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The wheat R2R3-MYB transcription factor TaRIM1 participates in resistance response against the pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis infection through regulating defense genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28777. [PMID: 27364458 PMCID: PMC4929490 DOI: 10.1038/srep28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is a major pathogen of sharp eyespot that is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Little is known about roles of MYB genes in wheat defense response to R. cerealis. In this study, TaRIM1, a R. cerealis-induced wheat MYB gene, was identified by transcriptome analysis, then cloned from resistant wheat CI12633, and its function and preliminary mechanism were studied. Sequence analysis showed that TaRIM1 encodes a R2R3-MYB transcription factor with transcription-activation activity. The molecular-biological assays revealed that the TaRIM1 protein localizes to nuclear and can bind to five MYB-binding site cis-elements. Functional dissection results showed that following R. cerealis inoculation, TaRIM1 silencing impaired the resistance of wheat CI12633, whereas TaRIM1 overexpression significantly increased resistance of transgenic wheat compared with susceptible recipient. TaRIM1 positively regulated the expression of five defense genes (Defensin, PR10, PR17c, nsLTP1, and chitinase1) possibly through binding to MYB-binding sites in their promoters. These results suggest that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor TaRIM1 positively regulates resistance response to R. cerealis infection through modulating the expression of a range of defense genes, and that TaRIM1 is a candidate gene to improve sharp eyespot resistance in wheat.
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152
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Collier R, Bragg J, Hernandez BT, Vogel JP, Thilmony R. Use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strain 18r12v and Paromomycin Selection for Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:716. [PMID: 27252729 PMCID: PMC4877385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of monocot grasses is a resource intensive process, the quality and efficiency of which is dependent in part upon the method of DNA introduction, as well as the ability to effectively separate transformed from wildtype tissue. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brachypodium has relied mainly on Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1. Currently the antibiotic hygromycin B has been the selective agent of choice for robust identification of transgenic calli in Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium sylvaticum but few other chemicals have been shown to work as well for selection of transgenic Brachypodium cells in tissue culture. This study demonstrates that Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 18r12v and paromomycin selection can be successfully used for the efficient generation of transgenic B. distachyon and B. sylvaticum. Additionally we observed that the transformation rates were similar to or higher than those obtained with A. tumefaciens strain AGL1 and hygromycin selection. The A. rhizogenes strain 18r12v harboring the pARS1 binary vector and paromomycin selection is an effective means of generating transgenic Brachypodium plants. This novel approach will facilitate the transgenic complementation of T-DNA knockout mutants of B. distachyon which were created using hygromycin selection, as well as aid the implementation of more complex genome manipulation strategies which require multiple rounds of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Collier
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
| | - Bryan T. Hernandez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - John P. Vogel
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut CreekCA, USA
| | - Roger Thilmony
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
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153
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Kis A, Tholt G, Ivanics M, Várallyay É, Jenes B, Havelda Z. Polycistronic artificial miRNA-mediated resistance to Wheat dwarf virus in barley is highly efficient at low temperature. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:427-37. [PMID: 26136043 PMCID: PMC6638354 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) strains on barley results in dwarf disease, imposing severe economic losses on crop production. As the natural resistance resources against this virus are limited, it is imperative to elaborate a biotechnological approach that will provide effective and safe immunity to a wide range of WDV strains. Because vector insect-mediated WDV infection occurs during cool periods in nature, it is important to identify a technology which is effective at lower temperature. In this study, we designed artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) using a barley miRNA precursor backbone, which target different conservative sequence elements of the WDV strains. Potential amiRNA sequences were selected to minimize the off-target effects and were tested in a transient sensor system in order to select the most effective constructs at low temperature. On the basis of the data obtained, a polycistronic amiRNA precursor construct (VirusBuster171) was built expressing three amiRNAs simultaneously. The construct was transformed into barley under the control of a constitutive promoter. The transgenic lines were kept at 12-15 °C to mimic autumn and spring conditions in which major WDV infection and accumulation take place. We were able to establish a stable barley transgenic line displaying resistance to insect-mediated WDV infection. Our study demonstrates that amiRNA technology can be an efficient tool for the introduction of highly efficient resistance in barley against a DNA virus belonging to the Geminiviridae family, and this resistance is effective at low temperature where the natural insect vector mediates the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kis
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
- Crop Science PhD School, Plant Protection Programme, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tholt
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1/C Pázmány Péter Sétány, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Milán Ivanics
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Éva Várallyay
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Jenes
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Havelda
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
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154
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Watanabe K, Breier U, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Schubert I, Reiss B. Stable gene replacement in barley by targeted double-strand break induction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1433-45. [PMID: 26712824 PMCID: PMC4762383 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene targeting is becoming an important tool for precision genome engineering in plants. During gene replacement, a variant of gene targeting, transformed DNA integrates into the genome by homologous recombination (HR) to replace resident sequences. We have analysed gene targeting in barley (Hordeum vulgare) using a model system based on double-strand break (DSB) induction by the meganuclease I-SceI and a transgenic, artificial target locus. In the plants we obtained, the donor construct was inserted at the target locus by homology-directed DNA integration in at least two transformants obtained in a single experiment and was stably inherited as a single Mendelian trait. Both events were produced by one-sided integration. Our data suggest that gene replacement can be achieved in barley with a frequency suitable for routine application. The use of a codon-optimized nuclease and co-transfer of the nuclease gene together with the donor construct are probably the components important for efficient gene targeting. Such an approach, employing the recently developed synthetic nucleases/nickases that allow DSB induction at almost any sequence of a genome of interest, sets the stage for precision genome engineering as a routine tool even for important crops such as barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watanabe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Ulrike Breier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany Faculty of Science and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Reiss
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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155
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Barro F, Iehisa JCM, Giménez MJ, García-Molina MD, Ozuna CV, Comino I, Sousa C, Gil-Humanes J. Targeting of prolamins by RNAi in bread wheat: effectiveness of seven silencing-fragment combinations for obtaining lines devoid of coeliac disease epitopes from highly immunogenic gliadins. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:986-96. [PMID: 26300126 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gluten proteins are responsible for the viscoelastic properties of wheat flour but also for triggering pathologies in susceptible individuals, of which coeliac disease (CD) and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity may affect up to 8% of the population. The only effective treatment for affected persons is a strict gluten-free diet. Here, we report the effectiveness of seven plasmid combinations, encompassing RNAi fragments from α-, γ-, ω-gliadins, and LMW glutenin subunits, for silencing the expression of different prolamin fractions. Silencing patterns of transgenic lines were analysed by gel electrophoresis, RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas gluten immunogenicity was assayed by an anti-gliadin 33-mer monoclonal antibody (moAb). Plasmid combinations 1 and 2 downregulated only γ- and α-gliadins, respectively. Four plasmid combinations were highly effective in the silencing of ω-gliadins and γ-gliadins, and three of these also silenced α-gliadins. HMW glutenins were upregulated in all but one plasmid combination, while LMW glutenins were downregulated in three plasmid combinations. Total protein and starch contents were unaffected regardless of the plasmid combination used. Six plasmid combinations provided strong reduction in the gluten content as measured by moAb and for two combinations, this reduction was higher than 90% in comparison with the wild type. CD epitope analysis in peptides identified in LC-MS/MS showed that lines from three plasmid combinations were totally devoid of CD epitopes from the highly immunogenic α- and ω-gliadins. Our findings raise the prospect of breeding wheat species with low levels of harmful gluten, and of achieving the important goal of developing nontoxic wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barro
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julio C M Iehisa
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María J Giménez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María D García-Molina
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen V Ozuna
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Comino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carolina Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Gil-Humanes
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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156
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Voorend W, Nelissen H, Vanholme R, De Vliegher A, Van Breusegem F, Boerjan W, Roldán-Ruiz I, Muylle H, Inzé D. Overexpression of GA20-OXIDASE1 impacts plant height, biomass allocation and saccharification efficiency in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:997-1007. [PMID: 26903034 PMCID: PMC5019232 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased biomass yield and quality are of great importance for the improvement of feedstock for the biorefinery. For the production of bioethanol, both stem biomass yield and the conversion efficiency of the polysaccharides in the cell wall to fermentable sugars are of relevance. Increasing the endogenous levels of gibberellic acid (GA) by ectopic expression of GA20-OXIDASE1 (GA20-OX1), the rate-limiting step in GA biosynthesis, is known to affect cell division and cell expansion, resulting in larger plants and organs in several plant species. In this study, we examined biomass yield and quality traits of maize plants overexpressing GA20-OX1 (GA20-OX1). GA20-OX1 plants accumulated more vegetative biomass than control plants in greenhouse experiments, but not consistently over two years of field trials. The stems of these plants were longer but also more slender. Investigation of GA20-OX1 biomass quality using biochemical analyses showed the presence of more cellulose, lignin and cell wall residue. Cell wall analysis as well as expression analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes in developing stems revealed that cellulose and lignin were deposited earlier in development. Pretreatment of GA20-OX1 biomass with NaOH resulted in a higher saccharification efficiency per unit of dry weight, in agreement with the higher cellulose content. On the other hand, the cellulose-to-glucose conversion was slower upon HCl or hot-water pretreatment, presumably due to the higher lignin content. This study showed that biomass yield and quality traits can be interconnected, which is important for the development of future breeding strategies to improve lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Voorend
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Plant Sciences Unit - Crop Husbandry and Environment, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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157
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Zale J, Jung JH, Kim JY, Pathak B, Karan R, Liu H, Chen X, Wu H, Candreva J, Zhai Z, Shanklin J, Altpeter F. Metabolic engineering of sugarcane to accumulate energy-dense triacylglycerols in vegetative biomass. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:661-9. [PMID: 26058948 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevating the lipid content in vegetative tissues has emerged as a new strategy for increasing energy density and biofuel yield of crops. Storage lipids in contrast to structural and signaling lipids are mainly composed of glycerol esters of fatty acids, also known as triacylglycerol (TAG). TAGs are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available in nature. Therefore, altering the carbon-partitioning balance in favour of TAG in vegetative tissues of sugarcane, one of the highest yielding biomass crops, is expected to drastically increase energy yields. Here we report metabolic engineering to elevate TAG accumulation in vegetative tissues of sugarcane. Constitutive co-expression of WRINKLED1 (WRI1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase1-2 (DGAT1-2) and oleosin1 (OLE1) and simultaneous cosuppression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and a subunit of the peroxisomal ABC transporter1 (PXA1) in transgenic sugarcane elevated TAG accumulation in leaves or stems by 95- or 43-fold to 1.9% or 0.9% of dry weight (DW), respectively, while expression or suppression of one to three of the target genes increased TAG levels by 1.5- to 9.5-fold. Accumulation of TAG in vegetative progeny plants was consistent with the results from primary transgenics and contributed to a total fatty acid content of up to 4.7% or 1.7% of DW in mature leaves or stems, respectively. Lipid droplets were visible within mesophyll cells of transgenic leaves by confocal fluorescence microscopy. These results provide the basis for optimizations of TAG accumulation in sugarcane and other high yielding biomass grasses and will open new prospects for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Zale
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jae Yoon Kim
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bhuvan Pathak
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ratna Karan
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory 463, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xiuhua Chen
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason Candreva
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory 463, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Zhiyang Zhai
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory 463, Upton, NY, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory 463, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
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158
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Azuma M, Morimoto R, Hirose M, Morita Y, Hoshino A, Iida S, Oshima Y, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Shiratake K. A petal-specific InMYB1 promoter from Japanese morning glory: a useful tool for molecular breeding of floricultural crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:354-363. [PMID: 25923400 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Production of novel transgenic floricultural crops with altered petal properties requires transgenes that confer a useful trait and petal-specific promoters. Several promoters have been shown to control transgenes in petals. However, all suffer from inherent drawbacks such as low petal specificity and restricted activity during the flowering stage. In addition, the promoters were not examined for their ability to confer petal-specific expression in a wide range of plant species. Here, we report the promoter of InMYB1 from Japanese morning glory as a novel petal-specific promoter for molecular breeding of floricultural crops. First, we produced stable InMYB1_1kb::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis and Eustoma plants and characterized spatial and temporal expression patterns under the control of the InMYB1 promoter by histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining. GUS staining patterns were observed only in petals. This result showed that the InMYB1 promoter functions as a petal-specific promoter. Second, we transiently introduced the InMYB1_1 kb::GUS construct into Eustoma, chrysanthemum, carnation, Japanese gentian, stock, rose, dendrobium and lily petals by particle bombardment. GUS staining spots were observed in Eustoma, chrysanthemum, carnation, Japanese gentian and stock. These results showed that the InMYB1 promoter functions in most dicots. Third, to show the InMYB1 promoter utility in molecular breeding, a MIXTA-like gene function was suppressed or enhanced under the control of InMYB1 promoter in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant showed a conspicuous morphological change only in the form of wrinkled petals. Based on these results, the InMYB1 promoter can be used as a petal-specific promoter in molecular breeding of floricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Azuma
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reina Morimoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mana Hirose
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Morita
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iida
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Oshima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi, Tsukuba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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159
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Han Y, Xin M, Huang K, Xu Y, Liu Z, Hu Z, Yao Y, Peng H, Ni Z, Sun Q. Altered expression of TaRSL4 gene by genome interplay shapes root hair length in allopolyploid wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:721-32. [PMID: 26334764 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is a major driving force in plant evolution and speciation. Phenotypic changes often arise with the formation, natural selection and domestication of polyploid plants. However, little is known about the consequence of hybridization and polyploidization on root hair development. Here, we report that root hair length of synthetic and natural allopolyploid wheats is significantly longer than those of their diploid progenitors, whereas no difference is observed between allohexaploid and allotetraploid wheats. The expression of wheat gene TaRSL4, an orthologue of AtRSL4 controlling the root hair development in Arabidopsis, was positively correlated with the root hair length in diploid and allotetraploid wheats. Moreover, transcript abundance of TaRSL4 homoeologue from A genome (TaRSL4-A) was much higher than those of other genomes in natural allopolyploid wheat. Notably, increased root hair length by overexpression of the TaRSL4-A in wheat led to enhanced shoot fresh biomass under nutrient-poor conditions. Our observations indicate that increased root hair length in allohexaploid wheat originated in the allotetraploid progenitors and altered expression of TaRSL4 gene by genome interplay shapes root hair length in allopolyploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
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Bewg WP, Poovaiah C, Lan W, Ralph J, Coleman HD. RNAi downregulation of three key lignin genes in sugarcane improves glucose release without reduction in sugar production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:270. [PMID: 28031745 PMCID: PMC5168864 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is a subtropical crop that produces large amounts of biomass annually. It is a key agricultural crop in many countries for the production of sugar and other products. Residual bagasse following sucrose extraction is currently underutilized and it has potential as a carbohydrate source for the production of biofuels. As with all lignocellulosic crops, lignin acts as a barrier to accessing the polysaccharides, and as such, is the focus of transgenic efforts. In this study, we used RNAi to individually reduce the expression of three key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in sugarcane. These genes, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), impact lignin content and/or composition. RESULTS For each RNAi construct, we selected three events for further analysis based on qRT-PCR results. For the CCoAOMT lines, there were no lines with a reduction in lignin content and only one line showed improved glucose release. For F5H, no lines had reduced lignin, but one line had a significant increase in glucose release. For COMT, one line had reduced lignin content, and this line and another released higher levels of glucose during enzymatic hydrolysis. Two of the lines with improved glucose release (F5H-2 and COMT-2) also had reduced S:G ratios. CONCLUSIONS Along with improvements in bagasse quality for the production of lignocellulosic-based fuels, there was only one line with reduction in juice sucrose extraction, and three lines with significantly improved sucrose production, providing evidence that the alteration of sugarcane for improved lignocellulosic ethanol production can be achieved without negatively impacting sugar production and perhaps even enhancing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Bewg
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | | | - Wu Lan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA ; US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
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Wu TM, Lin KC, Liau WS, Chao YY, Yang LH, Chen SY, Lu CA, Hong CY. A set of GFP-based organelle marker lines combined with DsRed-based gateway vectors for subcellular localization study in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:107-15. [PMID: 26519260 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, many useful tools have been developed to accelerate the investigation of gene functions. Fluorescent proteins have been widely used as protein tags for studying the subcellular localization of proteins in plants. Several fluorescent organelle marker lines have been generated in dicot plants; however, useful and reliable fluorescent organelle marker lines are lacking in the monocot model rice. Here, we developed eight different GFP-based organelle markers in transgenic rice and created a set of DsRed-based gateway vectors for combining with the marker lines. Two mitochondrial-localized rice ascorbate peroxidase genes fused to DsRed and successfully co-localized with mitochondrial-targeted marker lines verified the practical use of this system. The co-localization of GFP-fusion marker lines and DsRed-fusion proteins provide a convenient platform for in vivo or in vitro analysis of subcellular localization of rice proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ke-Chun Lin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Shiang Liau
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Yang Chao
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Hung Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Yun Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-An Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, 320, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chwan-Yang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
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162
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Berman J, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C, Gómez-Gómez L. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD2 catalysing the synthesis of crocetin in spring crocuses and saffron is a plastidial enzyme. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:650-63. [PMID: 26377696 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apocarotenoid crocetin and its glycosylated derivatives, crocins, confer the red colour to saffron. Crocetin biosynthesis in saffron is catalysed by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD2 (AIG94929). No homologues have been identified in other plant species due to the very limited presence of crocetin and its derivatives in the plant kingdom. Spring Crocus species with yellow flowers accumulate crocins in the stigma and tepals. Four carotenoid CCDs, namely CaCCD1, CaCCD2 and CaCCD4a/b and CaCCD4c were first cloned and characterized. CaCCD2 was localized in plastids, and a longer CCD2 version, CsCCD2L, was also localized in this compartment. The activity of CaCCD2 was assessed in Escherichia coli and in a stable rice gene function characterization system, demonstrating the production of crocetin in both systems. The expression of all isolated CCDs was evaluated in stigma and tepals at three key developmental stages in relation with apocarotenoid accumulation. CaCCD2 expression parallels crocin accumulation, but C14 apocarotenoids most likely are associated to the CaCCD1 activity in Crocus ancyrensis flowers. The specific CCD2 localization and its membrane interaction will contribute to the development of a better understanding of the mechanism of crocetin biosynthesis and regulation in the chromoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Judit Berman
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Avenida Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
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Dong W, Thomas N, Ronald PC, Goyer A. Overexpression of Thiamin Biosynthesis Genes in Rice Increases Leaf and Unpolished Grain Thiamin Content But Not Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:616. [PMID: 27242822 PMCID: PMC4861732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), also known as vitamin B1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the Krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. Unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize ThDP de novo and must obtain it from their diet. Staple crops such as rice are poor sources of thiamin. Hence, populations that mainly consume rice commonly suffer thiamin deficiency. In addition to thiamin's nutritional function, studies in rice have shown that some thiamin biosynthesis genes are involved in resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes a serious disease in rice fields. This study shows that overexpression of two thiamin biosynthesis genes, 4-methyl-5-β-hydroxyethylthiazole phosphate synthase and 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate synthase, involved in the first steps of the thiazole and pyrimidine synthesis branches, respectively, increased thiamin content up to fivefold in unpolished seeds that retain the bran. However, thiamin levels in polished seeds with removed bran were similar to those found in polished control seeds. Plants with higher accumulation of thiamin did not show enhanced resistance to X. oryzae. These results indicate that stacking of two traits can enhance thiamin accumulation in rice unpolished grain. We discuss potential roadblocks that prevent thiamin accumulation in the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State UniversityHermiston, OR, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State UniversityHermiston, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Aymeric Goyer,
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164
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Rong W, Luo M, Shan T, Wei X, Du L, Xu H, Zhang Z. A Wheat Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase TaCAD12 Contributes to Host Resistance to the Sharp Eyespot Disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1723. [PMID: 27899932 PMCID: PMC5110560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sharp eyespot, caused mainly by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a destructive disease in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Arabidopsis, certain cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) have been implicated in monolignol biosynthesis and in defense response to bacterial pathogen infection. However, little is known about CADs in wheat defense responses to necrotrophic or soil-borne pathogens. In this study, we isolate a wheat CAD gene TaCAD12 in response to R. cerealis infection through microarray-based comparative transcriptomics, and study the enzyme activity and defense role of TaCAD12 in wheat. The transcriptional levels of TaCAD12 in sharp eyespot-resistant wheat lines were significantly higher compared with those in susceptible wheat lines. The sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that TaCAD12 belongs to IV group in CAD family. The biochemical assay proved that TaCAD12 protein is an authentic CAD enzyme and possesses catalytic efficiencies toward both coniferyl aldehyde and sinapyl aldehyde. Knock-down of TaCAD12 transcript significantly repressed resistance of the gene-silenced wheat plants to sharp eyespot caused by R. cerealis, whereas TaCAD12 overexpression markedly enhanced resistance of the transgenic wheat lines to sharp eyespot. Furthermore, certain defense genes (Defensin, PR10, PR17c, and Chitinase1) and monolignol biosynthesis-related genes (TaCAD1, TaCCR, and TaCOMT1) were up-regulated in the TaCAD12-overexpressing wheat plants but down-regulated in TaCAD12-silencing plants. These results suggest that TaCAD12 positively contributes to resistance against sharp eyespot through regulation of the expression of certain defense genes and monolignol biosynthesis-related genes in wheat.
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165
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Budhagatapalli N, Schedel S, Gurushidze M, Pencs S, Hiekel S, Rutten T, Kusch S, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T, Panstruga R, Kumlehn J, Hensel G. A simple test for the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases in plants. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:18. [PMID: 26962325 PMCID: PMC4784412 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although customized endonucleases [transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA-guided endonucleases (RGENs)] are known to be effective agents of mutagenesis in various host plants, newly designed endonuclease constructs require some pre-validation with respect to functionality before investing in the creation of stable transgenic plants. RESULTS A simple, biolistics-based leaf epidermis transient expression test has been developed, based on reconstituting the translational reading frame of a mutated, non-functional yfp reporter gene. Quantification of mutation efficacy was made possible by co-bombarding the explant with a constitutive mCherry expression cassette, thereby allowing the ratio between the number of red and yellow fluorescing cells to serve as a metric for mutation efficiency. Challenging either stable mutant alleles of a compromised version of gfp in tobacco and barley or the barley MLO gene with TALENs/RGENs confirmed the capacity to induce site-directed mutations. CONCLUSIONS A convenient procedure to assay the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases has been established. The system is independent of the endonuclease platform and operates in both di- and monocotyledonous hosts. It not only enables the validation of a TALEN/RGEN's functionality prior to the creation of stable mutants, but also serves as a suitable tool to optimize the design of endonuclease constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaveni Budhagatapalli
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sindy Schedel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Maia Gurushidze
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pencs
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
- />Chair of Plant Breeding, Martin Luther University, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Hiekel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- />Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusch
- />Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Morbitzer
- />ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- />ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- />Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- />Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
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166
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Mihálik D, Klčová L, Ondreičková K, Hudcovicová M, Gubišová M, Klempová T, Čertík M, Pauk J, Kraic J. Biosynthesis of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Wheat Triggered by Expression of Artificial Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30046-60. [PMID: 26694368 PMCID: PMC4691084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial gene D6D encoding the enzyme ∆⁶desaturase was designed and synthesized using the sequence of the same gene from the fungus Thamnidium elegans. The original start codon was replaced by the signal sequence derived from the wheat gene for high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the codon usage was completely changed for optimal expression in wheat. Synthesized artificial D6D gene was delivered into plants of the spring wheat line CY-45 and the gene itself, as well as transcribed D6D mRNA were confirmed in plants of T₀ and T₁ generations. The desired product of the wheat genetic modification by artificial D6D gene was the γ-linolenic acid. Its presence was confirmed in mature grains of transgenic wheat plants in the amount 0.04%-0.32% (v/v) of the total amount of fatty acids. Both newly synthesized γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid have been detected also in leaves, stems, roots, awns, paleas, rachillas, and immature grains of the T₁ generation as well as in immature and mature grains of the T₂ generation. Contents of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid varied in range 0%-1.40% (v/v) and 0%-1.53% (v/v) from the total amount of fatty acids, respectively. This approach has opened the pathway of desaturation of fatty acids and production of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihálik
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS, Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Klčová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Katarína Ondreičková
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Martina Hudcovicová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Marcela Gubišová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Tatiana Klempová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Milan Čertík
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - János Pauk
- Cereal Research Non-profit Ltd., Szeged, Alsó kikötö sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ján Kraic
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS, Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia.
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167
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Oung HM, Lin KC, Wu TM, Chandrika NNP, Hong CY. Hygromycin B-induced cell death is partly mediated by reactive oxygen species in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:577-588. [PMID: 26415870 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aminoglycoside antibiotic hygromycin B (Hyg) inhibits prokaryotic, chloroplast and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Because of the toxic effect of Hyg on plant cells, the HPT gene, encoding hygromycin phosphotransferase, has become one of the most widely used selectable markers in plant transformation. Yet the mechanism behind Hyg-induced cell lethality in plants is not clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to decipher this mechanism. With Hyg treatment, rice calli exhibited cell death, and rice seedlings showed severe growth defects, leaf chlorosis and leaf shrinkage. Rice seedlings also exhibited severe lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, for oxidative stress damage at the cellular level. The production of reactive oxygen species such as O2(·-), H2O2 and OH(·) was greatly induced in rice seedlings under Hyg stress, and pre-treatment with ascorbate increased resistance to Hyg-induced toxicity indicating the existence of oxidative stress. Overexpression of mitochondrial Alternative oxidase1a gene without HPT selection marker in rice enhanced tolerance to Hyg and attenuated the degradation of protein content, whereas the rice plastidial glutathione reductase 3 mutant showed increased sensitivity to Hyg. These results demonstrate that Hyg-induced cell lethality in rice is not only due to the inhibition of protein synthesis but also mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Oung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Chun Lin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Nulu Naga Prafulla Chandrika
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Yang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Tundo S, Moscetti I, Faoro F, Lafond M, Giardina T, Favaron F, Sella L, D'Ovidio R. Fusarium graminearum produces different xylanases causing host cell death that is prevented by the xylanase inhibitors XIP-I and TAXI-III in wheat. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 240:161-9. [PMID: 26475196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To shed light on the role of Xylanase Inhibitors (XIs) during Fusarium graminearum infection, we first demonstrated that three out of four F. graminearum xylanases, in addition to their xylan degrading activity, have also the capacity to cause host cell death both in cell suspensions and wheat spike tissue. Subsequently, we demonstrated that TAXI-III and XIP-I prevented both the enzyme and host cell death activities of F. graminearum xylanases. In particular, we showed that the enzymatic inhibition by TAXI-III and XIP-I was competitive and only FGSG_11487 escaped inhibition. The finding that TAXI-III and XIP-I prevented cell death activity of heat inactivated xylanases and that XIP-I precluded the cell death activity of FGSG_11487 - even if XIP-I does not inhibit its enzyme activity - suggests that the catalytic and the cell death activities are separated features of these xylanases. Finally, the efficacy of TAXI-III or XIP-I to prevent host cell death caused by xylanases was confirmed in transgenic plants expressing separately these inhibitors, suggesting that the XIs could limit F. graminearum infection via direct inhibition of xylanase activity and/or by preventing host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Moscetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Franco Faoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mickaël Lafond
- ISM2/BiosCiences UMR CNRS7313, case 342, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Thierry Giardina
- ISM2/BiosCiences UMR CNRS7313, case 342, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Padova, Italy.
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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169
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Jeong HJ, Jung KH. Rice tissue-specific promoters and condition-dependent promoters for effective translational application. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:913-24. [PMID: 25882130 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important staple food crops for more than half of the world's population. The demand is increasing for food security because of population growth and environmental challenges triggered by climate changes. This scenario has led to more interest in developing crops with greater productivity and sustainability. The process of genetic transformation, a major tool for crop improvement, utilizes promoters as one of its key elements. Those promoters are generally divided into three types: constitutive, spatiotemporal, and condition-dependent. Transcriptional control of a constitutive promoter often leads to reduced plant growth, due to a negative effect of accumulated molecules during cellular functions or energy consumption. To maximize the effect of a transgene on transgenic plants, it is better to use condition-dependent or tissue-specific promoters. However, until now, those types have not been as widely applied in crop biotechnology. In this review, we introduce and discuss four groups of tissue-specific promoters (50 promoters in total) and six groups of condition-dependent promoters (27 promoters). These promoters can be utilized to fine-tune desirable agronomic traits and develop crops with tolerance to various stresses, enhanced nutritional value, and advanced productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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170
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Zhu X, Yang K, Wei X, Zhang Q, Rong W, Du L, Ye X, Qi L, Zhang Z. The wheat AGC kinase TaAGC1 is a positive contributor to host resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6591-603. [PMID: 26220083 PMCID: PMC4623678 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of AGC kinases in mammalian systems. However, very little is known about the roles of AGC kinases in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the major pathogen of the destructive disease sharp eyespot of wheat. In this study, the wheat AGC kinase gene TaAGC1, responding to R. cerealis infection, was isolated, and its properties and role in wheat defence were characterized. R. cerealis-resistant wheat lines expressed TaAGC1 at higher levels than susceptible wheat lines. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the TaAGC1 protein is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) subgroup of AGC kinases. Kinase activity assays proved that TaAGC1 is a functional kinase and the Asp-239 residue located in the conserved serine/threonine kinase domain of TaAGC1 is required for the kinase activity. Subcellular localization assays indicated that TaAGC1 localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Virus-induced TaAGC1 silencing revealed that the down-regulation of TaAGC1 transcripts significantly impaired wheat resistance to R. cerealis. The molecular characterization and responses of TaAGC1 overexpressing transgenic wheat plants indicated that TaAGC1 overexpression significantly enhanced resistance to sharp eyespot and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wheat plants challenged with R. cerealis. Furthermore, ROS-scavenging and certain defence-associated genes were up-regulated in resistant plants overexpressing TaAGC1 but down-regulated in susceptible knock-down plants. These results suggested that the kinase TaAGC1 positively contributes to wheat immunity to R. cerealis through regulating expression of ROS-related and defence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Zhu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuening Wei
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiaofeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Rong
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lipu Du
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Qi
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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171
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Zhu Y, Li Y, Fei F, Wang Z, Wang W, Cao A, Liu Y, Han S, Xing L, Wang H, Chen W, Tang S, Huang X, Shen Q, Xie Q, Wang X. E3 ubiquitin ligase gene CMPG1-V from Haynaldia villosa L. contributes to powdery mildew resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:154-68. [PMID: 26287740 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most devastating wheat fungal diseases. A diploid wheat relative, Haynaldia villosa L., is highly resistant to powdery mildew, and its genetic resource of resistances, such as the Pm21 locus, is now widely used in wheat breeding. Here we report the cloning of a resistance gene from H. villosa, designated CMPG1-V, that encodes a U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase. Expression of the CMPG1-V gene was induced in the leaf and stem of H. villosa upon inoculation with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) fungus, and the presence of Pm21 is essential for its rapid induction of expression. CMPG1-V has conserved key residues for E3 ligase, and possesses E3 ligase activity in vitro and in vivo. CMPG1-V is localized in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and partially in trans-Golgi network/early endosome vesicles. Transgenic wheat over-expressing CMPG1-V showed improved broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance at seedling and adult stages, associated with an increase in expression of salicylic acid-responsive genes, H2 O2 accumulation, and cell-wall protein cross-linking at the Bgt infection sites, and the expression of CMPG1-V in H. villosa was increased when treated with salicylic acid, abscisic acid and H2 O2 . These results indicate the involvement of E3 ligase in defense responses to Bgt fungus in wheat, particularly in broad-spectrum disease resistance, and suggest association of reactive oxidative species and the phytohormone pathway with CMPG1-V-mediated powdery mildew resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zongkuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Aizhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shuang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Liping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Sanyuan Tang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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172
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Nalam VJ, Alam S, Keereetaweep J, Venables B, Burdan D, Lee H, Trick HN, Sarowar S, Makandar R, Shah J. Facilitation of Fusarium graminearum Infection by 9-Lipoxygenases in Arabidopsis and Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1142-52. [PMID: 26075826 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0096-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight, an important disease of wheat. F. graminearum can also cause disease in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis LOX1 and LOX5 genes, which encode 9-lipoxygenases (9-LOXs), are targeted during this interaction to facilitate infection. LOX1 and LOX5 expression were upregulated in F. graminearum-inoculated plants and loss of LOX1 or LOX5 function resulted in enhanced disease resistance in the corresponding mutant plants. The enhanced resistance to F. graminearum infection in the lox1 and lox5 mutants was accompanied by more robust induction of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signaling and attenuation of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in response to infection. The lox1- and lox5-conferred resistance was diminished in plants expressing the SA-degrading salicylate hydroxylase or by the application of methyl-JA. Results presented here suggest that plant 9-LOXs are engaged during infection to control the balance between SA and JA signaling to facilitate infection. Furthermore, since silencing of TaLpx-1 encoding a 9-LOX with homology to LOX1 and LOX5, resulted in enhanced resistance against F. graminearum in wheat, we suggest that 9-LOXs have a conserved role as susceptibility factors in disease caused by this important fungus in Arabidopsis and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi J Nalam
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
- 2 Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, U.S.A
| | - Syeda Alam
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Jantana Keereetaweep
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Barney Venables
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Dehlia Burdan
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Harold N Trick
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Sujon Sarowar
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
- 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jyoti Shah
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
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173
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Sivamani E, Li X, Nalapalli S, Barron Y, Prairie A, Bradley D, Doyle M, Que Q. Strategies to improve low copy transgenic events in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:1017-27. [PMID: 26338266 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants containing low copy transgene insertion free of vector backbone are highly desired for many biotechnological applications. We have investigated two different strategies for increasing the percentage of low copy events in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation experiments in maize. One of the strategies is to use a binary vector with two separate T-DNAs, one T-DNA containing an intact E.coli manA gene encoding phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) as selectable marker gene cassette and another T-DNA containing an RNAi cassette of PMI sequences. By using this strategy, low copy transgenic events containing the transgenes were increased from 43 to 60 % in maize. An alternate strategy is using selectable marker gene cassettes containing regulatory or coding sequences derived from essential plant genes such as 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) or MADS box transcription factor. In this paper we demonstrate that higher percentage of low copy transgenic events can be obtained in Agrobacterium-mediated maize transformation experiments using both strategies. We propose that the above two strategies can be used independently or in combination to increase transgenic events that contain low copy transgene insertion in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianggan Li
- Syngenta Biotechnology China Co. Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yoshimi Barron
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anna Prairie
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Bradley
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michele Doyle
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Qiudeng Que
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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174
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Fujisaki K, Abe Y, Ito A, Saitoh H, Yoshida K, Kanzaki H, Kanzaki E, Utsushi H, Yamashita T, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. Rice Exo70 interacts with a fungal effector, AVR-Pii, and is required for AVR-Pii-triggered immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:875-87. [PMID: 26186703 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking including the exocytosis pathway is intimately associated with host immunity against pathogens. However, we still have insufficient knowledge about how it contributes to immunity, and how pathogen factors affect it. In this study, we explore host factors that interact with the Magnaporthe oryzae effector AVR-Pii. Gel filtration chromatography and co-immunoprecipitation assays identified a 150 kDa complex of proteins in the soluble fraction comprising AVR-Pii and OsExo70-F2 and OsExo70-F3, two rice Exo70 proteins presumably involved in exocytosis. Simultaneous knockdown of OsExo70-F2 and F3 totally abrogated Pii immune receptor-dependent resistance, but had no effect on Pia- and Pik-dependent resistance. Knockdown levels of OsExo70-F3 but not OsExo70-F2 correlated with reduction of Pii function, suggesting that OsExo70-F3 is specifically involved in Pii-dependent resistance. Under our current experimental conditions, over-expression of AVR-Pii or knockdown of OsExo70-F2 and -F3 genes in rice did not affect the virulence of compatible isolates of M. oryzae. AVR-Pii interaction with OsExo70-F3 appears to play a crucial role in immunity triggered by Pii, suggesting a role for OsExo70 as a decoy or helper in Pii/AVR-Pii interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshida
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Eiko Kanzaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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175
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Dalal J, Yalamanchili R, La Hovary C, Ji M, Rodriguez-Welsh M, Aslett D, Ganapathy S, Grunden A, Sederoff H, Qu R. A novel gateway-compatible binary vector series (PC-GW) for flexible cloning of multiple genes for genetic transformation of plants. Plasmid 2015; 81:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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176
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Makandar R, Nalam VJ, Chowdhury Z, Sarowar S, Klossner G, Lee H, Burdan D, Trick HN, Gobbato E, Parker JE, Shah J. The Combined Action of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, and SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED101 Promotes Salicylic Acid-Mediated Defenses to Limit Fusarium graminearum Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:943-53. [PMID: 25915452 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat and other cereals. F. graminearum also causes disease in Arabidopsis thaliana. In both Arabidopsis and wheat, F. graminearum infection is limited by salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, the defense regulator EDS1 (ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1) and its interacting partners, PAD4 (PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT4) and SAG101 (SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101), promote SA accumulation to curtail F. graminearum infection. Characterization of plants expressing the PAD4 noninteracting eds1(L262P) indicated that interaction between EDS1 and PAD4 is critical for limiting F. graminearum infection. A conserved serine in the predicted acyl hydrolase catalytic triad of PAD4, which is not required for defense against bacterial and oomycete pathogens, is necessary for limiting F. graminearum infection. These results suggest a molecular configuration of PAD4 in Arabidopsis defense against F. graminearum that is different from its defense contribution against other pathogens. We further show that constitutive expression of Arabidopsis PAD4 can enhance FHB resistance in Arabidopsis and wheat. Taken together with previous studies of wheat and Arabidopsis expressing salicylate hydroxylase or the SA-response regulator NPR1 (NON-EXPRESSER OF PR GENES1), our results show that exploring fundamental processes in a model plant provides important leads to manipulating crops for improved disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragiba Makandar
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vamsi J Nalam
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, U.S.A
| | - Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Sujon Sarowar
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Guy Klossner
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Dehlia Burdan
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Harold N Trick
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Enrico Gobbato
- 5 Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- 5 Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jyoti Shah
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A
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177
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Abouseadaa HH, Osman GH, Ramadan AM, Hassanein SE, Abdelsattar MT, Morsy YB, Alameldin HF, El-Ghareeb DK, Nour-Eldin HA, Salem R, Gad AA, Elkhodary SE, Shehata MM, Mahfouz HM, Eissa HF, Bahieldin A. Development of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressing avidin gene conferring resistance to stored product insects. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:183. [PMID: 26194497 PMCID: PMC4508906 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is considered the most important cereal crop all over the world. The wheat weevil Sitophilus granarius is a serious insect pests in much of the wheat growing area worldwide and is responsible for significant loss of yield. Avidin proteins has been proposed to function as plant defense agents against insect pests. RESULTS A synthetic avidin gene was introduced into spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Giza 168 using a biolistic bombardment protocol. The presence and expression of the transgene in six selected T0 transgenic wheat lines were confirmed at the molecular level. Accumulation of avidin protein was detected in transgenic plants compared to non-transgenic plants. Avidin transgene was stably integrated, transcribed and translated as indicated by Southern blot, ELISA, and dot blot analyses, with a high level of expression in transgenic wheat seeds. However, no expression was detected in untransformed wheat seeds. Functional integrity of avidin was confirmed by insect bioassay. The results of bioassay using transgenic wheat plants challenged with wheat weevil revealed 100 % mortality of the insects reared on transgenic plants after 21 days. CONCLUSION Transgenic wheat plants had improved resistance to Sitophilus granarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Abouseadaa
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gamal H Osman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Ramadan
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 80203, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sameh E Hassanein
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed T Abdelsattar
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Yasser B Morsy
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Hussien F Alameldin
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Department, Michigan state University, East Lansing, M9, 48824, USA.
| | - Doaa K El-Ghareeb
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan A Nour-Eldin
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Reda Salem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Adel A Gad
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Soheir E Elkhodary
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maher M Shehata
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hala M Mahfouz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hala F Eissa
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt.
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University of Science and technology, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 80203, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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178
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Yan S, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li W, Wu F, Lin X, Meng Z. Functional architecture of two exclusively late stage pollen-specific promoters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:415-428. [PMID: 25991036 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Late stage pollen-specific promoters are important tools in crop molecular breeding. Several such promoters, and their functional motifs, have been well characterized in dicotyledonous plants such as tomato and tobacco. However, knowledge about the functional architecture of such promoters is limited in the monocotyledonous plant rice. Here, pollen-late-stage-promoter 1 (PLP1) and pollen-late-stage-promoter 2 (PLP2) were characterized using a stable transformation system in rice. Histochemical staining showed that the two promoters exclusively drive GUS expression in late-stage pollen grains in rice. 5' deletion analysis revealed that four regions, including the -1159 to -720 and the -352 to -156 regions of PLP1 and the -740 to -557 and the -557 to -339 regions of PLP2, are important in maintaining the activity and specificity of these promoters. Motif mutation analysis indicated that 'AGAAA' and 'CAAT' motifs in the -740 to -557 region of PLP2 act as enhancers in the promoter. Gain of function experiments indicated that the novel TA-rich motif 'TACATAA' and 'TATTCAT' in the core region of the PLP1 and PLP2 promoters is necessary, but not sufficient, for pollen-specific expression in rice. Our results provide evidence that the enhancer motif 'AGAAA' is conserved in the pollen-specific promoters of both monocots and eudicots, but that some functional architecture characteristics are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
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179
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Zheng L, McMullen MD, Bauer E, Schön CC, Gierl A, Frey M. Prolonged expression of the BX1 signature enzyme is associated with a recombination hotspot in the benzoxazinoid gene cluster in Zea mays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3917-30. [PMID: 25969552 PMCID: PMC4473990 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids represent preformed protective and allelopathic compounds. The main benzoxazinoid in maize (Zea mays L.) is 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA). DIMBOA confers resistance to herbivores and microbes. Protective concentrations are found predominantly in young plantlets. We made use of the genetic diversity present in the maize nested association mapping (NAM) panel to identify lines with significant benzoxazinoid concentrations at later developmental stages. At 24 d after imbibition (dai), only three lines, including Mo17, showed effective DIMBOA concentrations of 1.5mM or more; B73, by contrast, had low a DIMBOA content. Mapping studies based on Mo17 and B73 were performed to reveal mechanisms that influence the DIMBOA level in 24 dai plants. A major quantitative trait locus mapped to the Bx gene cluster located on the short arm of chromosome 4, which encodes the DIMBOA biosynthetic genes. Mo17 was distinguished from all other NAM lines by high transcriptional expression of the Bx1 gene at later developmental stages. Bx1 encodes the signature enzyme of the pathway. In Mo17×B73 hybrids at 24 dai, only the Mo17 Bx1 allele transcript was detected. A 3.9kb cis-element, termed DICE (distal cis-element), that is located in the Bx gene cluster approximately 140 kb upstream of Bx1, was required for high Bx1 transcript levels during later developmental stages in Mo17. The DICE region was a hotspot of meiotic recombination. Genetic analysis revealed that high 24 dai DIMBOA concentrations were not strictly dependent on high Bx1 transcript levels. However, constitutive expression of Bx1 in transgenics increased DIMBOA levels at 24 dai, corroborating a correlation between DIMBOA content and Bx1 transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Base Pairing/genetics
- Benzoxazines/metabolism
- Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genotype
- Inbreeding
- Multigene Family
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Seedlings/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zheng
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Eva Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenzüchtung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chris-Carolin Schön
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenzüchtung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alfons Gierl
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Frey
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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180
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Fornalé S, Rencoret J, Garcia-Calvo L, Capellades M, Encina A, Santiago R, Rigau J, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC, Caparros-Ruiz D. Cell wall modifications triggered by the down-regulation of Coumarate 3-hydroxylase-1 in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:272-82. [PMID: 26025540 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. As no functional data are available in regards to this enzyme in monocotyledonous species, we generated C3H1 knock-down maize plants. The results obtained indicate that C3H1 participates in lignin biosynthesis as its down-regulation redirects the phenylpropanoid flux: as a result, increased amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, lignin-associated ferulates and the flavone tricin were detected in transgenic stems cell walls. Altogether, these changes make stem cell walls more degradable in the most C3H1-repressed plants, despite their unaltered polysaccharide content. The increase in H monomers is moderate compared to C3H deficient Arabidopsis and alfalfa plants. This could be due to the existence of a second maize C3H protein (C3H2) that can compensate the reduced levels of C3H1 in these C3H1-RNAi maize plants. The reduced expression of C3H1 alters the macroscopic phenotype of the plants, whose growth is inhibited proportionally to the extent of C3H1 repression. Finally, the down-regulation of C3H1 also increases the synthesis of flavonoids, leading to the accumulation of anthocyanins in transgenic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fornalé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Montserrat Capellades
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO) (unidad asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC), Dpto. Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Joan Rigau
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - José-Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080-Seville, Spain.
| | - David Caparros-Ruiz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Edifici CRAG Campus de Bellaterra de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.
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181
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Marthe C, Kumlehn J, Hensel G. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) transformation using immature embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1223:71-83. [PMID: 25300832 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1695-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Barley is a major crop species, and also has become a genetic model for the small grain temperate cereals. A draft barley genome sequence has recently been completed, opening many opportunities for candidate gene isolation and functionality testing. Thanks to the development of customizable endonucleases, also site-directed genome modification recently became feasible for higher plants, which marks the beginning of a new era of genetic engineering. The development of improved binary vectors and hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains has raised the efficiency of genetic transformation in barley to a level where the technique has become relatively routine. The transformation method described here involves immature barley embryos cocultivated with Agrobacterium after removal of their embryo axis. Critical adjustments to the protocol have included the supplementation of the cocultivation medium with the polyphenolic signaling compound acetosyringone at comparatively high concentration and the use of cysteine to reduce the extent of cellular oxidation upon agroinfection. In addition, the use of liquid, rather than solid, cocultivation medium promotes the throughput of the method. The protocol has delivered well over 10,000 transgenic barley plants over the past 10 years. Routine transformation efficiency, calculated on the basis of the recovery of independent transgenics per 100 explants, has reached about 25 % in cultivar (cv.) "Golden Promise". The protocol has proven effective for more than 20 barley cultivars, although some adjustments to the culture conditions have had to be made in some cases. The transformation efficiency of cv. "Golden Promise" remains higher than that of any other cultivar tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Marthe
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
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182
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Kumar S, AlAbed D, Worden A, Novak S, Wu H, Ausmus C, Beck M, Robinson H, Minnicks T, Hemingway D, Lee R, Skaggs N, Wang L, Marri P, Gupta M. A modular gene targeting system for sequential transgene stacking in plants. J Biotechnol 2015; 207:12-20. [PMID: 25913173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A modular, selection-based method was developed for site-specific integration of transgenes into a genomic locus to create multigene stacks. High-frequency gene targeting was obtained using zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated double-strand break (DSB) formation at a pre-defined target genomic location using a unique intron directly downstream of a promoter driving a selectable marker gene to facilitate homology between target and donor sequences. In this system, only insertion into the target locus leads to a functional selectable marker, and regeneration from random insertions of the promoterless donor construct are reduced on selection media. A new stack of transgenes can potentially be loaded with each successive cycle of gene targeting by exchanging the selectable marker gene using the intron homology. This system was tested in maize using the pat selectable marker gene, whereby up to 30% of the plants regenerated on Bialaphos-containing medium were observed to have the donor construct integrated into the target locus. Unlike previous gene targeting methods that utilize defective or partial genes for selecting targeted events, the present method exchanges fully functional genes with every cycle of targeting, thereby allowing the recycling of selectable marker genes, hypothetically for multiple generations of gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Diaa AlAbed
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Andrew Worden
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Stephen Novak
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Carla Ausmus
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Margaret Beck
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Heather Robinson
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Tatyana Minnicks
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Daren Hemingway
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Nicole Skaggs
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Pradeep Marri
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Manju Gupta
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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183
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Wu TM, Lin WR, Kao CH, Hong CY. Gene knockout of glutathione reductase 3 results in increased sensitivity to salt stress in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:555-564. [PMID: 25636203 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR) is one of important antioxidant enzymes in plants. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) with the accompanying oxidation of NADPH. Previously, we showed that salt-stress-responsive GR3 is a functional protein localized in chloroplasts and mitochondria in rice. To learn more about the role of GR3 in salt-stress tolerance, we investigated the response to 100 mM NaCl treatment in wild-type rice (WT); GR3 knockout mutant of rice (gr3); and the functional gr3-complementation line (C1). Rice GR3 was primarily expressed in roots at the seedling stage and ubiquitously expressed in all tissues except the sheath at heading stage. GR3 promoter-GUS was expressed in the vascular cylinder and cortex of root tissues in rice seedlings, vascular tissue of nodes, embryo and aleurone layer of seeds, and young flowers. Under both normal and salt-stress conditions, total GR activity was decreased by 20 % in gr3. Oxidative stress, indicated by malondialdehyde content, was greater in gr3 than the WT under salt stress. As compared with the WT, gr3 was sensitive to salt and methyl viologen; it showed inhibited growth, decreased maximal efficiency of photosystem II, decreased GSH and GSSG contents, and the ratio of GSH to GSSG. Conversely, the gr3-complementation line C1 rescued the tolerance to methyl viologen and salinity and recovered the growth and physiological damage caused by salinity. These results reveal that GR3 plays an important role in salt stress tolerance by regulating the GSH redox state in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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184
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Cheng Q, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Song G, Guo Z, Wang W, Qu X, Zhu Y, Yang D. An alternatively spliced heat shock transcription factor, OsHSFA2dI, functions in the heat stress-induced unfolded protein response in rice. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:419-29. [PMID: 25255693 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved a wide range of defence pathways to cope with environmental stress such as heat shock. However, the molecular mechanism of these defence pathways remains unclear in rice. In this study, we found that OsHSFA2d, a heat shock transcriptional factor, encodes two main splice variant proteins, OsHSFA2dI and OsHSFA2dII in rice. Under normal conditions, OsHSFA2dII is the dominant but transcriptionally inactive spliced form. However, when the plant suffers heat stress, OsHSFA2d is alternatively spliced into a transcriptionally active form, OsHSFA2dI, which participates in the heat stress response (HSR). Further study found that this alternative splicing was induced by heat shock rather than photoperiod. We found that OsHSFA2dI is localised to the nucleus, whereas OsHSFA2dII is localised to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Moreover, expression of the unfolded protein response (UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE) sensors, OsIRE1, OsbZIP39/OsbZIP60 and the UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE marker OsBiP1, was up-regulated. Interestingly, OsbZIP50 was also alternatively spliced under heat stress, indicating that UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE signalling pathways were activated by heat stress to re-establish cellular protein homeostasis. We further demonstrated that OsHSFA2dI participated in the unfolded protein response by regulating expression of OsBiP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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185
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de los Reyes BG, Mohanty B, Yun SJ, Park MR, Lee DY. Upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes: summarizing the baseline towards genus-wide comparative analysis of regulatory networks and allele mining. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:14. [PMID: 25844119 PMCID: PMC4385054 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dissecting the upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes and their cognate regulator proteins is at the core of network biology and its applications to comparative functional genomics. With the rapidly advancing comparative genomics resources in the genus Oryza, a reference genome annotation that defines the various cis-elements and trans-acting factors that interface each gene locus with various intrinsic and extrinsic signals for growth, development, reproduction and adaptation must be established to facilitate the understanding of phenotypic variation in the context of regulatory networks. Such information is also important to establish the foundation for mining non-coding sequence variation that defines novel alleles and epialleles across the enormous phenotypic diversity represented in rice germplasm. This review presents a synthesis of the state of knowledge and consensus trends regarding the various cis-acting and trans-acting components that define spatio-temporal regulation of rice genes based on representative examples from both foundational studies in other model and non-model plants, and more recent studies in rice. The goal is to summarize the baseline for systematic upstream sequence annotation of the rapidly advancing genome sequence resources in Oryza in preparation for genus-wide functional genomics. Perspectives on the potential applications of such information for gene discovery, network engineering and genomics-enabled rice breeding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijayalaxmi Mohanty
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Song Joong Yun
- />Department of Crop Science and Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-756 Korea
| | - Myoung-Ryoul Park
- />School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
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186
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Tan HT, Shirley NJ, Singh RR, Henderson M, Dhugga KS, Mayo GM, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Powerful regulatory systems and post-transcriptional gene silencing resist increases in cellulose content in cell walls of barley. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:62. [PMID: 25850007 PMCID: PMC4349714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to increase cellulose content and improve the stem strength of cereals could have beneficial applications in stem lodging and producing crops with higher cellulose content for biofuel feedstocks. Here, such potential is explored in the commercially important crop barley through the manipulation of cellulose synthase genes (CesA). RESULTS Barley plants transformed with primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall (SCW) barley cellulose synthase (HvCesA) cDNAs driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, were analysed for growth and morphology, transcript levels, cellulose content, stem strength, tissue morphology and crystalline cellulose distribution. Transcript levels of the PCW HvCesA transgenes were much lower than expected and silencing of both the endogenous CesA genes and introduced transgenes was often observed. These plants showed no aberrant phenotypes. Although attempts to over-express the SCW HvCesA genes also resulted in silencing of the transgenes and endogenous SCW HvCesA genes, aberrant phenotypes were sometimes observed. These included brittle nodes and, with the 35S:HvCesA4 construct, a more severe dwarfing phenotype, where xylem cells were irregular in shape and partially collapsed. Reductions in cellulose content were also observed in the dwarf plants and transmission electron microscopy showed a significant decrease in cell wall thickness. However, there were no increases in overall crystalline cellulose content or stem strength in the CesA over-expression transgenic plants, despite the use of a powerful constitutive promoter. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the cellulose biosynthetic pathway is tightly regulated, that individual CesA proteins may play different roles in the synthase complex, and that the sensitivity to CesA gene manipulation observed here suggests that in planta engineering of cellulose levels is likely to require more sophisticated strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rohan R Singh
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131-1004 USA
| | - Gwenda M Mayo
- />Adelaide Microscopy Waite Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
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187
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Sutoh K, Washio K, Imai R, Wada M, Nakai T, Yamauchi D. An N-terminal region of a Myb-like protein is involved in its intracellular localization and activation of a gibberellin-inducible proteinase gene in germinated rice seeds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:747-59. [PMID: 25559339 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.998620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the gene for a proteinase (Rep1) is upregulated by gibberellins. The CAACTC regulatory element (CARE) of the Rep1 promoter is involved in the gibberellin response. We isolated a cDNA for a CARE-binding protein containing a Myb domain in its carboxyl-terminal region and designated the gene Carboxyl-terminal Myb1 (CTMyb1). This gene encodes two polypeptides of two distinctive lengths, CTMyb1L and CTMyb1S, which include or exclude 213 N-terminal amino acid residues, respectively. CTMyb1S transactivated the Rep1 promoter in the presence of OsGAMyb, but not CTMyb1L. We observed an interaction between CTMyb1S and the rice prolamin box-binding factor (RPBF). A bimolecular fluorescence complex analysis detected the CTMyb1S and RPBF complex in the nucleus, but not the CTMyb1L and RPBF complex. The results suggest that the arrangement of the transfactors is involved in gibberellin-inducible expression of Rep1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sutoh
- a R&D Planning Admin Dept , Life Science Institute Co. Ltd , Tokyo , Japan
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188
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Abstract
Genetic transformation of sugarcane has a tremendous potential to complement traditional breeding in crop improvement and will likely transform sugarcane into a bio-factory for value-added products. We describe here Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of sugarcane. Embryogenic callus induced from immature leaf whorls was used as target for transformation with the hypervirulent Agrobacterium strain AGL1 carrying a constitutive nptII expression cassette in vector pPZP200. Selection with 30 mg/L geneticin during the callus phase and 30 mg/L paromomycin during regeneration of shoots and roots effectively suppressed the development of non-transgenic plants. This protocol was successful with a commercially important sugarcane cultivar, CP-88-1762, at a transformation efficiency of two independent transgenic plants per g of callus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 3085 McCarty Hall, 110500, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0500, USA
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189
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Wang A, Wei X, Rong W, Dang L, Du LP, Qi L, Xu HJ, Shao Y, Zhang Z. GmPGIP3 enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in transgenic wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:375-81. [PMID: 25487419 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Take-all (caused by the fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Ggt) and common root rot (caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana) are devastating root diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Development of resistant wheat cultivars has been a challenge since no resistant wheat accession is available. GmPGIP3, one member of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) family in soybean (Glycine max), exhibited inhibition activity against fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) in vitro. In this study, the GmPGIP3 transgenic wheat plants were generated and used to assess the effectiveness of GmPGIP3 in protecting wheat from the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. Four independent transgenic lines were identified by genomic PCR, Southern blot, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The introduced GmPGIP3 was integrated into the genomes of these transgenic lines and could be expressed. The expressing GmPGIP3 protein in these transgenic wheat lines could inhibit the PGs produced by Ggt and B. sorokiniana. The disease response assessments postinoculation showed that the GmPGIP3-expressing transgenic wheat lines displayed significantly enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases caused by the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. These data suggested that GmPGIP3 is an attractive gene resource in improving resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
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190
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Zhang K, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Gao C. Biolistic genetic transformation of a wide range of Chinese elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. J Genet Genomics 2014; 42:39-42. [PMID: 25619601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; The State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- The State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Caixia Gao
- The State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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191
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Vail AW, Wang P, Uefuji H, Samac DA, Vance CP, Wackett LP, Sadowsky MJ. Biodegradation of atrazine by three transgenic grasses and alfalfa expressing a modified bacterial atrazine chlorohydrolase gene. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:475-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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192
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Company N, Nadal A, Ruiz C, Pla M. Production of phytotoxic cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides in plant cells using inducible promoters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109990. [PMID: 25387106 PMCID: PMC4227650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic linear antimicrobial peptides with cationic α-helical structures, such as BP100, have potent and specific activities against economically important plant pathogenic bacteria. They are also recognized as valuable therapeutics and preservatives. However, highly active BP100 derivatives are often phytotoxic when expressed at high levels as recombinant peptides in plants. Here we demonstrate that production of recombinant phytotoxic peptides in transgenic plants is possible by strictly limiting transgene expression to certain tissues and conditions, and specifically that minimization of this expression during transformation and regeneration of transgenic plants is essential to obtain viable plant biofactories. On the basis of whole-genome transcriptomic data available online, we identified the Os.hsp82 promoter that fulfilled this requirement and was highly induced in response to heat shock. Using this strategy, we generated transgenic rice lines producing moderate yields of severely phytotoxic BP100 derivatives on exposure to high temperature. In addition, a threshold for gene expression in selected tissues and stages was experimentally established, below which the corresponding promoters should be suitable for driving the expression of recombinant phytotoxic proteins in genetically modified plants. In view of the growing transcriptomics data available, this approach is of interest to assist promoter selection for specific purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Company
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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193
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Haque E, Abe F, Mori M, Nanjo Y, Komatsu S, Oyanagi A, Kawaguchi K. Quantitative Proteomics of the Root of Transgenic Wheat Expressing TaBWPR-1.2 Genes in Response to Waterlogging. Proteomes 2014; 2:485-500. [PMID: 28250392 PMCID: PMC5302695 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Once candidate genes are available, the application of genetic transformation plays a major part to study their function in plants for adaptation to respective environmental stresses, including waterlogging (WL). The introduction of stress-inducible genes into wheat remains difficult because of low transformation and plant regeneration efficiencies and expression variability and instability. Earlier, we found two cDNAs encoding WL stress-responsive wheat pathogenesis-related proteins 1.2 (TaBWPR-1.2), TaBWPR-1.2#2 and TaBWPR-1.2#13. Using microprojectile bombardment, both cDNAs were introduced into "Bobwhite". Despite low transformation efficiency, four independent T₂ homozygous lines for each gene were isolated, where transgenes were ubiquitously and variously expressed. The highest transgene expression was obtained in Ubi:TaBWPR-1.2#2 L#11a and Ubi:TaBWPR-1.2#13 L#4a. Using quantitative proteomics, the root proteins of L#11a were analyzed to explore possible physiological pathways regulated by TaBWPR-1.2 under normal and waterlogged conditions. In L#11a, the abundance of proteasome subunit alpha type-3 decreased under normal conditions, whereas that of ferredoxin precursor and elongation factor-2 increased under waterlogged conditions in comparison with normal plants. Proteomic results suggest that L#11a is one of the engineered wheat plants where TaBWPR-1.2#2 is most probably involved in proteolysis, protein synthesis and alteration in the energy pathway in root tissues via the above proteins in order to gain metabolic adjustment to WL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emdadul Haque
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Abe
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Mori
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Yohei Nanjo
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Oyanagi
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Kawaguchi
- NARO Institute of Crop Science (NICS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
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194
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Byrt CS, Xu B, Krishnan M, Lightfoot DJ, Athman A, Jacobs AK, Watson-Haigh NS, Plett D, Munns R, Tester M, Gilliham M. The Na(+) transporter, TaHKT1;5-D, limits shoot Na(+) accumulation in bread wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:516-26. [PMID: 25158883 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a major salt tolerance locus, Kna1, responsible for the maintenance of a high cytosolic K(+) /Na(+) ratio in the leaves of salt stressed plants. The Kna1 locus encompasses a large DNA fragment, the distal 14% of chromosome 4DL. Limited recombination has been observed at this locus making it difficult to map genetically and identify the causal gene. Here, we decipher the function of TaHKT1;5-D, a candidate gene underlying the Kna1 locus. Transport studies using the heterologous expression systems Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that TaHKT1;5-D is a Na(+) -selective transporter. Transient expression in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts and in situ polymerase chain reaction indicated that TaHKT1;5-D is localised on the plasma membrane in the wheat root stele. RNA interference-induced silencing decreased the expression of TaHKT1;5-D in transgenic bread wheat lines which led to an increase in the Na(+) concentration in the leaves. This indicates that TaHKT1;5-D retrieves Na(+) from the xylem vessels in the root and has an important role in restricting the transport of Na(+) from the root to the leaves in bread wheat. Thus, TaHKT1;5-D confers the essential salinity tolerance mechanism in bread wheat associated with the Kna1 locus via shoot Na(+) exclusion and is critical in maintaining a high K(+) /Na(+) ratio in the leaves. These findings show there is potential to increase the salinity tolerance of bread wheat by manipulation of HKT1;5 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Siobhan Byrt
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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195
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Shepherd DN, Dugdale B, Martin DP, Varsani A, Lakay FM, Bezuidenhout ME, Monjane AL, Thomson JA, Dale J, Rybicki EP. Inducible resistance to maize streak virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105932. [PMID: 25166274 PMCID: PMC4148390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize streak virus (MSV), which causes maize streak disease (MSD), is the major viral pathogenic constraint on maize production in Africa. Type member of the Mastrevirus genus in the family Geminiviridae, MSV has a 2.7 kb, single-stranded circular DNA genome encoding a coat protein, movement protein, and the two replication-associated proteins Rep and RepA. While we have previously developed MSV-resistant transgenic maize lines constitutively expressing "dominant negative mutant" versions of the MSV Rep, the only transgenes we could use were those that caused no developmental defects during the regeneration of plants in tissue culture. A better transgene expression system would be an inducible one, where resistance-conferring transgenes are expressed only in MSV-infected cells. However, most known inducible transgene expression systems are hampered by background or "leaky" expression in the absence of the inducer. Here we describe an adaptation of the recently developed INPACT system to express MSV-derived resistance genes in cell culture. Split gene cassette constructs (SGCs) were developed containing three different transgenes in combination with three different promoter sequences. In each SGC, the transgene was split such that it would be translatable only in the presence of an infecting MSV's replication associated protein. We used a quantitative real-time PCR assay to show that one of these SGCs (pSPLITrepIII-Rb-Ubi) inducibly inhibits MSV replication as efficiently as does a constitutively expressed transgene that has previously proven effective in protecting transgenic maize from MSV. In addition, in our cell-culture based assay pSPLITrepIII-Rb-Ubi inhibited replication of diverse MSV strains, and even, albeit to a lesser extent, of a different mastrevirus species. The application of this new technology to MSV resistance in maize could allow a better, more acceptable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne N. Shepherd
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Dugdale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren P. Martin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for High-Performance Computing, Rosebank, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francisco M. Lakay
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marion E. Bezuidenhout
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adérito L. Monjane
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A. Thomson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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196
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Geng Y, Pang B, Hao C, Tang S, Zhang X, Li T. Expression of wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunit 1Bx is affected by large insertions and deletions located in the upstream flanking sequences. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105363. [PMID: 25133580 PMCID: PMC4136844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the transcriptional regulation of high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) expression, we isolated four Glu-1Bx promoters from six wheat cultivars exhibiting diverse protein expression levels. The activities of the diverse Glu-1Bx promoters were tested and compared with β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter fusions. Although all the full-length Glu-1Bx promoters showed endosperm-specific activities, the strongest GUS activity was observed with the 1Bx7OE promoter in both transient expression assays and stable transgenic rice lines. A 43 bp insertion in the 1Bx7OE promoter, which is absent in the 1Bx7 promoter, led to enhanced expression. Analysis of promoter deletion constructs confirmed that a 185 bp MITE (miniature inverted-repeat transposable element) in the 1Bx14 promoter had a weak positive effect on Glu-1Bx expression, and a 54 bp deletion in the 1Bx13 promoter reduced endosperm-specific activity. To investigate the effect of the 43 bp insertion in the 1Bx7OE promoter, a functional marker was developed to screen 505 Chinese varieties and 160 European varieties, and only 1Bx7-type varieties harboring the 43 bp insertion in their promoters showed similar overexpression patterns. Hence, the 1Bx7OE promoter should be important tool in crop genetic engineering as well as in molecular assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Geng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Binshuang Pang
- Beijing Engineering and Technique Research Center of Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Saijun Tang
- College of Biological sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (TL)
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (TL)
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197
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TALEN utilization in rice genome modifications. Methods 2014; 69:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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198
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Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:947-51. [PMID: 25038773 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific nucleases have been applied to engineer targeted modifications in polyploid genomes, but simultaneous modification of multiple homoeoalleles has not been reported. Here we use transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 (refs. 4,5) technologies in hexaploid bread wheat to introduce targeted mutations in the three homoeoalleles that encode MILDEW-RESISTANCE LOCUS (MLO) proteins. Genetic redundancy has prevented evaluation of whether mutation of all three MLO alleles in bread wheat might confer resistance to powdery mildew, a trait not found in natural populations. We show that TALEN-induced mutation of all three TaMLO homoeologs in the same plant confers heritable broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. We further use CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate transgenic wheat plants that carry mutations in the TaMLO-A1 allele. We also demonstrate the feasibility of engineering targeted DNA insertion in bread wheat through nonhomologous end joining of the double-strand breaks caused by TALENs. Our findings provide a methodological framework to improve polyploid crops.
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199
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Wan L, Wang X, Li S, Hu J, Huang W, Zhu Y. Overexpression of OsKTN80a, a katanin P80 ortholog, caused the repressed cell elongation and stalled cell division mediated by microtubule apparatus defects in primary root in Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:622-34. [PMID: 24450597 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Katanin, a microtubule-severing enzyme, consists of two subunits: the catalytic subunit P60, and the regulatory subunit P80. In several species, P80 functions in meiotic spindle organization, the flagella biogenesis, the neuronal development, and the male gamete production. However, the P80 function in higher plants remains elusive. In this study, we found that there are three katanin P80 orthologs (OsKTN80a, OsKTN80b, and OsKTN80c) in Oryza sativa L. Overexpression of OsKTN80a caused the retarded root growth of rice seedlings. Further investigation indicates that the retained root growth was caused by the repressed cell elongation in the elongation zone and the stalled cytokinesis in the division zone in the root tip. The in vivo examination suggests that OsKTN80a acts as a microtubule stabilizer. We prove that OsKTN80a, possibly associated with OsKTN60, is involved in root growth via regulating the cell elongation and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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200
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Hong Y, Chen L, Du LP, Su Z, Wang J, Ye X, Qi L, Zhang Z. Transcript suppression of TaGW2 increased grain width and weight in bread wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:341-9. [PMID: 24890396 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop in the world. Grain weight is a major factor of grain yield in wheat, and the identification of candidate genes associated with grain weight is very important for high-yield breeding of wheat. TaGW2 is an orthologous gene of rice OsGW2 that negatively regulates the grain width and weight in rice. There are three TaGW2 homoeologs in bread wheat, TaGW2A, TaGW2B, and TaGW2D. In this study, a specific TaGW2-RNA interference (RNAi) cassette was constructed and transformed into a Chinese bread wheat variety 'Shi 4185' with small grain. The transcript levels of TaGW2A, TaGW2B, and TaGW2D were simultaneously downregulated in TaGW2-RNAi transgenic wheat lines. Compared with the controls, TaGW2-underexpressing transgenic lines displayed significantly increases in the grain width and weight, suggesting that TaGW2 negatively regulated the grain width and weight in bread wheat. Further transcript analysis showed that in different bread wheat accessions, the transcript abundance of TaGW2A was negatively associated with the grain width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Hong
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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