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Strassnig M, Kotov R, Cornaccio D, Fochtmann L, Harvey PD, Bromet EJ. Twenty-year progression of body mass index in a county-wide cohort of people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder identified at their first episode of psychosis. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:336-343. [PMID: 28574189 PMCID: PMC5568920 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an increased prevalence of obesity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, leading to a disproportionate risk of adverse health conditions. Prospective, long-term weight gain data, however, are scarce. METHODS We analyzed data from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project cohort of consecutive first admissions with psychosis recruited from September 1989 to December 1995 and subsequently followed for 20 years, focusing on people with schizophrenia (n=146) and bipolar disorder (n=87). The time course of weight gain was examined using a 2 (group)×5 (time) mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA, and body mass index (BMI) scores at the first (6 months) and second (2 years) assessments were compared to examine whether early overweight predicted later obesity. RESULTS There was a statistically significant effect of time (F(1,210)=68.06, P<.001) and diagnosis (F(1,210)=29.18, P<.001) on BMI, but not the interaction of time×diagnosis (F(1,210)=0.88, P=.48). Most participants had normal BMIs at the first two assessments. Early overweight was a predictor of eventual obesity for both groups. At the 20-year follow-ups, approximately 50% of the bipolar and 62% of the schizophrenia sample were obese, with a greater prevalence of obesity in schizophrenia at each assessment (all P<.02), except for years 4 (P=.12) and 20 (P=.27). CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-thirds of the participants with schizophrenia and over half of those with bipolar disorder were obese 20 years after first hospitalization for psychosis, considerably higher than the rate for adults in New York State (27%). Early intervention may be required to prevent long-term consequences of obesity-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strassnig
- Department of Integrated Medical Science, Charles Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - R Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Danielle Cornaccio
- School of Integrated Science and Humanity, Florida International University
| | - L Fochtmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - PD Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - EJ Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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152
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Solomon P, Letts L, O'Brien KK, Nixon S, Baxter L, Gervais N. 'I'm still here, I'm still alive': Understanding successful aging in the context of HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:172-177. [PMID: 28728526 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417721439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As people living with HIV (PLWH) live longer, increased understanding of individuals' values and perceptions of successful aging can assist health providers in working with PLWH to set meaningful goals as they age. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how PLWH define successful aging and their perceptions of contributors to successful aging. Fourteen men and ten women over the age of 50 years (mean age 57 years; mean time since diagnosis 18 years) participated in individual interviews. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. Six themes emerged: accepting limitations, staying positive, maintaining social supports, taking responsibility, living a healthy lifestyle, and engaging in meaningful activities. The participants emphasized individual control. This highlights the importance of working with PLWH to understand their values and aspirations, and create patient-centered goals. From a research perspective this reinforces calls to include the subjective experiences of older adults in developing successful aging criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solomon
- 1 School of Rehabilitation Sciences, 3710 McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lori Letts
- 1 School of Rehabilitation Sciences, 3710 McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kelly K O'Brien
- 2 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie Nixon
- 2 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Gervais
- 1 School of Rehabilitation Sciences, 3710 McMaster University , Hamilton, Canada
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153
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Diermeier S, Buttgereit A, Schürmann S, Winter L, Xu H, Murphy RM, Clemen CS, Schröder R, Friedrich O. Preaged remodeling of myofibrillar cytoarchitecture in skeletal muscle expressing R349P mutant desmin. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 58:77-87. [PMID: 28715662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The majority of hereditary and acquired myopathies are clinically characterized by progressive muscle weakness. We hypothesized that ongoing derangement of skeletal muscle cytoarchitecture at the single fiber level may precede and be responsible for the progressive muscle weakness. Here, we analyzed the effects of aging in wild-type (wt) and heterozygous (het) and homozygous (hom) R349P desmin knock-in mice. The latter harbor the ortholog of the most frequently encountered human R350P desmin missense mutation. We quantitatively analyzed the subcellular cytoarchitecture of fast- and slow-twitch muscles from young, intermediate, and aged wt as well as desminopathy mice. We recorded multiphoton second harmonic generation and nuclear fluorescence signals in single muscle fibers to compare aging-related effects in all genotypes. The analysis of wt mice revealed that the myofibrillar cytoarchitecture remained stable with aging in fast-twitch muscles, whereas slow-twitch muscle fibers displayed structural derangements during aging. In contrast, the myofibrillar cytoarchitecture and nuclear density were severely compromised in fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers of hom R349P desmin mice at all ages. Het mice only showed a clear degradation in their fiber structure in fast-twitch muscles from the adult to the presenescent age bin. Our study documents distinct signs of normal and R349P mutant desmin-related remodeling of the 3D myofibrillar architecture during aging, which provides a structural basis for the progressive muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Diermeier
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; SAOT, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Buttgereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; SAOT, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lilli Winter
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christoph S Clemen
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rolf Schröder
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; SAOT, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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154
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Anders C, Patenge S, Sander K, Layher F, Biedermann U, Kinne RW. Detailed spatial characterization of superficial hip muscle activation during walking: A multi-electrode surface EMG investigation of the gluteal region in healthy older adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178957. [PMID: 28582456 PMCID: PMC5459501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A multi-electrode array was used to generate spatially resolved Surface electromyography (SEMG) data of the hip muscles in healthy older adults. The cohort was meant to serve as an age-matched, normal control population for future surgical and rehabilitative studies in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, in view of the large, continuously increasing number of hip joint replacements. METHODS Bilateral hip muscle SEMG activity, including tensor fasciae latae (TFL), gluteus medius (Gmed), and gluteus maximus (Gmax), was measured during locomotion on a walkway at self-selected slow, normal, and fast walking speeds (age-matched cohort of 29 females and 25 males). Eight equally-spaced, vertically oriented bipolar channels were applied on a horizontal line at mid-distance between iliac crest and greater trochanter (length 17.5 cm; named P1 to P8). Time-independent parameters (e.g., mean amplitude) were derived from the amplitude curves expressed as root mean square. RESULTS The acquired SEMG data were not significantly influenced by gender (p = 0.202) or side (p = 0.313) and were therefore pooled. The most ventral to central electrode positions P1 to P5, representing TFL and ventral to central Gmed, showed the highest mean amplitude levels (averaged over the whole stride; 0.001 < p < 0.027 against P6 to P8; Bonferroni-adjusted paired t-test) at all walking speeds. Also, the respective curves showed two distinct amplitude peaks (representing load acceptance and hip stabilization during mid-stance), with a continuous increase of the first peak from P1 to P4 (most pronounced at fast speed) and the second peak from P1 to P3. Independently of the underlying individual muscles, both peaks displayed a continuous time shift from the most dorsal P8 to the most ventral P1 position, with the peaks for the ventral positions occurring at later time points during the normalized stride. CONCLUSIONS The continuously changing activation patterns of the superficial muscles in the gluteal region during walking may reflect function-driven, finely tuned coordination patterns of neighboring muscles and muscle segments, rather than independent activation of anatomically defined muscles. This may be important for the definition of specific target parameters for the improvement and/or normalization of muscle function during training and post-injury rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Anders
- Division of Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Clinic for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Patenge
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Sander
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Frank Layher
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Uta Biedermann
- Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus "Rudolf Elle", Eisenberg, Germany
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155
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Mercken EM, Capri M, Carboneau BA, Conte M, Heidler J, Santoro A, Martin-Montalvo A, Gonzalez-Freire M, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, Moaddel R, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Villalba JM, Mattison JA, Wittig I, Franceschi C, de Cabo R. Conserved and species-specific molecular denominators in mammalian skeletal muscle aging. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649426 PMCID: PMC5460213 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon involving functional decline in multiple physiological systems. We undertook a comparative analysis of skeletal muscle from four different species, i.e. mice, rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans, at three different representative stages during their lifespan (young, middle, and old) to identify pathways that modulate function and healthspan. Gene expression profiling and computational analysis revealed that pathway complexity increases from mice to humans, and as mammals age, there is predominantly an upregulation of pathways in all species. Two downregulated pathways, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, were common among all four species in response to aging. Quantitative PCR, biochemical analysis, mitochondrial DNA measurements, and electron microscopy revealed a conserved age-dependent decrease in mitochondrial content, and a reduction in oxidative phosphorylation complexes in monkeys and humans. Western blot analysis of key proteins in mitochondrial biogenesis discovered that (i) an imbalance toward mitochondrial fusion occurs in aged skeletal muscle and (ii) mitophagy is not overtly affected, presumably leading to the observed accumulation of abnormally large, damaged mitochondria with age. Select transcript expression analysis uncovered that the skeletal inflammatory profile differentially increases with age, but is most pronounced in humans, while increased oxidative stress (as assessed by protein carbonyl adducts and 4-hydroxynonenal) is common among all species. Expression studies also found that there is unique dysregulation of the nutrient sensing pathways among the different species with age. The identification of conserved pathways indicates common molecular mechanisms intrinsic to health and lifespan, whereas the recognition of species-specific pathways emphasizes the importance of human studies for devising optimal therapeutic modalities to slow the aging process. Aging is a complex phenomenon involving functional declines in multiple physiological systems with the passage of time. Focusing on skeletal muscle, a group of international scientists identified pathways involved in healthspan and by determining global gene expression profiles across species they exposed common mechanisms fundamental to the aging process. Their experimental design involved comparative analysis of mice, rats, rhesus monkeys and humans, targeting three key time points during their respective lifespans. Pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation and nutrient signaling, which function collectively to affect the quality and status of mitochondria, emerged across all species in an age-influenced manner. The identification of conserved pathways reveals molecular mechanisms intrinsic to health and survival, whereas the unveiling of species-specific pathways emphasizes the importance of human studies for devising optimal therapeutic modalities to slow the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi M Mercken
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt "Macromolecular Complexes," Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandro Martin-Montalvo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Husam Khraiwesh
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José A González-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Bioanalytical and Drug Development Unit, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - José M Villalba
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Poolesville, MD 20837 USA
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt "Macromolecular Complexes," Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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156
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Godfrey A. Wearables for independent living in older adults: Gait and falls. Maturitas 2017; 100:16-26. [PMID: 28539173 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.03.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Solutions are needed to satisfy care demands of older adults to live independently. Wearable technology (wearables) is one approach that offers a viable means for ubiquitous, sustainable and scalable monitoring of the health of older adults in habitual free-living environments. Gait has been presented as a relevant (bio)marker in ageing and pathological studies, with objective assessment achievable by inertial-based wearables. Commercial wearables have struggled to provide accurate analytics and have been limited by non-clinically oriented gait outcomes. Moreover, some research-grade wearables also fail to provide transparent functionality due to limitations in proprietary software. Innovation within this field is often sporadic, with large heterogeneity of wearable types and algorithms for gait outcomes leading to a lack of pragmatic use. This review provides a summary of the recent literature on gait assessment through the use of wearables, focusing on the need for an algorithm fusion approach to measurement, culminating in the ability to better detect and classify falls. A brief presentation of wearables in one pathological group is presented, identifying appropriate work for researchers in other cohorts to utilise. Suggestions for how this domain needs to progress are also summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Godfrey
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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157
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Gonzalez-Freire M, Semba RD, Ubaida-Mohien C, Fabbri E, Scalzo P, Højlund K, Dufresne C, Lyashkov A, Ferrucci L. The Human Skeletal Muscle Proteome Project: a reappraisal of the current literature. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:5-18. [PMID: 27897395 PMCID: PMC5326819 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a large organ that accounts for up to half the total mass of the human body. A progressive decline in muscle mass and strength occurs with ageing and in some individuals configures the syndrome of 'sarcopenia', a condition that impairs mobility, challenges autonomy, and is a risk factor for mortality. The mechanisms leading to sarcopenia as well as myopathies are still little understood. The Human Skeletal Muscle Proteome Project was initiated with the aim to characterize muscle proteins and how they change with ageing and disease. We conducted an extensive review of the literature and analysed publically available protein databases. A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included 'human', 'skeletal muscle', 'proteome', 'proteomic(s)', and 'mass spectrometry', 'liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)'. A catalogue of 5431 non-redundant muscle proteins identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics from 38 peer-reviewed scientific publications from 2002 to November 2015 was created. We also developed a nosology system for the classification of muscle proteins based on localization and function. Such inventory of proteins should serve as a useful background reference for future research on changes in muscle proteome assessed by quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches that occur with ageing and diseases. This classification and compilation of the human skeletal muscle proteome can be used for the identification and quantification of proteins in skeletal muscle to discover new mechanisms for sarcopenia and specific muscle diseases that can be targeted for the prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Elisa Fabbri
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Scalzo
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Alexey Lyashkov
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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CEDIKOVA M, PITULE P, KRIPNEROVA M, MARKOVA M, KUNCOVA J. Multiple Roles of Mitochondria in Aging Processes. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S519-S531. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic factors, nutrition, and lifestyle. According to mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondrial dysfunction is widely considered a major contributor to age-related processes. Mitochondria are both the main source and targets of detrimental reactions initiated in association with age-dependent deterioration of the cellular functions. Reactions leading to increased reactive oxygen species generation, mtDNA mutations, and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins result in subsequent induction of apoptotic events, impaired oxidative phosphorylation capacity, mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and autophagy. This review summarizes the major changes of mitochondria related to aging, with emphasis on mitochondrial DNA mutations, the role of the reactive oxygen species, and structural and functional changes of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. KUNCOVA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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159
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Han C, Ding D, Lopez MC, Manohar S, Zhang Y, Kim MJ, Park HJ, White K, Kim YH, Linser P, Tanokura M, Leeuwenburgh C, Baker HV, Salvi RJ, Someya S. Effects of Long-Term Exercise on Age-Related Hearing Loss in Mice. J Neurosci 2016; 36:11308-11319. [PMID: 27807171 PMCID: PMC5148246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2493-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise reduces the risk for obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and disability and is associated with longer lifespan expectancy (Taylor et al., 2004; Pahor et al., 2014; Anton et al., 2015; Arem et al., 2015). In contrast, decreased physical function is associated with hearing loss among older adults (Li et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2015). Here, we investigated the effects of long-term voluntary wheel running (WR) on age-related hearing loss (AHL) in CBA/CaJ mice, a well established model of AHL (Zheng et al., 1999). WR activity peaked at 6 months of age (12,280 m/d) and gradually decreased over time. At 24 months of age, the average WR distance was 3987 m/d. Twenty-four-month-old runners had less cochlear hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron loss and better auditory brainstem response thresholds at the low and middle frequencies compared with age-matched, non-WR controls. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of inner ear tissues from 6-month-old controls and runners revealed that WR resulted in a marked enrichment for GO gene sets associated with immune response, inflammatory response, vascular function, and apoptosis. In agreement with these results, there was reduced stria vascularis (SV) atrophy and reduced loss of capillaries in the SV of old runners versus old controls. Given that SV holds numerous capillaries that are essential for transporting oxygen and nutrients into the cochlea, our findings suggest that long-term exercise delays the progression of AHL by reducing age-related loss of strial capillaries associated with inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nearly two-thirds of adults aged 70 years or older develop significant age-related hearing loss (AHL), a condition that can lead to social isolation and major communication difficulties. AHL is also associated with decreased physical function among older adults. In the current study, we show that regular exercise slowed AHL and cochlear degeneration significantly in a well established murine model. Our data suggest that regular exercise delays the progression of AHL by reducing age-related loss of strial capillaries associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research
| | - Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, and
| | | | - Senthilvelan Manohar
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, and
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genotyping, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, and
| | | | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080
| | | | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Paul Linser
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, 113, Japan
| | | | | | - Richard J Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, and
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160
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is great interest in developing tools to measure healthy ageing and to identify early stages of health impairment, which may guide the implementation of interventions to prevent or delay the development of disease, disability, and mortality. Here, we review the most recent developments directed to operationalize, and test, definitions of healthy ageing. RECENT FINDINGS There is lack of consensus about how to define healthy ageing and, unsurprisingly, diversity in the instruments for its measurement. However, progress is being made in describing and in devising tools to capture the healthy ageing phenotype. Attempts to measure healthy ageing have relied primarily on cross-sectional data collected in older people. More recent studies have assessed the healthy ageing phenotype using markers of multiple functional domains and have used longitudinal data to model the dynamics and trajectories of healthy ageing. SUMMARY Given the complexity of the ageing process, no single measure is able to predict the ageing trajectory. Current attempts to operationalize the healthy ageing phenotype have relied on markers and data from earlier cohort studies and are limited by the tools used to collect data in those studies. Such data are often unsuitable to detect early subtle declines in function and/or are inappropriate for use in younger old adults. Future studies employing more objective and novel markers of healthy ageing are likely to offer opportunities to define and operationalize the healthy ageing phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mount
- aDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands bHuman Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University cDepartment of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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161
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Dawson A, Dennison E. Measuring the musculoskeletal aging phenotype. Maturitas 2016; 93:13-17. [PMID: 27131919 PMCID: PMC5061080 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The world is aging. The population aged over sixty years worldwide is predicted to rise from 841 million in 2013 to more than 2 billion by 2050. Musculoskeletal (MSK) disease is a significant burden on the aging population, contributing 7.5% of the disease burden in those aged over 60 years. MSK diseases have a pronounced effect on disability level and independence in old age, with a consequent significant public health burden and impact on quality of later life. As numbers of older individuals and their disease burden increase, it is important to examine MSK disease in older life in detail. The musculoskeletal aging phenotype comprises four often interwoven key elements - osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia and frailty - and this review will focus on these four themes. It is crucial that we are able to accurately measure each phenotype in order that we might identify those individuals at greatest risk of developing these conditions, and design trials of therapeutic agents that might impact their development. Accurate measurement of the musculoskeletal aging phenotype is necessary firstly to document the burden of each condition, and then to enable factors to be identified which may accelerate or retard their development or progression. In some areas of MSK disease, this work is more advanced (osteoporosis); in other areas (sarcopenia) the field is currently very rapidly evolving. We will explore the tools currently used to measure the musculoskeletal aging phenotype and how they compare, as well as highlight areas where more work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dawson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Elaine Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK; Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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162
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Hars M, Biver E, Chevalley T, Herrmann F, Rizzoli R, Ferrari S, Trombetti A. Low Lean Mass Predicts Incident Fractures Independently From FRAX: a Prospective Cohort Study of Recent Retirees. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:2048-2056. [PMID: 27253633 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Whether low muscle mass predisposes to fracture is still poorly understood. In the diagnosis of sarcopenia, different thresholds for low lean mass have been proposed but comparative data for these criteria against hard outcomes such as fractures are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of low lean mass according to different thresholds used in operational definitions of sarcopenia and their association with 3-year fracture incidence in a cohort of healthy 63- to 67-year-old community dwellers. In a longitudinal analysis of 913 participants (mean age 65.0 ± 1.4 years) enrolled in the Geneva Retirees Cohort (GERICO) study, lean mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and low trauma clinical fracture incidence was recorded over a 3-year period. Prevalence of low lean mass ranged from 3.5% to 20.2% according to the threshold applied. During a follow-up of 3.4 ± 0.9 years, 40 (4.4%) participants sustained at least one low trauma fracture. After multivariate adjustment including Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) probability with femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), low lean mass, as defined by Baumgartner thresholds, was associated with higher fracture risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% CI, 1.04 to 5.18; p = 0.040). It also added significant predictive value beyond FRAX (likelihood ratio test for nested models, 4.28; p < 0.039). No significant association was found for other definition thresholds. The coexistence of sarcopenia and a T-score <-2.5 at spine or hip was associated with a 3.39-fold (95% CI, 1.54 to 7.46; p = 0.002) increase in low trauma fracture risk. In conclusion, low lean mass, as defined by the Baumgartner thresholds, is a predictor of incident fractures in a large cohort of healthy 65-year-old community dwellers, independently of FRAX probability. The increased risk is related to the threshold for low lean mass selected. These findings suggest that identification of sarcopenia should be considered in fracture risk assessment beyond usual risk factors. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélany Hars
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Biver
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Chevalley
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Herrmann
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Thônex, Switzerland
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Trombetti
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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163
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Bonne SL, Livingston DH. Changes in Organ Physiology in the Aging Adult. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40719-016-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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164
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Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T, Mourdoukoutas AP, Kronberg G, Truong D, Boggio P, Brunoni AR, Charvet L, Fregni F, Fritsch B, Gillick B, Hamilton RH, Hampstead BM, Jankord R, Kirton A, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Liu A, Loo C, Nitsche MA, Reis J, Richardson JD, Rotenberg A, Turkeltaub PE, Woods AJ. Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:641-661. [PMID: 27372845 PMCID: PMC5007190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review updates and consolidates evidence on the safety of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Safety is here operationally defined by, and limited to, the absence of evidence for a Serious Adverse Effect, the criteria for which are rigorously defined. This review adopts an evidence-based approach, based on an aggregation of experience from human trials, taking care not to confuse speculation on potential hazards or lack of data to refute such speculation with evidence for risk. Safety data from animal tests for tissue damage are reviewed with systematic consideration of translation to humans. Arbitrary safety considerations are avoided. Computational models are used to relate dose to brain exposure in humans and animals. We review relevant dose-response curves and dose metrics (e.g. current, duration, current density, charge, charge density) for meaningful safety standards. Special consideration is given to theoretically vulnerable populations including children and the elderly, subjects with mood disorders, epilepsy, stroke, implants, and home users. Evidence from relevant animal models indicates that brain injury by Direct Current Stimulation (DCS) occurs at predicted brain current densities (6.3-13 A/m(2)) that are over an order of magnitude above those produced by conventional tDCS. To date, the use of conventional tDCS protocols in human trials (≤40 min, ≤4 milliamperes, ≤7.2 Coulombs) has not produced any reports of a Serious Adverse Effect or irreversible injury across over 33,200 sessions and 1000 subjects with repeated sessions. This includes a wide variety of subjects, including persons from potentially vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pnina Grossman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatheer Adnan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Greg Kronberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulo Boggio
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leigh Charvet
- NYU MS Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brita Fritsch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette Gillick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hampstead
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Jankord
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB, OH, USA
| | - Adam Kirton
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Helena Knotkova
- MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York, NY, USA; Department of Social and Family Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Anli Liu
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen Loo
- Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute, Clinical Academic, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37075, Germany; Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica D Richardson
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter E Turkeltaub
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Research Division, MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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165
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Ferrucci L, Cooper R, Shardell M, Simonsick EM, Schrack JA, Kuh D. Age-Related Change in Mobility: Perspectives From Life Course Epidemiology and Geroscience. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1184-94. [PMID: 26975983 PMCID: PMC4978365 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobility is the most studied and most relevant physical ability affecting quality of life with strong prognostic value for disability and survival. Natural selection has built the "engine" of mobility with great robustness, redundancy, and functional reserve. Efficient patterns of mobility can be acquired during development even by children affected by severe impairments. Analogously, age-associated impairments in mobility-related physiological systems are compensated and overt limitations of mobility only occur when the severity can no longer be compensated. Mobility loss in older persons usually results from multiple impairments in the central nervous system, muscles, joints, and energetic and sensory physiological systems. Early preclinical changes in these physiological systems that precede mobility loss have been poorly studied. Peak performance, rate of decline, compensatory behaviors, or subclinical deterioration of physiological resources may cumulatively influence both timing of mobility loss and chances of recovery, but their role as risk factors has not been adequately characterized. Understanding the natural history of these early changes and intervening on them would likely be the most effective strategy to reduce the burden of disability in the population. For example, young women with low bone peak mass could be counseled to start strength resistance exercise to reduce their high risk of developing osteoporosis and fracture later in life. Expanding this approach to other physiological domains requires collecting and interpreting data from life course epidemiological studies, establishing normative measures of mobility, physical function, and physical activity, and connecting them with life course trajectories of the mobility-relevant physiological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jennifer A Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diana Kuh
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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166
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Mitochondria in the Aging Muscles of Flies and Mice: New Perspectives for Old Characters. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9057593. [PMID: 27630760 PMCID: PMC5007348 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9057593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass accompanied by a decrease in muscle strength and resistance and is the main cause of disability among the elderly. Muscle loss begins long before there is any clear physical impact in the senior adult. Despite all this, the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle aging are far from being understood. Recent studies have identified that not only mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction but also mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial calcium uptake could be involved in the degeneration of skeletal muscle mass. Mitochondrial homeostasis influences muscle quality which, in turn, could play a triggering role in signaling of systemic aging. Thus, it has become apparent that mitochondrial status in muscle cells could be a driver of whole body physiology and organismal aging. In the present review, we discuss the existing evidence for the mitochondria related mechanisms underlying the appearance of muscle aging and sarcopenia in flies and mice.
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167
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Li C, White SH, Warren LK, Wohlgemuth SE. Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of American American Quarter Horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:299-311. [PMID: 27283918 PMCID: PMC5040552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function, aerobic capacity, and mitochondrial (Mt) function have been found to decline with age in humans and rodents. However, not much is known about age-related changes in Mt function in equine skeletal muscle. Here, we compared fiber-type composition and Mt function in gluteus medius and triceps brachii muscle between young (age 1.8 ± 0.1 yr, n = 24) and aged (age 17-25 yr, n = 10) American Quarter Horses. The percentage of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIX was lower in aged compared with young muscles (gluteus, P = 0.092; triceps, P = 0.012), while the percentages of MHC I (gluteus; P < 0.001) and MHC IIA (triceps; P = 0.023) were increased. Mass-specific Mt density, indicated by citrate synthase activity, was unaffected by age in gluteus, but decreased in aged triceps (P = 0.023). Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity per milligram tissue and per Mt unit decreased with age in gluteus (P < 0.001 for both) and triceps (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase per milligram tissue was unaffected by age, but increased per Mt unit in aged gluteus and triceps (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mt respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers per milligram tissue was unaffected by age in both muscles. Main effects of age appeared when respiration was normalized to Mt content, with increases in LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and electron transport system capacity (P = 0.038, P = 0.045, and P = 0.007, respectively), independent of muscle. In conclusion, equine skeletal muscle aging was accompanied by a shift in fiber-type composition, decrease in Mt density and COX activity, but preserved Mt respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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