-seeking behaviour following forced abstinence, nicotine-triggered reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behaviour, acquisition of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference, anxiety-like behaviour induced by nicotine withdrawal, somatic withdrawal signs induced by nicotine withdrawal, and hyperalgesia induced by nicotine withdrawal. KEY RESULTS Δ8 -THCV significantly attenuated intravenous nicotine self-administration and both cue-induced and nicotine-induced relapse to nicotine-seeking behaviour in rats. Δ8 -THCV also significantly attenuated nicotine-induced conditioned place preference and nicotine withdrawal in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that Δ8 -THCV may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of nicotine dependence. We also suggest that tetrahydrocannabivarins should be tested for possible anti-addiction efficacy in a broader range of preclinical animal models, against other addictive drugs, and eventually in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Pretal Muldoon
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Xiao‐Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasuresBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Eliot L. Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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158
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Braich S, Baillie RC, Jewell LS, Spangenberg GC, Cogan NOI. Generation of a Comprehensive Transcriptome Atlas and Transcriptome Dynamics in Medicinal Cannabis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16583. [PMID: 31719627 PMCID: PMC6851104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are the main medicinal compounds of interest in the plant Cannabis sativa, that are primarily synthesised in the glandular trichomes; found on female floral buds. The content, composition and yield of secondary metabolites (cannabinoids and terpenoids) is influenced by the plant's genetics and environment. Some initial gene expression experiments have been performed from strains of this plant species that contrasted in cannabinoid production, however the present knowledge about detailed trichome transcriptomics in this species is limited. An extensive transcriptome atlas was generated by RNA sequencing using root, shoot, flower and trichome tissues from a female plant strain (Cannbio-2) and was enhanced with the addition of vegetative and reproductive tissues from a male cannabis plant. Differential gene expression analysis identified genes preferentially expressed in different tissues. Detailed trichomics was performed from extractions specifically from glandular trichomes as well as female floral tissues at varying developmental stages, to identify stage-specific differentially expressed genes. Candidate genes involved in terpene and cannabinoid synthesis were identified and the majority were found to have an abundant expression in trichomes. The comprehensive transcriptome is a significant resource in cannabis for further research of functional genomics to improve the yield of specialised metabolites with high pharmacological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Braich
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Baillie
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Larry S Jewell
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - German C Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Noel O I Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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159
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Gabotti D, Locatelli F, Cusano E, Baldoni E, Genga A, Pucci L, Consonni R, Mattana M. Cell Suspensions of Cannabis sativa (var. Futura): Effect of Elicitation on Metabolite Content and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224056. [PMID: 31717508 PMCID: PMC6891269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is one of the most-studied species for its phytochemistry due to the abundance of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds. In the last decade, fiber-type hemp varieties have received interest for the production of many specialized secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The interest in these molecules is due to their antioxidant activity. Since secondary metabolite synthesis occurs at a very low level in plants, the aim of this study was to develop a strategy to increase the production of such compounds and to elucidate the biochemical pathways involved. Therefore, cell suspensions of industrial hemp (C. sativa L. var. Futura) were produced, and an advantageous elicitation strategy (methyl jasmonate, MeJA) in combination with precursor feeding (tyrosine, Tyr) was developed. The activity and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) increased upon treatment. Through 1H-NMR analyses, some aromatic compounds were identified, including, for the first time, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) in addition to tyrosol. The 4-day MeJA+Tyr elicited samples showed a 51% increase in the in vitro assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) radical scavenging activity relative to the control and a 80% increase in the cellular antioxidant activity estimated on an ex vivo model of human erythrocytes. Our results outline the active metabolic pathways and the antioxidant properties of hemp cell extracts under the effect of specific elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (F.L.); (E.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (F.L.); (E.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Erica Cusano
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, Lab. NMR, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Elena Baldoni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (F.L.); (E.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Annamaria Genga
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (F.L.); (E.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Laura Pucci
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Roberto Consonni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, Lab. NMR, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Monica Mattana
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.G.); (F.L.); (E.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-23699677
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160
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Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111886. [PMID: 31698733 PMCID: PMC6912397 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The healing properties of cannabidiol (CBD) have been known for centuries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the myorelaxant effect of CBD after the transdermal application in patients with myofascial pain. (2) Methods: The Polish version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD Ia and Ib) was used. A total of 60 patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: Group1 and Group2. The average age in Group1 was 23.2 years (SD) = 1.6 years) and in Group2, it was 22.6 years (SD = 1.86). This was a parallel and double-blind trial. Group1 received CBD formulation, whereas Group2 received placebo formulation for topical use. The masseter muscle activity was measured on days 0 and 14, with surface electromyography (sEMG) (Neurobit Optima 4, Neurobit System, Gdynia, Poland). Pain intensity in VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was measured on days 0 and 14. (3) Results: in Group1, the sEMG masseter activity significantly decreased (11% in the right and 12.6% in the left masseter muscles). In Group2, the sEMG masseter activity was recorded as 0.23% in the right and 3.3% in the left masseter muscles. Pain intensity in VAS scale was significantly decreased in Group1: 70.2% compared to Group2: 9.81% reduction. Patients were asked to apply formulation twice a day for a period of 14 days. (4) Conclusion: The application of CBD formulation over masseter muscle reduced the activity of masseter muscles and improved the condition of masticatory muscles in patients with myofascial pain.
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161
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Schubert D, Kepchia D, Liang Z, Dargusch R, Goldberg J, Maher P. Efficacy of Cannabinoids in a Pre-Clinical Drug-Screening Platform for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7719-7730. [PMID: 31104297 PMCID: PMC6815693 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Finding a therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is perhaps the greatest challenge for modern medicine. The chemical scaffolds of many drugs in the clinic today are based upon natural products from plants, yet Cannabis has not been extensively examined as a source of potential AD drug candidates. Here, we determine if a number of non-psychoactive cannabinoids are neuroprotective in a novel pre-clinical AD and neurodegeneration drug-screening platform that is based upon toxicities associated with the aging brain. This drug discovery paradigm has yielded several compounds in or approaching clinical trials for AD. Eleven cannabinoids were assayed for neuroprotection in assays that recapitulate proteotoxicity, loss of trophic support, oxidative stress, energy loss, and inflammation. These compounds were also assayed for their ability to remove intraneuronal amyloid and subjected to a structure-activity relationship analysis. Pairwise combinations were assayed for their ability to synergize to produce neuroprotective effects that were greater than additive. Nine of the 11 cannabinoids have the ability to protect cells in four distinct phenotypic neurodegeneration screening assays, including those using neurons that lack CB1 and CB2 receptors. They are able to remove intraneuronal Aβ, reduce oxidative damage, and protect from the loss of energy or trophic support. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) data show that functional antioxidant groups such as aromatic hydroxyls are necessary but not sufficient for neuroprotection. Therefore, there is a need to focus upon CB1 agonists that have these functionalities if neuroprotection is the goal. Pairwise combinations of THC and CBN lead to a synergistic neuroprotective interaction. Together, these results significantly extend the published data by showing that non-psychoactive cannabinoids are potential lead drug candidates for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiological Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Devin Kepchia
- Cellular Neurobiological Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Zhibin Liang
- Cellular Neurobiological Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiological Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | | | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiological Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA.
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162
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Moorthy GS, Vedar C, DiLiberto MA, Zuppa AF. A patient-centric liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry microsampling assay for analysis of cannabinoids in human whole blood: Application to pediatric pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121828. [PMID: 31670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis is increasingly used for the treatment of various ailments in children and adults. Three major cannabinoids in cannabis are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). There is a growing need to develop and utilize a patient-centric blood microsampling methodology to enable clinical trials and facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring. We have employed the volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS™) devices that enables accurate and precise collection of a fixed volume (20 µL) of blood, minimizing the impact of hematocriton accurate quantitation. We developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the quantification of three cannabinoids (THC, CBD, and CBN) employing deuterium labelled internal standards (THC-D3, CBD-D3, and CBN-D3). Sample extraction of VAMS™ devices, followed by solid phase extraction, reverse phase chromatographic separation, and selective detection using tandem mass spectrometry with a 6-minute runtime per sample was developed. Standard curves were linear between 1 and 500 ng/mL for THC and 0.5-500 ng/mL for CBD and CBN. Intra-day accuracies were within 91.3-112% while inter-day accuracies were within 94.4-107% with both having precisions (CV (%)) of <13% based on quality control samples in a three day validation study for all three cannabinoids. Analytes were stable in human whole blood under assay conditions (60 h at room temperature and 24 h in autosampler post-extraction). Dried microsamples were stable for one week at 40 °C, two weeks (15 days) under different storage conditions (room temperature, 4, -20 and -78 °C), one month (29 days) at -20 and -78 °C and three months (68 days) at -78 °C. This assay provides an efficient quantitation of THC, CBD, and CBN in VAMS™ devices and is currently being implemented for pediatric clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh S Moorthy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Christina Vedar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mary Ann DiLiberto
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Athena F Zuppa
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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163
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Abstract
Research in the cannabinoid field, namely on phytocannabinoids, the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and their metabolizing and synthetic enzymes, the cannabinoid receptors, and anandamide-like cannabinoid compounds, has expanded tremendously over the last few years. Numerous endocannabinoid-like compounds have been discovered. The Cannabis plant constituent cannabidiol (CBD) was found to exert beneficial effects in many preclinical disease models ranging from epilepsy, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and autoimmunity to neurodegenerative and kidney diseases and cancer. CBD was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of rare forms of childhood epilepsy. This has triggered the development of many CBD-based products for human use, often with overstated claims regarding their therapeutic effects. In this article, the recently published research on the chemistry and biological effects of plant cannabinoids (specifically CBD), endocannabinoids, certain long-chain fatty acid amides, and the variety of relevant receptors is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA;
| | - Natalya M Kogan
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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164
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Vincent D, Binos S, Rochfort S, Spangenberg G. Top-Down Proteomics of Medicinal Cannabis. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7040033. [PMID: 31554318 PMCID: PMC6958505 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The revised legislation on medicinal cannabis has triggered a surge of research studies in this space. Yet, cannabis proteomics is lagging. In a previous study, we optimised the protein extraction of mature buds for bottom-up proteomics. In this follow-up study, we developed a top-down mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics strategy to identify intact denatured protein from cannabis apical buds. After testing different source-induced dissociation (SID), collision-induced dissociation (CID), higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) parameters on infused known protein standards, we devised three LC-MS/MS methods for top-down sequencing of cannabis proteins. Different MS/MS modes produced distinct spectra, albeit greatly overlapping between SID, CID, and HCD. The number of fragments increased with the energy applied; however, this did not necessarily translate into greater sequence coverage. Some precursors were more amenable to fragmentation than others. Sequence coverage decreased as the mass of the protein increased. Combining all MS/MS data maximised amino acid (AA) sequence coverage, achieving 73% for myoglobin. In this experiment, most cannabis proteins were smaller than 30 kD. A total of 46 cannabis proteins were identified with 136 proteoforms bearing different post-translational modifications (PTMs), including the excision of N-terminal M, the N-terminal acetylation, methylation, and acetylation of K resides, and phosphorylation. Most identified proteins are involved in photosynthesis, translation, and ATP production. Only one protein belongs to the phytocannabinoid biosynthesis, olivetolic acid cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Steve Binos
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - German Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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165
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Moccia S, Siano F, Russo GL, Volpe MG, La Cara F, Pacifico S, Piccolella S, Picariello G. Antiproliferative and antioxidant effect of polar hemp extracts ( Cannabis sativa L., Fedora cv.) in human colorectal cell lines. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:410-423. [PMID: 31544542 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1666804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of polar extracts of edible resources from Fedora hemp cultivar (Cannabis sativa L.), namely seed, flour and oil, were evaluated. The main components in the polar extracts were identified using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. As expected, the molecular profile of components from seeds and flour was strictly similar, dominated by N-trans-caffeoyltyramine. The profile of oil polar extracts contained hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and cannabinoids at lower extent. While the extracts from hemp seed and flour did not interfere with growth of Caco-2 and HT-29 cell, the one from oil (150 µg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability after 24 h of treatment. This effect was associated with the activation of apoptotic cell death and was independent from the antioxidant capacity of the oil polar extract. Notably, HT-29 cells differentiated with sodium butyrate were not sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of the oil extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moccia
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesco Siano
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Volpe
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesco La Cara
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Avellino, Italy
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166
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Bonn-Miller MO, Pollack CV, Casarett D, Dart R, ElSohly M, Good L, Guzmán M, Hanuš L, Hill KP, Huestis MA, Marsh E, Sisley S, Skinner N, Spahr J, Vandrey R, Viscusi E, Ware MA, Abrams D. Priority Considerations for Medicinal Cannabis-Related Research. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:139-157. [PMID: 31579832 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel O Bonn-Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles V Pollack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Casarett
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard Dart
- Rocky Mountain Drug and Poison Control Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Larry Good
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lumír Hanuš
- Department of Medicinal and Natural Products, Institute for Drug Research, The Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kevin P Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Marsh
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Sisley
- Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado
| | | | | | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eugene Viscusi
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark A Ware
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donald Abrams
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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167
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Harris HM, Rousseau MA, Wanas AS, Radwan MM, Caldwell S, Sufka KJ, ElSohly MA. Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:177-182. [PMID: 31579834 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries in treating pain. However, the analgesic role of many of its constituents including terpenes is unknown. This research examined the contributions of terpenes (volatile oil) and cannabinoids in cannabis-mediated analgesia in rats. Methods: Animals received intraperitoneal administration of either vehicle, 10.0 or 18.0 mg/kg morphine, or various doses of the extract without terpenes, isolated terpenes, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or the full extract. Thirty minutes later animals were tested on hotplate and tail-flick tests of thermal nociception. One week later, rats received a second administration of test articles and were tested 30 min later in the abdominal writhing test of inflammatory nociception. Results: In the thermal assays, hotplate and tail-flick latencies for morphine-treated rats were dose dependent and significantly higher than vehicle-treated animals. All the cannabinoid compounds except for the isolated terpenes produced dose-dependent increases in hotplate and tail-flick latencies. In the inflammatory nociceptive assay, animals treated with vehicle and isolated terpenes demonstrated increased abdominal writhing, whereas all the cannabinoid compounds significantly decreased abdominal writhing responses. Conclusions: Overall, THC alone produced robust analgesia equivalent to the full cannabis extract, whereas terpenes alone did not produce analgesia. These data suggest the analgesic activity of cannabis is largely mediated by THC, whereas terpenes alone do not cause alterations in cannabis-mediated analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Harris
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Margaret A Rousseau
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Sylvia Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Kenneth J Sufka
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, University, Mississippi
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168
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Lewis-Bakker MM, Yang Y, Vyawahare R, Kotra LP. Extractions of Medical Cannabis Cultivars and the Role of Decarboxylation in Optimal Receptor Responses. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:183-194. [PMID: 31559334 PMCID: PMC6757234 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phytocannabinoids, characteristic compounds produced by medical cannabis, interact with cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2) as well as other receptor systems to exhibit their corresponding pharmacological effects. In their natural form, CBs such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid are inactive at these receptors, while their decarboxylated forms (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, respectively) are potent ligands at CB receptors. Thus, extraction and processing of medical cannabis for active constituents are important. Purpose and Methods: Patients consuming medical cannabis often have limited alternative treatment options and in recent years, medical cannabis extracts have been popular as a substitute for dried cannabis plants, despite limited studies on these derivatives. We investigated three disparate cannabis cultivars and compared four chemical extraction methods head to head, viz. Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted supercritical fluid, and microwave-assisted extractions, for their efficiency. We further characterized the chemical compositions of these extracts. Results: Microwave extraction consistently produced completely decarboxylated phytocannabinoid extracts. Factors such as temperature and exposure time play important roles in the decarboxylation of phytocannabinoids, thereby generating pharmacologically active CBs, and these conditions may differ for each cannabis cultivar. Conclusion: Chemical consistency and potency due to active compounds are in turn important in producing consistent and reliable medical cannabis extracts and their derivatives. These processes must be subject to higher levels of scientific rigor as the patient population around the world are seeking the help of such extracts for various clinical conditions, and as medical cannabis industry is receiving acceptance in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Lewis-Bakker
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Rupali Vyawahare
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Centre for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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169
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Páez JA, Campillo NE. Innovative Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoid Receptors as Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease and Less Well-Known Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3300-3340. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180226095132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
The discovery of cannabinoid receptors at the beginning of the 1990s, CB1 cloned
in 1990 and CB2 cloned in 1993, and the availability of selective and potent cannabimimetics
could only be justified by the existence of endogenous ligands that are capable of binding to
them. Thus, the characterisation and cloning of the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) led to the
isolation and characterisation of the first endocannabinoid, arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA),
two years later and the subsequent identification of a family of lipid transmitters known as the
fatty acid ester 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).
:
The endogenous cannabinoid system is a complex signalling system that comprises transmembrane
endocannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands (the endocannabinoids), the
specific uptake mechanisms and the enzymatic systems related to their biosynthesis and degradation.
:
The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a wide diversity of biological processes,
in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including memory, learning, neuronal development,
stress and emotions, food intake, energy regulation, peripheral metabolism, and
the regulation of hormonal balance through the endocrine system.
:
In this context, this article will review the current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of
cannabinoid receptor as a target in Alzheimer’s disease and other less well-known diseases
that include, among others, multiple sclerosis, bone metabolism, and Fragile X syndrome.
:
The therapeutic applications will be addressed through the study of cannabinoid agonists acting
as single drugs and multi-target drugs highlighting the CB2 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Páez
- Instituto de Quimica Medica (IQM-CSIC). C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E. Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC). C/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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170
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Rapid isolation of acidic cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. using pH-zone-refining centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1599:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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171
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Park SH, Staples SK, Gostin EL, Smith JP, Vigil JJ, Seifried D, Kinney C, Pauli CS, Heuvel BDV. Contrasting Roles of Cannabidiol as an Insecticide and Rescuing Agent for Ethanol-induced Death in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10481. [PMID: 31324859 PMCID: PMC6642087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana or hemp, produces a non-psychoactive compound cannabidiol (CBD). To investigate the defensive role of CBD, a feeding preference assay was performed with tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. The larvae clearly show feeding preference towards the Cannabis tissue containing low CBD over high CBD. While the larva avoided the high CBD diet, we investigated detrimental effects of CBD in the insects' diet. Contrasted to the performance on low CBD-infused artificial diet (AD), larvae reared on the high CBD diet suffer significantly reduced growth and increased mortality. Through testing different carriers, we found that the increase of EtOH in the diet is negatively correlated with insect development and behaviors. Notably, CBD treatment significantly improved ethanol-intoxicated larval survival rate by 40% and also improved diet searching activity, resulting in increased diet consumption. Electrophysiology results revealed that the CBD-treated ganglia had delayed but much larger response with electric stimuli in comparison to the larvae reared on AD only and EtOH-added diet. Our results show CBDs' defensive role against pest insects, which suggests its possible use as an insecticide. We also provide evidence that CBD alleviates alcohol-induced stress; consequently, improving the performance and viability of M. sexta larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuck Park
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - S Kyle Staples
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Eric L Gostin
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Jose J Vigil
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Dustin Seifried
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Chad Kinney
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Christopher S Pauli
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
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172
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Brown JD, Winterstein AG. Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug-Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070989. [PMID: 31288397 PMCID: PMC6678684 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is ubiquitous in state-based medical cannabis programs and consumer products for complementary health or recreational use. CBD has intrinsic pharmacologic effects and associated adverse drug events (ADEs) along with the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Given CBD use among patients with complex conditions and treatment regimens, as well as its expanded consumer use, awareness of potential safety issues with CBD is needed. Prescribing information for federally approved products containing CBD were reviewed. Data on ADEs and DDIs were extracted and summarized. Nearly one-half of CBD users experienced ADEs, which displayed a general dose-response relationship. Common ADEs include transaminase elevations, sedation, sleep disturbances, infection, and anemia. Given CBD effects on common biological targets implicated in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP3A4/2C19) and excretion (e.g., P-glycoprotein), the potential for DDIs with commonly used medication is high. General clinical recommendations of reducing substrate doses, monitoring for ADEs, and finding alternative therapy should be considered, especially in medically complex patients. CBD is implicated as both a victim and perpetrator of DDIs and has its own ADE profile. These effects should be considered in the risk-benefit assessment of CBD therapy and patients and consumers made aware of potential safety issues with CBD use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Almut G Winterstein
- Center for Drug Evaluation & Safety, Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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173
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Kumar A, Premoli M, Aria F, Bonini SA, Maccarinelli G, Gianoncelli A, Memo M, Mastinu A. Cannabimimetic plants: are they new cannabinoidergic modulators? PLANTA 2019; 249:1681-1694. [PMID: 30877436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals and secondary metabolites able to interact with the endocannabinoid system (Cannabimimetics) have been recently described in a broad range of plants and fruits. These findings can open new alternative avenues to explore for the development of novel therapeutic compounds. The cannabinoids regulate many physiological and pathological functions in both animals and plants. Cannabis sativa is the main plant that produces phytocannabinoids inside resins capable to defend the plant from the aggression of parasites and herbivores. Animals produce anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, which thanks to binding with main receptors such as type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and the type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) are involved in inflammation processes and several brain functions. Endogenous cannabinoids, enzymes for synthesis and degradation of cannabinoids, and CB1R and CB2R constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Other plants can produce cannabinoid-like molecules such as perrottetinene extracted from Radula perrottetii, or anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol extracted from some bryophytes. Moreover, several other secondary metabolites can also interact with the ECS of animals and take the name of cannabimimetics. These phytoextracts not derived from Cannabis sativa can act as receptor agonists or antagonist, or enzyme inhibitors of ECS and can be involved in the inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer, and neuroprotection. Finally, given the evolutionary heterogeneity of the cannabimimetic plants, some authors speculated on the fascinating thesis of the evolutionary convergence between plants and animals regarding biological functions of ECS. The review aims to provide a critical and complete assessment of the botanical, chemical and therapeutic aspects of cannabimimetic plants to evaluate their spread in the world and medicinal potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marika Premoli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Aria
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Anna Bonini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maccarinelli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mastinu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy.
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174
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Xie C, Gong W, Zhu Z, Zhou Y, Yan L, Hu Z, Ai L, Peng Y. Mapping the Secretome and Its N-Linked Glycosylation of Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus Grown on Hemp Stalks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5486-5495. [PMID: 31012315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus were effective fungi for pretreatment of industrial hemp stalks to improve enzymatic saccharification. The secretomes of these two fungi were analyzed to search for the effective enzyme cocktails degrading hemp lignin during the pretreatment process. In total, 169 and 155 proteins were identified in Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, respectively, and 50% of the proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation were CAZymes. Because most of the extracellular proteins secreted by fungi are glycosylated proteins, the N-linked glycosylation of enzymes could be mapped. In total, 27 and 24 N-glycosylated peptides were detected in Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus secretomes, respectively. N-Glycosylated peptides of laccase, GH92, exoglucanase, phenol oxidase, α-galactosidase, carboxylic ester hydrolase, and pectin lyase were identified. Deglycosylation could decrease enzymatic saccharification of hemp stalks. The activities of laccase, α-galactosidase, and phenol oxidase and the thermal stability of laccase were reduced after deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Wenbing Gong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Zuohua Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Zhenxiu Hu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changsha 410205 , China
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175
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A marijuana-drug interaction primer: Precipitants, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:25-38. [PMID: 31071346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, the evolving landscape of state-legal marijuana use for recreational and/or medical purposes has given rise to flourishing markets for marijuana and derivative products. The popularity of these products highlights the relative absence of safety, pharmacokinetic, and drug interaction data for marijuana and its constituents, most notably the cannabinoids. This review articulates current issues surrounding marijuana terminology, taxonomy, and dosing; summarizes cannabinoid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics; and assesses the drug interaction risks associated with co-consuming marijuana with conventional medications. Existing pharmacokinetic data are currently insufficient to fully characterize potential drug interactions precipitated by marijuana constituents. As such, increasing awareness among researchers, clinicians, and federal agencies regarding the need to conduct well-designed in vitro and clinical studies is imperative. Mechanisms that help researchers navigate the legal and regulatory barriers to conducting these studies would promote rigorous evaluation of potential marijuana-drug interactions and inform health care providers and consumers about the possible risks of co-consuming marijuana products with conventional medications.
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176
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Halladay JE, Boyle MH, Munn C, Jack SM, Georgiades K. Sex Differences in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts, Depression, and Psychological Distress Among Canadians. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:345-350. [PMID: 30260680 PMCID: PMC6591888 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718804542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders are leading causes of morbidity worldwide. The most commonly used illicit substance is cannabis and there is some evidence that the association between cannabis use and poor mental health is more pronounced among females compared with males. This analysis examines sex differences in the association between cannabis use and major depressive episode (MDE), suicidal thoughts and attempts, and psychological distress. METHODS This study uses data from the 2002 and 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey's Mental Health Component, repeated cross-sectional surveys of nationally representative samples of Canadians 15 years of age and older ( n = 43,466). Linear and binary logistic regressions were performed, applying weighting and bootstrapping. RESULTS There were significant sex differences in the strength of the association between cannabis use and suicidal thoughts and attempts and psychological distress, but not MDE. Females who reported using cannabis occasionally (defined as 1 to 4 times a month) reported higher levels of psychological distress than their male counterparts. Females who reported using regularly (defined as more than once per week) reported higher levels of psychological distress and were more likely to report suicidal thoughts and attempts. CONCLUSIONS Future research is needed to further our understanding of the nature of these sex differences. Public health messaging should incorporate being female as a potential risk factor for the co-occurrence of cannabis use and emotional problems, particularly at higher frequencies of use. Clinicians should also be aware of this association to better inform integrated mental health and substance use screening, discussions, and care, particularly for female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Halladay
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael H. Boyle
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact,
Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catharine Munn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Peter Boris
Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan M. Jack
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, School
of Nursing, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Katholiki Georgiades
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, David
R. (Dan) Offord Chair in Child Studies, Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences,
Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada
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177
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Extraction, isolation and purification of tetrahydrocannabinol from the Cannabis sativa L. plant using supercritical fluid extraction and solid phase extraction. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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178
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Abdel-Salam OME, Sleem AA, Mohamed Sayed MAEB, Youness ER, Shaffie N. Neuroprotective Effects of Low Dose Anandamide in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) is an endogenous cannabinoid receptor CB1 ligand that exhibits neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this study, the effect of exogenously given anandamide on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced chemical kindling oxidative stress and brain damage in rats was studied. Rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 35 mg/kg PTZ once every 48 hours for 12 times to induce seizures. Anandamide was i.p. given. 30 min prior to PTZ injection at 100 or 200 mg/kg. Injections of PTZ induced significant increase in brain lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde: MDA), and nitric oxide associated with marked decrease in brain reduced glutathione (GSH). There were also significant decrements in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activities in brain tissue of PTZ injected rats. Meanwhile, there was no significant effect for PTZ on the concentration of brain neutrophil elastase. Anandamide administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly decreased MDA and increased GSH contents and at 200 mg/kg significantly decreased nitric oxide in brain of PTZ-treated rats. The drug also caused significant increments in AChE concentration and PON-1 activity but had no significant effect on BChE or neutrophil elastase in rats treated with PTZ. Anandamide given at the dose of 200mg/kg significantly decreased the mean seizure scores over the study period by 22.3% and the frequency of myoclonic jerks and rearing (stage 3) by 56.7% compared with the vehicle-treated group. Anandamide given at 100 and 200 mg/kg completely inhibited the development of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (stage 5). It is concluded that in the PTZ-induced seizures, the cannabinoid receptor CB1 agonist anandamide decreases brain oxidative stress, neuronal injury, and exerts an antiepileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany A. Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman R. Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Shaffie
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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179
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Cohen K, Weizman A, Weinstein A. Positive and Negative Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Health. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:1139-1147. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koby Cohen
- Department of Behavioral ScienceAriel University, Science Park Ariel Israel
| | | | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral ScienceAriel University, Science Park Ariel Israel
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180
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Piomelli D, Solomon R, Abrams D, Balla A, Grant I, Marcotte T, Yoder J. Regulatory Barriers to Research on Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Proposed Path Forward. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:21-32. [DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Robert Solomon
- Economic Development Clinic, Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, School of Law, Irvine, California
| | - Donald Abrams
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Agnes Balla
- Research Policy Analysis and Coordination, University of California Office of the President, Oakland, California
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Thomas Marcotte
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - John Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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181
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Analytical quality by design: Development and control strategy for a LC method to evaluate the cannabinoids content in cannabis olive oil extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:326-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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182
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Gonçalves J, Rosado T, Soares S, Simão AY, Caramelo D, Luís Â, Fernández N, Barroso M, Gallardo E, Duarte AP. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E31. [PMID: 30813390 PMCID: PMC6473697 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the medicinal properties of Cannabis species have been known for centuries, the interest on its main active secondary metabolites as therapeutic alternatives for several pathologies has grown in recent years. This potential use has been a revolution worldwide concerning public health, production, use and sale of cannabis, and has led inclusively to legislation changes in some countries. The scientific advances and concerns of the scientific community have allowed a better understanding of cannabis derivatives as pharmacological options in several conditions, such as appetite stimulation, pain treatment, skin pathologies, anticonvulsant therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. However, there is some controversy regarding the legal and ethical implications of their use and routes of administration, also concerning the adverse health consequences and deaths attributed to marijuana consumption, and these represent some of the complexities associated with the use of these compounds as therapeutic drugs. This review comprehends the main secondary metabolites of Cannabis, approaching their therapeutic potential and applications, as well as their potential risks, in order to differentiate the consumption as recreational drugs. There will be also a focus on the analytical methodologies for their analysis, in order to aid health professionals and toxicologists in cases where these compounds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Y Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Débora Caramelo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ângelo Luís
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Nicolás Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Toxicología y Química Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicológico Analítico (CENATOXA). Junín 956 7mo piso. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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183
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Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Leoni V, Citti C, Cattaneo C, Cavaletto M, Giorgi A. Phytochemical and Ecological Analysis of Two Varieties of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Grown in a Mountain Environment of Italian Alps. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1265. [PMID: 31708938 PMCID: PMC6822994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a multifunctional crop that is capable of prompt environmental adaptation. In this study, a monoecious cultivar (Futura 75) and a dioecious one (Finola) were tested in a mountain area in Valsaviore (Rhaetian Alps, Italy; elevation: 1,100 m a.s.l.) during the growing season 2018. Phytochemical behavior was evaluated by different analytical approaches: HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE LC-MS/MS, HS-SPME GC-MS, and GC-FID in order to obtain complete profile of two varieties cultivated in altitude. CSR functional strategy used for ecological evaluation revealed that both genotypes are mainly competitors, although Finola is more stress tolerator (C:S:R = 57:26:17%) than Futura (C:S:R = 69:15:16%). The Finola inflorescences were characterized by higher quantities of β-ocimene and α-terpinolene, while α- and ß-pinene accompanied by extremely high ß-myrcene were found as predominant in Futura. Both varieties were rich in sesquiterpenes (45 recognized) among which trans-caryophyllene and α-humulene were the most abundant. Total tetrahydrocannabinol level was lower than 0.1%, while the most abundant cannabinoid was cannabidiolic acid (CBDA): 2.3% found in Finola vs. 2.7% revealed for Futura. The level of corresponding neutral form, cannabidiol, varied drastically: 0.27% (Finola) vs. 0.056% (Futura). Finola showed the unique cannabinoid profile with unexpectedly high cannabidivarin, 2-fold higher that corresponding acidic analogue, whereas the particularity of Futura 75 was the occurrence of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) in the quantities that was double than those exposed for Finola. The seeds from both chemovars proved to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Finola showed a higher ratio ω6/ω3. No difference was found in the protein content, and the SDS-PAGE profile was similar. The most abundant protein was edestin, followed by heat shock protein 70, ß-conglycinin, and vicilin. In conclusion, comprehensive phytochemical and ecological study of two fiber-type varieties cultivated in Italian Alps displayed specific, legal, and safe cannabinoids profile, followed by particular terpene composition, polyunsaturated fatty acids content, and favorable protein profile. This postulates that geographical provenience of hemp should be considered in selecting a variety that would be suitable for a specific end-use nutraceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas–CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont., University of Milan, Edolo, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Production, Landscape and Agroenergy–DISAA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health–VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giupponi
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas–CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont., University of Milan, Edolo, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Production, Landscape and Agroenergy–DISAA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Giupponi,
| | - Valeria Leoni
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas–CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont., University of Milan, Edolo, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Production, Landscape and Agroenergy–DISAA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation–DiSIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation–DiSIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Giorgi
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas–CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont., University of Milan, Edolo, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Production, Landscape and Agroenergy–DISAA, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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184
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Ji J, Lou H, Fan P. Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Phenylpropionamides Composition and Effects on Memory Dysfunction and Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15988-15995. [PMID: 30556022 PMCID: PMC6288804 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hempseed has achieved a growing popularity in human nutrition, particularly regarding essential amino acids and fatty acids. The multiple positive attributes of hempseed have led to the further study of its constituents. In this study, hempseed extract containing phenylpropionamides (TPA) was obtained and its chemical profile and content were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography technology based on previous study. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of TPA extract was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model. Fourteen phenylpropionamides (TPA) were identified in the obtained extract with a total content of 233.52 ± 2.50 μg/mg extract. In mice, TPA prevented the learning and spatial memory damage induced by LPS. Increased brain levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the LPS-induced mice were reduced by TPA treatment. Furthermore, TPA attenuated LPS-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in mice. This study demonstrates the nutraceutical potential of hempseed from a neuroprotective perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefang Zhou
- Department
of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology
of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department
of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology
of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department
of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology
of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department
of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology
of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Peihong Fan
- Department
of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology
of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of
Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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185
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Vučković S, Srebro D, Vujović KS, Vučetić Č, Prostran M. Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30542280 PMCID: PMC6277878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The prohibition of cannabis in the middle of the 20th century has arrested cannabis research. In recent years there is a growing debate about the use of cannabis for medical purposes. The term ‘medical cannabis’ refers to physician-recommended use of the cannabis plant and its components, called cannabinoids, to treat disease or improve symptoms. Chronic pain is the most commonly cited reason for using medical cannabis. Cannabinoids act via cannabinoid receptors, but they also affect the activities of many other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Preclinical studies in animals using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have increased our understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced analgesia and provided therapeutical strategies for treating pain in humans. The mechanisms of the analgesic effect of cannabinoids include inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from presynaptic nerve endings, modulation of postsynaptic neuron excitability, activation of descending inhibitory pain pathways, and reduction of neural inflammation. Recent meta-analyses of clinical trials that have examined the use of medical cannabis in chronic pain present a moderate amount of evidence that cannabis/cannabinoids exhibit analgesic activity, especially in neuropathic pain. The main limitations of these studies are short treatment duration, small numbers of patients, heterogeneous patient populations, examination of different cannabinoids, different doses, the use of different efficacy endpoints, as well as modest observable effects. Adverse effects in the short-term medical use of cannabis are generally mild to moderate, well tolerated and transient. However, there are scant data regarding the long-term safety of medical cannabis use. Larger well-designed studies of longer duration are mandatory to determine the long-term efficacy and long-term safety of cannabis/cannabinoids and to provide definitive answers to physicians and patients regarding the risk and benefits of its use in the treatment of pain. In conclusion, the evidence from current research supports the use of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain in adults. Careful follow-up and monitoring of patients using cannabis/cannabinoids are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Vučković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Čedomir Vučetić
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prostran
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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186
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M.E. Abdel-Salam O, A. Sleem A, Abd El Baset Mohamed Sayed M, A. Khadrawy Y, A. Morsy F. Cannabis sativa Increases Seizure Severity and Brain Lipid Peroxidation in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Cannabis sativa extract on chemical kindling induced in rats by the repeated intraperitoneal (ip) injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was studied. Rats were treated with PTZ (35 mg/kg) once every 48 hours for 12 times alone or with ip Cannabis sativa (20 mg/kg expressed as Δ9-THC content) 30 min prior to PTZ injection. Seizures were recorded for 20 minutes. Control rats received ip saline. Cannabis treatment caused significant elevation of mean seizure score as compared to PTZ only group after the 5th, 6th and 7th PTZ repeated injections during seizure development. In particular, cannabis caused significant elevation in the frequency of myoclonic jerks, rearing (stage 3), turn over onto one side position and back position (stage 4), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (stage 5) compared with the PTZ only group. PTZ caused significant elevations in brain lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), and nitric oxide along with deceased reduced glutathione level. In addition, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity significantly decreased compared to control value after PTZ treatment. Cannabis given to PTZ treated rats caused significant increase in brain malondialdehyde and AChE activity compared to PTZ only group. Reduced glutathione level was restored by cannabis. Histopathological studies indicated the presence of spongiform changes, degenerated and necrotic neurons, inflammatory cells, and gliosis in cerebral cortex and degeneration of some Purkinje cells in the cerebellum in both PTZ- and cannabis-PTZ-treated groups. It is concluded that in an epilepsy model induced by repeated PTZ administration, cannabis increased lipid peroxidation and mean seizure score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fatma A. Morsy
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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187
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Klotz KA, Schulze-Bonhage A, Antonio-Arce VS, Jacobs J. Cannabidiol for Treatment of Childhood Epilepsy-A Cross-Sectional Survey. Front Neurol 2018; 9:731. [PMID: 30258395 PMCID: PMC6143823 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The interest in cannabidiol (CBD) for treatment of epilepsy has been increasing over the last years. However, practitioner's attitudes concerning the use of CBD for epilepsy treatment appears to be divided and data about its clinical use in daily practice are not available. Objective: To improve the knowledge about the current use of CBD amongst European practitioners treating children and adolescents for epilepsy. Methods: Cross-sectional survey using an open-access online questionnaire for physicians treating children or adolescents for epilepsy within eight European countries from December 2017 to March 2018. Results: One-hundred fifty-five physicians participated in the survey. CBD is increasingly used by 45% (69/155) of participants, treating a mean (range) number of 3 (1-35) with CBD. Only 48% of the participants prescribing CBD are exclusively using purified CBD to treat children and adolescents with epilepsy, the remainder also applies preparations containing delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Reported daily CBD doses range from < 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight. Management of CBD therapy in regard of monitoring side effects and adjusting concomitant therapy differs widely amongst participants. Their primary objective for commencing CBD is improving patient's quality of life. Participants frequently receive inquiries about CBD treatment but only 40% may actively suggest CBD as a treatment option. Of the 85 participants currently not using CBD for epilepsy treatment, 70% would consider using CBD if available in their country of practice or given the opportunity to become familiar with this treatment option. Conclusions: CBD is increasingly used by participating physicians but individual experience remains limited. There are very diverse opinions about the use of CBD to treat epilepsy in children and adolescents and widely differing views on how to manage the CBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin A Klotz
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Jacobs
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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188
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Hawley LA, Ketchum JM, Morey C, Collins K, Charlifue S. Cannabis Use in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury or Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Colorado. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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189
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Davidson M, Reed S, Oosthuizen J, O’Donnell G, Gaur P, Cross M, Dennis G. Occupational health and safety in cannabis production: an Australian perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 24:75-85. [PMID: 30281413 PMCID: PMC6237171 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1517234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The legal Australian cannabis industry has been rapidly expanding due to increased awareness of the plant's therapeutic potential, as well its diverse range of applications including biofuel, textiles, building materials, food, nutritional supplement, and animal feed. The objective of this paper is to describe the current landscape of the commercial Australian cannabis industry, summarise occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards in cannabis-related working environments, and provide suggestions for safeguarding worker health and well-being in this emerging industry. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 1900 and 2017 was undertaken to identify case studies and original epidemiological research on OHS hazards associated with the cannabis cultivation and the manufacture of cannabis-based products. The review found that the majority of OHS studies were undertaken in the hemp textile industry during the late twentieth century, with a small number of articles published from a variety of occupational environments including forensic laboratories and recreational marijuana farms. Cannabis harvesting and initial processing is labour intensive, and presents a physical hazard Depending on the operation, workers may also be exposed to a variety of biological, chemical, and physical hazards including: organic dusts, bioaerosols, pollen/allergens, volatile organic compounds, psychoactive substances (tetrahydrocannabinol [THC])), noise, and ultraviolet radiation. Little research has been undertaken on the exposure to inhalable organic dust and other bioaerosols during the commercial cultivation and manufacture of cannabis-based products. Furthermore, there is an absence of Australian-based research and OHS guidance materials to help professionals develop risk management strategies in this evolving industry. It is recommended that: Investigation into the toxicological properties of cannabis dusts, specifically in relation to potential occupational exposures during cultivation and manufacture, should be a priority. The interim adoption of the respirable cotton dust exposure standard of 0.2 mg/m3 for workplace exposure in hemp facilities until a cannabis workplace exposure standard is developed, and that exposure to medicinal cannabis containing THC are kept as low as reasonably practicable. An industry partnership be established for the development of an Australian health and safety guideline for the production of medicinal cannabis and hemp. A classification to meet the requirements of the Global Harmonization Scheme should be undertaken to ensure consistency in the use of safety and risk phrases in cannabis-related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Davidson
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Sue Reed
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jacques Oosthuizen
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Greg O’Donnell
- Test Safe Analytical Services, Safe Work NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pragna Gaur
- Illicit Drugs Analysis Unit, Forensics Analytical Science Services, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martyn Cross
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Gary Dennis
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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190
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Ružić Zečević D, Folić M, Tantoush Z, Radovanović M, Babić G, Janković SM. Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:535-541. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1482275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Folić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ziyad Tantoush
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milan Radovanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Goran Babić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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191
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Nallathambi R, Mazuz M, Namdar D, Shik M, Namintzer D, Vinayaka AC, Ion A, Faigenboim A, Nasser A, Laish I, Konikoff FM, Koltai H. Identification of Synergistic Interaction Between Cannabis-Derived Compounds for Cytotoxic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Colon Polyps That Induces Apoptosis-Related Cell Death and Distinct Gene Expression. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:120-135. [PMID: 29992185 PMCID: PMC6038055 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancer remains the third most common cancer diagnosis and fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Purified cannabinoids have been reported to prevent proliferation, metastasis, and induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell types. However, the active compounds from Cannabis sativa flowers and their interactions remain elusive. Research Aim: This study was aimed to specify the cytotoxic effect of C. sativa-derived extracts on colon cancer cells and adenomatous polyps by identification of active compound(s) and characterization of their interaction. Materials and Methods: Ethanol extracts of C. sativa were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry and their cytotoxic activity was determined using alamarBlue-based assay (Resazurin) and tetrazolium dye-based assay (XTT) on cancer and normal colon cell lines and on dysplastic adenomatous polyp cells. Annexin V Assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were used to determine apoptosis and cell cycle, and RNA sequencing was used to determine gene expression. Results: The unheated cannabis extracts (C2F), fraction 7 (F7), and fraction 3 (F3) had cytotoxic activity on colon cancer cells, but reduced activity on normal colon cell lines. Moreover, synergistic interaction was found between F7 and F3 and the latter contains mainly cannabigerolic acid. The F7 and F7+F3 cytotoxic activity involved cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S or G0/G1 phases, respectively. RNA profiling identified 2283 differentially expressed genes in F7+F3 treatment, among them genes related to the Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis-related genes. Moreover, F7, F3, and F7+F3 treatments induced cell death of polyp cells. Conclusions:C. sativa compounds interact synergistically for cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death, and distinct gene expression. F3, F7, and F7+F3 are also active on adenomatous polyps, suggesting possible future therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moran Mazuz
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Dvory Namdar
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Michal Shik
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Diana Namintzer
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Aurel Ion
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- The Interinstitutional Analytical Instrumentation Unit (IU), ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ido Laish
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Fred M Konikoff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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192
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Szutorisz H, Hurd YL. High times for cannabis: Epigenetic imprint and its legacy on brain and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:93-101. [PMID: 28506926 PMCID: PMC5682234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive debates continue regarding marijuana (Cannabis spp), the most commonly used illicit substance in many countries worldwide. There has been an exponential increase of cannabis studies over the past two decades but the drug's long-term effects still lack in-depth scientific data. The epigenome is a critical molecular machinery with the capacity to maintain persistent alterations of gene expression and behaviors induced by cannabinoids that have been observed across the individual's lifespan and even into the subsequent generation. Though mechanistic investigations regarding the consequences of developmental cannabis exposure remain sparse, human and animal studies have begun to reveal specific epigenetic disruptions in the brain and the periphery. In this article, we focus attention on long-term disturbances in epigenetic regulation in relation to prenatal, adolescent and parental germline cannabinoid exposure. Expanding knowledge about the protracted molecular memory could help to identify novel targets to develop preventive strategies and treatments for behaviors relevant to neuropsychiatric risks associated with developmental cannabis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Szutorisz
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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193
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Huestis MA, Smith ML. Cannabinoid Markers in Biological Fluids and Tissues: Revealing Intake. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:156-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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194
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Prospects of Cannabidiol for Easing Status Epilepticus-Induced Epileptogenesis and Related Comorbidities. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6956-6964. [PMID: 29372545 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most susceptible regions in the brain to be distraught with status epilepticus (SE) induced injury. SE can occur from numerous causes and is more frequent in children and the elderly population. Administration of a combination of antiepileptic drugs can abolish acute seizures in most instances of SE but cannot prevent the morbidity typically seen in survivors of SE such as cognitive and mood impairments and spontaneous recurrent seizures. This is primarily due to the inefficiency of antiepileptic drugs to modify the evolution of SE-induced initial precipitating injury into a series of epileptogenic changes followed by a state of chronic epilepsy. Chronic epilepsy is typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive dysfunction, and depression, which are associated with persistent inflammation, significantly waned neurogenesis, and abnormal synaptic reorganization. Thus, alternative approaches that are efficient not only for curtailing SE-induced initial brain injury, neuroinflammation, aberrant neurogenesis, and abnormal synaptic reorganization but also for thwarting or restraining the progression of SE into a chronic epileptic state are needed. In this review, we confer the promise of cannabidiol, an active ingredient of Cannabis sativa, for preventing or easing SE-induced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, cognitive and mood impairments, and the spontaneous recurrent seizures.
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195
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Boggs DL, Nguyen JD, Morgenson D, Taffe MA, Ranganathan M. Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Functional Interactions of Cannabidiol and Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:142-154. [PMID: 28875990 PMCID: PMC5719112 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant Cannabis sativa, commonly called cannabis or marijuana, has been used for its psychotropic and mind-altering side effects for millennia. There has been growing attention in recent years on its potential therapeutic efficacy as municipalities and legislative bodies in the United States, Canada, and other countries grapple with enacting policy to facilitate the use of cannabis or its constituents for medical purposes. There are >550 chemical compounds and >100 phytocannabinoids isolated from cannabis, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is thought to produce the main psychoactive effects of cannabis, while CBD does not appear to have similar effects. Studies conflict as to whether CBD attenuates or exacerbates the behavioral and cognitive effects of THC. This includes effects of CBD on THC-induced anxiety, psychosis, and cognitive deficits. In this article, we review the available evidence on the pharmacology and behavioral interactions of THC and CBD from preclinical and human studies, particularly with reference to anxiety and psychosis-like symptoms. Both THC and CBD, as well as other cannabinoid molecules, are currently being evaluated for medicinal purposes, separately and in combination. Future cannabis-related policy decisions should include consideration of scientific findings, including the individual and interactive effects of CBD and THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Boggs
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Tel: +1 203 932 5711X2546, E-mail:
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196
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197
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Murphy M, Mills S, Winstone J, Leishman E, Wager-Miller J, Bradshaw H, Mackie K. Chronic Adolescent Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Treatment of Male Mice Leads to Long-Term Cognitive and Behavioral Dysfunction, Which Are Prevented by Concurrent Cannabidiol Treatment. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:235-246. [PMID: 29098186 PMCID: PMC5655843 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The high prevalence of adolescent cannabis use, the association between this use and later psychiatric disease, and increased access to high-potency cannabis highlight the need for a better understanding of the long-term effects of adolescent cannabis use on cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, increasing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in high-potency cannabis is accompanied by a decrease in cannabidiol (CBD), thus an understanding of the interactions between CBD and THC in the neurodevelopmental effects of THC is also important. The current study examined the immediate and long-term behavioral consequences of THC, CBD, and their combination in a mouse model of adolescent cannabis use. Materials and Methods: Male CD1 mice received daily injections of THC (3 mg/kg), CBD (3 mg/kg), CBD+THC (3 mg/kg each), vehicle, or remained undisturbed in their home cage (no handling/injections), either during adolescence (postnatal day [PND] 28-48) or during early adulthood (PND 69-89). Animals were then evaluated with a battery of behavioral tests 1 day after drug treatment, and again after 42 drug-free days. The tests included the following: open field (day 1), novel object recognition (NOR; day 2), marble burying (day 3), elevated plus maze (EPM; day 4), and Nestlet shredding (day 5). Results: Chronic administration of THC during adolescence led to immediate and long-term impairments in object recognition/working memory, as measured by the NOR task. In contrast, adult administration of THC caused immediate, but not long term, impairment of object/working memory. Adolescent chronic exposure to THC increased repetitive and compulsive-like behaviors, as measured by the Nestlet shredding task. Chronic administration of THC, either during adolescence or during adulthood, led to a delayed increase in anxiety as measured by the EPM. All THC-induced behavioral abnormalities were prevented by the coadministration of CBD+THC, whereas CBD alone did not influence behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: These data suggest that chronic exposure to THC during adolescence leads to some of the behavioral abnormalities common in schizophrenia. Interestingly, CBD appeared to antagonize all THC-induced behavioral abnormalities. These findings support the hypothesis that adolescent THC use can impart long-term behavioral deficits; however, cotreatment with CBD prevents these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Murphy
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Sierra Mills
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joanna Winstone
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Emma Leishman
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jim Wager-Miller
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Gill Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Gill Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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