151
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Ying H, Dey P, Yao W, Kimmelman AC, Draetta GF, Maitra A, DePinho RA. Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev 2016; 30:355-85. [PMID: 26883357 PMCID: PMC4762423 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275776.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ying et al. review pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) genetics and biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism, the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, and impaired DNA repair processes. With 5-year survival rates remaining constant at 6% and rising incidences associated with an epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is on track to become the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. The high mortality rate of PDAC stems primarily from the lack of early diagnosis and ineffective treatment for advanced tumors. During the past decade, the comprehensive atlas of genomic alterations, the prominence of specific pathways, the preclinical validation of such emerging targets, sophisticated preclinical model systems, and the molecular classification of PDAC into specific disease subtypes have all converged to illuminate drug discovery programs with clearer clinical path hypotheses. A deeper understanding of cancer cell biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism and impaired DNA repair processes, is providing novel therapeutic strategies that show strong preclinical activity. Elucidation of tumor biology principles, most notably a deeper understanding of the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, has provided an exciting framework to reawaken the immune system to attack PDAC cancer cells. While the long road of translation lies ahead, the path to meaningful clinical progress has never been clearer to improve PDAC patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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152
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Roth Flach RJ, Guo CA, Danai LV, Yawe JC, Gujja S, Edwards YJK, Czech MP. Endothelial Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 Is Critical for Lymphatic Vascular Development and Function. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1740-9. [PMID: 27044870 PMCID: PMC4907094 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying lymphatic vascular development and function are not well understood. Recent studies have suggested a role for endothelial cell (EC) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (Map4k4) in developmental angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Here, we show that constitutive loss of EC Map4k4 in mice causes postnatal lethality due to chylothorax, suggesting that Map4k4 is required for normal lymphatic vascular function. Mice constitutively lacking EC Map4k4 displayed dilated lymphatic capillaries, insufficient lymphatic valves, and impaired lymphatic flow; furthermore, primary ECs derived from these animals displayed enhanced proliferation compared with controls. Yeast 2-hybrid analyses identified the Ras GTPase-activating protein Rasa1, a known regulator of lymphatic development and lymphatic endothelial cell fate, as a direct interacting partner for Map4k4. Map4k4 silencing in ECs enhanced basal Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activities, and primary ECs lacking Map4k4 displayed enhanced lymphatic EC marker expression. Taken together, these results reveal that EC Map4k4 is critical for lymphatic vascular development by regulating EC quiescence and lymphatic EC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chang-An Guo
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura V Danai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph C Yawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharvari Gujja
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yvonne J K Edwards
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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153
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Akula MK, Shi M, Jiang Z, Foster CE, Miao D, Li AS, Zhang X, Gavin RM, Forde SD, Germain G, Carpenter S, Rosadini CV, Gritsman K, Chae JJ, Hampton R, Silverman N, Gravallese EM, Kagan JC, Fitzgerald KA, Kastner DL, Golenbock DT, Bergo MO, Wang D. Control of the innate immune response by the mevalonate pathway. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:922-9. [PMID: 27270400 PMCID: PMC4955724 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of mevalonate kinase (MVK) causes systemic inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking the mevalonate pathway to inflammation remain obscure. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a non-sterol intermediate of the mevalonate pathway, is the substrate for protein geranylgeranylation, protein post-translational modification catalyzed by protein geranylgeranyl transferase I (GGTase I). Pyrin is an innate immune sensor that forms an active inflammasome in response to bacterial toxins. Mutations in MEFV (encoding human PYRIN) cause autoinflammatory Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) syndrome. Here, we show that protein geranylgeranylation enables Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase PI(3)K) activation by promoting the interaction between the small GTPase Kras and the PI(3)K catalytic subunit p110δ. Macrophages deficient for GGTase I or p110δ exhibited constitutive interleukin-1β release that was MEFV-dependent, but NLRP3-, AIM2- and NLRC4- inflammasome independent. In the absence of protein geranylgeranylation, compromised PI(3)K activity allows for an unchecked TLR-induced inflammatory responses and constitutive activation of the Pyrin inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K Akula
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Man Shi
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celia E Foster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Miao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annie S Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruth M Gavin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sorcha D Forde
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gail Germain
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles V Rosadini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Randolph Hampton
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Donghai Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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154
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Regulation of H-Ras-driven MAPK signaling, transformation and tumorigenesis, but not PI3K signaling and tumor progression, by plasma membrane microdomains. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e228. [PMID: 27239960 PMCID: PMC4945753 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the contributions of plasma membrane (PM) microdomain targeting to the functions of H-Ras and R-Ras. These paralogs have identical effector-binding regions, but variant C-terminal targeting domains (tDs) which are responsible for lateral microdomain distribution: activated H-Ras targets to lipid ordered/disordered (Lo/Ld) domain borders, and R-Ras to Lo domains (rafts). We hypothesized that PM distribution regulates Ras-effector interactions and downstream signaling. We used tD swap mutants, and assessed effects on signal transduction, cell proliferation, transformation and tumorigenesis. R-Ras harboring the H-Ras tD (R-Ras-tH) interacted with Raf, and induced Raf and ERK phosphorylation similar to H-Ras. R-Ras-tH stimulated proliferation and transformation in vitro, and these effects were blocked by both MEK and PI3K inhibition. Conversely, the R-Ras tD suppressed H-Ras-mediated Raf activation and ERK phosphorylation, proliferation and transformation. Thus, Ras access to Raf at the PM is sufficient for MAPK activation and is a principal component of Ras mitogenesis and transformation. Fusion of the R-Ras extended N-terminal domain to H-Ras had no effect on proliferation, but inhibited transformation and tumor progression, indicating that the R-Ras N-terminus also contributes negative regulation to these Ras functions. PI3K activation was tD independent; however, H-Ras was a stronger activator of PI3K than R-Ras, with either tD. PI3K inhibition nearly ablated transformation by R-Ras-tH, H-Ras and H-Ras-tR, whereas MEK inhibition had a modest effect on Ras-tH-driven transformation but no effect on H-Ras-tR transformation. R-Ras-tH supported tumor initiation, but not tumor progression. While H-Ras-tR-induced transformation was reduced relative to H-Ras, tumor progression was robust and similar to H-Ras. H-Ras tumor growth was moderately suppressed by MEK inhibition, which had no effect on H-Ras-tR tumor growth. In contrast, PI3K inhibition markedly suppressed tumor growth by H-Ras and H-Ras-tR, indicating that sustained PI3K signaling is a critical pathway for H-Ras-driven tumor progression, independent of microdomains.
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155
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Athuluri-Divakar SK, Vasquez-Del Carpio R, Dutta K, Baker SJ, Cosenza SC, Basu I, Gupta YK, Reddy MVR, Ueno L, Hart JR, Vogt PK, Mulholland D, Guha C, Aggarwal AK, Reddy EP. A Small Molecule RAS-Mimetic Disrupts RAS Association with Effector Proteins to Block Signaling. Cell 2016; 165:643-55. [PMID: 27104980 PMCID: PMC5006944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of RAS genes via point mutations occurs in 20%-30% of human cancers. The development of effective RAS inhibitors has been challenging, necessitating new approaches to inhibit this oncogenic protein. Functional studies have shown that the switch region of RAS interacts with a large number of effector proteins containing a common RAS-binding domain (RBD). Because RBD-mediated interactions are essential for RAS signaling, blocking RBD association with small molecules constitutes an attractive therapeutic approach. Here, we present evidence that rigosertib, a styryl-benzyl sulfone, acts as a RAS-mimetic and interacts with the RBDs of RAF kinases, resulting in their inability to bind to RAS, disruption of RAF activation, and inhibition of the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. We also find that ribosertib binds to the RBDs of Ral-GDS and PI3Ks. These results suggest that targeting of RBDs across multiple signaling pathways by rigosertib may represent an effective strategy for inactivation of RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Athuluri-Divakar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vasquez-Del Carpio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaushik Dutta
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stacey J Baker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen C Cosenza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Indranil Basu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lynn Ueno
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Mulholland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - E Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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156
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Castellano E, Molina-Arcas M, Krygowska AA, East P, Warne P, Nicol A, Downward J. RAS signalling through PI3-Kinase controls cell migration via modulation of Reelin expression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11245. [PMID: 27071537 PMCID: PMC4833863 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signalling through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-Kinase) has been shown to have an essential role in tumour initiation and maintenance. RAS also regulates cell motility and tumour invasiveness, but the role of direct RAS binding to PI3-Kinase in this remains uncertain. Here, we provide evidence that disruption of RAS interaction with PI3-Kinase p110α decreases cell motility and prevents activation of Rac GTPase. Analysis of gene expression in cells lacking RAS interaction with p110α reveals increased levels of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin and activation of its downstream pathway resulting in upregulation of E-cadherin expression. Induction of the Reelin/E-cadherin axis is also observed in Kras mutant lung tumours that are regressing due to blockade of RAS interaction with PI3-Kinase. Furthermore, loss of Reelin correlates with decreased survival of lung and breast cancer patients. Reelin thus plays a role in restraining RAS and PI3-kinase promotion of cell motility and potentially tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castellano
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Miriam Molina-Arcas
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Agata Adelajda Krygowska
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Philip East
- Computational Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Patricia Warne
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Alastair Nicol
- Light Microscopy Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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157
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Ortolani S, Ciccarese C, Cingarlini S, Tortora G, Massari F. Suppression of mTOR pathway in solid tumors: lessons learned from clinical experience in renal cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors and new perspectives. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1809-28. [PMID: 26075448 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway plays role in the regulation of many cellular processes. Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, representing an attractive target for cancer therapy. Among other cancer subtypes, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and neuroendocrine tumors are relevant settings in which the deregulation of mTOR pathway is of crucial importance. Different mTOR-inhibitory agents have been developed in recent years. Temsirolimus is approved for advanced RCC; everolimus is registered for the treatment of advanced RCC, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer. This review is focused on the description of the clinical experience with mTOR-inhibitor agents for the treatment of advanced RCC and neuroendocrine tumors, followed by an excursus on the landscape of the ongoing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ortolani
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciccarese
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale LA Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy
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158
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Abstract
K-Ras proteins are major drivers of human cancers, playing a direct causal role in about one million cancer cases/year. In cancers driven by mutant K-Ras, the protein is locked in the active, GTP-bound state constitutively, through a defect in the off-switch mechanism. As such, the mutant protein resembles the normal K-Ras protein from a structural perspective, making therapeutic attack extremely challenging. K-Ras is a member of a large family of related proteins, which share very similar GDP/GTP-binding domains, making specific therapies more difficult. Furthermore, Ras proteins lack pockets to which small molecules can bind with high affinity, with a few interesting exceptions. However, new insights into the structure and function of K-Ras proteins reveal opportunities for intervention that were not appreciated many years ago, when efforts were launched to develop K-Ras therapies. Furthermore, K-Ras undergoes post-translational modification and interactions with cellular signaling proteins that present additional therapeutic opportunities, such as specific binding to calmodulin and regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling.
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159
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Malanga D, Belmonte S, Colelli F, Scarfò M, De Marco C, Oliveira DM, Mirante T, Camastra C, Gagliardi M, Rizzuto A, Mignogna C, Paciello O, Papparella S, Fagman H, Viglietto G. AKT1E¹⁷K Is Oncogenic in Mouse Lung and Cooperates with Chemical Carcinogens in Inducing Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147334. [PMID: 26859676 PMCID: PMC4747507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hotspot AKT1E17K mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 occurs in approximately 0.6-2% of human lung cancers. Recently, we have demonstrated that AKT1E17K transforms immortalized human bronchial cells. Here by use of a transgenic Cre-inducible murine strain in the wild type Rosa26 (R26) locus (R26-AKT1E17K mice) we demonstrate that AKT1E17K is a bona-fide oncogene and plays a role in the development of lung cancer in vivo. In fact, we report that mutant AKT1E17K induces bronchial and/or bronchiolar hyperplastic lesions in murine lung epithelium, which progress to frank carcinoma at very low frequency, and accelerates tumor formation induced by chemical carcinogens. In conclusion, AKT1E17K induces hyperplasia of mouse lung epithelium in vivo and cooperates with urethane to induce the fully malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
| | | | - Fabiana Colelli
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mirante
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Camastra
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Unità di Anatomia Patologica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- BIOGEM-Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- * E-mail: (GV); (DM)
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160
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KRAS insertion mutations are oncogenic and exhibit distinct functional properties. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10647. [PMID: 26854029 PMCID: PMC4748120 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations introduce discrete amino acid substitutions that reduce intrinsic Ras GTPase activity and confer resistance to GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Here we discover a partial duplication of the switch 2 domain of K-Ras encoding a tandem repeat of amino acids G60_A66dup in a child with an atypical myeloproliferative neoplasm. K-Ras proteins containing this tandem duplication or a similar five amino acid E62_A66dup mutation identified in lung and colon cancers transform the growth of primary myeloid progenitors and of Ba/F3 cells. Recombinant K-Ras(G60_A66dup) and K-Ras(E62_A66dup) proteins display reduced intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates, accumulate in the GTP-bound conformation and are resistant to GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Remarkably, K-Ras proteins with switch 2 insertions are impaired for PI3 kinase binding and Akt activation, and are hypersensitive to MEK inhibition. These studies illuminate a new class of oncogenic KRAS mutations and reveal unexpected plasticity in oncogenic Ras proteins that has diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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161
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Lu S, Jang H, Muratcioglu S, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R, Zhang J. Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6607-65. [PMID: 26815308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China
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162
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Hayes TK, Neel NF, Hu C, Gautam P, Chenard M, Long B, Aziz M, Kassner M, Bryant KL, Pierobon M, Marayati R, Kher S, George SD, Xu M, Wang-Gillam A, Samatar AA, Maitra A, Wennerberg K, Petricoin EF, Yin HH, Nelkin B, Cox AD, Yeh JJ, Der CJ. Long-Term ERK Inhibition in KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Is Associated with MYC Degradation and Senescence-like Growth Suppression. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:75-89. [PMID: 26725216 PMCID: PMC4816652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of compensatory mechanisms and ERK reactivation has limited the effectiveness of Raf and MEK inhibitors in RAS-mutant cancers. We determined that direct pharmacologic inhibition of ERK suppressed the growth of a subset of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines and that concurrent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition caused synergistic cell death. Additional combinations that enhanced ERK inhibitor action were also identified. Unexpectedly, long-term treatment of sensitive cell lines caused senescence, mediated in part by MYC degradation and p16 reactivation. Enhanced basal PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling was associated with de novo resistance to ERK inhibitor, as were other protein kinases identified by kinome-wide siRNA screening and a genetic gain-of-function screen. Our findings reveal distinct consequences of inhibiting this kinase cascade at the level of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikvah K Hayes
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole F Neel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chaoxin Hu
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prson Gautam
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Brian Long
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meraj Aziz
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Michelle Kassner
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Swapnil Kher
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel D George
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Hongwei H Yin
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Barry Nelkin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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163
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Fang B. RAS signaling and anti-RAS therapy: lessons learned from genetically engineered mouse models, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:27-38. [PMID: 26350096 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of oncogenic RAS genes are frequently detected in human cancers. The studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reveal that Kras-activating mutations predispose mice to early onset tumors in the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, most of these tumors do not have metastatic phenotypes. Metastasis occurs when tumors acquire additional genetic changes in other cancer driver genes. Studies on clinical specimens also demonstrated that KRAS mutations are present in premalignant tissues and that most of KRAS mutant human cancers have co-mutations in other cancer driver genes, including TP53, STK11, CDKN2A, and KMT2C in lung cancer; APC, TP53, and PIK3CA in colon cancer; and TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and MED12 in pancreatic cancer. Extensive efforts have been devoted to develop therapeutic agents that target enzymes involved in RAS posttranslational modifications, that inhibit downstream effectors of RAS signaling pathways, and that kill RAS mutant cancer cells through synthetic lethality. Recent clinical studies have revealed that sorafenib, a pan-RAF and VEGFR inhibitor, has impressive benefits for KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with either docetaxel, AKT inhibitors, or PI3K inhibitors also led to improved clinical responses in some KRAS mutant cancer patients. This review discusses knowledge gained from GEMMs, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies on RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and anti-RAS therapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RAS mutant cancers are heterogeneous because of the presence of different mutant alleles and/or co-mutations in other cancer driver genes. Effective subclassifications of RAS mutant cancers may be necessary to improve patients' outcomes through personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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164
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Ricciuti B, Leonardi GC, Metro G, Grignani F, Paglialunga L, Bellezza G, Baglivo S, Mencaroni C, Baldi A, Zicari D, Crinò L. Targeting the KRAS variant for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Respir Med 2015; 10:53-68. [PMID: 26714748 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1115349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 80% of all lung cancers. Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is one of the deadliest cancer-related proteins and plays a pivotal role in the most aggressive and lethal human cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma where it represents one of the most frequently mutated oncogene. Although therapeutic progresses have made an impact over the last decade, median survival for patients with advanced lung cancer remains disappointing, with a 5-year worldwide survival rate of <15%. For more than 20 years it has been recognized that constitutively active signaling downstream of KRAS is a fundamental driver of lung tumorigenesis. However, years of pursuit have failed to yield a drug that can safely curb KRAS activity; up to now no approved therapies exist for KRAS-mutant NSCLC. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of KRAS-mutated NSCLC, touching upon KRAS clinical relevance as a prognostic and predictive biomarker, with an emphasis on novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of KRAS-variant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Ricciuti
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Giulia Costanza Leonardi
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Giulio Metro
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pathology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Luca Paglialunga
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- c Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pathology and Histology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Sara Baglivo
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Clelia Mencaroni
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Alice Baldi
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Daniela Zicari
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Lucio Crinò
- a Medical Oncology , Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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165
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Modeling K-Ras-driven lung adenocarcinoma in mice: preclinical validation of therapeutic targets. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:121-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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166
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Zhu Z, Golay HG, Barbie DA. Targeting pathways downstream of KRAS in lung adenocarcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1507-18. [PMID: 25303301 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS activation is responsible for the most common genetic subtype of lung cancer. Although many of the major downstream signaling pathways that KRAS engages have been defined, these discoveries have yet to translate into effective targeted therapy. Much of the current focus has been directed at inhibiting the activation of RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling, but clinical trials combining multiple different agents that target these pathways have failed to show significant activity. In this article, we will discuss the evidence for RAF and PI3K as key downstream RAS effectors, as well as the RAL guanine exchange factor, which is equally essential for transformation. Furthermore, we will delineate alternative pathways, including cytokine activation and autophagy, which are co-opted by oncogenic RAS signaling and also represent attractive targets for therapy. Finally, we will present strategies for combining inhibitors of these downstream KRAS signaling pathways in a rational fashion, as multitargeted therapy will be required to achieve a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology & Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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167
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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168
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Different inhibition of Gβγ-stimulated class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) variants by a monoclonal antibody. Specific function of p101 as a Gβγ-dependent regulator of PI3Kγ enzymatic activity. Biochem J 2015; 469:59-69. [PMID: 26173259 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ (PI3Kγ) are second-messenger-generating enzymes downstream of signalling cascades triggered by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). PI3Kγ variants have one catalytic p110γ subunit that can form two different heterodimers by binding to one of a pair of non-catalytic subunits, p87 or p101. Growing experimental data argue for a different regulation of p87-p110γ and p101-p110γ allowing integration into distinct signalling pathways. Pharmacological tools enabling distinct modulation of the two variants are missing. The ability of an anti-p110γ monoclonal antibody [mAb(A)p110γ] to block PI3Kγ enzymatic activity attracted us to characterize this tool in detail using purified proteins. In order to get insight into the antibody-p110γ interface, hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to MS (HDX-MS) measurements were performed demonstrating binding of the monoclonal antibody to the C2 domain in p110γ, which was accompanied by conformational changes in the helical domain harbouring the Gβγ-binding site. We then studied the modulation of phospholipid vesicles association of PI3Kγ by the antibody. p87-p110γ showed a significantly reduced Gβγ-mediated phospholipid recruitment as compared with p101-p110γ. Concomitantly, in the presence of mAb(A)p110γ, Gβγ did not bind to p87-p110γ. These data correlated with the ability of the antibody to block Gβγ-stimulated lipid kinase activity of p87-p110γ 30-fold more potently than p101-p110γ. Our data argue for differential regulatory functions of the non-catalytic subunits and a specific Gβγ-dependent regulation of p101 in PI3Kγ activation. In this scenario, we consider the antibody as a valuable tool to dissect the distinct roles of the two PI3Kγ variants downstream of GPCRs.
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169
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Anderson JL, Park A, Akiyama R, Tap WD, Denny CT, Federman N. Evaluation of In Vitro Activity of the Class I PI3K Inhibitor Buparlisib (BKM120) in Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133610. [PMID: 26402468 PMCID: PMC4581723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric bone and soft tissue sarcomas often display increased Akt phosphorylation through up regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) signaling. Additionally, Akt signaling has been linked to resistance to IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors in sarcoma, further demonstrating the role of Akt in tumor survival. This suggests targeting components of the PI3K/Akt pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigated the in vitro activity of the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor buparlisib (BKM120) in pediatric bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Buparlisib inhibited activation of Akt and signaling molecules downstream of mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) in Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Anti-proliferative effects were observed in both anchorage dependent and independent conditions and apoptosis was induced within 24 hours of drug treatment. Buparlisib demonstrated cytotoxicity as a single agent, but was found to be more effective when used in combination. Synergy was observed when buparlisib was combined with the IGF1R inhibitor NVP-AEW541 and the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. The addition of NVP-AEW541 also further reduced phospho-Akt levels and more potently induced apoptosis compared to buparlisib treatment alone. Additionally, the combination of buparlisib with the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib resulted in synergy in sarcoma cell lines possessing MAPK pathway mutations. Taken together, these data indicate buparlisib could be a novel therapy for the treatment of pediatric bone and soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ann Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan Akiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William D. Tap
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumors, Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Denny
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Noah Federman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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170
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Sheridan C, Downward J. Overview of KRAS-Driven Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 70:14.35.1-14.35.16. [PMID: 26331885 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1435s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
KRAS, the most frequently mutated oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer, has been utilized extensively to model human lung adenocarcinomas. The results from such studies have enhanced considerably an understanding of the relationship between KRAS and the development of lung cancer. Detailed in this overview are the features of various KRAS-driven genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of non-small cell lung cancer, their utilization, and the potential of these models for the study of lung cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Sheridan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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171
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Nussinov R, Muratcioglu S, Tsai CJ, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. The Key Role of Calmodulin in KRAS-Driven Adenocarcinomas. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1265-73. [PMID: 26085527 PMCID: PMC4572916 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
KRAS4B is a highly oncogenic splice variant of the KRAS isoform. It is the only isoform associated with initiation of adenocarcinomas. Insight into why and how KRAS4B can mediate ductal adenocarcinomas, particularly of the pancreas, is vastly important for its therapeutics. Here we point out the overlooked critical role of calmodulin (CaM). Calmodulin selectively binds to GTP-bound K-Ras4B; but not to other Ras isoforms. Cell proliferation and growth require the MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) and PI3K/Akt pathways. We propose that Ca(2+)/calmodulin promote PI3Kα/Akt signaling, and suggest how. The elevated calcium levels clinically observed in adenocarcinomas may explain calmodulin's involvement in recruiting and stimulating PI3Kα through interaction with its n/cSH2 domains as well as K-Ras4B; importantly, it also explains why K-Ras4B specifically is a key player in ductal carcinomas, such as pancreatic (PDAC), colorectal (CRC), and lung cancers. We hypothesize that calmodulin recruits and helps activate PI3Kα at the membrane, and that this is the likely reason for Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependence in adenocarcinomas. Calmodulin can contribute to initiation/progression of ductal cancers via both PI3Kα/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways. Blocking the K-Ras4B/MAPK pathway and calmodulin/PI3Kα binding in a K-Ras4B/calmodulin/PI3Kα trimer could be a promising adenocarcinoma-specific therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland. Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Serena Muratcioglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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172
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Baker NM, Yee Chow H, Chernoff J, Der CJ. Molecular pathways: targeting RAC-p21-activated serine-threonine kinase signaling in RAS-driven cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:4740-6. [PMID: 25225063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancers driven by oncogenic Ras proteins encompass some of the most deadly human cancer types, and there is a pressing need to develop therapies for these diseases. Although recent studies suggest that mutant Ras proteins may yet be druggable, the most promising and advanced efforts involve inhibitors of Ras effector signaling. Most efforts to target Ras signaling have been aimed at the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling networks. However, to date, no inhibitors of these Ras effector pathways have been effective against RAS-mutant cancers. This ineffectiveness is due, in part, to the involvement of additional effectors in Ras-dependent cancer growth, such as the Rac small GTPase and the p21-activated serine-threonine kinases (PAK). PAK proteins are involved in many survival, cell motility, and proliferative pathways in the cell and may present a viable new target in Ras-driven cancers. In this review, we address the role and therapeutic potential of Rac and group I PAK proteins in driving mutant Ras cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Baker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hoi Yee Chow
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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173
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Stamatkin C, Ratermann KL, Overley CW, Black EP. Inhibition of class IA PI3K enzymes in non-small cell lung cancer cells uncovers functional compensation among isoforms. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1341-52. [PMID: 26176612 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is central to many human malignancies while normal cell proliferation requires pathway functionality. Although inhibitors of the PI3K pathway are in clinical trials or approved for therapy, an understanding of the functional activities of pathway members in specific malignancies is needed. In lung cancers, the PI3K pathway is often aberrantly activated by mutation of genes encoding EGFR, KRAS, and PIK3CA proteins. We sought to understand whether class IA PI3K enzymes represent rational therapeutic targets in cells of non-squamous lung cancers by exploring pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of PI3K enzymes in a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line system. We found that class IA PI3K enzymes were expressed in all cell lines tested, but treatment of NSCLC lines with isoform-selective inhibitors (A66, TGX-221, CAL-101 and IC488743) had little effect on cell proliferation or prolonged inhibition of AKT activity. Inhibitory pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses were observed using these agents at non-isoform selective concentrations and with the pan-class I (ZSTK474) agent. Response to pharmacological inhibition suggested that PI3K isoforms may functionally compensate for one another thus limiting efficacy of single agent treatment. However, combination of ZSTK474 and an EGFR inhibitor (erlotinib) in NSCLC resistant to each single agent reduced cellular proliferation. These studies uncovered unanticipated cellular responses to PI3K isoform inhibition in NSCLC that does not correlate with PI3K mutations, suggesting that patients bearing tumors with wildtype EGFR and KRAS are unlikely to benefit from inhibitors of single isoforms but may respond to pan-isoform inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stamatkin
- a University of Kentucky; College of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Lucille P Markey Cancer Center Lexington ; Lexington , KY USA
| | - Kelley L Ratermann
- a University of Kentucky; College of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Lucille P Markey Cancer Center Lexington ; Lexington , KY USA
| | - Colleen W Overley
- a University of Kentucky; College of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Lucille P Markey Cancer Center Lexington ; Lexington , KY USA
| | - Esther P Black
- a University of Kentucky; College of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Lucille P Markey Cancer Center Lexington ; Lexington , KY USA
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174
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Tsun ZY, Possemato R. Amino acid management in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:22-32. [PMID: 26277542 PMCID: PMC4800996 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids have a dual role in cellular metabolism, as they are both the building blocks for protein synthesis and intermediate metabolites which fuel other biosynthetic reactions. Recent work has demonstrated that deregulation of both arms of amino acid management are common alterations seen in cancer. Among the most highly consumed nutrients by cancer cells are the amino acids glutamine and serine, and the biosynthetic pathways that metabolize them are required in various cancer subtypes and the object of current efforts to target cancer metabolism. Also altered in cancer are components of the machinery which sense amino acid sufficiency, nucleated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulator of cell growth via modulation of key processes including protein synthesis and autophagy. The precise ways in which altered amino acid management supports cellular transformation remain mostly elusive, and a fuller mechanistic understanding of these processes will be important for efforts to exploit such alterations for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yang Tsun
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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175
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Upadhyaya P, Qian Z, Selner NG, Clippinger SR, Wu Z, Briesewitz R, Pei D. Inhibition of Ras signaling by blocking Ras-effector interactions with cyclic peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7602-6. [PMID: 25950772 PMCID: PMC4591930 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ras genes are frequently activated in human cancers, but the mutant Ras proteins remain largely "undruggable" through the conventional small-molecule approach owing to the absence of any obvious binding pockets on their surfaces. By screening a combinatorial peptide library, followed by structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, we discovered a family of cyclic peptides possessing both Ras-binding and cell-penetrating properties. These cell-permeable cyclic peptides inhibit Ras signaling by binding to Ras-GTP and blocking its interaction with downstream proteins and they induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of developing cyclic peptides for the inhibition of intracellular protein-protein interactions and of direct Ras inhibitors as a novel class of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Upadhyaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA)
| | - Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA)
| | - Nicholas G Selner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA)
| | - Sarah R Clippinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA)
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA)
| | - Roger Briesewitz
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, 5065 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA).
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (USA).
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176
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Baer R, Cintas C, Therville N, Guillermet-Guibert J. Implication of PI3K/Akt pathway in pancreatic cancer: When PI3K isoforms matter? Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:19-35. [PMID: 26166735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer belongs to the incurable family of solid cancers. Despite of a recent better understanding its molecular biology, and an increased number of clinical trials, there is still a lack for innovative targeted therapies to fight this deadly malignancy. PI3K/Akt signalling is one of the most commonly deregulated signalling pathways in cancer, which explains the massive attention from many pharmaceutical companies over the ten past years on these signalling molecules. The already developed small molecule inhibitors are currently under clinical trial in various cancer types. Class I PI3Ks have 4 isoforms for which the role in physiology starts to be well described in the literature. Data are more unclear for their differential involvement in oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss about the cognitive and therapeutic potential of targeting this signalling pathway and in particular Class I PI3K isoforms for pancreatic cancer treatment. Isoform-specificity of PI3K inhibitors are currently designed to achieve the same goal as pan-PI3K inhibitors but without potential adverse effects. We will discuss if such strategy is relevant in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Baer
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Célia Cintas
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicole Therville
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France.
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177
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Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Arnedos M, André F. Targeted therapies for ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. BMC Med 2015; 13:137. [PMID: 26059247 PMCID: PMC4462184 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers present with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-negative features and might benefit from endocrine therapy. Although endocrine therapy has notably evolved during the last decades, the invariable appearance of endocrine resistance, either primary or secondary, remains an important issue in this type of tumor. The improvement of our understanding of the cancer genome has identified some promising targets that might be responsible or linked to endocrine resistance, including alterations affecting main signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and CCND1/CDK4-6 as well as the identification of new ESR1 somatic mutations, leading to an array of new targeted therapies that might circumvent or prevent endocrine resistance. In this review, we have summarized the main targeted therapies that are currently being tested in ER+ breast cancer, the rationale behind them, and the new agents and combinational treatments to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Monica Arnedos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
| | - Fabrice André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
- Department of Medical Oncology and INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, 94800, France.
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178
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Cho DC. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in malignancy: rationale and clinical outlook. BioDrugs 2015; 28:373-81. [PMID: 24567265 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, including major downstream effectors Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), plays a critical role in malignant transformation and subsequent processes of growth, proliferation, and metastases. Not surprisingly, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has emerged as an attractive drug target and numerous agents directed against various elements of the pathway are currently in clinical development. While early clinical trials with the first generations of these agents have shown limited single-agent efficacy, efforts are now focused on the development of more specific inhibitors, patient selection strategies, and combinational approaches. In this review, we discuss the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in cancer, the rationale for its emergence as a therapeutic target, and progress thus far in the clinical development of inhibitors targeting its various elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Cho
- NYU Cancer Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, 160 East 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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179
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Burger NB, Bekker MN, de Groot CJM, Christoffels VM, Haak MC. Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: a systematic review on genetic mechanisms. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Burger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N. Bekker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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180
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PI3K-C2α: One enzyme for two products coupling vesicle trafficking and signal transduction. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1552-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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181
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Upadhyaya P, Qian Z, Selner NG, Clippinger SR, Wu Z, Briesewitz R, Pei D. Inhibition of Ras Signaling by Blocking Ras-Effector Interactions with Cyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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182
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Abstract
Rac and PI3Ks are intracellular signal transducers able to regulate multiple signaling pathways fundamental for cell behavior. PI3Ks are lipid kinases that produce phosphorylated lipids which, in turn, transduce extracellular cues within the cell, while Rac is a small G protein that impacts on actin organization. Compelling evidence indicates that in multiple circumstances the 2 signaling pathways appear intermingled. For instance, phosphorylated lipids produced by PI3Ks recruit and activate GEF and GAP proteins, key modulators of Rac function. Conversely, PI3Ks interact with activated Rac, leading to Rac signaling amplification. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between Rac and PI3K signaling in 2 different processes, cell migration and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo C Campa
- a Molecular Biotechnology Center; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino ; Torino , Italy
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183
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von Karstedt S, Conti A, Nobis M, Montinaro A, Hartwig T, Lemke J, Legler K, Annewanter F, Campbell AD, Taraborrelli L, Grosse-Wilde A, Coy JF, El-Bahrawy MA, Bergmann F, Koschny R, Werner J, Ganten TM, Schweiger T, Hoetzenecker K, Kenessey I, Hegedüs B, Bergmann M, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Becker T, Röcken C, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A, Anderson KI, Sansom OJ, Walczak H. Cancer cell-autonomous TRAIL-R signaling promotes KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:561-73. [PMID: 25843002 PMCID: PMC6591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers harbor oncogenic mutations of KRAS. Effectors mediating cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis in KRAS-mutated cancers are only incompletely understood. Here we identify cancer cell-expressed murine TRAIL-R, whose main function ascribed so far has been the induction of apoptosis as a crucial mediator of KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis and in vivo Rac-1 activation. Cancer cell-restricted genetic ablation of murine TRAIL-R in autochthonous KRAS-driven models of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reduces tumor growth, blunts metastasis, and prolongs survival by inhibiting cancer cell-autonomous migration, proliferation, and invasion. Consistent with this, high TRAIL-R2 expression correlates with invasion of human PDAC into lymph vessels and with shortened metastasis-free survival of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Annalisa Conti
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Torsten Hartwig
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Karen Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anne Grosse-Wilde
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johannes F Coy
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; TAVARLIN AG, Biotechpark Pfungstadt, Reißstraße 1a, 64319 Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Mona A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom M Ganten
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Kenessey
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Ulloi ut 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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184
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Stanczuk L, Martinez-Corral I, Ulvmar MH, Zhang Y, Laviña B, Fruttiger M, Adams R, Saur D, Betsholtz C, Ortega S, Alitalo K, Graupera M, Mäkinen T. cKit Lineage Hemogenic Endothelium-Derived Cells Contribute to Mesenteric Lymphatic Vessels. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1708-1721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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185
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Qu X, Zhou B, Scott Baldwin H. Tie1 is required for lymphatic valve and collecting vessel development. Dev Biol 2015; 399:117-128. [PMID: 25576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tie1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase with broad expression in embryonic endothelium. Reduction of Tie1 levels in mouse embryos with a hypomorphic Tie1 allele resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and architecture, decreased lymphatic draining efficiency, and ultimately, embryonic demise. Here we report that Tie1 is present uniformly throughout the lymphatics and from late embryonic/early postnatal stages, becomes more restricted to lymphatic valve regions. To investigate later events of lymphatic development, we employed Cre-loxP recombination utilizing a floxed Tie1 allele and an Nfatc1Cre line, to provide loxP excision predominantly in lymphatic endothelium and developing valves. Interestingly, unlike the early prenatal defects previously described by ubiquitous endothelial deletion, excision of Tie1 with Nfatc1Cre resulted in abnormal lymphatic defects in postnatal mice and was characterized by agenesis of lymphatic valves and a deficiency of collecting lymphatic vessels. Attenuation of Tie1 signaling in lymphatic endothelium prevented initiation of lymphatic valve specification by Prox1 high expression lymphatic endothelial cells that is associated with the onset of turbulent flow in the lymphatic circulation. Our findings reveal a fundamental role for Tie1 signaling during lymphatic vessel remodeling and valve morphogenesis and implicate it as a candidate gene involved in primary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Qu
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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186
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Burke JE, Williams RL. Synergy in activating class I PI3Ks. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:88-100. [PMID: 25573003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that transduce a host of cellular signals and regulate a broad range of essential functions including growth, proliferation, and migration. As such, PI3Ks have pivotal roles in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, primary immune disorders, and inflammation. These enzymes are activated downstream of numerous activating stimuli including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras superfamily of small G proteins. A major challenge is to decipher how each PI3K isoform is able to successfully synergize these inputs into their intended signaling function. This article highlights recent progress in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways, as well as novel roles for PI3Ks in human diseases, specifically cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Drive, Victoria BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Roger L Williams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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187
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Abstract
To date a variety of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) mouse models have been developed that mimic human lung cancer. Chemically induced or spontaneous lung cancer in susceptible inbred strains has been widely used, but the more recent genetically engineered somatic mouse models recapitulate much better the genotype-phenotype correlations found in human lung cancer. Additionally, improved orthotopic transplantation of primary human cancer tissue fragments or cells into lungs of immune-compromised mice can be valuable tools for preclinical research such as antitumor drug tests. Here we give a short overview of most somatic mouse models for lung cancer that are currently in use. We accompany each different model with a description of its practical use and application for all major lung tumor types, as well as the intratracheal injection or direct injection of fresh or freeze-thawed tumor cells or tumor cell lines into lung parenchyma of recipient mice. All here presented somatic mouse models are based on the ability to (in) activate specific alleles at a time, and in a tissue-specific cell type, of choice. This spatial-temporal controlled induction of genetic lesions allows the selective introduction of main genetic lesions in an adult mouse lung as found in human lung cancer. The resulting conditional somatic mouse models can be used as versatile powerful tools in basic lung cancer research and preclinical translational studies alike. These distinctively advanced lung cancer models permit us to investigate initiation (cell of origin) and progression of lung cancer, along with response and resistance to drug therapy. Cre/lox or FLP/frt recombinase-mediated methods are now well-used techniques to develop tissue-restricted lung cancer in mice with tumor-suppressor gene and/or oncogene (in)activation. Intranasal or intratracheal administration of engineered adenovirus-Cre or lentivirus-Cre has been optimized for introducing Cre recombinase activity into pulmonary tissues, and we discuss here the different techniques underlying these applications. Concomitant with Cre/Flp recombinase-based models are the tetracycline (Tet)-inducible bitransgenic systems in which presence or absence of doxycycline can turn the expression of a specific oncogene on or off. The use of several Tet-inducible lung cancer models for NSCLC is presented here in which the reversal of oncogene expression led to complete tumor regression and provided us with important insight of how oncogene dependence influence lung cancer survival and growth. As alternative to Tet-inducible models, we discuss the application of reversible expressed, transgenic mutant estrogen receptor (ER) fusion proteins, which are regulated via systemic tamoxifen administration. Most of the various lung cancer models can be combined through the generation of transgenic compound mice so that the use of these somatic mouse models can be even more enhanced for the study of specific molecular pathways that facilitate growth and maintenance of lung cancer. Finally, this description of the practical application and methodology of mouse models for lung cancer should be helpful in assisting researchers to make the best choices and optimal use of (existing) somatic models that suits the specific experimental needs in their study of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaiyeh Safari
- Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Cumhuriyet Bulvari No: 144 35210, Alsancak, Izmir, Turkey
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188
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Thorpe LM, Yuzugullu H, Zhao JJ. PI3K in cancer: divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:7-24. [PMID: 25533673 PMCID: PMC4384662 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial coordinators of intracellular signalling in response to extracellular stimuli. Hyperactivation of PI3K signalling cascades is one of the most common events in human cancers. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the roles of specific PI3K isoforms in normal and oncogenic signalling, the different ways in which PI3K can be upregulated, and the current state and future potential of targeting this pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Thorpe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haluk Yuzugullu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence to J.J.Z. by
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189
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Ersahin T, Tuncbag N, Cetin-Atalay R. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR interactive pathway. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1946-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway is hyperactivated or altered in many cancer types and regulates a broad range of cellular processes including survival, proliferation, growth, metabolism, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Ersahin
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory
- Graduate School of Informatics
- ODTU
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Nurcan Tuncbag
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory
- Graduate School of Informatics
- ODTU
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Rengul Cetin-Atalay
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory
- Graduate School of Informatics
- ODTU
- 06800 Ankara
- Turkey
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190
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Dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor is an effective radiosensitizer for colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:582-90. [PMID: 25497009 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate whether combination of molecular targeting therapy, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (BEZ235), with radiation can enhance the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells (CRC). K-RAS mutant CRC cells (HCT 116 and SW 620) and wild type CRC cells (HT 29) were irradiated with different dose of radiation (0-6 Gy). The synergistic effects of combining radiation with different concentration of BEZ235 (0-10 nM) pretreatment were demonstrated by cell survival assay. When comparing with radiation alone and BEZ235 alone, the combination of BEZ235 pretreatment and radiation resulted in an increased percentage of sub-G1 phase cells, and an increased number of γ-H2AX/cell (DNA double strand breaks). Radiation up-regulated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, including the activation of phospho (p)-AKT, p-mTOR, p-eIF4E, and p-rpS6; and this activated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was attenuated by BEZ235 pretreatment. In addition, BEZ235 blocked double strand break repair induced by radiation through attenuating the activation of ATM and DNA-PKcs and sensitized CRC cells to radiation. In vivo model, the tumor size and the expression pattern of p-mTOR, p-eIF4E, and p-rpS6 were significantly decreased in combined group than radiation alone or BEZ235 alone. Our findings indicate that the administration of BEZ235 before radiation enhances the radiotherapeutic effect of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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191
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Baer R, Cintas C, Dufresne M, Cassant-Sourdy S, Schönhuber N, Planque L, Lulka H, Couderc B, Bousquet C, Garmy-Susini B, Vanhaesebroeck B, Pyronnet S, Saur D, Guillermet-Guibert J. Pancreatic cell plasticity and cancer initiation induced by oncogenic Kras is completely dependent on wild-type PI 3-kinase p110α. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2621-35. [PMID: 25452273 PMCID: PMC4248293 DOI: 10.1101/gad.249409.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased PI 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) correlates with poor prognosis, but the role of class I PI3K isoforms during its induction remains unclear. Using genetically engineered mice and pharmacological isoform-selective inhibitors, we found that the p110α PI3K isoform is a major signaling enzyme for PDAC development induced by a combination of genetic and nongenetic factors. Inactivation of this single isoform blocked the irreversible transition of exocrine acinar cells into pancreatic preneoplastic ductal lesions by oncogenic Kras and/or pancreatic injury. Hitting the other ubiquitous isoform, p110β, did not prevent preneoplastic lesion initiation. p110α signaling through small GTPase Rho and actin cytoskeleton controls the reprogramming of acinar cells and regulates cell morphology in vivo and in vitro. Finally, p110α was necessary for pancreatic ductal cancers to arise from Kras-induced preneoplastic lesions by increasing epithelial cell proliferation in the context of mutated p53. Here we identify an in vivo context in which p110α cellular output differs depending on the epithelial transformation stage and demonstrate that the PI3K p110α is required for PDAC induced by oncogenic Kras, the key driver mutation of PDAC. These data are critical for a better understanding of the development of this lethal disease that is currently without efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Baer
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Célia Cintas
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Dufresne
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Cassant-Sourdy
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Nina Schönhuber
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laetitia Planque
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Lulka
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Bettina Couderc
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Garmy-Susini
- UMR1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signaling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- UMR1037, Le Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, F-31000 Toulouse, France; UMR1037, CRCT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, F-31000 Toulouse, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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192
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Evidence for SH2 domain-containing 5'-inositol phosphatase-2 (SHIP2) contributing to a lymphatic dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112548. [PMID: 25383712 PMCID: PMC4226566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays a critical role in a number of disease conditions of increasing prevalence, such as autoimmune disorders, obesity, blood vascular diseases, and cancer metastases. Yet, unlike the blood vasculature, the tools available to interrogate the molecular basis of lymphatic dysfunction/disease have been lacking. More recently, investigators have reported that dysregulation of the PI3K pathway is involved in syndromic human diseases that involve abnormal lymphatic vasculatures, but there have been few compelling results that show the direct association of this molecular pathway with lymphatic dysfunction in humans. Using near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging (NIRFLI) to phenotype and next generation sequencing (NGS) for unbiased genetic discovery in a family with non-syndromic lymphatic disease, we discovered a rare, novel mutation in INPPL1 that encodes the protein SHIP2, which is a negative regulator of the PI3K pathway, to be associated with lymphatic dysfunction in the family. In vitro interrogation shows that SHIP2 is directly associated with impairment of normal lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) behavior and that SHIP2 associates with receptors that are associated in lymphedema, implicating its direct involvement in the lymphatic vasculature.
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193
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Molecular mechanisms and functional implications of polarized actin remodeling at the T cell immunological synapse. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:537-556. [PMID: 25355055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transient,specialized cell-cell interactions play a central role in leukocyte function by enabling specific intercellular communication in the context of a highly dynamic systems level response. The dramatic structural changes required for the formation of these contacts are driven by rapid and precise cytoskeletal remodeling events. In recent years, the immunological synapse that forms between a T lymphocyte and its antigen-presenting target cell has emerged as an important model system for understanding immune cell interactions. In this review, we discuss how regulators of the cortical actin cytoskeleton control synaptic architecture and in this way specify T cell function.
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194
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Kim M. Cooperative interactions of PTEN deficiency and RAS activation in melanoma metastasis. Small GTPases 2014; 1:161-164. [PMID: 21686270 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma displays frequent activation of RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as well as inactivation of CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) and PTEN tumor suppressors via genetic and epigenetic alterations. Pathogenetic roles of these melanoma-prone mutations and their genetic interactions have been established in genetically engineered mouse models. Here, we catalog frequent genetic alterations observed in human melanomas and describe mouse models of melanoma initiation and progression, including our recent study that investigated the genetic interactions of RAS activation and PTEN loss in a CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) null melanoma prone genetic background. We showed that loss of PTEN cooperates with HRAS activation, leading to increased development of melanoma and emergence of metastasis. Moreover, we observed that RNA i-mediated PTEN inactivation in RAS-driven melanomas enhanced migration and invasion with concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin, the major regulator of epithelial and mesenchymal transition, and enhanced AKT2 phosphorylation, which has been previously linked to invasion and metastasis of several cancer types, including breast and ovary. These data show that activated RAS cooperates with PTEN loss in melanoma genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Kim
- Molecular Oncology Department; Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
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195
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Abstract
Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that RAS proteins are 'undruggable'. However, recent data from the laboratory and the clinic have renewed our hope for the development of RAS-inhibitory molecules. In this Review, we summarize the progress and the promise of five key approaches. Firstly, we focus on the prospects of using direct inhibitors of RAS. Secondly, we address the issue of whether blocking RAS membrane association is a viable approach. Thirdly, we assess the status of targeting RAS downstream effector signalling, which is arguably the most favourable current approach. Fourthly, we address whether the search for synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS still holds promise. Finally, RAS-mediated changes in cell metabolism have recently been described and we discuss whether these changes could be exploited for new therapeutic directions. We conclude with perspectives on how additional complexities, which are not yet fully understood, may affect each of these approaches.
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196
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Carnero A, Paramio JM. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway in vivo, Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2014; 4:252. [PMID: 25295225 PMCID: PMC4172058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, it phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3 and activates the signaling pathway. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, and thus, negatively regulates the pathway. AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; protein kinase B) is activated downstream of PIP3 and mediates physiological processes. Furthermore, substantial crosstalk exists with other signaling networks at all levels of the PI3K pathway. Because of its diverse array, gene mutations, and amplifications and also as a consequence of its central role in several signal transduction pathways, the PI3K-dependent axis is frequently activated in many tumors and is an attractive therapeutic target. The preclinical testing and analysis of these novel therapies requires appropriate and well-tailored systems. Mouse models in which this pathway has been genetically modified have been essential in understanding the role that this pathway plays in the tumorigenesis process. Here, we review cancer mouse models in which the PI3K/AKT pathway has been genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT , Madrid , Spain ; Oncogenomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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197
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Yuan TL, Fellmann C, Lee CS, Ritchie CD, Thapar V, Lee LC, Hsu DJ, Grace D, Carver JO, Zuber J, Luo J, McCormick F, Lowe SW. Development of siRNA payloads to target KRAS-mutant cancer. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1182-1197. [PMID: 25100204 PMCID: PMC4184972 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RNAi is a powerful tool for target identification and can lead to novel therapies for pharmacologically intractable targets such as KRAS. RNAi therapy must combine potent siRNA payloads with reliable in vivo delivery for efficient target inhibition. We used a functional "Sensor" assay to establish a library of potent siRNAs against RAS pathway genes and to show that they efficiently suppress their targets at low dose. This reduces off-target effects and enables combination gene knockdown. We administered Sensor siRNAs in vitro and in vivo and validated the delivery of KRAS siRNA alone and siRNA targeting the complete RAF effector node (A/B/CRAF) as promising strategies to treat KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. We further demonstrate that improved therapeutic efficacy is achieved by formulating siRNA payloads that combine both single-gene siRNA and node-targeted siRNAs (KRAS + PIK3CA/B). The customizable nature of Sensor siRNA payloads offers a universal platform for the combination target identification and development of RNAi therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE To advance RNAi therapy for KRAS-mutant cancer, we developed a validated siRNA library against RAS pathway genes that enables combination gene silencing. Using an in vivo model for real-time siRNA delivery tracking, we show that siRNA-mediated inhibition of KRAS as well as RAF or PI3K combinations can impair KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer in xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Yuan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christof Fellmann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Chih-Shia Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cayde D Ritchie
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vishal Thapar
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liam C Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dennis J Hsu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danielle Grace
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph O Carver
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ji Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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198
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Activated cMET and IGF1R-driven PI3K signaling predicts poor survival in colorectal cancers independent of KRAS mutational status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103551. [PMID: 25090459 PMCID: PMC4121133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogenic mutational analysis provides predictive guidance for therapeutics such as anti-EGFR antibodies, but it is successful only for a subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Method A comprehensive molecular profiling of 120 CRC patients, including 116 primary, 15 liver metastasis, and 1 peritoneal seeding tissue samples was performed to identify the relationship between v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) WT and mutant CRC tumors and clinical outcomes. This included determination of the protein activation patterns of human epidermal receptor 1 (HER1), HER2, HER3, c-MET, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Src homology 2 domain containing (Shc), protein kinase B (AKT), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinases using multiplexed collaborative enzyme enhanced reactive (CEER) immunoassay. Results KRAS WT and mutated CRCs were not different with respect to the expression of the various signaling molecules. Poor prognosis in terms of early relapse (<2 years) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) correlated with enhanced activation of PI3K signaling relative to the HER kinase pathway signaling, but not with the KRAS mutational status. KRAS WT CRCs were identified as a mixed prognosis population depending on their level of PI3K signaling. KRAS WT CRCs with high HER1/c-MET index ratio demonstrated a better DFS post-surgery. c-MET and IGF1R activities relative to HER axis activity were considerably higher in early relapse CRCs, suggesting a role for these alternative receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in driving high PI3K signaling. Conclusions The presented data subclassified CRCs based on their activated signaling pathways and identify a role for c-MET and IGF1R-driven PI3K signaling in CRCs, which is superior to KRAS mutational tests alone. The results from this study can be utilized to identify aggressive CRCs, explain failure of currently approved therapeutics in specific CRC subsets, and, most importantly, generate hypotheses for pathway-guided therapeutic strategies that can be tested clinically.
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199
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Murillo MM, Zelenay S, Nye E, Castellano E, Lassailly F, Stamp G, Downward J. RAS interaction with PI3K p110α is required for tumor-induced angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3601-11. [PMID: 25003191 PMCID: PMC4109531 DOI: 10.1172/jci74134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interaction of RAS with the PI3K p110α subunit mediates RAS-driven tumor development: however, it is not clear how p110α/RAS-dependant signaling mediates interactions between tumors and host tissues. Here, using a murine tumor cell transfer model, we demonstrated that disruption of the interaction between RAS and p110α within host tissue reduced tumor growth and tumor-induced angiogenesis, leading to improved survival of tumor-bearing mice, even when this interaction was intact in the transferred tumor. Furthermore, functional interaction of RAS with p110α in host tissue was required for efficient establishment and growth of metastatic tumors. Inhibition of RAS and p110α interaction prevented proper VEGF-A and FGF-2 signaling, which are required for efficient angiogenesis. Additionally, disruption of the RAS and p110α interaction altered the nature of tumor-associated macrophages, inducing expression of markers typical for macrophage populations with reduced tumor-promoting capacity. Together, these results indicate that a functional RAS interaction with PI3K p110α in host tissue is required for the establishment of a growth-permissive environment for the tumor, particularly for tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting the interaction of RAS with PI3K has the potential to impair tumor formation by altering the tumor-host relationship, in addition to previously described tumor cell-autonomous effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Manuel Murillo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zelenay
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Nye
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Castellano
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Lassailly
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Immunobiology Laboratory, Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, and In Vivo Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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200
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Yellen P, Foster DA. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase induces pro-survival Akt and ERK signaling in K-Ras-driven cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:258-63. [PMID: 25086185 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells with constitutive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway activation have been associated with overexpression of the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) as a means to provide lipids necessary for cell growth. In contrast, K-Ras-driven cancer cells suppress utilization of de novo synthesized fatty acids and rely on exogenously supplied fatty acids for cell growth and membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. Consistent with a differential need for de novo fatty acid synthesis, cancer cells with activated PI3K signaling were sensitive to suppression of FAS; whereas mutant K-Ras-driven cancer cells continued to proliferate with suppressed FAS. Surprisingly, in response to FAS suppression, we observed robust increases in both Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Akt phosphorylation was dependent on the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)/PI3K pathway and mTOR complex 2. Intriguingly, K-Ras-mediated ERK activation was dependent on N-Ras. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K and MEK in K-Ras-driven cancer cells resulted in increased sensitivity to FAS inhibition. These data reveal a surprising sensitivity of K-Ras-driven cancer cells to FAS suppression when stimulation of Akt and ERK was prevented. As K-Ras-driven cancers are notoriously difficult to treat, these findings have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Yellen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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