151
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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152
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Jing B, Wang ZA, Zhang C, Deng Q, Wei J, Luo Y, Zhang X, Li J, Du Y. Establishment and Application of Peristaltic Human Gut-Vessel Microsystem for Studying Host-Microbial Interaction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:272. [PMID: 32296697 PMCID: PMC7137556 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal floras influence a lot of biological functions of the organism. Although animal model are strong tools for researches on the relationship between host and microbe, a physiologically relevant in vitro human gut model was still required. Here, a novel human gut-vessel microfluidic system was established to study the host–microbial interaction. Peristaltic motion of the cells on the chip was driven by a pneumatic pump. When intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2) were co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the peristaltic microfluidic chip, Caco2 showed normal barrier and absorption functions after 5 days cultivation, which generally took 21 days in static Transwell models. Intestinal microvilli and glycocalyx layer were seen after 4 days cultivation, and Lactobacillus casei was successfully co-cultured for a week in the intestinal cavity. A model for intestinal damage and inflammatory responses caused by E. coli was set up on this chip, which were successfully suppressed by Lactobacillus casei or antibiotic. In summary, this human gut-vessel microfluidic system showed a good potential for investigating the host–microbial interaction and the effect and mechanism of microbiome on intestinal diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanfeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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153
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Huang J, Jiang Y, Ren Y, Liu Y, Wu X, Li Z, Ren J. Biomaterials and biosensors in intestinal organoid culture, a progress review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1501-1508. [PMID: 32170907 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging technology, intestinal organoids are promising new tools for basic and translational research in gastroenterology. Currently, culture of intestinal organoids relies mostly on a type of tumor-derived scaffolds, namely Matrigel, which may pose tumorigenic risks to organoid implantation. Apart from the traditional detection methods, such as tissue slicing and fluorescence staining, the monitoring of intestinal organoids requires real-time biosensors that can adapt to their three-dimensional dynamic growth patterns. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in developing definite hydrogel scaffolds for intestinal organoid culture and identified key parameters for scaffold design. In addition, classified by different substrate compositions like pH, electrolytes, and functional proteins, we concluded the existing live-imaging biosensors and elucidated their underlying mechanisms. We hope this review enhances the understanding of intestinal organoid culture and provides more practical approaches to investigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Huang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yungang Jiang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhan Ren
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, NARI School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
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154
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Peters MF, Landry T, Pin C, Maratea K, Dick C, Wagoner MP, Choy AL, Barthlow H, Snow D, Stevens Z, Armento A, Scott CW, Ayehunie S. Human 3D Gastrointestinal Microtissue Barrier Function As a Predictor of Drug-Induced Diarrhea. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:3-17. [PMID: 30364994 PMCID: PMC6390652 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicities (GITs) rank among the most common clinical side effects. Preclinical efforts to reduce incidence are limited by inadequate predictivity of in vitro assays. Recent breakthroughs in in vitro culture methods support intestinal stem cell maintenance and continual differentiation into the epithelial cell types resident in the intestine. These diverse cells self-assemble into microtissues with in vivo-like architecture. Here, we evaluate human GI microtissues grown in transwell plates that allow apical and/or basolateral drug treatment and 96-well throughput. Evaluation of assay utility focused on predictivity for diarrhea because this adverse effect correlates with intestinal barrier dysfunction which can be measured in GI microtissues using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). A validation set of widely prescribed drugs was assembled and tested for effects on TEER. When the resulting TEER inhibition potencies were adjusted for clinical exposure, a threshold was identified that distinguished drugs that induced clinical diarrhea from those that lack this liability. Microtissue TEER assay predictivity was further challenged with a smaller set of drugs whose clinical development was limited by diarrhea that was unexpected based on 1-month animal studies. Microtissue TEER accurately predicted diarrhea for each of these drugs. The label-free nature of TEER enabled repeated quantitation with sufficient precision to develop a mathematical model describing the temporal dynamics of barrier damage and recovery. This human 3D GI microtissue is the first in vitro assay with validated predictivity for diarrhea-inducing drugs. It should provide a platform for lead optimization and offers potential for dose schedule exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Peters
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Tim Landry
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721
| | - Carmen Pin
- Mechanistic Safety and ADME Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Kim Maratea
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Cortni Dick
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Matthew P Wagoner
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Allison L Choy
- Science and Enabling Units IT, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Herb Barthlow
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Deb Snow
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
| | | | - Alex Armento
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721
| | - Clay W Scott
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA 02451
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155
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Dosh RH, Jordan-Mahy N, Sammon C, Le Maitre CL. Use of l-pNIPAM hydrogel as a 3D-scaffold for intestinal crypts and stem cell tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:4310-4324. [PMID: 31410428 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells hold great potential in tissue regeneration of the intestine, however, there are key limitations in their culture in vitro. We previously reported a novel synthetic non-biodegradable hydrogel as a 3D culture model for intestinal epithelium using Caco2 and HT29-MTX cells. Here, we investigated the potential of this system as a 3D scaffold for crypts and single intestinal stem cells to support long-term culture and differentiation. Intestinal crypts were extracted from murine small intestines and Lgr5+ stem cells isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting. Crypts and stem cells were suspended within Matrigel or l-pNIPAM for 14 days or suspended within Matrigel for 7 days then released, dissociated, and suspended within, or on l-pNIPAM hydrogel for 28 days. Cellular behaviour and phenotype were determined by histology and immunohistochemistry for stem cell and differentiation markers: Lgr5, E-cadherin MUC2 chromograninA and lysozymes. Isolated crypts and Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells formed enteroids with a central lumen surrounded by multiple crypt-like buds when cultured in Matrigel. In contrast, when crypts and stem cells were directly suspended within, or layered on l-pNIPAM hydrogel under dynamic culture conditions they formed spherical balls of cells, with no central lumen. When enteroids were initially formed in Matrigel from crypts or single Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and dissociated into small fragments or single cells and transferred to l-pNIPAM hydrogel they formed new larger enteroids with numerous crypt-like buds. These crypt-like buds showed the presence of mucin-producing cells, which resembled goblet cells, scattered throughout their structures. Immunohistochemistry staining also showed the expression of Lgr5 and differentiation markers of all the main intestinal cell types including: enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells. This demonstrated that l-pNIPAM hydrogel supported long-term culture of crypts and Lgr5+ stem cells and promoted intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Dosh
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, S1 1WB, UK.
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156
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Ao Z, Cai H, Havert DJ, Wu Z, Gong Z, Beggs JM, Mackie K, Guo F. One-Stop Microfluidic Assembly of Human Brain Organoids To Model Prenatal Cannabis Exposure. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4630-4638. [PMID: 32070103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) influences human brain development, but it is challenging to model PCE using animals and current cell culture techniques. Here, we developed a one-stop microfluidic platform to assemble and culture human cerebral organoids from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to investigate the effect of PCE on early human brain development. By incorporating perfusable culture chambers, air-liquid interface, and one-stop protocol, this microfluidic platform can simplify the fabrication procedure and produce a large number of organoids (169 organoids per 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm device area) without fusion, as compared with conventional fabrication methods. These one-stop microfluidic assembled cerebral organoids not only recapitulate early human brain structure, biology, and electrophysiology but also have minimal size variation and hypoxia. Under on-chip exposure to the psychoactive cannabinoid, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cerebral organoids exhibited reduced neuronal maturation, downregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptors, and impaired neurite outgrowth. Moreover, transient on-chip THC treatment also decreased spontaneous firing in these organoids. This one-stop microfluidic technique enables a simple, scalable, and repeatable organoid culture method that can be used not only for human brain organoids but also for many other human organoids including liver, kidney, retina, and tumor organoids. This technology could be widely used in modeling brain and other organ development, developmental disorders, developmental pharmacology and toxicology, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel J Havert
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhiyi Gong
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John M Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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157
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Shafiee A. Design and Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Printed Scaffolds for Cancer Precision Medicine. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:305-317. [PMID: 31992154 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-engineered scaffolds have been widely investigated as drug delivery systems (DDS) or cancer models with the aim to develop effective cancer therapies. The in vitro and in vivo models developed via 3D printing (3DP) and tissue engineering concepts have significantly contributed to our understanding of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in the cancer microenvironment. Moreover, 3D tumor models were used to study the therapeutic efficiency of anticancer drugs. The present study aims to provide an overview of applying the 3DP and tissue engineering concepts for cancer studies with suggestions for future research directions. The 3DP technologies being used for the fabrication of personalized DDS have been highlighted and the potential technical approaches and challenges associated with the fused deposition modeling, the inkjet-powder bed, and stereolithography as the most promising 3DP techniques for drug delivery purposes are briefly described. Then, the advances, challenges, and future perspectives in tissue-engineered cancer models for precision medicine are discussed. Overall, future advances in this arena depend on the continuous integration of knowledge from cancer biology, biofabrication techniques, multiomics and patient data, and medical needs to develop effective treatments ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes. Impact statement Three-dimensional printing (3DP) enables the fabrication of personalized medicines and drug delivery systems. The convergence of 3DP, tissue engineering concepts, and cancer biology could significantly improve our understanding of cancer biology and contribute to the development of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shafiee
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
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158
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Miller CP, Shin W, Ahn EH, Kim HJ, Kim DH. Engineering Microphysiological Immune System Responses on Chips. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:857-872. [PMID: 32673588 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues- and organs-on-chips are microphysiological systems (MPSs) that model the architectural and functional complexity of human tissues and organs that is lacking in conventional cell monolayer cultures. While substantial progress has been made in a variety of tissues and organs, chips recapitulating immune responses have not advanced as rapidly. This review discusses recent progress in MPSs for the investigation of immune responses. To illustrate recent developments, we focus on two cases in point: immunocompetent tumor microenvironment-on-a-chip devices that incorporate stromal and immune cell components and pathomimetic modeling of human mucosal immunity and inflammatory crosstalk. More broadly, we discuss the development of systems immunology-on-a-chip devices that integrate microfluidic engineering approaches with high-throughput omics measurements and emerging immunological applications of MPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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159
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Altay G, Batlle E, Fernández-Majada V, Martinez E. In vitro Self-organized Mouse Small Intestinal Epithelial Monolayer Protocol. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3514. [PMID: 33654739 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing protocols to obtain intestinal epithelial monolayers that recapitulate in vivo physiology to overcome the limitations of the organoids' closed geometry has become of great interest during the last few years. Most of the developed culture models showed physiological-relevant cell composition but did not prove self-renewing capacities. Here, we show a simple method to obtain mouse small intestine-derived epithelial monolayers organized into proliferative crypt-like domains, containing stem cells, and differentiated villus-like regions, closely resembling the in vivo cell composition and distribution. In addition, we adapted our model to a tissue culture format compatible with functional studies and prove close to physiological barrier properties of our in vitro epithelial monolayers. Thus, we have set-up a protocol to generate physiologically relevant intestinal epithelial monolayers to be employed in assays where independent access to both luminal and basolateral compartments is needed, such as drug absorption, intracellular trafficking and microbiome-epithelium interaction assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Altay
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Colorectal Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Majada
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martinez
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
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160
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Snyder J, Wang CM, Zhang AQ, Li Y, Luchan J, Hosic S, Koppes R, Carrier RL, Koppes A. Materials and Microenvironments for Engineering the Intestinal Epithelium. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1916-1940. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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161
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Suzuki A, Kato H, Kawakami T, Kodama Y, Shiozawa M, Kuwae H, Miwa K, Hoshikawa E, Haga K, Shiomi A, Uenoyama A, Saitoh I, Hayasaki H, Mizuno J, Izumi K. Development of microstructured fish scale collagen scaffolds to manufacture a tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalent. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:578-600. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1706147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Biomimetics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Division of Biomimetics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | - Mayuko Shiozawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwae
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keito Miwa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Hoshikawa
- Division of Biomimetics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenta Haga
- Division of Biomimetics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Aki Shiomi
- Division of Dental Education Research Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Uenoyama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Mizuno
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
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162
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Hinman SS, Kim R, Wang Y, Phillips KS, Attayek PJ, Allbritton NL. Microphysiological System Design: Simplicity Is Elegance. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:94-102. [PMID: 32095672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Design parameters for microphysiological systems (MPS) are driven by the need for new tools to answer questions focusing on human physiology in a robust and reliable manner. Within this perspective, engineering benchmarks and principles are identified to guide the construction of new devices in the MPS field, with emphasis placed on the design principles common to all tissues, as well as those unique to a subset of tissues. Leading organ replica technologies that recapitulate various functions of the brain, heart, intestine, and lung are highlighted as examples that meet the identified benchmarks and standards, with current barriers for large scale production and commercialization discussed. To reach their full potential and achieve widespread use, MPS will have to be recognized officially by government agencies, and toward this end, considerations of MPS as a potential regulatory tool are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - K Scott Phillips
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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163
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Kwon O, Han TS, Son MY. Intestinal Morphogenesis in Development, Regeneration, and Disease: The Potential Utility of Intestinal Organoids for Studying Compartmentalization of the Crypt-Villus Structure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593969. [PMID: 33195268 PMCID: PMC7644937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and structure of the intestinal epithelium are rearranged dynamically during development, tissue regeneration, and disease progression. The most important characteristic of intestinal epithelial morphogenesis is the repetitive compartmentalized structures of crypt-villus units, which are crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and functions. Abnormal structures are known to be closely associated with disease development and progression. Therefore, understanding how intestinal crypt-villus structures are formed and grown is essential for elucidating the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the intestinal epithelium. However, a critical knowledge gap in understanding the compartmentalization of the crypt-villus axis remains when using animal models, due to obvious inter-species differences and difficulty in real-time monitoring. Recently, emerging technologies such as organoid culture, lineage tracing, and single cell sequencing have enabled the assessment of the intrinsic mechanisms of intestinal epithelial morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss the latest research on the regulatory factors and signaling pathways that play a central role in the formation, maintenance, and regeneration of crypt-villus structures in the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, we discuss how these factors and pathways play a role in development, tissue regeneration, and disease. We further explore how the current technology of three-dimensional intestinal organoids has contributed to the understanding of crypt-villus compartmentalization, highlighting new findings related to the self-organizing-process-driven initiation and propagation of crypt-villus structures. We also discuss intestinal diseases featuring abnormalities of the crypt-villus structure to provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal morphogenesis and crypt-villus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohman Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Su Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Tae-Su Han,
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Mi-Young Son,
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164
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Xiang Y, Wen H, Yu Y, Li M, Fu X, Huang S. Gut-on-chip: Recreating human intestine in vitro. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420965318. [PMID: 33282173 PMCID: PMC7682210 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420965318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is important for food digestion and absorption, as well as a venue for a large number of microorganisms that coexist with the host. Although numerous in vitro models have been proposed to study intestinal pathology or interactions between intestinal microbes and host, they are far from recapitulating the real intestinal microenvironment in vivo. To assist researchers in further understanding gut physiology, the intestinal microbiome, and disease processes, a novel technology primarily based on microfluidics and cell biology, called "gut-on-chip," was developed to simulate the structure, function, and microenvironment of the human gut. In this review, we first introduce various types of gut-on-chip systems, then highlight their applications in drug pharmacokinetics, host-gut microbiota crosstalk, and nutrition metabolism. Finally, we discuss challenges in this field and prospects for better understanding interactions between intestinal flora and human hosts, and then provide guidance for clinical treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongfei Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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165
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Lee SH, Choi N, Sung JH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic insights from microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1005-1019. [PMID: 31794278 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: After administration, a drug undergoes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) before exerting its effect on the body. The combination of these process yields the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of a drug. Although accurate prediction of PK and PD profiles is essential for drug development, conventional in vitro models are limited by their lack of physiological relevance. Recently, microtechnology-based in vitro model systems, termed 'organ-on-a-chip,' have emerged as a potential solution.Areas covered: Orally administered drugs are absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to the liver before entering systemic circulation, which plays an important role in the PK and PD profiles. Recently developed, chip-based in vitro models can be useful models for simulating such processes and will be covered in this paper.Expert opinion: The potential of intestine-on-a-chip models combined with conventional PK-PD modeling has been demonstrated with promising preliminary results. However, there are several challenges to overcome. Development of the intestinal wall, integration of the gut microbiome, and the provision of an intestine-specific environment must be achieved to realize in vivo-like intestinal model and enhance the efficiency of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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166
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Liu H, Wang Y, Cui K, Guo Y, Zhang X, Qin J. Advances in Hydrogels in Organoids and Organs-on-a-Chip. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902042. [PMID: 31282047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in materials, microscale technology, and stem cell biology have enabled the construction of 3D tissues and organs, which will ultimately lead to more effective diagnostics and therapy. Organoids and organs-on-a-chip (OOC), evolved from developmental biology and bioengineering principles, have emerged as major technological breakthrough and distinct model systems to revolutionize biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the key structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. There is growing interest in the development of functional biomaterials, especially hydrogels, for utilization in these promising systems to build more physiologically relevant 3D tissues with defined properties. The remarkable properties of defined hydrogels as proper extracellular matrix that can instruct cellular behaviors are presented. The recent trend where functional hydrogels are integrated into organoids and OOC systems for the construction of 3D tissue models is highlighted. Future opportunities and perspectives in the development of advanced hydrogels toward accelerating organoids and OOC research in biomedical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kangli Cui
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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167
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De Gregorio V, Corrado B, Sbrescia S, Sibilio S, Urciuolo F, Netti PA, Imparato G. Intestine-on-chip device increases ECM remodeling inducing faster epithelial cell differentiation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:556-566. [PMID: 31598957 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An intestine-on-chip has been developed to study intestinal physiology and pathophysiology as well as intestinal transport absorption and toxicity studies in a controlled and human similar environment. Here, we report that dynamic culture of an intestine-on-chip enhances extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of the stroma, basement membrane production and speeds up epithelial differentiation. We developed a three-dimensional human intestinal stromal equivalent composed of human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts embedded in their own ECM. Then, we cultured human colon carcinoma-derived cells in both static and dynamic conditions in the opportunely designed microfluidic system until the formation of a well-oriented epithelium. This low cost and handy microfluidic device allows to qualitatively and quantitatively detect epithelial polarization and mucus production as well as monitor barrier function and ECM remodeling after nutraceutical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Corrado
- Departments of Naples, National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sara Sibilio
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.,Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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168
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Hinman SS, Wang Y, Allbritton NL. Photopatterned Membranes and Chemical Gradients Enable Scalable Phenotypic Organization of Primary Human Colon Epithelial Models. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15240-15247. [PMID: 31692334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical gradients across the intestinal epithelium play a major role in governing intestinal stem cell compartmentalization, differentiation dynamics, and organ-level self-renewal. However, scalable platforms that recapitulate the architecture and gradients present in vivo are absent. We present a platform in which individually addressable arrays of chemical gradients along the intestinal crypt long axis can be generated, enabling scalable culture of primary in vitro colonic epithelial replicas. The platform utilizes standardized well plate spacing, maintains access to basal and luminal compartments, and relies on a photopatterned porous membrane to act as diffusion windows while supporting the in vitro crypts. Simultaneous fabrication of 3875 crypts over a single membrane was developed. Growth factor gradients were modeled and then experimentally optimized to promote long-term health and self-renewal of the crypts which were assayed in situ by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The cultured in vitro crypt arrays successfully recapitulated the architecture and luminal-to-basal phenotypic polarity observed in vivo. Furthermore, known signaling regulators (e.g., butyrate and DAPT) produced measurable and predictable effects on the organized cell compartments, each decreasing crypt proliferation in the basal regions to negligible values. This platform is readily adaptable to the screening of tissue from individual patients to assay the impact of food and bacterial metabolites and/or drugs on colonic crypt dynamics. Importantly, the cassette is compatible with a wide range of sensing/detection modalities, and the developed fabrication methods should find applications for other cell and tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States , and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
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169
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Pahapale GJ, Gao S, Romer LH, Gracias DH. Hierarchically Curved Gelatin for 3D Biomimetic Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:6004-6011. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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170
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Evaluation of human primary intestinal monolayers for drug metabolizing capabilities. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:82. [PMID: 31709009 PMCID: PMC6829970 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal epithelium is a major site of drug metabolism in the human body, possessing enterocytes that house brush border enzymes and phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The enterocytes are supported by a porous extracellular matrix (ECM) that enables proper cell adhesion and function of brush border enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP), phase I DMEs that convert a parent drug to a more polar metabolite by introducing or unmasking a functional group, and phase II DMEs that form a covalent conjugate between a functional group on the parent compound or sequential metabolism of phase I metabolite. In our effort to develop an in vitro intestinal epithelium model, we investigate the impact of two previously described simple and customizable scaffolding systems, a gradient cross-linked scaffold and a conventional scaffold, on the ability of intestinal epithelial cells to produce drug metabolizing proteins as well as to metabolize exogenously added compounds. While the scaffolding systems possess a range of differences, they are most distinguished by their stiffness with the gradient cross-linked scaffold possessing a stiffness similar to that found in the in vivo intestine, while the conventional scaffold possesses a stiffness several orders of magnitude greater than that found in vivo. Results The monolayers on the gradient cross-linked scaffold expressed CYP3A4, UGTs 2B17, 1A1 and 1A10, and CES2 proteins at a level similar to that in fresh crypts/villi. The monolayers on the conventional scaffold expressed similar levels of CYP3A4 and UGTs 1A1 and 1A10 DMEs to that found in fresh crypts/villi but significantly decreased expression of UGT2B17 and CES2 proteins. The activity of CYP3A4 and UGTs 1A1 and 1A10 was inducible in cells on the gradient cross-linked scaffold when the cells were treated with known inducers, whereas the CYP3A4 and UGT activities were not inducible in cells grown on the conventional scaffold. Both monolayers demonstrate esterase activity but the activity measured in cells on the conventional scaffold could not be inhibited with a known CES2 inhibitor. Both monolayer culture systems displayed similar ALP and AAP brush border enzyme activity. When cells on the conventional scaffold were incubated with a yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibitor, CYP3A4 activity was greatly enhanced suggesting that mechano-transduction signaling can modulate drug metabolizing enzymes. Conclusions The use of a cross-linked hydrogel scaffold for expansion and differentiation of primary human intestinal stem cells dramatically impacts the induction of CYP3A4 and maintenance of UGT and CES drug metabolizing enzymes in vitro making this a superior substrate for enterocyte culture in DME studies. This work highlights the influence of mechanical properties of the culture substrate on protein expression and the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes as a critical factor in developing accurate assay protocols for pharmacokinetic studies using primary intestinal cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
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171
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Development of a villi-like micropatterned porous membrane for intestinal magnesium and calcium uptake studies. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:110-120. [PMID: 31465881 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal enterocytes are key players in the absorption of magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+). Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms by which their absorption behavior is regulated could greatly improve treatment strategies for stimulating intestinal absorption in diseases with Mg2+ and/or Ca2+ deficiency. However, such studies are hampered by the lack of in vitro intestinal cell models mimicking the mechanical and physiological properties of the gut. In this study we develop an in vitro gut model based on porous micropatterned membranes with villi-like surface topography and mechanical properties closely mimicking that of intestinal tissue. These membranes are prepared via phase separation micromolding using poly-ε-caprolactone/poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PCL/PLGA) polymer blend and can facilitate cellular differentiation of Caco-2 cells similar to native enterocytes. In fact, cells cultured on these micropatterned membranes form a brush border of microvilli with spatial differences in morphology and tight junction formation along the villous-base axis. Moreover, cells cultured on our membranes show a 2-fold increased alkaline phosphatase activity at the end of differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that cells cultured on our micropatterned membranes have a 4- and 1.5-fold increased uptake of 25Mg and 45Ca, respectively, compared to non-patterned membranes. These results indicate that the new membranes can mimic the intestinal environment and therefore can have a great impact on mineral uptake in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents the development of an in vitro gut model consisting of villi-like PCL/PLGA micropatterned membranes. These membranes are prepared via phase separation micromolding (PSμM), a technique which allows tailoring of the membrane surface topography combined with membrane porosity and interconnectivity which are important parameters for membranes used for in vitro transport studies. The culture of Caco-2 cells on these micropatterned membranes shows that they facilitate cellular differentiation similar to gut enterocytes. Our data indicate that mimicking the 3D geometry of the gut is very important for improving the physiological relevance of in vitro gut models. In the future, our micropatterned membranes with segment-specific geometries, in combination with isotopic measurements, would be applied to perform detailed ion uptake and transport studies.
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172
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Ladd MR, Costello CM, Gosztyla C, Werts AD, Johnson B, Fulton WB, Martin LY, Redfield EJ, Crawford B, Panaparambil R, Sodhi CP, March JC, Hackam DJ. Development of Intestinal Scaffolds that Mimic Native Mammalian Intestinal Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1225-1241. [PMID: 30652526 PMCID: PMC6760185 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study is significant because it demonstrates an attempt to design a scaffold specifically for small intestine using a novel fabrication method, resulting in an architecture that resembles intestinal villi. In addition, we use the versatile polymer poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) for artificial intestine, which has tunable mechanical and degradation properties that can be harnessed for further fine-tuning of scaffold design. Moreover, the utilization of PGS allows for future development of growth factor and drug delivery from the scaffolds to promote artificial intestine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cait M. Costello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Carolyn Gosztyla
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam D. Werts
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Blake Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B. Fulton
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Y. Martin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth J. Redfield
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bryan Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rohan Panaparambil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John C. March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David J. Hackam
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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173
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Luu L, Johnston LJ, Derricott H, Armstrong SD, Randle N, Hartley CS, Duckworth CA, Campbell BJ, Wastling JM, Coombes JL. An Open-Format Enteroid Culture System for Interrogation of Interactions Between Toxoplasma gondii and the Intestinal Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:300. [PMID: 31555604 PMCID: PMC6723115 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When transmitted through the oral route, Toxoplasma gondii first interacts with its host at the small intestinal epithelium. This interaction is crucial to controlling initial invasion and replication, as well as shaping the quality of the systemic immune response. It is therefore an attractive target for the design of novel vaccines and adjuvants. However, due to a lack of tractable infection models, we understand surprisingly little about the molecular pathways that govern this interaction. The in vitro culture of small intestinal epithelium as 3D enteroids shows great promise for modeling the epithelial response to infection. However, the enclosed luminal space makes the application of infectious agents to the apical epithelial surface challenging. Here, we have developed three novel enteroid-based techniques for modeling T. gondii infection. In particular, we have adapted enteroid culture protocols to generate collagen-supported epithelial sheets with an exposed apical surface. These cultures retain epithelial polarization, and the presence of fully differentiated epithelial cell populations. They are susceptible to infection with, and support replication of, T. gondii. Using quantitative label-free mass spectrometry, we show that T. gondii infection of the enteroid epithelium is associated with up-regulation of proteins associated with cholesterol metabolism, extracellular exosomes, intermicrovillar adhesion, and cell junctions. Inhibition of host cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis with Atorvastatin resulted in a reduction in parasite load only at higher doses, indicating that de novo synthesis may support, but is not required for, parasite replication. These novel models therefore offer tractable tools for investigating how interactions between T. gondii and the host intestinal epithelium influence the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Derricott
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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174
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Current understanding of the gut microbiota shaping mechanisms. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:59. [PMID: 31434568 PMCID: PMC6702754 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences have shown strong associations between gut microbiota and many human diseases, and understanding the dynamic crosstalks of host-microbe interaction in the gut has become necessary for the detection, prevention, or therapy of diseases. Many reports have showed that diet, nutrient, pharmacologic factors and many other stimuli play dominant roles in the modulation of gut microbial compositions. However, it is inappropriate to neglect the impact of host factors on shaping the gut microbiota. In this review, we highlighted the current findings of the host factors that could modulate the gut microbiota. Particularly the epithelium-associated factors, including the innate immune sensors, anti-microbial peptides, mucus barrier, secretory IgAs, epithelial microvilli, epithelial tight junctions, epithelium metabolism, oxygen barrier, and even the microRNAs are discussed in the context of the microbiota shaping. With these shaping factors, the gut epithelial cells could select the residing microbes and affect the microbial composition. This knowledge not only could provide the opportunities to better control many diseases, but may also be used for predicting the success of fecal microbiota transplantation clinically.
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175
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Creff J, Courson R, Mangeat T, Foncy J, Souleille S, Thibault C, Besson A, Malaquin L. Fabrication of 3D scaffolds reproducing intestinal epithelium topography by high-resolution 3D stereolithography. Biomaterials 2019; 221:119404. [PMID: 31419651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is a complex tissue with a crypt/villus architecture and high tissue polarity. Maintenance of tissue integrity and function is supported by a constant renewal of the epithelium, with proliferative cells located in the crypts and differentiated cells migrating upward to the top of villi. So far, most in vitro studies have been limited to 2D surfaces or 3D organoid cultures that do not fully recapitulate the tissue 3D architecture, microenvironment and cell compartmentalization found in vivo. Here, we report the development of a 3D model that reproduces more faithfully the architecture of the intestinal epithelium in vitro. We developed a new fabrication process combining a photopolymerizable hydrogel that supports the growth of intestinal cell lines with high-resolution stereolithography 3D printing. This approach offers the possibility to create artificial 3D scaffolds matching the dimensions and architecture of mouse intestinal crypts and villi. We demonstrate that these 3D culture models support the growth and differentiation of Caco-2 cells for 3 weeks. These models may constitute a complementary approach to organoid cultures to study intestinal homeostasis by allowing guided self-organization and controlled differentiation, as well as for in vitro drug screening and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Creff
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France; LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Courson
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mangeat
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | | | - C Thibault
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées-INSA, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
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176
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Brovold M, Almeida JI, Pla-Palacín I, Sainz-Arnal P, Sánchez-Romero N, Rivas JJ, Almeida H, Dachary PR, Serrano-Aulló T, Soker S, Baptista PM. Naturally-Derived Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1077:421-449. [PMID: 30357702 PMCID: PMC7526297 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-derived biomaterials have been used for decades in multiple regenerative medicine applications. From the simplest cell microcarriers made of collagen or alginate, to highly complex decellularized whole-organ scaffolds, these biomaterials represent a class of substances that is usually first in choice at the time of electing a functional and useful biomaterial. Hence, in this chapter we describe the several naturally-derived biomaterials used in tissue engineering applications and their classification, based on composition. We will also describe some of the present uses of the generated tissues like drug discovery, developmental biology, bioprinting and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brovold
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joana I Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jesus J Rivas
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Royo Dachary
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Liver Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Trinidad Serrano-Aulló
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Liver Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research Network Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain.
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177
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Wang Y, Shao Z, Zheng W, Xie Y, Luo G, Ding M, Liang Q. A 3D construct of the intestinal canal with wrinkle morphology on a centrifugation configuring microfluidic chip. Biofabrication 2019; 11:045001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab21b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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178
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Astragalus polysaccharides attenuated inflammation and balanced the gut microflora in mice challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105681. [PMID: 31220694 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium (S. t.) is one of the main pathogens that causes acute gastroenteritis. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) in vivo and its influence on the intestinal flora, BALB/c mice were infected with S. t. to establish a model of diarrhea. The disease activity index (DAI) scores showed that APS attenuated S. t.-induced weight loss and diarrhea in mice. APS significantly reduced the index of the liver and spleen as well as the ALT and AST levels in serum (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) results indicated that APS significantly increased jejunum villus height and crypt depth and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells (P < 0.05). Additionally, APS increased the tight junction (TJ) proteins expression levels of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 in the jejunum. The results of 16S rDNA showed that APS significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. to normal levels (compared with the control group). In addition, APS significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 in the jejunum (P < 0.01) as well as the proteins expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS (P < 0.05). Western blot confirmed that prefeeding with APS inhibited S. t.-induced expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the jejunum and further inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, including the nuclear translocation of the p65 NF-κB subunit and the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α. This was the key to APS inhibition of the production of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators in the jejunum.
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179
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Costa J, Ahluwalia A. Advances and Current Challenges in Intestinal in vitro Model Engineering: A Digest. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:144. [PMID: 31275931 PMCID: PMC6591368 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological environment of the intestine is characterized by its variegated composition, numerous functions and unique dynamic conditions, making it challenging to recreate the organ in vitro. This review outlines the requirements for engineering physiologically relevant intestinal in vitro models, mainly focusing on the importance of the mechano-structural cues that are often neglected in classic cell culture systems. More precisely: the topography, motility and flow present in the intestinal epithelium. After defining quantitative descriptors for these features, we describe the current state of the art, citing relevant approaches used to address one (or more) of the elements in question, pursuing a progressive conceptual construction of an "ideal" biomimetic intestinal model. The review concludes with a critical assessment of the currently available methods to summarize the important features of the intestinal tissue in the light of their different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center “E. Piaggio” and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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180
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an array of stem cell-derived, self-organizing miniature organs, termed organoids, that replicate the key structural and functional characteristics of their in vivo counterparts. As organoid technology opens up new frontiers of research in biomedicine, there is an emerging need for innovative engineering approaches for the production, control, and analysis of organoids and their microenvironment. In this Review, we explore organ-on-a-chip technology as a platform to fulfill this need and examine how this technology may be leveraged to address major technical challenges in organoid research. We also discuss emerging opportunities and future obstacles for the development and application of organoid-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Estelle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrei Georgescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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181
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Huang J, Ren Y, Wu X, Li Z, Ren J. Gut bioengineering promotes gut repair and pharmaceutical research: a review. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419839846. [PMID: 31037215 PMCID: PMC6475831 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419839846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a diverse set of physiological functions, including peristalsis, immune defense, and nutrient absorptions. These functions are mediated by various intestinal cells such as epithelial cells, interstitial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurocytes. The loss or dysfunction of specific cells directly results in GI disease, while supplementation of normal cells promotes gut healing. Gut bioengineering has been developing for this purpose to reconstruct the damaged tissues. Moreover, GI tract provides an accessible route for drug delivery, but the collateral damages induced by side effects cannot be ignored. Bioengineered intestinal tissues provide three-dimensional platforms that mimic the in vivo environment to study drug functions. Given the importance of gut bioengineering in current research, in this review, we summarize the advances in the technologies of gut bioengineering and their applications. We were able to identify several ground-breaking discoveries in our review, while more work is needed to promote the clinical translation of gut bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Huang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhan Ren
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongan Li
- School of NARI Electrical and Automation Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
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182
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Holloway EM, Capeling MM, Spence JR. Biologically inspired approaches to enhance human organoid complexity. Development 2019; 146:dev166173. [PMID: 30992275 PMCID: PMC6503984 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are complex three-dimensional in vitro organ-like model systems. Human organoids, which are derived from human pluripotent stem cells or primary human donor tissue, have been used to address fundamental questions about human development, stem cell biology and organ regeneration. Focus has now shifted towards implementation of organoids for biological discovery and advancing existing systems to more faithfully recapitulate the native organ. This work has highlighted significant unknowns in human biology and has invigorated new exploration into the cellular makeup of human organs during development and in the adult - work that is crucial for providing appropriate benchmarks for organoid systems. In this Review, we discuss efforts to characterize human organ cellular complexity and attempts to make organoid models more realistic through co-culture, transplantation and bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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183
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O'Driscoll CM, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Friedl JD, Préat V, Jannin V. Oral delivery of non-viral nucleic acid-based therapeutics - do we have the guts for this? Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 133:190-204. [PMID: 30946964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy with RNA and pDNA-based drugs is limited by poor enzymatic stability and poor cellular permeation. The delivery of nucleic acids, in particular by the oral route, remains a major hurdle. This review will focus on the barriers to the oral delivery of nucleic acids and the strategies, in particular formulation strategies, which have been developed to overcome these barriers. Due to their very low oral bioavailability, the most obvious and most investigated biomedical applications for their oral delivery are related to the local treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancers. Preclinical data but not yet clinical studies support the potential use of the oral route for the local delivery of formulated nucleic acid-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julian D Friedl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Véronique Préat
- Universite catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier, 73 bte B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest cedex, France.
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184
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Zakhem E, Raghavan S, Suhar RA, Bitar KN. Bioengineering and regeneration of gastrointestinal tissue: where are we now and what comes next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:527-537. [PMID: 30880502 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1595579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been applied to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for a couple decades. Several achievements have been accomplished that provide promising tools for treating diseases of the GI tract. AREAS COVERED The work described in this review covers the traditional aspect of using cells and scaffolds to replace parts of the tract. Several studies investigated different types of biomaterials and different types of cells. A more recent approach involved the use of gut-derived organoid units that can differentiate into all gut cell layers. The most recent approach introduced the use of organ-on-a-chip concept to understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the GI system. EXPERT OPINION The different approaches tackle the diseases of the GI tract from different perspectives. While all these different approaches provide a promising and encouraging future for this field, the translational aspect is yet to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Zakhem
- a Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,b Section on Gastroenterology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- c Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Riley A Suhar
- d Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Khalil N Bitar
- a Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,b Section on Gastroenterology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,e Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering Sciences , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
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185
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Castaño AG, García-Díaz M, Torras N, Altay G, Comelles J, Martínez E. Dynamic photopolymerization produces complex microstructures on hydrogels in a moldless approach to generate a 3D intestinal tissue model. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025007. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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186
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Dutton JS, Hinman SS, Kim R, Wang Y, Allbritton NL. Primary Cell-Derived Intestinal Models: Recapitulating Physiology. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:744-760. [PMID: 30591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevant intestinal models fueled by breakthroughs in primary cell-culture methods has enabled successful recapitulation of key features of intestinal physiology. These advances, paired with engineering methods, for example incorporating chemical gradients or physical forces across the tissues, have yielded ever more sophisticated systems that enhance our understanding of the impact of the host microbiome on human physiology as well as on the genesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review we highlight recent advances in the development and usage of primary cell-derived intestinal models incorporating monolayers, organoids, microengineered platforms, and macrostructured systems, and discuss the expected directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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187
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Torras N, García-Díaz M, Fernández-Majada V, Martínez E. Mimicking Epithelial Tissues in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:197. [PMID: 30619844 PMCID: PMC6305315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are composed of layers of tightly connected cells shaped into complex three-dimensional (3D) structures such as cysts, tubules, or invaginations. These complex 3D structures are important for organ-specific functions and often create biochemical gradients that guide cell positioning and compartmentalization within the organ. One of the main functions of epithelia is to act as physical barriers that protect the underlying tissues from external insults. In vitro, epithelial barriers are usually mimicked by oversimplified models based on cell lines grown as monolayers on flat surfaces. While useful to answer certain questions, these models cannot fully capture the in vivo organ physiology and often yield poor predictions. In order to progress further in basic and translational research, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine, it is essential to advance the development of new in vitro predictive models of epithelial tissues that are capable of representing the in vivo-like structures and organ functionality more accurately. Here, we review current strategies for obtaining biomimetic systems in the form of advanced in vitro models that allow for more reliable and safer preclinical tests. The current state of the art and potential applications of self-organized cell-based systems, organ-on-a-chip devices that incorporate sensors and monitoring capabilities, as well as microfabrication techniques including bioprinting and photolithography, are discussed. These techniques could be combined to help provide highly predictive drug tests for patient-specific conditions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Torras
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María García-Díaz
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Majada
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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188
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De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Micro-patterned endogenous stroma equivalent induces polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:43-59. [PMID: 30282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for digestion, drug and nutrient absorption, as well as a primary site for many diseases. Current in vitro gut models fail in reproducing the complex intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) network of the lamina propria and the peculiar architecture of the crypt-villus axis. Here we proposed a novel in vitro human intestine model that mimics the intestinal stromal topography and composition and strictly reproduces the tissue polarity with the crypt-villus architecture. First we developed a 3D human intestinal stromal equivalent (3D-ISE) composed of human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) embedded in their own extracellular matrix. Then, we seeded human colon carcinoma-derived cells (Caco-2) onto flat or patterned cell-synthetized stromal equivalent structure and cultured them until the formation of a well-oriented epithelium. We demonstrated that the patterned stroma increases the absorbing surface area, the epithelial proliferation rate, and the density of microvilli. In addition it induces changes in the biological functions of the epithelial cells such as enzymes and mucus production, polarization and tightness showing a physiological cell-lineage compartmentalization along the crypt/villi axes with the undifferentiated phenotypes at the base. At last, we reproduced an inflamed intestinal tissue model in which we identified the contribution of the stromal microenvironment by molecular (cytokines release and MMPs production) and immunofluorescence analyses and the effects of the epithelial-stromal cross-talk in the intestinal innate immunity by multiphoton investigation that revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intestinal stroma morphology and composition has a fundamental role in crypt-villus development and appropriate epithelial cell-lineage compartmentalization. On this base, here we develop an engineered organotypic model of human intestine equivalent in which a functional epithelial/ECM crosstalk is recapitulated. Due to its accessible luminal surface it provides a new platform for preclinical studies of mucosal immunology and bowel inflammation as well as the assessment of pharmaco-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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189
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3D polyelectrolyte scaffolds to mimic exocrine glands: a step towards a prostate-on-chip platform. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2018-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We report our approach to creating a microfluidic chip (namely UroLOC) that mimics the acinar/tubular structure and the luminal microenvironment of exocrine glands. The chip utilises a nanostructured membrane that is designed to provide a 3-dimensional supporting scaffold for the growth of exocrine acinus epithelial cells. The nanostructured membrane was produced using layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes, and formed into 3-dimensional hemispherical cavities and “finger-like” structures in order to mimic the natural architecture of acini found in exocrine glands. We utilised normal (PNT2) and cancerous (PC3, LNCaP) prostate epithelial cells to demonstrate the proof-of-concept of using MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation) profiling of secretions collected after 48 hours of cell growth, with no concentration or purification steps and without any a priori on the knowledge of targeted proteins. This MALDI profiling analysis of the crude supernatants from 3 different cell lines (PNT2, PC3 and LNCaP) demonstrated the capacity of the MALDI profiling approach to discriminate between the different secretome signatures. The UroLOC concept and secretome profiling that we describe opens new opportunities in terms of liquid-biopsy based diagnosis, particularly for the early stages of carcinogenesis.
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190
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Trujillo-de Santiago G, Lobo-Zegers MJ, Montes-Fonseca SL, Zhang YS, Alvarez MM. Gut-microbiota-on-a-chip: an enabling field for physiological research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 33954286 DOI: 10.21037/mps.2018.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming scientific evidence today confirms that the gut microbiota is a central player in human health. Knowledge about interactions between human gut microbiota and human health has evolved rapidly in the last decade, based on experimental work involving analysis of human fecal samples or animal models (mainly rodents). A more detailed and cost-effective description of this interplay is now being enabled by the use of in vitro systems (i.e., gut-microbiota-on-chip systems) that recapitulate key aspects of the interaction between microbiota and human cells. Here, we review recent examples of the design and use of pioneering on-chip platforms for the study of the cross-talk between representative members of human microbiota and human microtissues. In these systems, the combined use of state-of-the-art microfluidics, biomaterials, cell culture techniques, classical microbiology, and a touch of genetic expression profiling have converged for the development of gut-on-chip platforms capable of recreating key features of the interplay between human microbiota and host human tissues. We foresee that the integration of novel microfabrication techniques and stem cell technologies will further accelerate the development of more complex and physiologically relevant microbiota-on-chip platforms. In turn, this will foster the faster acquisition of knowledge regarding human microbiota and will enable important advances in the understanding of how to control or prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey.,Departamento de Mecatrónica e Ingeniería Eléctrica, Campus Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Matías José Lobo-Zegers
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey.,Departamento de Mecatrónica e Ingeniería Eléctrica, Campus Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Silvia Lorena Montes-Fonseca
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, CP 31300, Chihuahua, México
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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192
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Mertz DR, Ahmed T, Takayama S. Engineering cell heterogeneity into organs-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2378-2395. [PMID: 30040104 PMCID: PMC6081245 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip development is an application that will benefit from advances in cell heterogeneity characterization because these culture models are intended to mimic in vivo microenvironments, which are complex and dynamic. Due in no small part to advances in microfluidic single cell analysis methods, cell-to-cell variability is an increasingly understood feature of physiological tissues, with cell types from as common as 1 out of every 2 cells to as rare as 1 out of every 100 000 cells having important roles in the biochemical and biological makeup of tissues and organs. Variability between neighboring cells can be transient or maintained, and ordered or stochastic. This review covers three areas of well-studied cell heterogeneity that are informative for organ-on-a-chip development efforts: tumors, the lung, and the intestine. Then we look at how recent single cell analysis strategies have enabled better understanding of heterogeneity within in vitro and in vivo tissues. Finally, we provide a few work-arounds for adapting current on-chip culture methods to better mimic physiological cell heterogeneity including accounting for crucial rare cell types and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mertz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, USA.
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193
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Folding artificial mucosa with cell-laden hydrogels guided by mechanics models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7503-7508. [PMID: 29967135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802361115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfaces of many hollow or tubular tissues/organs in our respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts are covered by mucosa with folded patterns. The patterns are induced by mechanical instability of the mucosa under compression due to constrained growth. Recapitulating this folding process in vitro will facilitate the understanding and engineering of mucosa in various tissues/organs. However, scant attention has been paid to address the challenge of reproducing mucosal folding. Here we mimic the mucosal folding process using a cell-laden hydrogel film attached to a prestretched tough-hydrogel substrate. The cell-laden hydrogel constitutes a human epithelial cell lining on stromal component to recapitulate the physiological feature of a mucosa. Relaxation of the prestretched tough-hydrogel substrate applies compressive strains on the cell-laden hydrogel film, which undergoes mechanical instability and evolves into morphological patterns. We predict the conditions for mucosal folding as well as the morphology of and strain in the folded artificial mucosa using a combination of theory and simulation. The work not only provides a simple method to fold artificial mucosa but also demonstrates a paradigm in tissue engineering via harnessing mechanical instabilities guided by quantitative mechanics models.
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194
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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195
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Chung HH, Mireles M, Kwarta BJ, Gaborski TR. Use of porous membranes in tissue barrier and co-culture models. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1671-1689. [PMID: 29845145 PMCID: PMC5997570 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Porous membranes enable the partitioning of cellular microenvironments in vitro, while still allowing physical and biochemical crosstalk between cells, a feature that is often necessary for recapitulating physiological functions. This article provides an overview of the different membranes used in tissue barrier and cellular co-culture models with a focus on experimental design and control of these systems. Specifically, we discuss how the structural, mechanical, chemical, and even the optical and transport properties of different membranes bestow specific advantages and disadvantages through the context of physiological relevance. This review also explores how membrane pore properties affect perfusion and solute permeability by developing an analytical framework to guide the design and use of tissue barrier or co-culture models. Ultimately, this review offers insight into the important aspects one must consider when using porous membranes in tissue barrier and lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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196
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Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human intestine have been developed and used to study intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. In this article, we review this field and describe how microfluidic Intestine Chips offer new capabilities not possible with conventional culture systems or organoid cultures, including the ability to analyze contributions of individual cellular, chemical, and physical control parameters one-at-a-time; to coculture human intestinal cells with commensal microbiome for extended times; and to create human-relevant disease models. We also discuss potential future applications of human Intestine Chips, including how they might be used for drug development and personalized medicine.
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197
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Type IV Pili Promote Clostridium difficile Adherence and Persistence in a Mouse Model of Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00943-17. [PMID: 29483294 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00943-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that regulates the transition from motile to sessile lifestyles in numerous bacteria and controls virulence factor production in a variety of pathogens. In Clostridium difficile, c-di-GMP negatively regulates flagellum biosynthesis and swimming motility and promotes the production of type IV pili (TFP), biofilm formation, and surface motility in vitro Flagella have been identified as colonization factors in C. difficile, but the role of TFP in adherence to host cells and in colonization of the mammalian gut is unknown. Here we show that c-di-GMP promotes adherence to epithelial cells in vitro, which can be partly attributed to the loss of flagella. Using TFP-null mutants, we demonstrate that adherence to epithelial cells is partially mediated by TFP and that this TFP-mediated adherence requires c-di-GMP regulation. In a mouse model of colonization, the TFP-null mutants initially colonized the intestine as well as the parental strain but were cleared more quickly. Moreover, compared to the parent strain, C. difficile strains lacking TFP were particularly deficient in association with the cecal mucosa. Together these data indicate that TFP and their positive regulation by c-di-GMP promote attachment of C. difficile to the intestinal epithelium and contribute to persistence of C. difficile in the host intestine.
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198
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Dosh RH, Jordan-Mahy N, Sammon C, Le Maitre CL. Tissue Engineering Laboratory Models of the Small Intestine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:98-111. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hatem Dosh
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Nicola Jordan-Mahy
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Sammon
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Lyn Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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199
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Ramani S, Crawford SE, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Human organoid cultures: transformative new tools for human virus studies. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:79-86. [PMID: 29656244 PMCID: PMC5944856 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human infectious diseases have been limited by the paucity of functional models that mimic normal human physiology and pathophysiology. Recent advances in the development of multicellular, physiologically active organotypic cultures produced from embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, as well as from stem cells isolated from biopsies and surgical specimens are allowing unprecedented new studies and discoveries about host-microbe interactions. Here, we summarize recent developments in the use of organoids for studying human viral pathogens, including intestinal infections with human rotavirus, norovirus, enteroviruses and adenoviruses (intestinal organoids and enteroids), neuronal infections with Zika virus (cerebral organoids) and respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus in (lung bud organoids). Biologic discovery of host-specific genetic and epigenetic factors affecting infection, and responses to infection that lead to disease are possible with the use of organoid cultures. Continued development to increase the complexity of these cultures by including components of the normal host tissue microenvironment such as immune cells, blood vessels and microbiome, will facilitate studies on human viral pathogenesis, and advance the development of platforms for pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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200
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Abstract
Studies on the intestinal epithelial response to viral infection have previously been limited by the absence of in vitro human intestinal models that recapitulate the multicellular complexity of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent technological advances have led to the development of “mini-intestine” models, which mimic the diverse cellular nature and physiological activity of the small intestine. Utilizing adult or embryonic intestinal tissue, enteroid and organoid systems, respectively, represent an opportunity to effectively model cellular differentiation, proliferation, and interactions that are specific to the specialized environment of the intestine. Enteroid and organoid systems represent a significant advantage over traditional in vitro methods because they model the structure and function of the small intestine while also maintaining the genetic identity of the host. These more physiologic models also allow for novel approaches to investigate the interaction of enteric viruses with the gastrointestinal tract, making them ideal to study the complexities of host-pathogen interactions in this unique cellular environment. This review aims to provide a summary on the use of human enteroid and organoid systems as models to study virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt E Lanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Madison A Mara
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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