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Rafatian N, Westcott KV, White RA, Leenen FHH. Cardiac macrophages and apoptosis after myocardial infarction: effects of central MR blockade. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R879-87. [PMID: 25100076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After myocardial infarction (post-MI), inflammation and apoptosis contribute to progressive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Cardiac mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and β-adrenergic signaling promote apoptosis and inflammation. Post-MI, MR activation in the brain contributes to sympathetic hyperactivity and an increase in cardiac aldosterone. In the present study, we assessed the time course of macrophage infiltration and apoptosis in the heart as detected by both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and active caspase-3 immunostaining in both myocytes and nonmyocytes, as well as the effects of central MR blockade by intracerebroventricular infusion of eplerenone at 5 μg/day on peak changes in macrophage infiltration and apoptosis post-MI. Macrophage numbers were markedly increased in the infarct and peri-infarct zones and to a minor extent in the noninfarct part of the left ventricle at 10 days post-MI and decreased over the 3-mo study period. Apoptosis of both myocytes and nonmyocytes was clearly apparent in the infarct and peri-infarct areas at 10 days post-MI. For TUNEL, the increases persisted at 4 and 12 wk, but the number of active caspase-3-positive cells markedly decreased. Central MR blockade significantly decreased CD80-positive proinflammatory M1 macrophages and increased CD163-positive anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the infarct. Central MR blockade also reduced apoptosis of myocytes by 40-50% in the peri-infarct and to a lesser extent of nonmyocytes in the peri-infarct and infarct zones. These findings indicate that MR activation in the brain enhances apoptosis both in myocytes and nonmyocytes in the peri-infarct and infarct area post-MI and contributes to the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Rafatian
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine V Westcott
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roselyn A White
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Frans H H Leenen
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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152
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Schelbergen RF, van Dalen S, ter Huurne M, Roth J, Vogl T, Noël D, Jorgensen C, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FA, Blom AB, van Lent PLEM. Treatment efficacy of adipose-derived stem cells in experimental osteoarthritis is driven by high synovial activation and reflected by S100A8/A9 serum levels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1158-66. [PMID: 24928317 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovitis is evident in a substantial subpopulation of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and is associated with development of pathophysiology. Recently we have shown that adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) inhibit joint destruction in collagenase-induced experimental OA (CIOA). In the current study we explored the role of synovitis and alarmins S100A8/A9 in the immunomodulatory capacity of ASCs in experimental OA. METHOD CIOA, characterized by synovitis, and surgical DMM (destabilization of medial meniscus) OA were treated locally with ASCs. Synovial activation, cartilage damage and osteophyte size were measured on histological sections. Cytokines in synovial washouts and serum were determined using Luminex or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S100A8/A9), mRNA levels with reverse-transcriptase (RT)-qPCR. RESULTS Local administration of ASCs at various time-points (days 7 or 14) after DMM induction had no effect on OA pathology. At day 7 of CIOA, already 6 h after ASC injection mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators S100A8/A9, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and KC was down-regulated in the synovium. IL-1β protein, although low, was down-regulated by ASC-treatment of CIOA. S100A8/A9 protein levels were very high at 6 and 48 h and were decreased by ASC-treatment. The protective action of ASC treatment in CIOA was only found when high synovial inflammation was present at the time of deposition which was reflected by high serum S100A8/A9 levels. Finally, successful treatment resulted in significantly lower levels of serum S100A8/A9. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that synovial activation rapidly drives anti-inflammatory and protective effects of intra-articularly deposited ASCs in experimental OA which is reflected by decreased S100A8/A9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schelbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - S van Dalen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M ter Huurne
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, Germany
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, Germany
| | - D Noël
- Inserm U844, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - C Jorgensen
- Inserm U844, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - W B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F A van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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153
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Cui L, Shi Y, Han Y, Fan D. Immunological basis of stem cell therapy in liver diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1185-96. [PMID: 24964800 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.930665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced immune cell populations or immune cell infiltration of the liver can disrupt the immune-privileged state of the liver, resulting in liver injury or fibrosis. Therefore, the treatment for liver diseases involves not only hepatic regeneration but also immunological regulation. Recent studies demonstrated that stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity for not only hepatic differentiation but also immunomodulation. In this respect, stem cell therapy could be a realistic aim for liver diseases by modulating the liver regenerative processes and down-regulating immune-mediated liver damage. In this review, we discuss in detail the importance of immune cells in liver injury and repair; the mechanism by which stem cells demonstrate an immune-tolerant phenotype that can be used for allogeneic transplantation; the effect of stem cell transplantation on immune-mediated diseases, especially liver diseases; and the mechanism by which stem cells improve the hepatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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154
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Ben-Mordechai T, Palevski D, Glucksam-Galnoy Y, Elron-Gross I, Margalit R, Leor J. Targeting macrophage subsets for infarct repair. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 20:36-51. [PMID: 24938456 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414534916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in every cardiovascular disease and are an attractive therapeutic target. Macrophage activation is complex and can be either beneficial or deleterious, depending upon its mode of action, its timing, and its duration. An important macrophage characteristic is its plasticity, which enables it to switch from one subset to another. Macrophages, which regulate healing and repair after myocardial infarction, have become a major target for both treatment and diagnosis (theranostic). The aim of the present review is to describe the recent discoveries related to targeting and modulating of macrophage function to improve infarct repair. We will briefly review macrophage polarization, plasticity, heterogeneity, their role in infarct repair, regeneration, and cross talk with mesenchymal cells. Particularly, we will focus on the potential of macrophage targeting in situ by liposomes. The ability to modulate macrophage function could delineate pathways to reactivate the endogenous programs of myocardial regeneration. This will eventually lead to development of small molecules or biologics to enhance the endogenous programs of regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ben-Mordechai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yifat Glucksam-Galnoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Elron-Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rimona Margalit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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155
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Kedarisetty CK, Anand L, Khanam A, Kumar A, Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Growth factors enhance liver regeneration in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int 2014. [PMID: 26201333 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome characterized by a rapid progression of liver disease culminating in organ failure and death. The only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. However, there is a possible element of reversibility and hepatic regeneration if the acute insult can be tided over. Exogenously administered growth factors may stimulate hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived cells to supplement hepatic regeneration. The proposed review is intended to provide an in-depth analysis of the individual components of hepatic and bone marrow niches and highlight the growing role of various growth factors in liver regeneration in health and in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovkesh Anand
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Khanam
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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156
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Abumaree MH, Al Jumah MA, Kalionis B, Jawdat D, Al Khaldi A, Abomaray FM, Fatani AS, Chamley LW, Knawy BA. Human placental mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs) play a role as immune suppressive cells by shifting macrophage differentiation from inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:620-41. [PMID: 23812784 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a therapeutic potential in tissue repair because of capacity for multipotent differentiation and their ability to modulate the immune response. In this study, we examined the ability of human placental MSCs (pMSCs) to modify the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages and assessed the influence of pMSCs on important macrophage functions. METHODS We used GM-CSF to stimulate the differentiation of monocytes into the M1 macrophage pathway and then co-cultured these cells with pMSCs in the early stages of macrophage differentiation. We then evaluated the effect on differentiation by microscopic examination and by quantification of molecules important in the differentiation and immune functions of macrophages using flow cytometry and ELISA. The mechanism by which pMSCs could mediate their effects on macrophage differentiation was also studied. RESULTS The co-culture of pMSCs with monocytes stimulated to follow the inflammatory M1 macrophage differentiation pathway resulted in a shift to anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage differentiation. This transition was characterized by morphological of changes typical of M2 macrophages, and by changes in cell surface marker expression including CD14, CD36, CD163, CD204, CD206, B7-H4 and CD11b, which are distinctive of M2 macrophages. Co-culture with pMSCs reduced the expression of the costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and increased the expression of co-inhibitory molecules (CD273, CD274 and B7-H4) as well as the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-10 was increased while the secretion of IL-1β, IL-12 (p70) and MIP-1α was decreased; a profile typical of M2 macrophages. Finally, pMSCs induced the phagocytic activity and the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells associated with M2- like macrophages; again a profile typical of M2 macrophages. We found that the immunoregulatory effect of pMSCs on macrophage differentiation was mediated by soluble molecules acting partially via glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that pMSCs can transition macrophages from an inflammatory M1 into an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Our findings suggest a new immunosuppressive property of pMSCs that may be employed in the resolution of inflammation associated with inflammatory diseases and in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Abumaree
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Mail Code 1515, Saudi Arabia,
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157
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Lu ZX, Mao LL, Lian F, He J, Zhang WT, Dai CY, Xue S, Lu WG, Zhu HS. Cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction: nanoparticle-based delivery versus direct myocardial injection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24742302 PMCID: PMC4014437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To comparatively evaluate the cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor (PGF) delivered through direct injection and a nanoparticle-based system respectively and to study the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based PGF-carrying nanoparticles (PGF-PLGANPs) were created. The mean size and morphology of particles were analyzed with particle size analyzer and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency and sustained-release dose curve were analyzed by ELISA. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 10). While animals in the first group were left untreated as controls, those in the other 3 groups underwent surgical induction of AMI, followed by treatment with physiological saline, PGF, and PGF-PLGANPs, respectively. Cardiac function was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography at 4 weeks after treatment. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed, infarction size was analyzed with Masson trichrome staining, and protein contents of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP and MMP-2 at the infarction border were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. Results PGF was released for at least 15 days, showing successful preparation of PGF-PLGANPs. Coronary artery ligation successfully induced AMI. Compared to physiological saline control, PGF, injected to the myocardium either as a nude molecule or in a form of nanoparticles, significantly reduced infarction size, improved cardiac function, and elevated myocardial expression of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MMP-2 (P < 0.05). The effect of PGF-PLGANPs was more pronounced than that of non-encapsulated PGF (P < 0.05). Conclusion Target PGF delivery to myocardium may improve cardiac function after AMI in rats. PLGA-based nanoparticles appear to be a better approach to delivery PGF. PGF exerts its cardioprotective effect at least partially through regulating metalloproteinase-mediated myocardial tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu-Jian Rd, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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158
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Ribot EJ, Gaudet JM, Chen Y, Gilbert KM, Foster PJ. In vivo MR detection of fluorine-labeled human MSC using the bSSFP sequence. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1731-9. [PMID: 24748787 PMCID: PMC3986292 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are used to restore deteriorated cell environments. There is a need to specifically track these cells following transplantation in order to evaluate different methods of implantation, to follow their migration within the body, and to quantify their accumulation at the target. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using fluorine-based nanoemulsions is a great means to detect these transplanted cells in vivo because of the high specificity for fluorine detection and the capability for precise quantification. This technique, however, has low sensitivity, necessitating improvement in MR sequences. To counteract this issue, the balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging sequence can be of great interest due to the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, it can be applied to obtain 3D images within short acquisition times. In this paper, bSSFP provided accurate quantification of samples of the perfluorocarbon Cell Sense-labeled cells in vitro. Cell Sense was internalized by human MSC (hMSC) without adverse alterations in cell viability or differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes. The bSSFP sequence was applied in vivo to track and quantify the signals from both Cell Sense-labeled and iron-labeled hMSC after intramuscular implantation. The fluorine signal was observed to decrease faster and more significantly than the volume of iron-associated voids, which points to the advantage of quantifying the fluorine signal and the complexity of quantifying signal loss due to iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline J Ribot
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle M Gilbert
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Kim YS, Kang WS, Kwon JS, Hong MH, Jeong HY, Jeong HC, Jeong MH, Ahn Y. Protective role of 5-azacytidine on myocardial infarction is associated with modulation of macrophage phenotype and inhibition of fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1018-27. [PMID: 24571348 PMCID: PMC4508142 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether a shift in macrophage phenotype could be therapeutic for myocardial infarction (MI). The mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was stimulated with peptidoglycan (PGN), with or without 5-azacytidine (5AZ) treatment. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats, and the rats were divided into two groups; a saline-injection group and a 5AZ-injection group (2.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection). LV function was evaluated and immunohistochemical analyses were performed 2 weeks after MI. Cardiac fibrosis was induced by angiotensin II (AngII) infusion with or without 5AZ (5 mg/kg/day) in mice. Nitric oxide was produced by PGN, which was reduced by 77.87% after 5AZ treatment. Both induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and iNOS promoter activity by PGN were inhibited by 5AZ. Ejection fraction (59.00 ± 8.03% versus 42.52 ± 2.58%), contractility (LV dP/dt-max, 8299.76 ± 411.56 mmHg versus 6610.36 ± 282.37 mmHg) and relaxation indices (LV dP/dt-min, −4661.37 ± 210.73 mmHg versus −4219.50 ± 162.98 mmHg) were improved after 5AZ administration. Cardiac fibrosis in the MI+5AZ was 8.14 ± 1.00%, compared with 14.93 ± 2.98% in the MI group (P < 0.05). Arginase-1(+)CD68(+) macrophages with anti-inflammatory phenotype were predominant in the infarct border zone of the MI+5AZ group, in comparison with the MI group. AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis was also attenuated after 5AZ administration. In cardiac fibroblasts, pro-fibrotic mediators and cell proliferation were increased by AngII, and these increases were attenuated after 5AZ treatment. 5AZ exerts its cardiac protective role through modulation of macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sook Kim
- Heart Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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160
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Gao S, Mao F, Zhang B, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wang M, Yan Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Zhu W, Qian H, Xu W. Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce macrophage M2 polarization through the nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:366-75. [PMID: 24500984 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213518169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-mediated regulation of macrophages is critical for inflammation response and tissue injury repair. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs on macrophages under normal and inflammatory conditions. Co-culture with MSCs or treatment with MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α while inducing the expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and arginase 1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells and splenic CD11b(+) cells. MSC-CM treatment increased the expression of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated M2 macrophages, in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, MSC-CM promoted the proliferation and migration of RAW264.7 cells. MSC-CM treatment activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) but inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 antagonized the induction of IL-10, arginase 1, and CD206 by MSC-CM in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusively, our findings suggest that mouse MSCs induce macrophage M2 activation through the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gao
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
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Tsuboi N, Maruyama S, Matsuo S, Imai E. A ray of light in the dark: alternative approaches to the assessment and treatment of ischemic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:228-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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162
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Corona BT, Rathbone CR. Accelerated functional recovery after skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury using freshly isolated bone marrow cells. J Surg Res 2014; 188:100-9. [PMID: 24485153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively little information exists regarding the usefulness of bone marrow-derived cells for skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), especially when compared with I/R that occurs in other tissues. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of freshly isolated bone marrow cells to home to injured skeletal muscle and to determine their effects on muscle regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly isolated lineage-depleted bone marrow cells (Lin(-) BMCs) were injected intravenously 2 d after I/R. Bioluminescent imaging was used to evaluate cell localization for up to 28 d after injury. Muscle function, the percentage of fibers with centrally located nuclei, and the capillary-to-fiber ratio were evaluated 14 d after delivery of either saline (Saline) or saline containing Lin(-) BMCs (Lin(-) BMCs). RESULTS Bioluminescence was higher in the injured leg than the contralateral control leg for up to 7 d after injection (P < 0.05) suggestive of cell homing to the injured skeletal muscle. Fourteen days after injury, there was a significant improvement in maximal tetanic torque (40% versus 22% deficit; P < 0.05), a faster rate of force production (+dP/dt) (123.6 versus 94.5 Nmm/S; P < 0.05), and a reduction in the percentage of fibers containing centrally located nuclei (40 versus 17%; P < 0.05), but no change in the capillary-to-fiber ratio in the Lin(-) BMC as compared with the Saline group. CONCLUSIONS The homing of freshly isolated BMCs to injured skeletal muscle after I/R is associated with an increase in functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Corona
- Department of Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher R Rathbone
- Department of Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
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163
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Campbell JJ, Botos LA, Sargeant TJ, Davidenko N, Cameron RE, Watson CJ. A 3-D in vitro co-culture model of mammary gland involution. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:618-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40257f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model of mammary gland supporting 3D cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions demonstrates complete in vivo-like neo-tissue formation and remodelling processes (involution) under hormonal control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruth E. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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164
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Allogeneic transplantation of fetal membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets increases neovascularization and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rats. Transplantation 2013; 96:697-706. [PMID: 23912174 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829f753d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been pursued as a new method to repair damaged myocardium. We focused on the fetal membrane (FM) as an alternative source to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. In this study, we investigated whether transplantation of allogeneic FM-MSC sheets could attenuate myocardial dysfunction in a rat chronic myocardial infarction (MI) model. METHODS Sheets of allogeneic FM-MSC or autologous BM-MSC were transplanted into the scarred myocardium 4 weeks after coronary ligation. RESULTS Four weeks after transplantation, both allogeneic FM-MSC and autologous BM-MSC sheets had significantly improved cardiac function and reduced myocardial fibrosis compared with the untreated MI group. In both MSC sheet-transplanted groups, the peri-infarct regional capillary density was increased. Some engrafted MSCs formed vascular structures and were positive for lectin I and α-smooth muscle actin. The numbers of engrafted cells and differentiated cells were very low after both types of MSC sheet transplantation. CD3 T cells did not increase in the transplantation site, but CD163 M2 macrophages increased in the groups transplanted with allogeneic FM-MSC and autologous BM-MSC. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of allogeneic FM-MSC or autologous BM-MSC sheets attenuated myocardial dysfunction in a rat MI model to a similar degree. The engraftment rate of transplanted cells and immune cell infiltration into the transplanted area did not differ between the two types of MSC transplants. M2 macrophage induction has possible involvement in the therapeutic effects of MSC transplantation. Allogeneic FM-MSC sheet transplantation might be a new therapeutic strategy after MI.
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Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac inflammation: immunomodulatory properties and the influence of toll-like receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181020. [PMID: 24391353 PMCID: PMC3872440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI), the inflammatory response is indispensable for initiating reparatory processes. However, the intensity and duration of the inflammation cause additional damage to the already injured myocardium. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon MI positively affects cardiac function. This happens likely via a paracrine mechanism. As MSC are potent modulators of the immune system, this could influence this postinfarct immune response. Since MSC express toll-like receptors (TLR), danger signal (DAMP) produced after MI could influence their immunomodulatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW Not much is known about the direct immunomodulatory efficiency of MSC when injected in a strong inflammatory environment. This review focuses first on the interactions between MSC and the immune system. Subsequently, an overview is provided of the effects of DAMP-associated TLR activation on MSC and their immunomodulative properties after myocardial infarction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MSC can strongly influence most cell types of the immune system. TLR signaling can increase and decrease this immunomodulatory potential, depending on the available ligands. Although reports are inconsistent, TLR3 activation may boost immunomodulation by MSC, while TLR4 activation suppresses it. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the effects of TLR activation on MSC could identify new preconditioning strategies which might improve their immunomodulative properties.
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166
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The role of mesenchymal stromal cells in spinal cord injury, regenerative medicine and possible clinical applications. Biochimie 2013; 95:2257-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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167
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Mathias LJ, Khong SML, Spyroglou L, Payne NL, Siatskas C, Thorburn AN, Boyd RL, Heng TSP. Alveolar macrophages are critical for the inhibition of allergic asthma by mesenchymal stromal cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5914-24. [PMID: 24249728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess reparative and immunoregulatory properties, making them attractive candidates for cellular therapy. However, the majority of MSCs administered i.v. encounter a pulmonary impasse and soon disappear from the lungs, raising the question of how they induce such durable immunosuppressive effects. Using a mouse model of allergic asthma, we show that administration of MSCs isolated from human bone marrow, umbilical cord, or adipose tissue provoked a pronounced increase in alveolar macrophages and inhibited hallmark features of asthma, including airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic accumulation, and Th2 cytokine production. Importantly, selective depletion of this macrophage compartment reversed the therapeutic benefit of MSC treatment on airway hyperresponsiveness. Our data demonstrate that human MSCs exert cross-species immunosuppressive activity, which is mediated by alveolar macrophages in allergic asthma. As alveolar macrophages are the predominant immune effector cells at the air-tissue interface in the lungs, this study provides a compelling mechanism for durable MSC effects in the absence of sustained engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J Mathias
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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168
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Naftali-Shani N, Itzhaki-Alfia A, Landa-Rouben N, Kain D, Holbova R, Adutler-Lieber S, Molotski N, Asher E, Grupper A, Millet E, Tessone A, Winkler E, Kastrup J, Feinberg MS, Zipori D, Pevsner-Fischer M, Raanani E, Leor J. The origin of human mesenchymal stromal cells dictates their reparative properties. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000253. [PMID: 24080908 PMCID: PMC3835227 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) from adipose cardiac tissue have attracted considerable interest in regard to cell‐based therapies. We aimed to test the hypothesis that hMSCs from the heart and epicardial fat would be better cells for infarct repair. Methods and Results We isolated and grew hMSCs from patients with ischemic heart disease from 4 locations: epicardial fat, pericardial fat, subcutaneous fat, and the right atrium. Significantly, hMSCs from the right atrium and epicardial fat secreted the highest amounts of trophic and inflammatory cytokines, while hMSCs from pericardial and subcutaneous fat secreted the lowest. Relative expression of inflammation‐ and fibrosis‐related genes was considerably higher in hMSCs from the right atrium and epicardial fat than in subcutaneous fat hMSCs. To determine the functional effects of hMSCs, we allocated rats to hMSC transplantation 7 days after myocardial infarction. Atrial hMSCs induced greatest infarct vascularization as well as highest inflammation score 27 days after transplantation. Surprisingly, cardiac dysfunction was worst after transplantation of hMSCs from atrium and epicardial fat and minimal after transplantation of hMSCs from subcutaneous fat. These findings were confirmed by using hMSC transplantation in immunocompromised mice after myocardial infarction. Notably, there was a correlation between tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion from hMSCs and posttransplantation left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Conclusions Because of their proinflammatory properties, hMSCs from the right atrium and epicardial fat of cardiac patients could impair heart function after myocardial infarction. Our findings might be relevant to autologous mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and development and progression of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Naftali-Shani
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Tasso R, Ulivi V, Reverberi D, Lo Sicco C, Descalzi F, Cancedda R. In vivo implanted bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells trigger a cascade of cellular events leading to the formation of an ectopic bone regenerative niche. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3178-91. [PMID: 23924051 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that mouse bone marrow stromal cells, also known as bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), seeded onto a scaffold and implanted in vivo, led to an ectopic bone deposition by host cells. This MSCs capacity was critically dependent on their commitment level, being present only in MSCs cultured in presence of fibroblast growth factor-2. Taking advantage of a chimeric mouse model, in this study we show that seeded MSCs trigger a cascade of events resulting in the mobilization of macrophages, the induction of their functional switch from a proinflammatory to a proresolving phenotype, and the subsequent formation of a bone regenerative niche through the recruitment, within the first 2 weeks of implantation, of endothelial progenitors and of cells with an osteogenic potential (CD146+CD105+), both of them derived from the BM. Moreover, we demonstrated that, in an inflammatory environment, MSCs secrete a large amount of prostaglandin E2 playing a key role in the macrophage phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tasso
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova , Genova, Italy
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170
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Ghattas A, Griffiths HR, Devitt A, Lip GYH, Shantsila E. Monocytes in coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis: where are we now? J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1541-51. [PMID: 23973684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in interventional and pharmacological therapy of atherosclerotic disease, it is still the leading cause of death in the developed world. Hence, there is a need for further development of effective therapeutic approaches. This requires better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of the disease. Atherosclerosis has long been identified as having an inflammatory component contributing to its pathogenesis, whereas the available therapy primarily targets hyperlipidemia and prevention of thrombosis. Notwithstanding a pleotropic anti-inflammatory effect to some therapies, such as acetyl salicylic acid and the statins, none of the currently approved medicines for management of either stable or complicated atherosclerosis has inflammation as a primary target. Monocytes, as representatives of the innate immune system, play a major role in the initiation, propagation, and progression of atherosclerosis from a stable to an unstable state. Experimental data support a role of monocytes in acute coronary syndromes and in outcome post-infarction; however, limited research has been done in humans. Analysis of expression of various cell surface receptors allows characterization of the different monocyte subsets phenotypically, whereas downstream assessment of inflammatory pathways provides an insight into their activity. In this review we discuss the functional role of monocytes and their different subpopulations in atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, cardiac healing, and recovery with an aim of critical evaluation of potential future therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis and its complications. We will also discuss technical difficulties of delineating different monocyte subpopulations, understanding their differentiation potential and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Ghattas
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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171
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Macrophage subpopulations are essential for infarct repair with and without stem cell therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1890-901. [PMID: 23973704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the hypothesis that the favorable effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on infarct repair are mediated by macrophages. BACKGROUND The favorable effects of MSC therapy in myocardial infarction (MI) are complex and not fully understood. METHODS We induced MI in mice and allocated them to bone marrow MSCs, mononuclear cells, or saline injection into the infarct, with and without early (4 h before MI) and late (3 days after MI) macrophage depletion. We then analyzed macrophage phenotype in the infarcted heart by flow cytometry and macrophage secretome in vitro. Left ventricular remodeling and global and regional function were assessed by echocardiography and speckle-tracking based strain imaging. RESULTS The MSC therapy significantly increased the percentage of reparative M2 macrophages (F4/80(+)CD206(+)) in the infarcted myocardium, compared with mononuclear- and saline-treated hearts, 3 and 4 days after MI. Macrophage cytokine secretion, relevant to infarct healing and repair, was significantly increased after MSC therapy, or incubation with MSCs or MSC supernatant. Significantly, with and without MSC therapy, transient macrophage depletion increased mortality 30 days after MI. Furthermore, early macrophage depletion produced the greatest negative effect on infarct size and left ventricular remodeling and function, as well as a significant incidence of left ventricular thrombus formation. These deleterious effects were attenuated with macrophage restoration and MSC therapy. CONCLUSIONS Some of the protective effects of MSCs on infarct repair are mediated by macrophages, which are essential for early healing and repair. Thus, targeting macrophages could be a novel strategy to improve infarct healing and repair.
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172
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Saparov A, Chen CW, Beckman SA, Wang Y, Huard J. The role of antioxidation and immunomodulation in postnatal multipotent stem cell-mediated cardiac repair. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16258-79. [PMID: 23924945 PMCID: PMC3759910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play major roles in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease including myocardial infarction (MI). The pathological progression following MI is very complex and involves a number of cell populations including cells localized within the heart, as well as cells recruited from the circulation and other tissues that participate in inflammatory and reparative processes. These cells, with their secretory factors, have pleiotropic effects that depend on the stage of inflammation and regeneration. Excessive inflammation leads to enlargement of the infarction site, pathological remodeling and eventually, heart dysfunction. Stem cell therapy represents a unique and innovative approach to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation caused by ischemic heart disease. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the crosstalk between stem cells and other cells involved in post-MI cardiac tissue repair, especially immune cells, in order to harness the beneficial effects of the immune response following MI and further improve stem cell-mediated cardiac regeneration. This paper reviews the recent findings on the role of antioxidation and immunomodulation in postnatal multipotent stem cell-mediated cardiac repair following ischemic heart disease, particularly acute MI and focuses specifically on mesenchymal, muscle and blood-vessel-derived stem cells due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Saparov
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +7-717-270-6140 (A.S.); +1-412-648-2798 (J.H.); Fax: +7-717-270-6054 (A.S.); +1-412-648-4066 (J.H.)
| | - Chien-Wen Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; E-Mail:
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sarah A. Beckman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; E-Mail:
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; E-Mails: (C.-W.C.); (S.A.B.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +7-717-270-6140 (A.S.); +1-412-648-2798 (J.H.); Fax: +7-717-270-6054 (A.S.); +1-412-648-4066 (J.H.)
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173
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Miron VE, Boyd A, Zhao JW, Yuen TJ, Ruckh JM, Shadrach JL, van Wijngaarden P, Wagers AJ, Williams A, Franklin RJM, Ffrench-Constant C. M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1211-1218. [PMID: 23872599 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1219] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis highlights the need to understand the regenerative process of remyelination that can follow CNS demyelination. This involves an innate immune response consisting of microglia and macrophages, which can be polarized to distinct functional phenotypes: pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory or immunoregulatory (M2). We found that a switch from an M1- to an M2-dominant response occurred in microglia and peripherally derived macrophages as remyelination started. Oligodendrocyte differentiation was enhanced in vitro with M2 cell conditioned media and impaired in vivo following intra-lesional M2 cell depletion. M2 cell densities were increased in lesions of aged mice in which remyelination was enhanced by parabiotic coupling to a younger mouse and in multiple sclerosis lesions that normally show remyelination. Blocking M2 cell-derived activin-A inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation during remyelination in cerebellar slice cultures. Thus, our results indicate that M2 cell polarization is essential for efficient remyelination and identify activin-A as a therapeutic target for CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique E Miron
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Boyd
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jing-Wei Zhao
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tracy J Yuen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia M Ruckh
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer L Shadrach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute & Joslin Diabetes Center, Cambridge, USA
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute & Joslin Diabetes Center, Cambridge, USA
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/MS Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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174
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Yannarelli G, Pacienza N, Cuniberti L, Medin J, Davies J, Keating A. Brief report: The potential role of epigenetics on multipotent cell differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:215-20. [PMID: 23097343 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a readily available source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell therapy. We were interested in understanding how differences from human bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs might yield insights into MSC biology. We found that HUCPVCs exhibited increased telomerase activity and longer telomeres compared with BM-MSCs. We also observed enhanced expression of the pluripotency factors OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in HUCPVCs. The methylation of OCT4 and NANOG promoters was similar in both cell types, indicating that differences in the expression of pluripotency factors between the MSCs were not associated with epigenetic changes. MSC methylation at these loci is greater than reported for embryonic stem cells but less than in dermal fibroblasts, suggesting that multipotentiality of MSCs is epigenetically restricted. These results are consistent with the notion that the MSC population (whether BM- or HUCPV-derived) exhibits higher proliferative capacity and contains more progenitor cells than do dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Yannarelli
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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175
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Lv SS, Liu G, Wang JP, Wang WW, Cheng J, Sun AL, Liu HY, Nie HB, Su MR, Guan GJ. Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation ameliorates glomerular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats via inhibiting macrophage infiltration. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:275-82. [PMID: 23791972 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treatment has been shown to be effective in diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanisms involved in the renoprotective effects of MSCs have not been clearly demonstrated. Especially, there was no study on the relationship of MSCs and macrophages in diabetic kidney. To explore the effect of MSCs on macrophages in DN, streptozotocin-induced diabetes animals received no treatment or treatment with MSCs (2×10(6), via tail vein) for two continuous weeks. Eight weeks after treatment, physical, biochemical and morphological parameters were measured. Immunohistochemistry for fibronectin (FN), CollagenI, ED-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was performed. Expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) at gene level and protein level were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Blood glucose, urinary albumin excretion, creatinine clearance were significantly reduced after MSCs treatment. The glomerulosclerosis as revealed by periodic acid Schiff stain and expression of FN and CollagenI was also dramatically attenuated. Most importantly, the expression of MCP-1 and the number of infiltrated macrophages in kidney were effectively suppressed by MSCs treatment. The expression of HGF in MSCs group was up-regulated. Meanwhile, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα were significantly down-regulated by MSCs treatment. Our study suggest that MSCs treatment ameliorates DN via inhibition of MCP-1 expression by secreting HGF, thus reducing macrophages infiltration, down-regulating IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα expression in renal tissue in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Lv
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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176
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Hernanda PY, Pedroza-Gonzalez A, van der Laan LJW, Bröker MEE, Hoogduijn MJ, Ijzermans JNM, Bruno MJ, Janssen HLA, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Tumor promotion through the mesenchymal stem cell compartment in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2330-40. [PMID: 23740837 PMCID: PMC3786382 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the infiltration of mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) into different tumors is widely recognized in animal models, the question whether these MSCs have a positive or negative effect on disease progression remains unanswered. The aim of this study is to investigate whether human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) harbors MSCs and whether these MSCs affect tumor growth. We observed that cells capable of differentiation into both adipocyte and osteocyte lineages and expressing MSC markers can be cultured from surgically resected HCC tissues. In situ staining of human HCC tissues with a STRO-1 antibody showed that the tumor and tumor-stromal region are significantly enriched with candidate MSCs compared with adjacent tissue (n = 12, P < 0.01). In mice, coengraftment of a human HCC cell line (Huh7) with MSCs resulted in substantially larger tumors compared with paired engraftment of Huh7 alone (n = 8, P < 0.01). Consistently, coculturing Huh7 with irradiated MSCs significantly increased the number and the size of colonies formed. This enhancement of Huh7 colony formation was also observed by treatment of MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM), suggesting that secreted trophic factors contribute to the growth-promoting effects. Genome-wide gene expression array and pathway analysis confirmed the upregulation of cell growth and proliferation-related processes and downregulation of cell death-related pathways by treatment of MSC-CM in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, these results show that MSCs are enriched in human HCC tumor compartment and could exert trophic effects on tumor cells. Thus, targeting of HCC tumor MSCs may represent a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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177
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Fukata M, Ishikawa F, Najima Y, Yamauchi T, Saito Y, Takenaka K, Miyawaki K, Shimazu H, Shimoda K, Kanemaru T, Nakamura KI, Odashiro K, Nagafuji K, Harada M, Akashi K. Contribution of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to the generation of donor-marker⁺ cardiomyocytes in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62506. [PMID: 23667482 PMCID: PMC3647070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definite identification of the cell types and the mechanism relevant to cardiomyogenesis is essential for effective cardiac regenerative medicine. We aimed to identify the cell populations that can generate cardiomyocytes and to clarify whether generation of donor-marker(+) cardiomyocytes requires cell fusion between BM-derived cells and recipient cardiomyocytes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Purified BM stem/progenitor cells from green fluorescence protein (GFP) mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice or cyan fluorescence protein (CFP)-transgenic mice. Purified human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from cord blood were transplanted into immune-compromised NOD/SCID/IL2rγ(null) mice. GFP(+) cells in the cardiac tissue were analyzed for the antigenecity of a cardiomyocyte by confocal microscopy following immunofluorescence staining. GFP(+) donor-derived cells, GFP(+)CFP(+) fused cells, and CFP(+) recipient-derived cells were distinguished by linear unmixing analysis. Hearts of xenogeneic recipients were evaluated for the expression of human cardiomyocyte genes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In C57BL/6 recipients, Lin(-/low)CD45(+) hematopoietic cells generated greater number of GFP(+) cardiomyocytes than Lin(-/low)CD45(-) mesenchymal cells (37.0+/-23.9 vs 0.00+/-0.00 GFP(+) cardiomyocytes per a recipient, P = 0.0095). The number of transplanted purified HSCs (Lin(-/low)Sca-1(+) or Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) or CD34(-)Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+)) showed correlation to the number of GFP(+) cardiomyocytes (P<0.05 in each cell fraction), and the incidence of GFP(+) cardiomyocytes per injected cell dose was greatest in CD34(-)Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) recipients. Of the hematopoietic progenitors, total myeloid progenitors generated greater number of GFP(+) cardiomyocytes than common lymphoid progenitors (12.8+/-10.7 vs 0.67+/-1.00 GFP(+) cardiomyocytes per a recipient, P = 0.0021). In CFP recipients, all GFP(+) cardiomyocytes examined coexpressed CFP. Human troponin C and myosin heavy chain 6 transcripts were detected in the cardiac tissue of some of the xenogeneic recipients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that HSCs resulted in the generation of cardiomyocytes via myeloid intermediates by fusion-dependent mechanism. The use of myeloid derivatives as donor cells could potentially allow more effective cell-based therapy for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Fukata
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (MF); (FI)
| | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (MF); (FI)
| | - Yuho Najima
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoriko Saito
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimazu
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Kei-ichiro Nakamura
- Second Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keita Odashiro
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Nagafuji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mine Harada
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Rennert RC, Sorkin M, Garg RK, Gurtner GC. Stem cell recruitment after injury: lessons for regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2013; 7:833-50. [PMID: 23164083 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are thought to involve resident cell proliferation as well as the selective recruitment of circulating stem and progenitor cell populations through complex signaling cascades. Many of these recruited cells originate from the bone marrow, and specific subpopulations of bone marrow cells have been isolated and used to augment adult tissue regeneration in preclinical models. Clinical studies of cell-based therapies have reported mixed results, however, and a variety of approaches to enhance the regenerative capacity of stem cell therapies are being developed based on emerging insights into the mechanisms of progenitor cell biology and recruitment following injury. This article discusses the function and mechanisms of recruitment of important bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cell populations following injury, as well as the emerging therapeutic applications targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Hagey Building GK-201, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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179
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Characterization of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells from the Twitcher mouse model of Krabbe disease. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:20. [PMID: 23590629 PMCID: PMC3662570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by the genetic deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the degradation of several glycosphingolipids like psychosine and galactosylceramide. In order to investigate whether GALC deficiency in Krabbe disease affects adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ASC) properties and if the ASCs could be used as a source of autologous stem cell therapy for patients with Krabbe disease, ASCs isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of Twitcher mice (a murine model of Krabbe disease) and their normal wild type littermates were cultured, expanded, and characterized for their cell morphology, surface antigen expression, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, colony forming units, growth kinetics, and immune regulatory capacities in vitro. Results ASCs from Twitcher mice (TwiASCs), when compared to ASCs from normal mice (WtASCs), have a reduced osteogenic differentiation potential, have less self-replicating and proliferative capacity, although they have the same fibroblast morphologies and cell sizes. However, surprisingly, the TwiASCs demonstrated similar immune-suppressive capacities as their counterparts WtASCs did when they were transwell co-cultured with macrophages in vitro. Conclusion This study reveals that Twitcher ASCs exhibit differences in the biologic potential when compared to their counterparts from normal mice. The changes in Twitcher ASCs may be influenced by the GALC deficiency in Twitcher mice. Nevertheless, none of the changes preclude the use of the TwiASCs for autologous applications.
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180
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Li Z, Jiang CM, An S, Cheng Q, Huang YF, Wang YT, Gou YC, Xiao L, Yu WJ, Wang J. Immunomodulatory properties of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Oral Dis 2013; 20:25-34. [PMID: 23463961 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their well-established self-renewal and multipotent differentiation properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also possess potent immunomodulatory functions both in vitro and in vivo, which render them a potential novel immunotherapeutic tool for a variety of autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases. The major mechanisms may involve (1) the secretion of an array of soluble factors such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and human leukocyte antigen G5 (HLA-G5); (2) interactions between MSCs and immune cells such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Recently, increasing evidence has supported that MSCs derived from dental tissues are promising alternative sources of multipotent MSCs. We here provide a thorough and extensive review about new findings in the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs derived from several dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, gingiva, exfoliated deciduous teeth, apical papilla, and dental follicle, respectively. The immunomodulatory properties of dental MSCs place them as a more accessible cell source than bone marrow-derived MSCs for cell-based therapy of immune and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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181
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Li J, Ezzelarab MB, Cooper DKC. Do mesenchymal stem cells function across species barriers? Relevance for xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2013; 19:273-85. [PMID: 22978461 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSC) are a promising therapy for various pathological conditions. Genetically modified pig MSC have been demonstrated to downregulate the human T-cell response to pig antigens in vitro. Before genetically modified pig MSC can be used clinically, however, evidence needs to be provided to indicate whether they will survive in a human (xenogeneic) host. LITERATURE SEARCH AND RESULTS A literature search through the end of 2011 identified 94 reports of the in vivo cross-species administration of MSC in a variety of experimental models. The majority (n = 89) involved the use of human MSC in various other species, with an occasional study using pig, rat, or guinea-pig MSC. When human MSC were used, they were largely derived from the bone marrow, adipose tissue, or umbilical cord blood. The routes of administration were varied, although almost half of the studies utilized the intravenous route. In 88 experiments (93.6%), there was evidence that the MSC engrafted and functioned across the species barrier, and in only six cases (6.4%) was there evidence of failure to function. Importantly, MSC function was confirmed in several different cross-species models. For example, human MSC functioned in no fewer than seven different recipient species. CONCLUSIONS The data provided by this literature search strengthen the hypothesis that pig MSC will function satisfactorily in a different species, for example, humans. The data also suggest that our own in vitro observations on the efficacy of pig MSC in downregulating the strength of the human T-cell response to pig antigens will likely be reproduced in vivo in pre-clinical large animal models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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182
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Li W, Zhang Q, Wang M, Wu H, Mao F, Zhang B, Ji R, Gao S, Sun Z, Zhu W, Qian H, Chen Y, Xu W. Macrophages are involved in the protective role of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:405-16. [PMID: 23466564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of fibroblastic cells derived from a number of tissues (collectively called "mesenchymal stem cells") has been suggested to be beneficial for renal repair and mortality reduction in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In the present study, our objective was to investigate the involvement of macrophages in the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells (hUCSCs) on renal IRI. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, hUCSCs were injected intravenously and resulted in significant improvements in renal function, with a lower tubular injury score together with more proliferative and fewer apoptotic tubular cells in kidney tissue. Moreover, hUCSCs reduced the infiltration of macrophages into renal interstitium especially at 5 days post-reperfusion, while the proportion of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages was markedly increased. HUCSCs also alleviated the local inflammatory response in kidneys. The absence of macrophages during the early phase of reperfusion enhanced the therapeutic effect of hUCSCs, whereas macrophage depletion during the late repair phase eliminated the renoprotective role of hUCSCs. In vitro, macrophages cocultured with hUCSCs were switched to the alternatively activated M2 phenotype. Our data indicate that hUCSCs are capable of promoting the M2 polarization of macrophages at injury sites, suggesting a new mechanism for hUCSC-mediated protection in renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Szepes M, Janicsek Z, Benkő Z, Cselenyák A, Kiss L. Pretreatment of therapeutic cells with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor enhances their efficacy in an in vitro model of cell-based therapy in myocardial infarct. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:26-32. [PMID: 23165319 PMCID: PMC3573747 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of cell-based therapies in diseases involving ischemia-reperfusion is greatly hampered by the excessive loss of administered cells in the harsh and oxidative environment where these cells are supposed to act. Therefore, we investigated if inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the therapeutically added cells would lead to their increased viability and, subsequently, to an enhanced effect in an in vitro simulated ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) setting. Ischemic conditions were simulated by oxygen and glucose deprivation for 160 min using H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells. After 30 min of reperfusion, these cells received 4 types of treatments: no added cells (I-R model), fluorescently labeled (Vybrant DiD) therapeutic H9c2 cells with vehicle (H9c2) or PARP inhibitor (10 μM or 100 μM PJ34) pretreatment. We assessed viability (live, apoptotic and necrotic) of both ‘postischemic’ and therapeutic cells with flow cytometric analysis using calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer-2 fluorescent staining after 24 h of co-culture. Further measurements on necrosis and metabolic activity were performed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and resazurin based assays. The percentage of surviving therapeutic cells increased significantly with PARP inhibition (untreated, 52.02±5.01%; 10 μM PJ34, 63.38±4.50%; 100 μM PJ34, 64.99±3.47%). The percentage of necrotic cells decreased in a similar manner (untreated, 37.23±4.40%; 10 μM PJ34, 26.83±3.49%; 100 μM PJ34, 24.96±2.43%). Notably, the survival of the cells that suffered I-R injury was also significantly higher when treated with PARP-inhibited therapeutic cells (I-R model, 36.44±5.05%; H9c2, 42.81±5.11%; 10 μM PJ34, 52.07±5.80%; 100 μM PJ34, 54.95±5.55%), while necrosis was inhibited (I-R model, 43.64±4.00%; H9c2, 37.29±4.55%; 10 μM PJ34, 30.18±4.60%; 100 μM PJ34, 25.52±3.47%). In subsequent experiments, PARP inhibition decreased LDH-release of the observed combined cell population and enhanced the metabolic activity. Thus, our results suggest that pretreating the therapeutically added cells with a PARP inhibitor could be beneficial in the setting of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Szepes
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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184
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Yan X, Shichita T, Katsumata Y, Matsuhashi T, Ito H, Ito K, Anzai A, Endo J, Tamura Y, Kimura K, Fujita J, Shinmura K, Shen W, Yoshimura A, Fukuda K, Sano M. Deleterious effect of the IL-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e004408. [PMID: 23316306 PMCID: PMC3541626 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) remodeling leads to chronic heart failure and is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). At the present time, therapeutic options to prevent LV remodeling are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We created a large MI by permanent ligation of the coronary artery and identified a potential link between the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells that affects late-stage LV remodeling after MI. Despite the finsinf that infarct size 24 hours after surgery was similar to that in wild-type mice, a deficiency in IL-23, IL-17A, or γδT cells improved survival after 7 days, limiting infarct expansion and fibrosis in noninfarcted myocardium and alleviating LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction on day 28 post-MI. M(1) macrophages and neutrophils were the major cellular source of IL-23, whereas >90% of IL-17A-producing T cells in infarcted heart were CD4(-) TCRγδ(+) (γδT) cells. Toll-like receptor signaling and IL-1β worked in concert with IL-23 to drive expansion and IL-17A production in cardiac γδT cells, whereas the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and CCL20/CCR6 signaling pathways mediated γδT cell recruitment into infarcted heart. IL-17A was not involved in the acute inflammatory response, but it functioned specifically in the late remodeling stages by promoting sustained infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, stimulating macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, aggravating cardiomyocyte death, and enhancing fibroblast proliferation and profibrotic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The IL-23/IL-17A immune axis and γδT cells are potentially promising therapeutic targets after MI to prevent progression to end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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185
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Abstract
Research into mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been particularly exciting in the past five years. Our understanding of mechanisms of MSC-mediated tissue regeneration has undergone considerable evolution. Recent investigation of the primary in situ counterpart of cultured MSCs has led to fresh insights into MSC physiology and its role in the immune system. At the same time, the clinical application of MSCs continues to increase markedly. Taken together, a reappraisal of the definition of MSCs, a review of current research directions, and a reassessment of the approach to clinical investigation are timely and prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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186
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Yannarelli G, Dayan V, Pacienza N, Lee CJ, Medin J, Keating A. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells exhibit enhanced cardiomyocyte reprogramming and cardiac function after experimental acute myocardial infarction. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1651-66. [PMID: 23043977 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We were interested in evaluating the ability of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population, human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs), to undergo cardiomyocyte reprogramming in an established coculture system with rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. Results were compared with human bone marrow-derived (BM) MSCs. The transcription factors GATA4 and Mef 2c were expressed in HUCPVCs but not BM-MSCs at baseline and, at 7 days, increased 7.6- and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared with BM-MSCs. Although cardiac-specific gene expression increased in both cell types in coculture, upregulation was more significant in HUCPVCs, consistent with Mef 2c-GATA4 synergism. Using a lentivector with eGFP transcribed from the α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter, we found that cardiac gene expression was greater in HUCPVCs than BM-MSCs after 14 days coculture (52±17% vs. 29±6%, respectively). A higher frequency of HUCPVCs expressed α-MHC protein compared with BM-MSCs (11.6±0.9% vs. 5.3±0.3%); however, both cell types retained MSC-associated determinants. We also assessed the ability of the MSC types to mediate cardiac regeneration in a NOD/SCID γ mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fourteen days after AMI, cardiac function was significantly better in cell-treated mice compared with control animals and HUCPVCs exhibited greater improvement. Although human cells persisted in the infarct area, the frequency of α-MHC expression was low. Our results indicate that HUCPVCs exhibit a greater degree of cardiomyocyte reprogramming but that differentiation for both cell types is partial. We conclude that HUCPVCs may be preferable to BM-MSCs in the cell therapy of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Yannarelli
- Cell Therapy Program, Prince Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9.
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187
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Eggenhofer E, Hoogduijn MJ. Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages. Transplant Res 2012; 1:12. [PMID: 23369493 PMCID: PMC3560988 DOI: 10.1186/2047-1440-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) mediate their immunosuppressive effects via a variety of mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves the induction of macrophages with immunomodulatory capacities. This effect of MSC may be exploited when MSC are used as a cell therapeutic product. Furthermore, MSC are resident in tissues where they may locally target infiltrating macrophages to adapt more regulatory properties. The present review discusses the interaction between MSC and macrophages, the induction of MSC-educated macrophages, how these cells position between other immune regulatory cells, and how they may be used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Eggenhofer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, Regensburg, Germany.
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188
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Shi S. Interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and lymphocytes: implications for immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. J Dent Res 2012; 91:1003-10. [PMID: 22988011 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512460404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their potential for replacing damaged and diseased tissues by differentiating into tissue-specific cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to interact closely with immune cells, such as lymphocytes. In this review, we will discuss current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and the effects of lymphocytes on MSCs. We will suggest how these findings could be translated to potential clinical treatment. MSCs can regulate immune response by inducing activated T-cell apoptosis through the FAS ligand (FASL)/FAS-mediated death pathway via cell-cell contact, leading to up-regulation of regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which ultimately results in immune tolerance. Conversely, lymphocytes can impair survival and osteogenic differentiation of implanted MSCs by secreting the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α and/or through the FASL/FAS-mediated death pathway, thereby negatively affecting MSC-mediated tissue regeneration. One novel strategy to improve MSC-based tissue engineering involves the reduction of IFN-γ and TNF-α concentration by systemic infusion of Tregs or local application of aspirin. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interplay between lymphocytes and MSCs may be helpful in the development of promising approaches to improve cell-based regenerative medicine and immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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189
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van den Akker F, Deddens JC, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG. Cardiac stem cell therapy to modulate inflammation upon myocardial infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2449-58. [PMID: 22975401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After myocardial infarction (MI) a local inflammatory reaction clears the damaged myocardium from dead cells and matrix debris at the onset of scar formation. The intensity and duration of this inflammatory reaction are intimately linked to post-infarct remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Strikingly, treatment with standard anti-inflammatory drugs worsens clinical outcome, suggesting a dual role of inflammation in the cardiac response to injury. Cardiac stem cell therapy with different stem or progenitor cells, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), was recently found to have beneficial effects, mostly related to paracrine actions. One of the suggested paracrine effects of cell therapy is modulation of the immune system. SCOPE OF REVIEW MSC are reported to interact with several cells of the immune system and could therefore be an excellent means to reduce detrimental inflammatory reactions and promote the switch to the healing phase upon cardiac injury. This review focuses on the potential use of MSC therapy for post-MI inflammation. To understand the effects MSC might have on the post-MI heart the cellular and molecular changes in the myocardium after MI need to be understood. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS By studying the general pathways involved in immunomodulation, and examining the interactions with cell types important for post-MI inflammation, it becomes clear that MSC treatment might provide a new therapeutic opportunity to improve cardiac outcome after acute injury. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Using stem cells to target the post-MI inflammation is a novel therapy which could have considerable clinical implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van den Akker
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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190
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Adutler-Lieber S, Ben-Mordechai T, Naftali-Shani N, Asher E, Loberman D, Raanani E, Leor J. Human macrophage regulation via interaction with cardiac adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 18:78-86. [PMID: 22894882 DOI: 10.1177/1074248412453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) improve tissue repair but their mechanism of action is not fully understood. We aimed to test the hypothesis that MSCs may act via macrophages, and that specifically, human cardiac adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs) can polarize human macrophages into a reparative, anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Methods and RESULTS We isolated and grew AT-MSCs from human cardiac adipose tissue obtained during cardiac surgery. Macrophages were grown from CD14(+) monocytes from healthy donor blood and then cocultured with AT-MSCs, with and without transwell membrane, for 1 to 14 days. In response to AT-MSCs, macrophages acquired a star-shaped morphology, typical of alternatively activated phenotype (M2), and increased the expression of M2 markers CD206(+), CD163(+), and CD16(+) by 1.5- and 9-fold. Significantly, AT-MSCs modified macrophage cytokine secretion and increased the secretion of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines: interleukin (IL)-10 (9-fold) and vascular endothelial growth factors (3-fold). Moreover, AT-MSCs decreased macrophage secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α (2-fold), tumor necrosis factor α (1.5-fold), IL-17 (3-fold), and interferon gamma (2-fold). Remarkably, the interaction between AT-MSCs and macrophages was bidirectional and macrophages enhanced AT-MSC secretion of typical M2 inducers IL-4 and IL-13. Notably, AT-MSCs decreased macrophage phagocytic capacity. Finally, IL-6 mediates the M2 polarization effect of AT-MSCs on macrophages, by increasing M2-associated cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS Human cardiac AT-MSCs can polarize human macrophages into anti-inflammatory phenotype. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of action of AT-MSCs that could be relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and various cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Adutler-Lieber
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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191
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The impact of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in transplant rejection and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17:355-61. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328355a886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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192
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Manuelpillai U, Lourensz D, Vaghjiani V, Tchongue J, Lacey D, Tee JY, Murthi P, Chan J, Hodge A, Sievert W. Human amniotic epithelial cell transplantation induces markers of alternative macrophage activation and reduces established hepatic fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38631. [PMID: 22719909 PMCID: PMC3375296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatic inflammation from multiple etiologies leads to a fibrogenic response that can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. Transplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) from term delivered placenta has been shown to decrease mild to moderate hepatic fibrosis in a murine model. To model advanced human liver disease and assess the efficacy of hAEC therapy, we transplanted hAEC in mice with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) twice weekly resulting in bridging fibrosis by 12 weeks. hAEC (2×106) were infused via the tail vein at week 8 or weeks 8 and 10 (single and double dose, respectively). Human cells were detected in mouse liver four weeks after transplantation showing hAEC engraftment. CCl4 treated mice receiving single or double hAEC doses showed a significant but similar decrease in liver fibrosis area associated with decreased activation of collagen-producing hepatic stellate cells and decreased hepatic protein levels of the pro-fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1. CCl4 administration caused hepatic T cell infiltration that decreased significantly following hAEC transplantation. Hepatic macrophages play a crucial role in both fibrogenesis and fibrosis resolution. Mice exposed to CCl4 demonstrated increased numbers of hepatic macrophages compared to normal mice; the number of macrophages decreased significantly in CCl4 treated mice given hAEC. These mice had significantly lower hepatic protein levels of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 than mice given CCl4 alone. Alternatively activated M2 macrophages are associated with fibrosis resolution. CCl4 treated mice given hAEC showed increased expression of genes associated with M2 macrophages including YM-1, IL-10 and CD206. We provide novel data showing that hAEC transplantation induces a wound healing M2 macrophage phenotype associated with reduction of established hepatic fibrosis that justifies further investigation of this potential cell-based therapy for advanced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Manuelpillai
- Center for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dinushka Lourensz
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vijesh Vaghjiani
- Center for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jorge Tchongue
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Derek Lacey
- University of Melbourne, Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jing-Yang Tee
- Center for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Pregnancy Research Center, Department of Perinatal Medicine, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James Chan
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander Hodge
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Southern Health, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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193
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Krasnodembskaya A, Samarani G, Song Y, Zhuo H, Su X, Lee JW, Gupta N, Petrini M, Matthay MA. Human mesenchymal stem cells reduce mortality and bacteremia in gram-negative sepsis in mice in part by enhancing the phagocytic activity of blood monocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1003-13. [PMID: 22427530 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00180.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential therapeutic value of cell-based therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has been reported in mouse models of polymicrobial peritoneal sepsis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of MSC have not been well defined. Therefore, we tested the therapeutic effect of intravenous bone marrow-derived human MSC in peritoneal sepsis induced by gram-negative bacteria. At 48 h, survival was significantly increased in mice treated with intravenous MSC compared with control mice treated with intravenous fibroblasts (3T3) or intravenous PBS. There were no significant differences in the levels of TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, or IL-10 in the plasma. However, there was a marked reduction in the number of bacterial colony-forming units of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the blood of MSC-treated mice compared with the 3T3 and PBS control groups. In addition, phagocytic activity was increased in blood monocytes isolated from mice treated with MSC compared with the 3T3 and PBS groups. Furthermore, levels of C5a anaphylotoxin were elevated in the blood of mice treated with MSC, a finding that was associated with upregulation of the phagocytosis receptor CD11b on monocytes. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils was not different among the groups. There was also an increase in alternately activated monocytes/macrophages (CD163- and CD206-positive) in the spleen of the MSC-treated mice compared with the two controls. Thus intravenous MSC increased survival from gram-negative peritoneal sepsis, in part by a monocyte-dependent increase in bacterial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krasnodembskaya
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., CA 94143, USA
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Dayan V, Yannarelli G, Filomeno P, Keating A. Human mesenchymal stromal cells improve scar thickness without enhancing cardiac function in a chronic ischaemic heart failure model. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 14:516-20. [PMID: 22361124 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Few data address the role of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the management of chronic ischaemic heart failure. We assessed their effect in immune-deficient animals. MSCs were cultured from bone marrow of human volunteers. Non-obese diabetes severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) gamma null mice were randomly assigned to intramyocardial injection of human MSCs or phosphate-buffered saline 4 weeks after induction of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Echocardiography was performed 4 weeks after MI and 1 and 4 weeks after injection. Donor cell chimerism was assessed by DNA for human Alu sequences 2 and 4 weeks after injection. Histological assessment and quantification of neovascularization were determined 4 weeks after treatment. Donor MSCs at frequencies of 0.006 and 0.001% were present 2 and 4 weeks after cell injection, respectively. The infarcted ventricular wall was significantly thicker in the cohort receiving MSCs compared with control mice. There was no difference in fractional shortening, left ventricular dimensions or scar area between the groups. Small vessel density was also similar between the groups. Human MSCs increased the thickness of the infarcted ventricular wall without improving cardiac function in this chronic ischaemic heart failure model. Further studies are required to assess the benefit of MSCs in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dayan
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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195
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S100A8/A9 aggravates post-ischemic heart failure through activation of RAGE-dependent NF-κB signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:250. [PMID: 22318783 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular heterodimeric protein S100A8/A9 activates the innate immune system through activation of the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors. As activation of RAGE has recently been associated with sustained myocardial inflammation and heart failure (HF) we studied the role of S100A8/A9 in the development of post-ischemic HF. Hypoxia led to sustained induction of S100A8/A9 accompanied by increased nuclear factor (NF-)κB binding activity and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages. Knockdown of either S100A8/A9 or RAGE rescued the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation after hypoxia. In a murine model of post-ischemic HF both cardiac RNA and protein levels of S100A8/A9 were elevated as soon as 30 min after hypoxia with sustained activation up to 28 days after ischemic injury. Treatment with recombinant S100A8/A9 resulted in reduced cardiac performance following ischemia/reperfusion. Chimera experiments after bone marrow transplantation demonstrated the importance of RAGE expression on immune cells for their recruitment to the injured myocardium aggravating post-ischemic heart failure. Signaling studies in isolated ventricles indicated that MAP kinases JNK, ERK1/2 as well as NF-κB mediate signals downstream of S100A8/A9-RAGE in post-ischemic heart failure. Interestingly, cardiac performance was not affected by administration of S100A8/A9 in RAGE(-/-)-mice, which demonstrated significantly improved cardiac recovery compared to WT-mice. Our study provides evidence that sustained activation of S100A8/A9 critically contributes to the development of post-ischemic HF driving the progressive course of HF through activation of RAGE.
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