151
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Kanmani P, Kim H. Protective Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Against TLR4 Induced Inflammatory Response in Hepatoma HepG2 Cells Through Modulation of Toll-Like Receptor Negative Regulators of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and NF-κB Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1537. [PMID: 30022981 PMCID: PMC6039550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of probiotics in several liver diseases have been investigated in both animal and clinical models; however, the precise mechanisms responsible for their effects have not yet been elucidated. Gut transmitted endotoxins such as LPS have been shown to play critical roles in hepatic inflammation and injury. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the beneficial role of selected lactic acid bacteria (LABs) on reduction of hepatic steatosis (HS) and attenuation of LPS induced inflammatory response in vitro. Total cellular fluid (TCF) of LABs treatment reduced HS by decreasing the amount of lipid accumulation in vitro. Additionally, HepG2 cells exposed to LPS showed increased expression of exacerbated inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2, and TNF-α, but these effects were counteracted when cells were treated with TCF of LABs prior to LPS challenge. Moreover, TCF of LABs was able to modulate mRNA levels of TLR negative regulators and protein levels of p38 MAPK and p65 NF-κB transcription factors. However, these modulations were differed remarkably between both free fatty acid treated and untreated HepG2 cells. Heat-killed LABs were also indirectly suppressed THP-1 cells to produce higher level of IL-10, TLR4, and lower at genes level of TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6, and at protein level of TNF-α in response to LPS. Taken together, our findings indicate that selected LABs exhibit profound immunoregulatory effects on liver cells via modulation of TLR negative regulators of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulraj Kanmani
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
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152
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Probiotic Cell-Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Stimulated with LPS. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1756308. [PMID: 30069221 PMCID: PMC6057331 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1756308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing all over the world, especially in industrialized countries. The aim of the present work was to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of metabolites. In particular, cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii have been investigated. Metabolites produced by these probiotics were able to downregulate the expression of PGE-2 and IL-8 in human colon epithelial HT-29 cells. Moreover, probiotic supernatants can differently modulate IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 production by human macrophages, suggesting a peculiar anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, supernatants showed a significant dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. This study suggests one of the mechanisms by which probiotics exert their anti-inflammatory activity affecting directly the intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying macrophages. This study provides a further evidence to support the possible use of probiotic metabolites in preventing and downregulating intestinal inflammation as adjuvant in anti-inflammatory therapy.
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153
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Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, Karin M, Loomba R, Schnabl B, Knight R. The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:397-411. [PMID: 29748586 PMCID: PMC6319369 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, an exciting realization has been that diverse liver diseases - ranging from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma - fall along a spectrum. Work on the biology of the gut-liver axis has assisted in understanding the basic biology of both alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Of immense importance is the advancement in understanding the role of the microbiome, driven by high-throughput DNA sequencing and improved computational techniques that enable the complexity of the microbiome to be interrogated, together with improved experimental designs. Here, we review gut-liver communications in liver disease, exploring the molecular, genetic and microbiome relationships and discussing prospects for exploiting the microbiome to determine liver disease stage and to predict the effects of pharmaceutical, dietary and other interventions at a population and individual level. Although much work remains to be done in understanding the relationship between the microbiome and liver disease, rapid progress towards clinical applications is being made, especially in study designs that complement human intervention studies with mechanistic work in mice that have been humanized in multiple respects, including the genetic, immunological and microbiome characteristics of individual patients. These 'avatar mice' could be especially useful for guiding new microbiome-based or microbiome-informed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Tripathi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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154
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Hulsebus HJ, Curtis BJ, Molina PE, Afshar M, Boule LA, Morris N, Keshavarzian A, Kolls JK, Yeligar SM, Price ME, Wyatt TA, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ. Summary of the 2017 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol 2018; 69:51-56. [PMID: 29654985 PMCID: PMC5930121 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
On June 24, 2017, the 22nd annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite conference during the annual Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) Scientific Meeting in Denver, Colorado. The 2017 meeting focused broadly on mechanisms that link alcohol to tissue injury and inflammation, and how this research can be translated to improve human health. Two plenary sessions composed the meeting, which first explored the association between alcohol and trauma/tissue injury, and finished with a discussion of alcohol and mucosal inflammation. The presentations encompassed diverse areas of alcohol research, from effects on the brain, to airway and pulmonary systems, to gut barrier disruption. The discussions also thoughtfully highlighted how current laboratory and clinical research can be used to prevent or treat alcohol-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brenda J. Curtis
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Majid Afshar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA,Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lisbeth A. Boule
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Niya Morris
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Samantha M. Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Michael E. Price
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA,Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Corresponding author: Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Ph.D., 12700 East 19th Ave, Research Complex 2, Mailstop #8620, Aurora, CO, 80045. Phone: 303-724-8243.
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155
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Cassard AM, Ciocan D. Microbiota, a key player in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; 24:100-107. [PMID: 29268595 PMCID: PMC6038939 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2017.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Only 20% of heavy alcohol consumers develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The intestinal microbiota (IM) has been recently identified as a key player in the severity of liver injury in ALD. Common features of ALD include a decrease of gut epithelial tight junction protein expression, mucin production, and antimicrobial peptide levels. This disruption of the gut barrier, which is a prerequisite for ALD, leads to the passage of bacterial products into the blood stream (endotoxemia). Moreover, metabolites produced by bacteria, such as short chain fatty acids, volatile organic compounds (VOS), and bile acids (BA), are involved in ALD pathology. Probiotic treatment, IM transplantation, or the consumption of dietary fiber, such as pectin, which all alter the ratio of bacterial species, have been shown to improve liver injury in animal models of ALD and to be associated with an improvement in gut barrier function. Although the connections between the microbiota and the host in ALD are well established, the underlying mechanisms are still an active area of research. Targeting the microbiome through the use of prebiotic, probiotic, and postbiotic modalities could be an attractive new approach to manage ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Cassard
- INSERM UMR996, Inflammation, Chemokines, and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, CHU Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- INSERM UMR996, Inflammation, Chemokines, and Immunopathology, Clamart, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, CHU Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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156
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Ma Y, Li R, Liu Y, Liu M, Liang H. Protective Effect of Aplysin Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in Rats Treated with Ethanol and Iron. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060681. [PMID: 29861488 PMCID: PMC6024731 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aplysin, a kind of phytochemicals or phytonutrients, is purified from red alga Laurencia tristicha. The present study aims to investigate the influence of aplysin on changes of intestinal permeability and microbiota induced by excessive ethanol and iron. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups (10/group): control group (normal saline); ethanol + iron group as EI treated with ethanol (8–12 mL/kg/day) and iron (1000 mg/kg) in diet; EI supplemented with aplysin (150 mg/kg/day) group as AEI; the trial lasts for 12 weeks. The result showed that levels of plasma endotoxin, fatty acid-binding protein 2, D-lactic acid, diamine oxidase were increased in rats in the EI group; and significantly decreased by 14%, 17%, 26%, 16%, respectively (p < 0.05) in the AEI group after the 12-week aplysin treatment. Moreover, in the AEI group the amount of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis were higher, while the amount of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium were lower than those in the EI group. The expressions of iron transporters divalent-metal transporter 1(DMT1) and ferroportin 1(FPN1) were significantly upregulated in the EI group compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, aplysin could effectively improve intestinal permeability and intestinal flora disorder induced with excessive ethanol and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University of Medicine, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
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157
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Grander C, Adolph TE, Wieser V, Lowe P, Wrzosek L, Gyongyosi B, Ward DV, Grabherr F, Gerner RR, Pfister A, Enrich B, Ciocan D, Macheiner S, Mayr L, Drach M, Moser P, Moschen AR, Perlemuter G, Szabo G, Cassard AM, Tilg H. Recovery of ethanol-induced Akkermansia muciniphila depletion ameliorates alcoholic liver disease. Gut 2018; 67:891-901. [PMID: 28550049 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a global health problem with limited therapeutic options. Intestinal barrier integrity and the microbiota modulate susceptibility to ALD. Akkermansia muciniphila, a Gram-negative intestinal commensal, promotes barrier function partly by enhancing mucus production. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial alterations in ALD and to define the impact of A. muciniphila administration on the course of ALD. DESIGN The intestinal microbiota was analysed in an unbiased approach by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing in a Lieber-DeCarli ALD mouse model, and faecal A. muciniphila abundance was determined in a cohort of patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). The impact of A. muciniphila on the development of experimental acute and chronic ALD was determined in a preventive and therapeutic setting, and intestinal barrier integrity was analysed. RESULTS Patients with ASH exhibited a decreased abundance of faecal A. muciniphila when compared with healthy controls that indirectly correlated with hepatic disease severity. Ethanol feeding of wild-type mice resulted in a prominent decline in A. muciniphila abundance. Ethanol-induced intestinal A. muciniphila depletion could be restored by oral A. muciniphila supplementation. Furthermore, A. muciniphila administration when performed in a preventive setting decreased hepatic injury, steatosis and neutrophil infiltration. A. muciniphila also protected against ethanol-induced gut leakiness, enhanced mucus thickness and tight-junction expression. In already established ALD, A. muciniphila used therapeutically ameliorated hepatic injury and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSION Ethanol exposure diminishes intestinal A. muciniphila abundance in both mice and humans and can be recovered in experimental ALD by oral supplementation. A. muciniphila promotes intestinal barrier integrity and ameliorates experimental ALD. Our data suggest that patients with ALD might benefit from A. muciniphila supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Lowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- Department of Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR996, Clamart, France
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doyle V Ward
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- Department of Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR996, Clamart, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, CHU Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Sophie Macheiner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Drach
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Department of Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR996, Clamart, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, CHU Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Marie Cassard
- Department of Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR996, Clamart, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, DHU Hepatinov, Labex Lermit, CHU Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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158
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Morshedi M, Valenlia KB, Hosseinifard ES, Shahabi P, Abbasi MM, Ghorbani M, Barzegari A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Saghafi-Asl M. Beneficial psychological effects of novel psychobiotics in diabetic rats: the interaction among the gut, blood and amygdala. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:145-152. [PMID: 29730508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to major complications such as psychiatric disorders which include depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. The association of the gut-brain axis in the development of such disorders, especially in T2DM, has been elucidated; however, gut dysbiosis is also reported in patients with T2DM. Hence, the regulation of the gut-brain axis, in particular, the gut-amygdala, as a vital region for the regulation of behavior is essential. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. To induce T2DM, treatment groups received high-fat diet and 35 mg/kg streptozotocin. Then, supplements of Lactobacillus plantarum, inulin or their combination were administered to each group for 8 weeks. Finally, the rats were sacrificed for measurement of blood and tissue parameters after behavioral testing. The findings demonstrated the favorable effects of the psychobiotics (L. plantarum, inulin or their combination) on oxidative markers of the blood and amygdala (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity), as well as on concentrations of amygdala serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in the diabetic rats. In addition, beneficial effects were observed on the elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests with no change in locomotor activity of the rats. There was a strong correlation between the blood and amygdala oxidative markers, insulin and fasting blood sugar with depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Our results identified L. plantarum ATCC 8014 and inulin or their combination as novel psychobiotics that could improve the systemic and nervous antioxidant status and improve amygdala performance and beneficial psychotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Morshedi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Bavafa Valenlia
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Sadat Hosseinifard
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Ghorbani
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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159
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Abstract
Being overweight and obesity are the leading causes of liver disease in Western countries. Liver damage induced by being overweight can range from steatosis, harmless in its simple form, to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Alcohol consumption is an additional major cause of liver disease. Not all individuals who are overweight or excessively consume alcohol develop nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) or alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and advanced liver disease. The role of the intestinal microbiota (IM) in the susceptibility to liver disease in this context has been the subject of recent studies. ALD and NAFLD appear to be influenced by the composition of the IM, and dysbiosis is associated with ALD and NAFLD in rodent models and human patient cohorts. Several microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, are specifically associated with dysbiosis. Recent studies have highlighted the causal role of the IM in the development of liver diseases, and the use of probiotics or prebiotics improves some parameters associated with liver disease. Several studies have made progress in deciphering the mechanisms associated with the modulation of the IM. These data have demonstrated the intimate relationship between the IM and metabolic liver disease, suggesting that targeting the gut microbiota could be a new preventive or therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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160
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Martín-Hernández R, Reglero G, Dávalos A. Data mining of nutrigenomics experiments: Identification of a cancer protective gene signature. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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161
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Kusuhara S, Ito M, Sato T, Yokoi W, Yamamoto Y, Harada K, Ikemura H, Miyazaki K. Intracellular GSH of Streptococcus thermophilus shows anti-oxidative activity against low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and in a hyperlipidaemic hamster model. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:143-152. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus YIT 2001 (ST-1), a lactic acid bacterial strain, was shown to have inhibitory effects on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the development of aortic fatty lesions in an animal model, and lower the serum levels of malondialdehyde-modified LDL, an oxidative modification product of LDL, in a clinical trial. This study aimed to identify the intracellular active component of ST-1 associated with anti-oxidative activity against LDL oxidation. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry analysis after fractionation of the cellular extract by reversed-phase chromatography demonstrated that the active fraction contained reduced glutathione (GSH). GSH showed anti-oxidative activity in a dose-dependent manner, while this activity disappeared following thiol derivatisation. ST-1 had the strongest anti-oxidative activity against LDL oxidation and the highest level of intracellular GSH among five strains of S. thermophilus. In addition, the anti-oxidative activity of ST-1 after thiol derivatisation decreased by about half, which was similar to that of three other strains containing poor or no intracellular GSH or thiol components. Moreover, anti-oxidative activity against LDL oxidation was observed in hyperlipidaemic hamsters fed with high GSH ST-1 cells but not in those given low GSH cells. These findings suggest that intracellular GSH in ST-1 may provide beneficial effects via anti-oxidative activity against LDL oxidation and excess oxidative stress in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kusuhara
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - M. Ito
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - T. Sato
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - W. Yokoi
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Harada
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - H. Ikemura
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - K. Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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162
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Intestinal dysbiosis and permeability: the yin and yang in alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:199-212. [PMID: 29352076 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease represent a major public health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality. By yet incompletely understood mechanisms, chronic alcohol abuse is associated with increased intestinal permeability and alterations of the gut microbiota composition, allowing bacterial components, bacteria, and metabolites to reach the portal and the systemic circulation. These gut-derived bacterial products are recognized by immune cells circulating in the blood or residing in remote organs such as the liver leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are considered important mediators of the liver-gut-brain communication. Although circulating cytokines are likely not the sole factors involved, they can induce liver inflammation/damage and reach the central nervous system where they favor neuroinflammation which is associated with change in mood, cognition, and drinking behavior. In this review, the authors focus on the current evidence describing the changes that occur in the intestinal microbiota with chronic alcohol consumption in conjunction with intestinal barrier breakdown and inflammatory changes sustaining the concept of a gut-liver-brain axis in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease.
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163
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Evidence for PMAT- and OCT-like biogenic amine transporters in a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus: Implications for interkingdom communication within the microbiota-gut-brain axis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191037. [PMID: 29324833 PMCID: PMC5764344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of prokaryotic microbes to produce and respond to neurochemicals that are more often associated with eukaryotic systems is increasingly recognized through the concept of microbial endocrinology. Most studies have described the phenomena of neurochemical production by bacteria, but there remains an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which microbe- or host-derived neuroactive substances can be recognized by bacteria. Based on the evolutionary origins of eukaryotic solute carrier transporters, we hypothesized that bacteria may possess an analogous uptake function for neuroactive biogenic amines. Using specific fluorescence-based assays, Lactobacillus salivarius biofilms appear to express both plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT)- and organic cation transporter (OCT)-like uptake of transporter-specific fluorophores. This phenomenon is not distributed throughout the genus Lactobacillus as L. rhamnosus biofilms did not take up these fluorophores. PMAT probe uptake into L. salivarius biofilms was attenuated by the protonophore CCCP, the cation transport inhibitor decynium-22, and the natural substrates norepinephrine, serotonin and fluoxetine. These results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the existence of PMAT- and OCT-like uptake systems in a bacterium. They also suggest the existence of a hitherto unrecognized mechanism by which a probiotic bacterium may interact with host signals and may provide a means to examine microbial endocrinology-based interactions in health and disease that are part of the larger microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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164
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Persons AL, Bradaric BD, Dodiya HB, Ohene-Nyako M, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A, Shaikh M, Napier TC. Colon dysregulation in methamphetamine self-administering HIV-1 transgenic rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190078. [PMID: 29293553 PMCID: PMC5749763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity and function of the gut is impaired in HIV-infected individuals, and gut pathogenesis may play a role in several HIV-associated disorders. Methamphetamine is a popular illicit drug abused by HIV-infected individuals. However, the effect of methamphetamine on the gut and its potential to exacerbate HIV-associated gut pathology is not known. To shed light on this scenario, we evaluated colon barrier pathology in a rat model of the human comorbid condition. Intestinal barrier integrity and permeability were assessed in drug-naïve Fischer 344 HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg rats, and in Tg and non-Tg rats instrumented with jugular cannulae trained to self-administer methamphetamine or serving as saline-yoked controls. Intestinal permeability was determined by measuring the urine content of orally gavaged sugars. Intestinal barrier integrity was evaluated by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence of colon claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), two major tight junction proteins that regulate gut epithelial paracellular permeability. Both non-Tg and Tg rats self-administered moderate amounts of methamphetamine. These amounts were sufficient to increase colon permeability, reduce protein level of claudin-1, and reduce claudin-1 and ZO-1 immunofluorescence in Tg rats relative to non-Tg rats. Methamphetamine decreased tight junction immunofluorescence in non-Tg rats, with a similar, but non-significant trend observed in Tg rats. However, the effect of methamphetamine on tight junction proteins was subthreshold to gut leakiness. These findings reveal that both HIV-1 proteins and methamphetamine alter colon barrier integrity, and indicate that the gut may be a pathogenic site for these insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brinda D. Bradaric
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Hemraj B. Dodiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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165
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G. Allam N, M Ali EM, Shabanna S, Abd-Elrahman E. Protective Efficacy of Streptococcus Thermophilus Against Acute Cadmium Toxicity in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2018; 17:695-707. [PMID: 29881427 PMCID: PMC5985187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal, wide occupational and an environmental pollutant, affecting human health. Probiotics especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to bind, remove and to decrease tissue cadmium levels. The objective was to evaluate the potency of Cd binding capacity, antioxidative properties of probiotic bacteria against cadmium in-vitro and its probable detoxification effect against Cd-induced toxicity in mice. To asses this objective, resistance against cadmium and antioxidative properties (via DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation) were estimated for thirteen probiotic bacteria. Streptococcus thermophilus was selected among investigated bacteria as it had the highest MIC against cadmium and remarkable antioxidant activities for treatment of Cd toxicity in Swiss albino mice by preventive and therapeutic protocols. Blood cadmium levels, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological changes in the liver of mice were estimated at 6, 24 and 48 h post to acute Cd exposure (oral dose with 50 mg/kg body weight). On exposure to Cd a significant increase in blood Cd, MDA and reducing in GSH levels were observed. S. thermophilus offered a significant protective effect against Cd toxicity by decreasing the cadmium levels in blood and attenuation alterations in the levels of GSH and MDA and improved hepatic histopathological changes caused by Cd toxicity. These results indicated the protective action of S. thermophilus against acute cadmium toxicity as well as their beneficial health effects and suggested its use as a safe and efficacious nutritional dietary supplement to reduce cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis G. Allam
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ehab Mostafa M Ali
- Biochemistry unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Samya Shabanna
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed Abd-Elrahman
- Microbiology unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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166
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Kim BK, Lee IO, Tan PL, Eor JY, Hwang JK, Kim SH. Protective Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 in an Alcohol-Induced Rat Model of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:931-939. [PMID: 29725216 PMCID: PMC5932944 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex multifaceted disease that involves oxidative stress and inflammation as the key mediators. Despite decades of intensive research, there are no FDA-approved therapies, and/or no effective cure is yet available. Probiotics have received increasing attention in the past few years due to their well-documented gastrointestinal health-promoting effects. Interestingly, emerging studies have suggested that certain probiotics may offer benefits beyond the gut. Lactobacillus fermentum LA12 has been previously demonstrated to play a role in inflammatory-related disease. However, the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on ALD still remain to be explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of L. fermentum LA12 on alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver damage in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). Daily oral administration of L. fermentum LA12 in rat model of ASH for four weeks was shown to significantly reduced intestinal nitric oxide production and hyperpermeability. Moreover, small intestinal histological- and qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that L. fermentum LA12 treatment was capable of up-regulating the mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins, thereby stimulating the restitution of barrier structure and function. Serum and hepatic analyses also revealed that the restoration of epithelial barrier function may prevent the leakage of endotoxin into the blood, subsequently improve liver function and hepatic steatosis in the L. fermentum LA12-treated rats. Altogether, results in this study suggest that L. fermentum LA12 may be used as a dietary adjunct for the prevention and treatment of ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology & Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - In-Ock Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Pei-Lei Tan
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Eor
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology & Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sae-Hun Kim
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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167
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Aitbaev KA, Murkamilov IT, Fomin VV. [Liver diseases: The pathogenetic role of the gut microbiome and the potential of treatment for its modulation]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:120-128. [PMID: 28914862 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017898120-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper gives an update on the role of the gut microbiome (GM) in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis (LC), and its complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discusses the possibilities of its correction with prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The pathophysiology of the liver diseases in question demonstrates some common features that are characterized by pathogenic changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microflora, by intestinal barrier impairments, by development of endotoxemia, by increased liver expression of proinflammatory factors, and by development of liver inflammation. In progressive liver disease, the above changes are more pronounced, which contributes to the development of LC, HE, and HCC. GM modulation using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and FMT diminishes dysbacteriosis, strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier, reduces endotoxemia and liver damage, and positively affects the clinical manifestations of HE. Further investigations are needed, especially in humans, firstly, to assess a relationship of GM to the development of liver diseases in more detail and, secondly, to obtain evidence indicating the therapeutic efficacy of GM-modulating agents in large-scale, well-designed, randomized, controlled, multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Aitbaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, National Center of Cardiology and Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - I T Murkamilov
- I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - V V Fomin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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168
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Zhou Z, Zhong W. Targeting the gut barrier for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:197-207. [PMID: 30034913 PMCID: PMC6051712 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption remains one of the predominant causes of liver disease and liver-related death worldwide. Intriguingly, dysregulation of the gut barrier is a key factor promoting the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). A functional gut barrier, which consists of a mucus layer, an intact epithelial monolayer and mucosal immune cells, supports nutrient absorption and prevents bacterial penetration. Compromised gut barrier function is associated with the progression of ALD. Indeed, alcohol consumption disrupts the gut barrier, increases gut permeability, and induces bacterial translocation both in ALD patients and in experimental models with ALD. Moreover, alcohol consumption also causes enteric dysbiosis with both numerical and proportional perturbations. Here, we review and discuss mechanisms of alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction to better understand the contribution of the gut-liver axis to the pathogenesis of ALD. Unfortunately, there is no effectual Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for any stage of ALD. Therefore, we conclude with a discussion of potential strategies aimed at restoring the gut barrier in ALD. The principle behind antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants is to restore microbial symbiosis and subsequently gut barrier function. Nutrient-based treatments, such as dietary supplementation with zinc, niacin or fatty acids, have been shown to regulate tight junction expression, reduce intestinal inflammation, and prevent endotoxemia as well as liver injury caused by alcohol in experimental settings. Interestingly, saturated fatty acids may also directly control the gut microbiome. In summary, clinical and experimental studies highlight the significance and efficacy of the gut barrier in treating ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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169
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Donnadieu-Rigole H, Pansu N, Mura T, Pelletier S, Alarcon R, Gamon L, Perney P, Apparailly F, Lavigne JP, Dunyach-Remy C. Beneficial Effect of Alcohol Withdrawal on Gut Permeability and Microbial Translocation in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 42:32-40. [PMID: 29030980 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiota exerts beneficial or harmful effects in several disorders. Many factors, including alcohol consumption, may influence its composition and trigger bacterial translocation. Excessive alcohol consumption increases gut permeability and translocation of endotoxin into peripheral circulation. Although plasma endotoxin concentrations have been measured often, quantitative changes following alcohol withdrawal have never been described in subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The aim of this study was to measure microbial translocation (MT) and gut permeability markers in patients with AUD, to compare these markers to healthy controls (HC) and to monitor markers during the first 6 weeks of abstinence. METHODS Sixty-five patients with AUD and hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal were included. Epidemiological, clinical, biological, and addictological data were gathered. Blood samples were collected at baseline, then 3 and 6 weeks after alcohol withdrawal. A hundred healthy volunteers were used as controls. Three markers of MT were monitored in plasma samples: sCD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were quantified using ELISA, and 16S rDNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Zonulin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) blood levels were also monitored as indirect markers of gut permeability, using ELISA. RESULTS At baseline, LBP, 16S rDNA, sCD14 and I-FABP markers were significantly higher in patients with AUD than in HC. Six weeks after alcohol withdrawal plasma levels of sCD14 and LBP decreased significantly. Cannabis consumption and body mass index (BMI) before alcohol withdrawal influenced baseline MT levels and the decrease in MT markers after 6 weeks. Finally, markers of MT and gut permeability did not correlate with each other before and after alcohol withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Before alcohol withdrawal, MT markers were higher in patients with AUD than in HC. After 6 weeks of abstinence, an improvement in MT markers was observed. Our data suggest that there is a link between MT, its improvement, BMI, and cannabis consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Donnadieu-Rigole
- Department of Addictology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Pansu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mura
- Department of Medical Information, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Régis Alarcon
- Department of Addictology, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Lucie Gamon
- Department of Medical Information, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Perney
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Addictology, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Saint-Eloi Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department for Osteoarticular Diseases, University Hospital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Microbiology, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France.,INSERM, U1047, Caremeau Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Caremeau, Nîmes, France.,INSERM, U1047, Caremeau Hospital, Nîmes, France
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170
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van der Aar P, Molist F, van der Klis J. The central role of intestinal health on the effect of feed additives on feed intake in swine and poultry. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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171
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Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:191-231. [PMID: 27856521 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. The transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. However, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. Rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may enable more efficient and effective treatment approaches tailored to particular diseases. Here we use an infectious disease, C. difficile infection, and an inflammatory disorder, the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, as examples to facilitate the discussion of how microbial therapy might be rationally designed for specific gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation has already shown some efficacy in the treatment of both these disorders; detailed comparisons of studies evaluating commensal and probiotic organisms in the context of these disparate gastrointestinal diseases may shed light on potential protective mechanisms and elucidate how future microbial therapies can be tailored to particular diseases.
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172
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Piotrowski D, Boroń-Kaczmarska A. Bacterial infections and hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis-prophylaxis and treatment. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:345-356. [PMID: 28514703 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections are common among patients with liver cirrhosis. They occur more often in cirrhotic patient groups than in the general population and result in higher mortality. One reason for this phenomenon is bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen that occurs as a consequence of intestinal bacterial overgrowth, increased permeability and decreased motility. The most common infections in cirrhotic patients are spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and urinary tract infections, followed by pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth is also responsible for hyperammonemia, which leads to hepatic encephalopathy. All of these complications make this group of patients at high risk for mortality. The role of antibiotics in liver cirrhosis is to treat and in some cases to prevent the development of infectious complications. Based on our current knowledge, antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered to patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage, low ascitic fluid protein concentration combined with liver or renal failure, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis as a secondary prophylaxis, as well as after hepatic encephalopathy episodes (also as a secondary prophylaxis). In some cases, the use of non-antibiotic prophylaxis can also be considered. Current knowledge of the treatment of infections allows the choice of a preferred antibiotic for empiric therapy depending on the infection location and whether the source of the disease is nosocomial or community-acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Piotrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland.
| | - Anna Boroń-Kaczmarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
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173
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Avila DV, Myers SA, Zhang J, Kharebava G, McClain CJ, Kim HY, Whittemore SR, Gobejishvili L, Barve S. Phosphodiesterase 4b expression plays a major role in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:376-385. [PMID: 28807677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that alcohol-induced, gut-mediated peripheral endotoxemia plays a significant role in glial cell activation and neuro-inflammation. Using a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding, we examined the causal role of endotoxin- and cytokine-responsive Pde4 subfamily b (Pde4b) expression in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Both pharmacologic and genetic approaches were used to determine the regulatory role of Pde4b. In C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) alcohol fed (WT-AF) animals, alcohol significantly induced peripheral endotoxemia and Pde4b expression in brain tissue, accompanied by a decrease in cAMP levels. Further, along with Pde4b, there was a robust activation of astrocytes and microglia accompanied by significant increases in the inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il-1β, Mcp-1 and Il-17) and the generalized inflammatory marker Cox-2. At the cellular level, alcohol and inflammatory mediators, particularly LPS, Tnfα and Hmgb1 significantly activated microglial cells (Iba-1 expression) and selectively induced Pde4b expression with a minimal to no change in Pde4a and d isoforms. In comparison, the alcohol-induced decrease in brain cAMP levels was completely inhibited in WT mice treated with the Pde4 specific pharmacologic inhibitor rolipram and in Pde4b-/- mice. Moreover, all the observed markers of alcohol-induced brain inflammation were markedly attenuated. Importantly, glial cell activation induced by systemic endotoxemia (LPS administration) was also markedly decreased in Pde4b-/- mice. Taken together, these findings strongly support the notion that Pde4b plays a critical role in coordinating alcohol-induced, peripheral endotoxemia mediated neuro-inflammation and could serve as a significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Avila
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Scott A Myers
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - JingWen Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Giorgi Kharebava
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Shirish Barve
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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174
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Hamarneh SR, Kim BM, Kaliannan K, Morrison SA, Tantillo TJ, Tao Q, Mohamed MMR, Ramirez JM, Karas A, Liu W, Hu D, Teshager A, Gul SS, Economopoulos KP, Bhan AK, Malo MS, Choi MY, Hodin RA. Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Hepatosteatosis in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2021-2034. [PMID: 28424943 PMCID: PMC5684583 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bacterially derived factors from the gut play a major role in the activation of inflammatory pathways in the liver and in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. The intestinal brush-border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) detoxifies a variety of bacterial pro-inflammatory factors and also functions to preserve gut barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oral IAP supplementation could protect against alcohol-induced liver disease. METHODS Mice underwent acute binge or chronic ethanol exposure to induce alcoholic liver injury and steatosis ± IAP supplementation. Liver tissue was assessed for biochemical, inflammatory, and histopathological changes. An ex vivo co-culture system was used to examine the effects of alcohol and IAP treatment in regard to the activation of hepatic stellate cells and their role in the development of alcoholic liver disease. RESULTS Pretreatment with IAP resulted in significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase compared to the ethanol alone group in the acute binge model. IAP treatment attenuated the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver, lowered hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine and serum LPS levels, and prevented alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction. Finally, IAP ameliorated the activation of hepatic stellate cells and prevented their lipogenic effect on hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS IAP treatment protected mice from alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and steatosis. Oral IAP supplementation could represent a novel therapy to prevent alcoholic-related liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman R Hamarneh
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Byeong-Moo Kim
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sara A Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tyler J Tantillo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qingsong Tao
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mussa M Rafat Mohamed
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Juan M Ramirez
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aaron Karas
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Abeba Teshager
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah Shireen Gul
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Konstantinos P Economopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Madhu S Malo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael Y Choi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Richard A Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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A role for the peripheral immune system in the development of alcohol use disorders? Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:148-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shi D, Lv L, Fang D, Wu W, Hu C, Xu L, Chen Y, Guo J, Hu X, Li A, Guo F, Ye J, Li Y, Andayani D, Li L. Administration of Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 or Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 prevents CCl 4-induced liver cirrhosis by protecting the intestinal barrier in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6927. [PMID: 28761060 PMCID: PMC5537250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiome have been reported in liver cirrhosis, and probiotic interventions are considered a potential treatment strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of Lactobacillus salivarius LI01, Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI and Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng on CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats. Only administration of LI01 or LI05 prevented liver fibrosis and down-regulated the hepatic expression of profibrogenic genes. Serum endotoxins, bacterial translocations (BTs), and destruction of intestinal mucosal ultrastructure were reduced in rats treated with LI01 or LI05, indicating maintenance of the gut barrier as a mechanism; this was further confirmed by the reduction of not only hepatic inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A, but also hepatic TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9. Metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA gene showed an increase in potential beneficial bacteria, such as Elusimicrobium and Prevotella, and a decrease in pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia. These alterations in gut microbiome were correlated with profibrogenic genes, gut barrier markers and inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, L. salivarius LI01 and P. pentosaceus LI05 attenuated liver fibrosis by protecting the intestinal barrier and promoting microbiome health. These results suggest novel strategies for the prevention of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dewi Andayani
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
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Kawaratani H, Moriya K, Namisaki T, Uejima M, Kitade M, Takeda K, Okura Y, Kaji K, Takaya H, Nishimura N, Sato S, Sawada Y, Seki K, Kubo T, Mitoro A, Yamao J, Yoshiji H. Therapeutic strategies for alcoholic liver disease: Focusing on inflammation and fibrosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627645 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is the most common cause of liver disease in the world. Chronic alcohol abuse leads to liver damage, liver inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, induce liver injury, which leads to the develo-pment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hepatoprotective cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, are also associated with ALD. IL-6 improves ALD via the activation of STAT3 and the subsequent induction of a variety of hepatoprotective genes in hepatocytes. Alcohol consumption promotes liver inflammation by incre-asing the translocation of gut-derived endotoxins to the portal circulation and by activating Kupffer cells through the lipopolysaccharide/Toll-like receptor 4 pathways. Oxidative stress and microflora products are also associated with ALD. Hepatic stellate cells play an important role in angiogenesis and liver fibrosis. Anti-angiogenic therapy has been found to be effective in the prevention of fibrosis. This suggests that blocking angiogenesis could be a promising therapeutic option for patients with advanced fibrosis. This review discusses the main pathways associated with liver inflammation and liver fibrosis as well as new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kawaratani
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Masakazu Uejima
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kousuke Takeda
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okura
- Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kaji
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sawada
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Seki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamao
- Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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Mu Q, Kirby J, Reilly CM, Luo XM. Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:598. [PMID: 28588585 PMCID: PMC5440529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial lining, together with factors secreted from it, forms a barrier that separates the host from the environment. In pathologic conditions, the permeability of the epithelial lining may be compromised allowing the passage of toxins, antigens, and bacteria in the lumen to enter the blood stream creating a “leaky gut.” In individuals with a genetic predisposition, a leaky gut may allow environmental factors to enter the body and trigger the initiation and development of autoimmune disease. Growing evidence shows that the gut microbiota is important in supporting the epithelial barrier and therefore plays a key role in the regulation of environmental factors that enter the body. Several recent reports have shown that probiotics can reverse the leaky gut by enhancing the production of tight junction proteins; however, additional and longer term studies are still required. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria that can facilitate a leaky gut and induce autoimmune symptoms can be ameliorated with the use of antibiotic treatment. Therefore, it is hypothesized that modulating the gut microbiota can serve as a potential method for regulating intestinal permeability and may help to alter the course of autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jay Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Badehnoosh B, Karamali M, Zarrati M, Jamilian M, Bahmani F, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Jafari P, Rahmani E, Asemi Z. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:1128-1136. [PMID: 28326881 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1310193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes among subjects with gestational diabetes (GDM). METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 60 subjects with GDM who were not on oral hypoglycemic agents. Patients were randomly allocated to intake either probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU/g each) (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for six weeks. RESULTS Compared with the placebo, probiotic supplementation resulted in significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (-5.3 ± 6.7 vs. +0.03 ± 9.0 mg/dL, p = .01), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-2.2 ± 2.7 vs. +0.5 ± 2.4 μg/mL, p < .001), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (-0.1 ± 0.8 vs. +0.5 ± 1.5 μmol/L, p = .03) and MDA/TAC ratio (-0.0003 ± 0.0008 vs. +0.0009 ± 0.002, p = .004), and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (+65.4 ± 103.3 vs. -37.2 ± 143.7 mmol/L, p = .002). Probiotic supplementation did not affect pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, probiotic supplementation among women with GDM for six weeks had beneficial effects on FPG, serum hs-CRP, plasma TAC, MDA and oxidative stress index, but did not affect pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Badehnoosh
- a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Maryam Karamali
- b Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mitra Zarrati
- c Faculty of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehri Jamilian
- d Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences , Arak , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- e Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Maryam Tajabadi-Ebrahimi
- f Faculty member of Science department, Science faculty , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parvaneh Jafari
- g Department of Microbiology, Science faculty , Islamic Azad University , Arak , Iran
| | - Elham Rahmani
- h Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- e Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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Ferrere G, Wrzosek L, Cailleux F, Turpin W, Puchois V, Spatz M, Ciocan D, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Hugot C, Gaudin F, Noordine ML, Robert V, Berrebi D, Thomas M, Naveau S, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Fecal microbiota manipulation prevents dysbiosis and alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. J Hepatol 2017; 66:806-815. [PMID: 27890791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of liver failure and mortality. In humans, severe alcoholic hepatitis is associated with key changes to intestinal microbiota (IM), which influences individual sensitivity to develop advanced ALD. We used the different susceptibility to ALD observed in two distinct animal facilities to test the efficiency of two complementary strategies (fecal microbiota transplantation and prebiotic treatment) to reverse dysbiosis and prevent ALD. METHODS Mice were fed alcohol in two distinct animal facilities with a Lieber DeCarli diet. Fecal microbiota transplantation was performed with fresh feces from alcohol-resistant donor mice to alcohol-sensitive receiver mice three times a week. Another group of mice received pectin during the entire alcohol consumption period. RESULTS Ethanol induced steatosis and liver inflammation, which were associated with disruption of gut homeostasis, in alcohol-sensitive, but not alcohol resistant mice. IM analysis showed that the proportion of Bacteroides was specifically lower in alcohol-sensitive mice (p<0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the IM of sensitive and resistant mice clustered differently. We targeted IM using two different strategies to prevent alcohol-induced liver lesions: (1) pectin treatment which induced major modifications of the IM, (2) fecal microbiota transplantation which resulted in an IM very close to that of resistant donor mice in the sensitive recipient mice. Both methods prevented steatosis, liver inflammation, and restored gut homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Manipulation of IM can prevent alcohol-induced liver injury. The IM should be considered as a new therapeutic target in ALD. LAY SUMMARY Sensitivity to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is driven by intestinal microbiota in alcohol fed mice. Treatment of mice with alcohol-induced liver lesions by fecal transplant from alcohol fed mice resistant to ALD or with prebiotic (pectin) prevents ALD. These findings open new possibilities for treatment of human ALD through intestinal microbiota manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Ferrere
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frédéric Cailleux
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Williams Turpin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Virginie Puchois
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Madeleine Spatz
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), INSERM-ERL 1157, Paris, France; UMR 7203 Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France; Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France; Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), INSERM-ERL 1157, Paris, France; UMR 7203 Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Berrebi
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; AP-HP, Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Naveau
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- INSERM U996, DHU Hepatinov, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France; Institut Paris-Sud d'Innovation Thérapeutique (IPSIT), IFR141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Gasta MG, Williamson CB, Gossard CM, Pizano JM, Burns CM, Dolan KE, Finley HJ, Parker EC, Lipski EA. Probiotics and Disease: A Comprehensive Summary-Part 4, Infectious Diseases. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2017; 16:28-38. [PMID: 30881235 PMCID: PMC6413636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article series provides a literature review of the disease-specific probiotic strains studied in published clinical trials in humans and animals. The goal of the series is to provide clinically useful tools. The table design allows for quick access to supportive data and will be helpful as a guide for both researchers and clinicians. The first article (part 1) focused on mental health and neurological conditions and the second article (part 2) explored cultured and fermented foods that are commonly available in the United States. The third article (part 3) explored the relationship between bacterial strains and 2 of the most prevalent diseases we have in modern society, cardiometabolic disease and fatigue syndromes. This fourth article (part 4) elucidates the role of the microbiome in infectious diseases. Future articles will review conditions related to infections of the upper respiratory system and ear, nose, and throat; autoimmunity and dermatological conditions; cancer; and gastrointestinal and genitourinary, followed by an article focused on probiotic supplements. This literature review is specific to disease condition, probiotic classification, and individual strain.
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182
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The link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1048. [PMID: 28244981 PMCID: PMC5545644 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some new processes have been proposed to explain how alcohol may influence behavior, psychological symptoms and alcohol seeking in alcohol-dependent subjects. In addition to its important effect on brain and neurotransmitters equilibrium, alcohol abuse also affects peripheral organs including the gut. By yet incompletely understood mechanisms, chronic alcohol abuse increases intestinal permeability and alters the composition of the gut microbiota, allowing bacterial components from the gut lumen to reach the systemic circulation. These gut-derived bacterial products are recognized by immune cells circulating in the blood or residing in target organs, which consequently synthesize and release pro-inflammatory cytokines. Circulating cytokines are considered important mediators of the gut-brain communication, as they can reach the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation that is associated with change in mood, cognition and drinking behavior. These observations support the possibility that targeting the gut microbiota, by the use of probiotics or prebiotics, could restore the gut barrier function, reduce systemic inflammation and may have beneficial effect in treating alcohol dependence and in reducing alcohol relapse.
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183
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Rishi P, Arora S, Kaur UJ, Chopra K, Kaur IP. Better Management of Alcohol Liver Disease Using a 'Microstructured Synbox' System Comprising L. plantarum and EGCG. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168459. [PMID: 28060832 PMCID: PMC5217831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synergistic combination of probiotics with carbohydrate based prebiotics is widely employed for the treatment of various gut related disorders. However, such carbohydrate based prebiotics encourage the growth of pathogens and probiotics, equally. Aim of the study was (i) to explore the possibility of using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) a phenolic compound, as a prebiotic for L.plantarum; (ii) to develop and evaluate a microstructured synbox (microencapsulating both probiotic and EGCG together) in rat model of alcohol liver disease (ALD); and, (iii) to confirm whether the combination can address issues of EGCG bioavailability and probiotic survivability in adverse gut conditions. Growth enhancing effect of EGCG on L. plantarum (12.8±0.5 log 10 units) was significantly (p≤0.05) better than inulin (11.4±0.38 log 10 units), a natural storage carbohydrate. The formulated synbox significantly modulated the levels of alcohol, endotoxin, hepatic enzymes and restored the hepatoarchitecture in comparison to simultaneous administration of free agents. Additionally, using a battery of techniques, levels of various cellular and molecular markers viz. NF-kB/p50, TNF-α, IL12/p40, and signalling molecules TLR4, CD14, MD2, MyD88 and COX-2 were observed to be suppressed. Developed microbead synbox, as a single delivery system for both the agents showed synergism and hence, holds promise as a therapeutic option for ALD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeha Arora
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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184
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Monnig MA. Immune activation and neuroinflammation in alcohol use and HIV infection: evidence for shared mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:7-23. [PMID: 27532935 PMCID: PMC5250549 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research points to innate immune mechanisms in the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of heavy alcohol use. Alcohol use is common among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), a chronic condition that carries its own set of long-term effects on brain and behavior. Notably, neurobiological and cognitive profiles associated with heavy alcohol use and HIV infection share several prominent features. This observation raises questions about interacting biological mechanisms as well as compounded impairment when HIV infection and heavy drinking co-occur. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This narrative overview discusses peer-reviewed research on specific immune mechanisms of alcohol that exhibit apparent potential to compound the neurobiological and psychiatric sequelae of HIV infection. These include microbial translocation, systemic immune activation, blood-brain barrier compromise, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical evidence supports overlapping mechanistic actions of HIV and alcohol use on peripheral and neural immune systems. In preclinical studies, innate immune signaling mediates many of the detrimental neurocognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacological research suggests potential for a feed-forward cycle in which heavy drinking induces innate immune signaling, which in turn stimulates subsequent alcohol use behavior. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation are a serious health concern for PLWH. Future research to investigate specific immune effects of alcohol in the context of HIV infection has potential to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
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185
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Dinić M, Lukić J, Djokić J, Milenković M, Strahinić I, Golić N, Begović J. Lactobacillus fermentum Postbiotic-induced Autophagy as Potential Approach for Treatment of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:594. [PMID: 28428777 PMCID: PMC5382196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of postbiotics originated from Lactobacillus fermentum BGHV110 strain (HV110) to counteract acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. This strain was selected according to its autophagy inducing potential, based on previous studies reporting protective role of autophagy in APAP caused cellular damage. Cell viability was assessed using MTT and LDH assays, while autophagy was monitored by qPCR analysis of BECN1, Atg5, p62/SQSTM1, and PINK1 mRNA expression and by Western blot analysis of p62/SQSTM1 and lipidated LC3 accumulation. Our results showed that detrimental effect of APAP on cell viability was suppressed in the presence of HV110 which was linked with increased conversion of LC3 protein and p62/SQSTM1 protein degradation. Additionally, higher p62/SQSTM1 and PINK1 mRNA transcription were noticed in cells co-treated with APAP/HV110, simultaneously. In conclusion, this study suggests that HV110 enhances activation of PINK1-dependent autophagy in HepG2 cells and its eventual co-supplementation with APAP could be potentially used for alleviation of hepatotoxic side effects caused by APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Jovanka Lukić,
| | - Jelena Djokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Milenković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strahinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Begović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
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186
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Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, Desai V, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol and Gut-Derived Inflammation. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:163-171. [PMID: 28988571 PMCID: PMC5513683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In large amounts, alcohol and its metabolites can overwhelm the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and liver and lead to damage both within the GI and in other organs. Specifically, alcohol and its metabolites promote intestinal inflammation through multiple pathways. That inflammatory response, in turn, exacerbates alcohol-induced organ damage, creating a vicious cycle and leading to additional deleterious effects of alcohol both locally and systemically. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake leads to intestinal inflammation, including altering intestinal microbiota composition and function, increasing the permeability of the intestinal lining, and affecting the intestinal immune homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms of alcohol-induced intestinal inflammation can aid in the discovery of therapeutic approaches to mitigate alcohol-induced organ dysfunctions.
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187
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Bluemel S, Williams B, Knight R, Schnabl B. Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1018-G1036. [PMID: 27686615 PMCID: PMC5206291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host-microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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188
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Zhang JD, Zhang FX, Guo LF, Li N, Shan BE. Chronic alcohol administration affects purine nucleotide catabolism in vivo. Life Sci 2016; 168:58-64. [PMID: 27838211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between chronic alcohol administration and purine nucleotide metabolism in vivo. MAIN METHODS Rat models of alcohol dependence and withdrawal were used. The concentrations of uric acid (UAC), urea nitrogen (UREA), creatinine (CREA), and beta-2-microglobulin (β2-M) and creatinine clearance rate (CCR) in plasma were measured. The PLC method was used to detect the absolute content of purine nucleotides in different tissues. Enzymatic activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XO), ribose 5-phosphate pyrophosphokinase (RPPPK), glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (GPRPPAT), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphate ribose transferase (HGPRT), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) in the tissues were analyzed. Real-time PCR was used to determine the relative level of ADA and XO. KEY FINDINGS The renal function of rats with alcohol dependence was normal. Further, the content of purine nucleotides (GMP, AMP, GTP, and ATP) in tissues of the rats was decreased, which indicated that the increased uric acid should be derived from the decomposition of nucleotides in vivo. The activity of XO and ADA increased, and their mRNA expression was enhanced in the alcohol dependence group, but there was no significant difference in the activity of RPPPK and GPRPPAT in the liver, small intestine, and muscle; furthermore, no significant difference in the activity of HGPRT and APRT was observed in the brain. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that chronic alcohol administration might enhance the catabolism of purine nucleotides in tissues by inducing gene expression of ADA and XO, leading to elevation of plasma uric acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China; Clinical Laboratory, Harrison International Peace Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hengshui, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - F X Zhang
- Nursing Department, Hengshui Health School, Hengshui, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - L F Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, Harrison International Peace Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hengshui, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - N Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Harrison International Peace Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hengshui, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - B E Shan
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China.
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189
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Heat-Killed Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus johnsonii Reduce Liver Injury Induced by Alcohol In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111456. [PMID: 27809254 PMCID: PMC6274176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) and Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ) prevent alcoholic liver damage in HepG2 cells and rat models of acute alcohol exposure. In this study, heat-killed LS and LJ were screened from 50 Lactobacillus strains induced by 100 mM alcohol in HepG2 cells. The severity of alcoholic liver injury was determined by measuring the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), lipid peroxidation, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol. Our results indicated that heat-killed LS and LJ reduced AST, ALT, γ-GT and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and outperformed other bacterial strains in cell line studies. We further evaluated these findings by administering these strains to rats. Only LS was able to reduce serum AST levels, which it did by 26.2%. In addition LS significantly inhibited serum TG levels by 39.2%. However, both strains were unable to inhibit ALT levels. In summary, we demonstrated that heat-killed LS and LJ possess hepatoprotective properties induced by alcohol both in vitro and in vivo.
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190
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Yap WB, Ahmad FM, Lim YC, Zainalabidin S. Lactobacillus casei strain C1 attenuates vascular changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:621-628. [PMID: 27847439 PMCID: PMC5106396 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.6.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension can be caused by various factors while the predominant causes include increase in body fluid volume and resistance in the circulatory system that elevate the blood pressure. Consumption of probiotics has been proven to attenuate hypertension; however, the effect is much strain-dependent. In this study, a newly isolated Lactobacillus casei (Lb. casei) strain C1 was investigated for its antihypertensive properties in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suspension of 11 log colony-forming unit (CFU) was given to SHR (SHR+LAB, n=8), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was given as a control in SHR (SHR, n=8) and in Wistar rats as sham (WIS, n=8). The treatment was given via oral gavage for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weekly systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and aortic reactivity function were remarkably improved after 8 weeks of bacterial administration in SHR+LAB. These effects were mostly attributed by restoration of wall tension and tensile stress following the bacterial treatment. Although not statistically significant, the level of malondialdehye (MDA) in SHR+LAB serum was found declining. Increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) in SHR+LAB serum suggested that the bacterium exerted vascular protection through antioxidative functions and relatively high NO level that induced vasodilation. Collectively, Lb. casei strain C1 is a promising alternative for hypertension improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Boon Yap
- Programme of Biomedical Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Faisal Malau Ahmad
- Programme of Biomedical Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Yi Cheng Lim
- Programme of Biomedical Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Programme of Biomedical Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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191
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192
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Saturated and Unsaturated Dietary Fats Differentially Modulate Ethanol-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:765-76. [PMID: 27012191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) ranks among major causes of morbidity and mortality. Diet and crosstalk between the gut and liver are important determinants of ALD. We evaluated the effects of different types of dietary fat and ethanol on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity and the effect of these changes on liver injury in ALD. Compared with ethanol and a saturated fat diet (medium chain triglycerides enriched), an unsaturated fat diet (corn oil enriched) exacerbated ethanol-induced endotoxemia, liver steatosis, and injury. Major alterations in gut microbiota, including a reduction in Bacteroidetes and an increase in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, were seen in animals fed an unsaturated fat diet and ethanol but not a saturated fat diet and ethanol. Compared with a saturated fat diet and ethanol, an unsaturated fat diet and ethanol caused major fecal metabolomic changes. Moreover, a decrease in certain fecal amino acids was noted in both alcohol-fed groups. These data support an important role of dietary lipids in ALD pathogenesis and provide insight into mechanisms of ALD development. A diet enriched in unsaturated fats enhanced alcohol-induced liver injury and caused major fecal metagenomic and metabolomic changes that may play an etiologic role in observed liver injury. Dietary lipids can potentially serve as inexpensive interventions for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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193
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Iqbal S, Quigley EMM. Progress in Our Understanding of the Gut Microbiome: Implications for the Clinician. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016; 18:49. [PMID: 27448618 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the role of the microbial communities of our gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) has accelerated dramatically in recent years thanks to rapid developments in the technologies that allow us to fully enumerate and evaluate the full complement of bacterial species and strains that normally inhabit the gut. Laboratory studies in a range of inventive animal models continue to provide insights into the role of the microbiota in health and to generate plausible hypotheses relating to its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of human disease. Studies of the composition of human gut microbiota continue to accumulate but their interpretation needs to be tempered by an appreciation of the limitations of single-point-in-time studies of fecal samples from small study populations. Nevertheless, clinically important examples of a central role for microbiota-host interactions in disease pathogenesis have emerged and many more have been postulated but await confirmation in appropriately powered and conducted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- David M. and Lynda K. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1201, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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194
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Oral Administration of Probiotics Inhibits Absorption of the Heavy Metal Cadmium by Protecting the Intestinal Barrier. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4429-40. [PMID: 27208136 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00695-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that causes adverse health effects in humans and animals. Our previous work demonstrated that oral administration of probiotics can significantly inhibit Cd absorption in the intestines of mice, but further evidence is needed to gain insights into the related protection mode. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether probiotics can inhibit Cd absorption through routes other than the Cd binding, with a focus on gut barrier protection. In the in vitro assay, both the intervention and therapy treatments of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 alleviated Cd-induced cytotoxicity in the human intestinal cell line HT-29 and protected the disruption of tight junctions in the cell monolayers. In a mouse model, probiotics with either good Cd-binding or antioxidative ability increased fecal Cd levels and decreased Cd accumulation in the tissue of Cd-exposed mice. Compared with the Cd-only group, cotreatment with probiotics also reversed the disruption of tight junctions, alleviated inflammation, and decreased the intestinal permeability of mice. L. plantarum CCFM8610, a strain with both good Cd binding and antioxidative abilities, exhibited significantly better protection than the other two strains. These results suggest that along with initial intestinal Cd sequestration, probiotics can inhibit Cd absorption by protecting the intestinal barrier, and the protection is related to the alleviation of Cd-induced oxidative stress. A probiotic with both good Cd-binding and antioxidative capacities can be used as a daily supplement for the prevention of oral Cd exposure. IMPORTANCE The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that causes adverse health effects in humans and animals. For the general population, food and drinking water are the main sources of Cd exposure due to the biomagnification of Cd within the food chain; therefore, the intestinal tract is the first organ that is susceptible to Cd contamination. Moreover, Cd exposure causes the disruption of the intestinal barrier and further induces the amplification of Cd absorption. The present study confirms that, along with initial intestinal Cd sequestration, oral administration of probiotics can inhibit Cd absorption by protecting the intestinal barrier. A probiotic with both good Cd-binding and antioxidative capacities can be used as a daily supplement for the prevention of oral Cd exposure.
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195
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Nagy LE, Ding WX, Cresci G, Saikia P, Shah VH. Linking Pathogenic Mechanisms of Alcoholic Liver Disease With Clinical Phenotypes. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1756-68. [PMID: 26919968 PMCID: PMC4887335 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) develops in approximately 20% of alcoholic patients, with a higher prevalence in females. ALD progression is marked by fatty liver and hepatocyte necrosis, as well as apoptosis, inflammation, regenerating nodules, fibrosis, and cirrhosis.(1) ALD develops via a complex process involving parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, as well as recruitment of other cell types to the liver in response to damage and inflammation. Hepatocytes are damaged by ethanol, via generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hepatocyte cell death via apoptosis and necrosis are markers of ethanol-induced liver injury. We review the mechanisms by which alcohol injures hepatocytes and the response of hepatic sinusoidal cells to alcohol-induced injury. We also discuss how recent insights into the pathogenesis of ALD will affect the treatment and management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Gail Cresci
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Paramananda Saikia
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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196
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Tang W, Xing Z, Hu W, Li C, Wang J, Wang Y. Antioxidative effects in vivo and colonization of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 in the murine intestinal tract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7193-202. [PMID: 27178180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 was isolated from traditional Chinese Tibet kefir grains, which possess several excellent properties and functions. We previously demonstrated the antioxidant activities of this bacterium in vitro. However, the maintenance and survival of L. plantarum MA2 inside the murine intestinal tract, where it exerts its probiotic properties, and whether its effects are elicited directly on the host remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanisms of L. plantarum MA2 in aging mice following D-galactose administration. The levels of malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the L. plantarum MA2 groups after oral ingestion compared to the D-galactose model group, and total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased significantly in the serum and liver. We combined fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling and green fluorescent protein expression to dynamically monitor the colonization and distribution of L. plantarum MA2 in the murine intestinal tract. The results indicated that L. plantarum MA2 was detected in the ileum, colon, and feces after single and continuous oral administration at day 21 and was maintained at 10(4)-10(5) CFU/g. These results suggest that L. plantarum MA2 colonizes and survives in the murine intestinal tract to exert its antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhuqing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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197
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Wieser V, Tymoszuk P, Adolph TE, Grander C, Grabherr F, Enrich B, Pfister A, Lichtmanegger L, Gerner R, Drach M, Moser P, Zoller H, Weiss G, Moschen AR, Theurl I, Tilg H. Lipocalin 2 drives neutrophilic inflammation in alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64:872-80. [PMID: 26682726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is characterised by neutrophil infiltration that contributes to hepatic injury and disease. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was originally identified as siderophore binding peptide in neutrophils, which exerted tissue protective effects in several disease models. Here we investigate the role of LCN2 in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS We compared hepatic LCN2 expression in ASH patients, alcoholic cirrhosis patients without evidence of ASH and patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; i.e. simple steatosis). To mechanistically dissect LCN2 function in alcohol-induced liver injury, we subjected wild-type (WT) and Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2(-/-)) mice to the Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 5% ethanol (EtOH) or isocaloric maltose. Adoptive transfer experiments were performed to track neutrophil migration. Furthermore, we tested the effect of antibody-mediated LCN2 neutralisation in an acute model of ethanol-induced hepatic injury. RESULTS Patients with ASH exhibited increased hepatic LCN2 immunoreactivity compared to patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or simple steatosis, which mainly localised to neutrophils. Similarly, ethanol-fed mice exhibited increased LCN2 expression that mainly localised to leukocytes and especially neutrophils. Lcn2(-/-) mice were protected from alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as demonstrated by reduced neutrophil infiltration, liver injury and hepatic steatosis compared to WT controls. Adoptive transfers revealed that neutrophil-derived LCN2 critically determines hepatic neutrophil immigration and persistence during chronic alcohol exposure. Antibody-mediated neutralisation of LCN2 protected from hepatic injury and neutrophilic infiltration after acute alcohol challenge. CONCLUSIONS LCN2 drives ethanol-induced neutrophilic inflammation and propagates the development of ALD. Despite a critical role for LCN2 in immunity and infection, pharmacological neutralisation of LCN2 might be of promise in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon Erik Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Lichtmanegger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mathias Drach
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Rupert Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology & Pneumology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
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198
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Chiu WC, Huang YL, Chen YL, Peng HC, Liao WH, Chuang HL, Chen JR, Yang SC. Synbiotics reduce ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation by improving intestinal permeability and microbiota in rats. Food Funct 2016; 6:1692-700. [PMID: 25910227 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal experiments indicated that gut-derived endotoxin and imbalanced intestinal microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this study, we investigated whether synbiotic supplementation could improve ALD in rats by altering the intestinal microbial composition and improving the intestinal integrity. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups according to plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and subjected to either a normal liquid diet (C), a normal liquid diet with synbiotic supplementation (C + S), an ethanol liquid diet (E), or an ethanol liquid diet with synbiotic supplementation (E + S) for 12 weeks. Results revealed that the ethanol-fed group showed increases in plasma AST and ALT activities, the endotoxin level, the hepatic triglyceride (TG) level, and hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels, and a decrease in the hepatic IL-10 level. Ethanol-feeding also contributed to increased intestinal permeability and decreased fecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli amounts. However, synbiotic supplementation effectively attenuated the plasma endotoxin, hepatic TG and TNF-α levels, and increased the hepatic IL-10 level. Furthermore, synbiotic supplementation protected the rats against ethanol-induced hyperpermeability of the intestine, and significantly increased amounts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the feces. This study demonstrated that synbiotics possess a novel hepatoprotective function by improving the intestinal permeability and microbiota in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Chiu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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199
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Abstract
Despite extensive research, alcohol remains one of the most common causes of liver disease in the United States. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. Although many agents and approaches have been tested in patients with ALD and in animals with experimental ALD in the past, there is still no FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved therapy for any stage of ALD. With the increasing recognition of the importance of gut microbiota in the onset and development of a variety of diseases, the potential use of probiotics in ALD is receiving increasing investigative and clinical attention. In this review, we summarize recent studies on probiotic intervention in the prevention and treatment of ALD in experimental animal models and patients. Potential mechanisms underlying the probiotic function are also discussed.
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200
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Vaikunthanathan T, Safinia N, Lombardi G, Lechler RI. Microbiota, immunity and the liver. Immunol Lett 2016; 171:36-49. [PMID: 26835593 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut harbors a complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells known to exist in symbiotic harmony with the host influencing human physiology, metabolism, nutrition and immune function. It is now widely accepted that perturbations of this close partnership results in the pathogenesis of several major diseases with increasing evidence highlighting their role outside of the intestinal tract. The intimate proximity and circulatory loop of the liver and the gut has attracted significant attention regarding the role of the microbiota in the development and progression of liver disease. Here we give an overview of the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system and focus on their convincing role in both the propagation and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - R I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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