151
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Nie X, Ricupero CL, Jiao K, Yang P, Mao JJ. mTOR deletion in neural crest cells disrupts cardiac outflow tract remodeling and causes a spectrum of cardiac defects through the mTORC1 pathway. Dev Biol 2021; 477:241-250. [PMID: 34052210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A critical cell type participating in cardiac outflow tract development is a subpopulation of the neural crest cells, the cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs), whose defect causes a spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities. Accumulating evidence indicates that mTOR, which belongs to the PI3K-related kinase family and impacts multiple signaling pathways in a variety of contexts, plays a pivotal role for NCC development. Here, we investigated functional roles of mTOR for cardiac neural crest development using several lines of mouse genetic models. We found that disruption of mTOR caused NCC defects and failure of cardiac outflow tract separation, which resulted in a spectrum of cardiac defects including persistent truncus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and ventricular wall defect. Specifically, mutant neural crest cells showed reduced migration into the cardiac OFT and prematurely exited the cell cycle. A number of critical factors and fundamental signaling pathways, which are important for neural crest and cardiomyocyte development, were impaired. Moreover, actin dynamics was disrupted by mTOR deletion. Finally, by phenotyping the neural crest Rptor and Rictor knockout mice respectively, we demonstrate that mTOR acts principally through the mTORC1 pathway for cardiac neural crest cells. Altogether, these data established essential roles of mTOR for cardiac NCC development and imply that dysregulation of mTOR in NCCs may underline a spectrum of cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Nie
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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152
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Disruption of FOXO3a-miRNA feedback inhibition of IGF2/IGF-1R/IRS1 signaling confers Herceptin resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2699. [PMID: 33976188 PMCID: PMC8113606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Herceptin represents a significant challenge for successful treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Here, we show that in Herceptin-sensitive cells, FOXO3a regulates specific miRNAs to control IGF2 and IRS1 expression, retaining basic IGF2/IGF-1R/IRS1 signaling. The basic activity maintains expression of PPP3CB, a subunit of the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B, to restrict FOXO3a phosphorylation (p-FOXO3a), inducing IGF2- and IRS1-targeting miRNAs. However, in Herceptin-resistant cells, p-FOXO3a levels are elevated due to transcriptional suppression of PPP3CB, disrupting the negative feedback inhibition loop formed by FOXO3a and the miRNAs, thereby upregulating IGF2 and IRS1. Moreover, we detect significantly increased IGF2 in blood and IRS1 in the tumors of breast cancer patients with poor response to Herceptin-containing regimens. Collectively, we demonstrate that the IGF2/IGF-1R/IRS1 signaling is aberrantly activated in Herceptin-resistant breast cancer via disruption of the FOXO3a-miRNA negative feedback inhibition. Such insights provide avenues to identify predictive biomarkers and effective strategies overcoming Herceptin resistance.
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153
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Spevak CC, Elias HK, Kannan L, Ali MAE, Martin GH, Selvaraj S, Eng WS, Ernlund A, Rajasekhar VK, Woolthuis CM, Zhao G, Ha CJ, Schneider RJ, Park CY. Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Exhibit Stage-Specific Translational Programs via mTOR- and CDK1-Dependent Mechanisms. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 26:755-765.e7. [PMID: 32386556 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) require highly regulated rates of protein synthesis, but it is unclear if they or lineage-committed progenitors preferentially recruit transcripts to translating ribosomes. We utilized polysome profiling, RNA sequencing, and whole-proteomic approaches to examine the translatome in LSK (Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+) and myeloid progenitor (MP; Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+) cells. Our studies show that LSKs exhibit low global translation but high translational efficiencies (TEs) of mRNAs required for HSC maintenance. In contrast, MPs activate translation in an mTOR-independent manner due, at least in part, to proteasomal degradation of mTOR by the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. In the near absence of mTOR, CDK1 activates eIF4E-dependent translation in MPs through phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. Aberrant activation of mTOR expression and signaling in c-Cbl-deficient MPs results in increased mature myeloid lineage output. Overall, our data demonstrate that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) undergo translational reprogramming mediated by previously uncharacterized mechanisms of translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Spevak
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harold K Elias
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lavanya Kannan
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mohamed A E Ali
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gaëlle H Martin
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - William S Eng
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Amanda Ernlund
- Department of Microbiology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vinagolu K Rajasekhar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carolien M Woolthuis
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guangjie Zhao
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Caryn J Ha
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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154
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Ferrick L, Lee YSL, Gardner DK. Metabolic activity of human blastocysts correlates with their morphokinetics, morphological grade, KIDScore and artificial intelligence ranking. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:2004-2016. [PMID: 32829415 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there a relationship between blastocyst metabolism and biomarkers of embryo viability? SUMMARY ANSWER Blastocysts with higher developmental potential and a higher probability of resulting in a viable pregnancy consume higher levels of glucose and exhibit distinct amino acid profiles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Morphological and morphokinetic analyses utilized in embryo selection provide insight into developmental potential, but alone are unable to provide a direct measure of embryo physiology and inherent health. Glucose uptake is a physiological biomarker of viability and amino acid utilization is different between embryos of varying qualities. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Two hundred and nine human preimplantation embryos from 50 patients were cultured in a time-lapse incubator system in both freeze all and fresh transfer cycles. A retrospective analysis of morphokinetics, morphology (Gardner grade), KIDScore, artificial intelligence grade (EmbryoScore), glucose and amino acid metabolism, and clinical pregnancies was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS ICSI was conducted in all patients, who were aged ≤37 years and previously had no more than two IVF cycles. Embryos were individually cultured in a time-lapse incubator system, and those reaching the blastocyst stage had their morphokinetics annotated and were each assigned a Gardner grade, KIDScore and EmbryoScore. Glucose and amino acid metabolism were measured. Clinical pregnancies were confirmed by the presence of a fetal heartbeat at 6 weeks of gestation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Glucose consumption was at least 40% higher in blastocysts deemed of high developmental potential using either the Gardner grade (P < 0.01, n = 209), KIDScore (P < 0.05, n = 207) or EmbryoScore (P < 0.05, n = 184), compared to less viable blastocysts and in blastocysts that resulted in a clinical pregnancy compared to those that failed to implant (P < 0.05, n = 37). Additionally, duration of cavitation was inversely related to glucose consumption (P < 0.05, n = 200). Total amino acid consumption was significantly higher in blastocysts with an EmbryoScore higher than the cohort median score (P < 0.01, n = 185). Furthermore, the production of amino acids was significantly lower in blastocysts with a high Gardner grade (P < 0.05, n = 209), KIDScore (P < 0.05, n = 207) and EmbryoScore (P < 0.01, n = 184). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Samples were collected from patients who had ICSI treatment and from only one clinic. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These results confirm that metabolites, such as glucose and amino acids, are valid biomarkers of embryo viability and could therefore be used in conjunction with other systems to aid in the selection of a healthy embryo. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Work was supported by Virtus Health. D.K.G is contracted with Virtus Health. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrick
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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155
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Baffi TR, Lordén G, Wozniak JM, Feichtner A, Yeung W, Kornev AP, King CC, Del Rio JC, Limaye AJ, Bogomolovas J, Gould CM, Chen J, Kennedy EJ, Kannan N, Gonzalez DJ, Stefan E, Taylor SS, Newton AC. mTORC2 controls the activity of PKC and Akt by phosphorylating a conserved TOR interaction motif. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabe4509. [PMID: 33850054 PMCID: PMC8208635 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex mTORC2 is accepted to be the kinase that controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif, a key regulatory switch for AGC kinases, although whether mTOR directly phosphorylates this motif remains controversial. Here, we identified an mTOR-mediated phosphorylation site that we termed the TOR interaction motif (TIM; F-x3-F-pT), which controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif of PKC and Akt and the activity of these kinases. The TIM is invariant in mTORC2-dependent AGC kinases, is evolutionarily conserved, and coevolved with mTORC2 components. Mutation of this motif in Akt1 and PKCβII abolished cellular kinase activity by impairing activation loop and hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. mTORC2 directly phosphorylated the PKC TIM in vitro, and this phosphorylation event was detected in mouse brain. Overexpression of PDK1 in mTORC2-deficient cells rescued hydrophobic motif phosphorylation of PKC and Akt by a mechanism dependent on their intrinsic catalytic activity, revealing that mTORC2 facilitates the PDK1 phosphorylation step, which, in turn, enables autophosphorylation. Structural analysis revealed that PKC homodimerization is driven by a TIM-containing helix, and biophysical proximity assays showed that newly synthesized, unphosphorylated PKC dimerizes in cells. Furthermore, disruption of the dimer interface by stapled peptides promoted hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. Our data support a model in which mTORC2 relieves nascent PKC dimerization through TIM phosphorylation, recruiting PDK1 to phosphorylate the activation loop and triggering intramolecular hydrophobic motif autophosphorylation. Identification of TIM phosphorylation and its role in the regulation of PKC provides the basis for AGC kinase regulation by mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andreas Feichtner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason C Del Rio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine M Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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156
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Pathak P, Blech-Hermoni Y, Subedi K, Mpamugo J, Obeng-Nyarko C, Ohman R, Molloy I, Kates M, Hale J, Stauffer S, Sharan SK, Mankodi A. Myopathy associated LDB3 mutation causes Z-disc disassembly and protein aggregation through PKCα and TSC2-mTOR downregulation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:355. [PMID: 33742095 PMCID: PMC7979776 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress induced by contractions constantly threatens the integrity of muscle Z-disc, a crucial force-bearing structure in striated muscle. The PDZ-LIM proteins have been proposed to function as adaptors in transducing mechanical signals to preserve the Z-disc structure, however the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that LDB3, a well-characterized striated muscle PDZ-LIM protein, modulates mechanical stress signaling through interactions with the mechanosensing domain in filamin C, its chaperone HSPA8, and PKCα in the Z-disc of skeletal muscle. Studies of Ldb3Ala165Val/+ mice indicate that the myopathy-associated LDB3 p.Ala165Val mutation triggers early aggregation of filamin C and its chaperones at muscle Z-disc before aggregation of the mutant protein. The mutation causes protein aggregation and eventually Z-disc myofibrillar disruption by impairing PKCα and TSC2-mTOR, two important signaling pathways regulating protein stability and disposal of damaged cytoskeletal components at a major mechanosensor hub in the Z-disc of skeletal muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Filamins/metabolism
- HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- LIM Domain Proteins/genetics
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/enzymology
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/genetics
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/pathology
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/physiopathology
- Point Mutation
- Protein Aggregates
- Protein Aggregation, Pathological
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/genetics
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Pathak
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yotam Blech-Hermoni
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kalpana Subedi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Mpamugo
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charissa Obeng-Nyarko
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Ohman
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilda Molloy
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malcolm Kates
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Hale
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacey Stauffer
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ami Mankodi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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157
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Wang X, Zhao XY. Transcription Factors Associated With IL-15 Cytokine Signaling During NK Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610789. [PMID: 33815365 PMCID: PMC8013977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes primarily involved in innate immunity and possess important functional properties in anti-viral and anti-tumor responses; thus, these cells have broad potential for clinical utilization. NK cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the following two independent and continuous processes: early commitment from HSCs to IL-15-responsive NK cell progenitors (NKPs) and subsequent differentiation into mature NK cells in response to IL-15. IL-15 is the most important cytokine for NK cell development, is produced by both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and functions through a distinct delivery process termed transpresentation. Upon being transpresented to NK cells, IL-15 contributes to NK cell development via the activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including the Ras-MEK-MAPK, JAK-STAT5, and PI3K-ATK-mTOR pathways. Nonetheless, the exact role of IL-15 in NK cell development has not been discussed in a consecutive and comprehensive manner. Here, we review current knowledge about the indispensable role of IL-15 in NK cell development and address which cells produce IL-15 to support NK cell development and when IL-15 exerts its function during multiple developmental stages. Specifically, we highlight how IL-15 supports NK cell development by elucidating the distinct transpresentation of IL-15 to NK cells and revealing the downstream target of IL-15 signaling during NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Laboratory for Cellular Therapy, Beijing, China
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158
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Yu M, Zhang H, Wang B, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Jin K. Key Signaling Pathways in Aging and Potential Interventions for Healthy Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030660. [PMID: 33809718 PMCID: PMC8002281 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a fundamental biological process accompanied by a general decline in tissue function. Indeed, as the lifespan increases, age-related dysfunction, such as cognitive impairment or dementia, will become a growing public health issue. Aging is also a great risk factor for many age-related diseases. Nowadays, people want not only to live longer but also healthier. Therefore, there is a critical need in understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating aging that will allow us to modify the aging process for healthy aging and alleviate age-related disease. Here, we reviewed the recent breakthroughs in the mechanistic understanding of biological aging, focusing on the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, which are currently considered critical for aging. We also discussed how these proteins and pathways may potentially interact with each other to regulate aging. We further described how the knowledge of these pathways may lead to new interventions for antiaging and against age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (M.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Brian Wang
- Pathnova Laboratories Pte. Ltd. 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore;
| | - Yinuo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (M.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (M.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China;
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (M.Y.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (K.J.); Tel.: +86-577-55579339 (Q.Z.); +1-81-7735-2579 (K.J.)
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (K.J.); Tel.: +86-577-55579339 (Q.Z.); +1-81-7735-2579 (K.J.)
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159
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Bi Y, Zeng DX, Ye W, Xiao M, Yang QL, Ling Y. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cells proliferation via PI3K–AKT–mTOR Pathway in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1889685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- YanZhi Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Xiang Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Liang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Ling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
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160
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mTOR Signaling in Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042144. [PMID: 33670032 PMCID: PMC7926633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease without a cure. The exact pathogenic mechanisms of PAH are complex and poorly understood, yet a number of abnormally expressed genes and regulatory pathways contribute to sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of the distal pulmonary arteries. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the major signaling pathways implicated in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and protein synthesis. Here we will describe the canonical mTOR pathway, structural and functional differences between mTOR complexes 1 and 2, as well as the crosstalk with other important signaling cascades in the development of PAH. The pathogenic role of mTOR in pulmonary vascular remodeling and sustained vasoconstriction due to its contribution to proliferation, migration, phenotypic transition, and gene regulation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells will be discussed. Despite the progress in our elucidation of the etiology and pathogenesis of PAH over the two last decades, there is a lack of effective therapeutic agents to treat PAH patients representing a significant unmet clinical need. In this review, we will explore the possibility and therapeutic potential to use inhibitors of mTOR signaling cascade to treat PAH.
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161
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Yin S, Liu L, Gan W. The Roles of Post-Translational Modifications on mTOR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041784. [PMID: 33670113 PMCID: PMC7916890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism by integrating various environmental inputs including growth factors, nutrients, and energy, among others. mTOR signaling has been demonstrated to control almost all fundamental cellular processes, such as nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Over the past fifteen years, mapping the network of the mTOR pathway has dramatically advanced our understanding of its upstream and downstream signaling. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is frequently associated with a variety of human diseases, such as cancers, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Besides genetic alterations, aberrancies in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the mTOR components are the major causes of the aberrant mTOR signaling in a number of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current understanding of PTMs-mediated regulation of mTOR signaling, and also update the progress on targeting the mTOR pathway and PTM-related enzymes for treatment of human diseases.
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162
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Protective Role of Polyphenols in Heart Failure: Molecular Targets and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041668. [PMID: 33562294 PMCID: PMC7914665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of death in the United States, with a 5-year mortality rate of 50% despite modern pharmacological therapies. Plant-based diets are comprised of a diverse polyphenol profile, which lends to their association with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Whether a polyphenol-rich diet can slow the progression of or reverse HF in humans is not known. To date, in vitro and in vivo studies have reported on the protective role of polyphenols in HF. In this review, we will discuss the major mechanisms by which polyphenols mitigate HF in vitro and in vivo, including (1) reduced cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress, (2) reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, (3) improved Ca2+ homeostasis, (4) increased survival signaling, and (5) increased sirtuin 1 activity.
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163
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Finding new edges: systems approaches to MTOR signaling. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:41-54. [PMID: 33544134 PMCID: PMC7924996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved highly intertwined kinase networks to finely tune cellular homeostasis to the environment. The network converging on the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) kinase constitutes a central hub that integrates metabolic signals and adapts cellular metabolism and functions to nutritional changes and stress. Feedforward and feedback loops, crosstalks and a plethora of modulators finely balance MTOR-driven anabolic and catabolic processes. This complexity renders it difficult — if not impossible — to intuitively decipher signaling dynamics and network topology. Over the last two decades, systems approaches have emerged as powerful tools to simulate signaling network dynamics and responses. In this review, we discuss the contribution of systems studies to the discovery of novel edges and modulators in the MTOR network in healthy cells and in disease.
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. The complex network of mTOR signaling in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:424-439. [PMID: 33512477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates several intracellular and extracellular signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes. mTOR assembles into two macromolecular complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have different regulators, substrates and functions. Studies of gain- and loss-of-function animal models of mTOR signaling revealed that mTORC1/2 elicit both adaptive and maladaptive functions in the cardiovascular system. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are indispensable for driving cardiac development and cardiac adaption to stress, such as pressure overload. However, persistent and deregulated mTORC1 activation in the heart is detrimental during stress and contributes to the development and progression of cardiac remodeling and genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the role of mTOR in the cardiovascular system, both under basal conditions and during stress, such as pressure overload, ischemia and metabolic stress. Current data suggest that mTOR modulation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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165
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Martins BR, Pinto TS, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Bezerra F, Zambuzzi WF. PI3K/AKT signaling drives titanium-induced angiogenic stimulus. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:18. [PMID: 33506378 PMCID: PMC7840643 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although osseointegration and clinical success of titanium (Ti)-implanted materials depend on neovascularization in the reactional peri-implant tissue, very little has been achieved considering the Ti-molecules release on the behavior of endothelial cells. To address this issue, we challenged endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Ti-enriched medium obtained from two types of commercial titanium surfaces [presenting or not dual-acid etching (DAE)] up to 72 h to allow molecular machinery analysis. Our data show that the Ti-enriched medium provokes significant stimulus of angiogenesis-related machinery in endothelial cells by upexpressing VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGF, eNOS, and iNOS genes, while the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was also significantly enhanced. As PI3K/AKT signaling was related to angiogenesis in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), we addressed the importance of PI3K/Akt upon Ti-enriched medium responses by concomitantly treating the cells with wortmannin, a well-known PI3K inhibitor. Wortmannin suppressed the angiogenic factors, because VEGF, VEGFR1, and eNOS genes were downregulated in those cells, highlighting the importance of PI3K/AKT signaling on driving angiogenic phenotype and angiogenesis performance within the peri-implant tissue reaction. In conjunction, these data reinforce that titanium-implantable devices modify the metabolism of surrounding cells, such as endothelial cells, probably coupling osteogenesis and angiogenesis processes in peri-implant tissue and then contributing to successfully osseointegration of biomedical titanium-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rodrigues Martins
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Silva Pinto
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Bezerra
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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166
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Survival of salivary gland cancer stem cells requires mTOR signaling. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:108. [PMID: 33479203 PMCID: PMC7820616 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a relentless cancer that exhibits resistance to conventional chemotherapy. As such, treatment for patients with advanced MEC is tipically radical surgery and radiotherapy. Facial disfigurement and poor quality of life are frequent treatment challenges, and many patients succumb to loco-regional recurrence and/or metastasis. We know that cancer stem-like cells (CSC) drive MEC tumorigenesis. The current study tests the hypothesis that MEC CSC are sensitive to therapeutic inhibition of mTOR. Here, we report a correlation between the long-term clinical outcomes of 17 MEC patients and the intratumoral expression of p-mTOR (p = 0.00294) and p-S6K1 (p = 0.00357). In vitro, we observed that MEC CSC exhibit constitutive activation of the mTOR signaling pathway (i.e., mTOR, AKT, and S6K1), unveiling a potential strategy for targeted ablation of these cells. Using a panel of inhibitors of the mTOR pathway, i.e., rapamycin and temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitors), buparlisib and LY294002 (AKT inhibitors), and PF4708671 (S6K1 inhibitor), we observed consistently dose-dependent decrease in the fraction of CSC, as well as inhibition of secondary sphere formation and self-renewal in three human MEC cell lines (UM-HMC-1,-3A,-3B). Notably, therapeutic inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin or temsirolimus induced preferential apoptosis of CSC, when compared to bulk tumor cells. In contrast, conventional chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin, paclitaxel) induced preferential apoptosis of bulk tumor cells and accumulation of CSC. In vivo, therapeutic inhibition of mTOR with temsirolimus caused ablation of CSC and downregulation of Bmi-1 expression (major inducer of stem cell self-renewal) in MEC xenografts. Transplantation of MEC cells genetically silenced for mTOR into immunodeficient mice corroborated the results obtained with temsirolimus. Collectively, these data demonstrated that mTOR signaling is required for CSC survival, and unveiled the therapeutic potential of targeting the mTOR pathway for elimination of highly tumorigenic cancer stem-like cells in salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
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Smith EM, Benbahouche N, Morris K, Wilczynska A, Gillen S, Schmidt T, Meijer H, Jukes-Jones R, Cain K, Jones C, Stoneley M, Waldron J, Bell C, Fonseca B, Blagden S, Willis A, Bushell M. The mTOR regulated RNA-binding protein LARP1 requires PABPC1 for guided mRNA interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:458-478. [PMID: 33332560 PMCID: PMC7797073 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical regulator of cell growth, integrating multiple signalling cues and pathways. Key among the downstream activities of mTOR is the control of the protein synthesis machinery. This is achieved, in part, via the co-ordinated regulation of mRNAs that contain a terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) at their 5'ends, although the mechanisms by which this occurs downstream of mTOR signalling are still unclear. We used RNA-binding protein (RBP) capture to identify changes in the protein-RNA interaction landscape following mTOR inhibition. Upon mTOR inhibition, the binding of LARP1 to a number of mRNAs, including TOP-containing mRNAs, increased. Importantly, non-TOP-containing mRNAs bound by LARP1 are in a translationally-repressed state, even under control conditions. The mRNA interactome of the LARP1-associated protein PABPC1 was found to have a high degree of overlap with that of LARP1 and our data show that PABPC1 is required for the association of LARP1 with its specific mRNA targets. Finally, we demonstrate that mRNAs, including those encoding proteins critical for cell growth and survival, are translationally repressed when bound by both LARP1 and PABPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Smith
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nour El Houda Benbahouche
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Katherine Morris
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ania Wilczynska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Gillen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hedda A Meijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Carolyn Jones
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mark Stoneley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Joseph A Waldron
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Cameron Bell
- Cancer Research UK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
| | | | - Sarah Blagden
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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168
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Yousuf MS, Shiers SI, Sahn JJ, Price TJ. Pharmacological Manipulation of Translation as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Pain. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:59-88. [PMID: 33203717 PMCID: PMC7736833 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in regulation of mRNA translation is an increasingly recognized characteristic of many diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, and chronic pain. Approximately 50 million adults in the United States experience chronic pain. This economic burden is greater than annual costs associated with heart disease, cancer, and diabetes combined. Treatment options for chronic pain are inadequately efficacious and riddled with adverse side effects. There is thus an urgent unmet need for novel approaches to treating chronic pain. Sensitization of neurons along the nociceptive pathway causes chronic pain states driving symptoms that include spontaneous pain and mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. More than a decade of preclinical research demonstrates that translational mechanisms regulate the changes in gene expression that are required for ongoing sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons. This review will describe how key translation regulation signaling pathways, including the integrated stress response, mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases, impact the translation of different subsets of mRNAs. We then place these mechanisms of translation regulation in the context of chronic pain states, evaluate currently available therapies, and examine the potential for developing novel drugs. Considering the large body of evidence now published in this area, we propose that pharmacologically manipulating specific aspects of the translational machinery may reverse key neuronal phenotypic changes causing different chronic pain conditions. Therapeutics targeting these pathways could eventually be first-line drugs used to treat chronic pain disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Translational mechanisms regulating protein synthesis underlie phenotypic changes in the sensory nervous system that drive chronic pain states. This review highlights regulatory mechanisms that control translation initiation and how to exploit them in treating persistent pain conditions. We explore the role of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase inhibitors and AMPK activators in alleviating pain hypersensitivity. Modulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation is also discussed as a potential therapy. Targeting specific translation regulation mechanisms may reverse changes in neuronal hyperexcitability associated with painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - Stephanie I Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - James J Sahn
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
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169
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Delpoux A, Marcel N, Hess Michelini R, Katayama CD, Allison KA, Glass CK, Quiñones-Parra SM, Murre C, Loh L, Kedzierska K, Lappas M, Hedrick SM, Doedens AL. FOXO1 constrains activation and regulates senescence in CD8 T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108674. [PMID: 33503413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive and memory T cells are maintained in a quiescent state, yet capable of rapid response and differentiation to antigen challenge via molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. In naive cells, the deletion of Foxo1 following thymic development results in the increased expression of multiple AP-1 family members, rendering T cells less able to respond to antigenic challenge. Similarly, in the absence of FOXO1, post-infection memory T cells exhibit the characteristics of extended activation and senescence. Age-based analysis of human peripheral T cells reveals that levels of FOXO1 and its downstream target, TCF7, are inversely related to host age, whereas the opposite is found for AP-1 factors. These characteristics of aging also correlate with the formation of T cells manifesting features of cellular senescence. Our work illustrates a role for FOXO1 in the active maintenance of stem-like properties in T cells at the timescales of acute infection and organismal life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delpoux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Nimi Marcel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Carol D Katayama
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Karmel A Allison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition, and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA.
| | - Andrew L Doedens
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA.
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170
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Berezin AE, Berezin AA. Stem-Cell-Based Cardiac Regeneration: Is There a Place For Optimism in the Future? Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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171
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Amino Acids in Cell Signaling: Regulation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:17-33. [PMID: 34251636 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the main building blocks for life. Aside from their roles in composing proteins, functional amino acids and their metabolites play regulatory roles in key metabolic cascades, gene expressions, and cell-to-cell communication via a variety of cell signaling pathways. These metabolic networks are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity in humans and animals. These amino acids include, but are not limited to, arginine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan. We will discuss these functional amino acids in cell signaling pathways in mammals with a particular emphasis on mTORC1, AMPK, and MAPK pathways for protein synthesis, nutrient sensing, and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as cell survival, growth, and development.
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172
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Dis3L2 regulates cell proliferation and tissue growth through a conserved mechanism. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009297. [PMID: 33370287 PMCID: PMC7793271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dis3L2 is a highly conserved 3’-5’ exoribonuclease which is mutated in the human overgrowth disorders Perlman syndrome and Wilms’ tumour of the kidney. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we have generated a new dis3L2 null mutant together with wild-type and nuclease-dead genetic lines in Drosophila to demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Dis3L2 is required to control cell proliferation. To understand the cellular pathways regulated by Dis3L2 to control proliferation, we used RNA-seq on dis3L2 mutant wing discs to show that the imaginal disc growth factor Idgf2 is responsible for driving the wing overgrowth. IDGFs are conserved proteins homologous to human chitinase-like proteins such as CHI3L1/YKL-40 which are implicated in tissue regeneration as well as cancers including colon cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. We also demonstrate that loss of DIS3L2 in human kidney HEK-293T cells results in cell proliferation, illustrating the conservation of this important cell proliferation pathway. Using these human cells, we show that loss of DIS3L2 results in an increase in the PI3-Kinase/AKT signalling pathway, which we subsequently show to contribute towards the proliferation phenotype in Drosophila. Our work therefore provides the first mechanistic explanation for DIS3L2-induced overgrowth in humans and flies and identifies an ancient proliferation pathway controlled by Dis3L2 to regulate cell proliferation and tissue growth. Regulation of cell proliferation is not only important during development but also required for repair of damaged tissues and during wound healing. Using human kidney cells as well as the fruit fly Drosophila we have recently discovered that cell proliferation can be regulated by a protein named Dis3L2. Depletion or removal of this protein results in excess proliferation. These results are relevant to human disease as DIS3L2 has been shown to be mutated in an overgrowth syndrome (Perlman syndrome) where affected children have abnormal enlargement of organs (e.g. kidneys) and susceptibility to Wilms’ tumour (a kidney cancer). Dis3L2 is an enzyme known to "chew up" mRNA molecules which instruct the cell to make particular proteins. Using state-of-the-art molecular methods in Drosophila, we have discovered that Dis3L2 targets a small subset of mRNAs, including an mRNA encoding a growth factor named 'imaginal disc growth factor 2' (idgf2). For human kidney cells in culture, we have found that depletion of DIS3L2 results in enhanced proliferation, and that this involves a well-known cellular pathway. Our results mean that we have discovered a new way of controlling cell proliferation, which could, in the future, be used in human therapies.
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173
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Jayatunga DPW, Hone E, Bharadwaj P, Garg M, Verdile G, Guillemin GJ, Martins RN. Targeting Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1273-1297. [PMID: 33285629 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria perform many essential cellular functions including energy production, calcium homeostasis, transduction of metabolic and stress signals, and mediating cell survival and death. Maintaining viable populations of mitochondria is therefore critical for normal cell function. The selective disposal of damaged mitochondria, by a pathway known as mitophagy, plays a key role in preserving mitochondrial integrity and quality. Mitophagy reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species and is considered as a protective cellular process. Mitochondrial dysfunction and deficits of mitophagy have important roles in aging and especially in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Targeting mitophagy pathways has been suggested to have potential therapeutic effects against AD. In this review, we aim to briefly discuss the emerging concepts on mitophagy, molecular regulation of the mitophagy process, current mitophagy detection methods, and mitophagy dysfunction in AD. Finally, we will also briefly examine the stimulation of mitophagy as an approach for attenuating neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona P W Jayatunga
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Manohar Garg
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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174
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Merckaert T, Zwaenepoel O, Gevaert K, Gettemans J. An AKT2-specific nanobody that targets the hydrophobic motif induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy and loss of focal adhesions in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111055. [PMID: 33378961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The AKT kinase family is a high-profile target for cancer therapy. Despite their high degree of homology the three AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) are non-redundant and can even have opposing functions. Small-molecule AKT inhibitors affect all three isoforms which severely limits their usefulness as research tool or therapeutic. Using AKT2-specific nanobodies we examined the function of endogenous AKT2 in breast cancer cells. Two AKT2 nanobodies (Nb8 and Nb9) modulate AKT2 and reduce MDA-MB-231 cell viability/proliferation. Nb8 binds the AKT2 hydrophobic motif and reduces IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of this site. This nanobody also affects the phosphorylation and/or expression levels of a wide range of proteins downstream of AKT, resulting in a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, the induction of autophagy, a reduction in focal adhesion count and loss of stress fibers. While cell cycle progression is likely to be regulated by more than one isoform, our results indicate that both the effects on autophagy and the cytoskeleton are specific to AKT2. By using an isoform-specific nanobody we were able to map a part of the AKT2 pathway. Our results confirm AKT2 and the hydrophobic motif as targets for cancer therapy. Nb8 can be used as a research tool to study AKT2 signalling events and aid in the design of an AKT2-specific inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Merckaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Zwaenepoel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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175
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Martin-Perez M, Grillo AS, Ito TK, Valente AS, Han J, Entwisle SW, Huang HZ, Kim D, Yajima M, Kaeberlein M, Villén J. PKC downregulation upon rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1472-1481. [PMID: 33324011 PMCID: PMC8017771 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a fatal neurometabolic disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial function. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition with rapamycin attenuates disease progression in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome (Ndufs4 knock-out (KO) mouse); however, the mechanism of rescue is unknown. Here we identify protein kinase C (PKC) downregulation as a key event mediating the beneficial effects of rapamycin treatment of Ndufs4 KO mice. Assessing the impact of rapamycin on the brain proteome and phosphoproteome of Ndufs4 KO mice, we find that rapamycin restores mitochondrial protein levels, inhibits signalling through both mTOR complexes and reduces the abundance and activity of multiple PKC isoforms. Administration of PKC inhibitors increases survival, delays neurological deficits, prevents hair loss and decreases inflammation in Ndufs4 KO mice. Thus, PKC may be a viable therapeutic target for treating severe mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Perez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takashi K Ito
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anthony S Valente
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeehae Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel W Entwisle
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Z Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dayae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Masanao Yajima
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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176
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mTORC2 Assembly Is Regulated by USP9X-Mediated Deubiquitination of RICTOR. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108564. [PMID: 33378666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) controls cell metabolism and survival in response to environmental inputs. Dysregulation of mTORC2 signaling has been linked to diverse human diseases, including cancer and metabolic disorders, highlighting the importance of a tightly controlled mTORC2. While mTORC2 assembly is a critical determinant of its activity, the factors regulating this event are not well understood, and it is unclear whether this process is regulated by growth factors. Here, we present data, from human cell lines and mice, describing a mechanism by which growth factors regulate ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X) deubiquitinase to stimulate mTORC2 assembly and activity. USP9X removes Lys63-linked ubiquitin from RICTOR to promote its interaction with mTOR, thereby facilitating mTORC2 signaling. As mTORC2 is central for cellular homeostasis, understanding the mechanisms regulating mTORC2 activation toward its downstream targets is vital for our understanding of physiological processes and for developing new therapeutic strategies in pathology.
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177
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Yang C, Malarkannan S. Transcriptional Regulation of NK Cell Development by mTOR Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:566090. [PMID: 33240877 PMCID: PMC7683515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.566090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for multiple cellular processes. The unique roles of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR2 in regulating immune functions are emerging. NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of innate immunity, and their development and effector functions require metabolic reprogramming. Recent studies demonstrate that in NK cells, conditionally disrupting the formation of mTORC1 or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) alters their development significantly. Transcriptomic profiling of NK cells at the single-cell level demonstrates that mTORC1 was critical for the early developmental progression, while mTORC2 regulated the terminal maturation. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of mTOR complexes in NK development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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178
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Tokumura K, Iwahashi S, Park G, Ochiai S, Okayama Y, Fusawa H, Fukasawa K, Iezaki T, Hinoi E. mTOR regulates skeletogenesis through canonical and noncanonical pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:30-35. [PMID: 32917361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates various cellular processes, in part through incorporation into distinct protein complexes. The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) contains the Raptor subunit, while mTORC2 specifically contains the Rictor subunit. Mouse genetic studies, including ours, have revealed a critical role for mTOR in skeletogenesis through its expression in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. In addition, we have recently revealed that mTORC1 expression in chondrocytes is crucial for skeletogenesis. Recent work indicates that mTOR regulates cellular functions, depending on the context, through both complex-dependent (canonical pathway) and complex-independent roles (noncanonical pathway). Here, we determined that mTOR regulates skeletal development through the noncanonical pathway, as well as the canonical pathway, in a cell-type and context-specific manner. Inactivation of Mtor in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or chondrocytes led to either severe hypoplasia in appendicular skeletons or a severe and generalized chondrodysplasia, respectively. Moreover, Rictor deletion in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or chondrocytes led to mineralization defects in some skeletal components. Finally, we revealed that simultaneous deletion of Raptor and Rictor in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells recapitulated the appendicular skeletal phenotypes of Mtor deficiency, whereas chondrocyte-specific Raptor and Rictor double-mutants exhibited milder hypoplasia of appendicular and axial skeletons than those seen upon Mtor deletion. These findings indicate that mTOR regulates skeletal development mainly through the canonical pathway in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, but at least in part through the noncanonical pathway in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tokumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayuki Iwahashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gyujin Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ochiai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuka Okayama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fusawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Iezaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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179
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Pignatti C, D’Adamo S, Stefanelli C, Flamigni F, Cetrullo S. Nutrients and Pathways that Regulate Health Span and Life Span. Geriatrics (Basel) 2020; 5:geriatrics5040095. [PMID: 33228041 PMCID: PMC7709628 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics5040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both life span and health span are influenced by genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. With the genetic influence on human life span estimated to be about 20–25%, epigenetic changes play an important role in modulating individual health status and aging. Thus, a main part of life expectance and healthy aging is determined by dietary habits and nutritional factors. Excessive or restricted food consumption have direct effects on health status. Moreover, some dietary interventions including a reduced intake of dietary calories without malnutrition, or a restriction of specific dietary component may promote health benefits and decrease the incidence of aging-related comorbidities, thus representing intriguing potential approaches to improve healthy aging. However, the relationship between nutrition, health and aging is still not fully understood as well as the mechanisms by which nutrients and nutritional status may affect health span and longevity in model organisms. The broad effect of different nutritional conditions on health span and longevity occurs through multiple mechanisms that involve evolutionary conserved nutrient-sensing pathways in tissues and organs. These pathways interacting each other include the evolutionary conserved key regulators mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway and sirtuins. In this review we provide a summary of the main molecular mechanisms by which different nutritional conditions, i.e., specific nutrient abundance or restriction, may affect health span and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pignatti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Stefania D’Adamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Flavio Flamigni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Cetrullo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.P.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-1241
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180
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An L, Shi Q, Zhu Y, Wang H, Peng Q, Wu J, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Yi Y, Bao Z, Zhang H, Luo Y, Fan J. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) promotes hepatic glycogen accumulation and reduces glucose level in hepatocytes through mTORC2 signaling pathway. Genes Dis 2020; 8:531-544. [PMID: 34179315 PMCID: PMC8209350 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is an important organ for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) may play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that BMP4 significantly inhibits hepatic steatosis and lowers serum triglycerides, playing a protective role against the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the direct impact of BMP4 on hepatic glucose metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory roles of BMP4 in hepatic glucose metabolism. Through a comprehensive analysis of the 14 types of BMPs, we found that BMP4 was one of the most potent BMPs in promoting hepatic glycogen accumulation, reducing the level of glucose in hepatocytes and effecting the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BMP4 reduced the hepatic glucose levels through the activation of mTORC2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that BMP4 may play an essential role in regulating hepatic glucose metabolism. This knowledge should aid us to understand the molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD, and may lead to the development of novel therapeutics by exploiting the inhibitory effects of BMPs on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qi Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Jinghong Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yanyu Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Zihao Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yetao Luo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
- Corresponding author. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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181
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Götting I, Jendrossek V, Matschke J. A New Twist in Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling: Role of Altered Cancer Cell Metabolism in Akt-Mediated Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228563. [PMID: 33202866 PMCID: PMC7697684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and molecular-targeted agents is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy. Herein, aberrant activation of the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway is one of the most frequently deregulated pathways in cancer cells and has been associated with multiple aspects of therapy resistance. These include, for example, survival under stress conditions, apoptosis resistance, activation of the cellular response to DNA damage and repair of radiation-induced or chemotherapy-induced DNA damage, particularly DNA double strand breaks (DSB). One further important, yet not much investigated aspect of Akt-dependent signaling is the regulation of cell metabolism. In fact, many Akt target proteins are part of or involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, recent studies revealed the importance of certain metabolites for protection against therapy-induced cell stress and the repair of therapy-induced DNA damage. Thus far, the likely interaction between deregulated activation of Akt, altered cancer metabolism and therapy resistance is not yet well understood. The present review describes the documented interactions between Akt, its target proteins and cancer cell metabolism, focusing on antioxidant defense and DSB repair. Furthermore, the review highlights potential connections between deregulated Akt, cancer cell metabolism and therapy resistance of cancer cells through altered DSB repair and discusses potential resulting therapeutic implications.
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182
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Wadhwa B, Paddar M, Khan S, Mir S, A Clarke P, Grabowska AM, Vijay DG, Malik F. AKT isoforms have discrete expression in triple negative breast cancers and roles in cisplatin sensitivity. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4178-4194. [PMID: 33227065 PMCID: PMC7665233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AKT, a serine threonine kinase, exists in three different isoforms and is known for regulating several biological processes including tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression and net effect of the individual isoforms in triple negative breast cancers and response to cisplatin treatment using cellular, mice models and clinical samples. Interestingly, analysis of the expressions of AKT isoforms in clinical samples showed relatively higher expression of AKT1 in primary tissues; whereas lung and liver metastatic samples showed elevated expression of AKT2. Similarly, triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, BT-549 and MDA-MB-231, with high proliferative and invasive properties, displayed higher expression levels of AKT1/2. By modulating AKT isoform expression in MCF-10A and BT-549 cell lines, we found that presence of AKT2 was associated with invasiveness, stemness and sensitivity to drug treatment. It was observed that the silencing of AKT2 suppressed the cancer stem cell populations (CD44high CD24low, ALDH1), mammosphere formation, invasive and migratory potential in MCF-10A and BT-549 cells. It was further demonstrated that loss of function of AKT1 isoform is associated with reduced sensitivity towards cisplatin treatment in triple-negative breast cancers cellular and syngeneic mice models. The decrease in cisplatin treatment response in shAKT1 cells was allied with the upregulation in the expression of transporter protein ABCG2, whereas silencing of ABCG2 restored cisplatin sensitivity in these cells through AKT/SNAIL/ABCG2 axis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the varied expression of AKT isoforms in triple-negative breast cancers and also confirmed differential role of isoforms in stemness, invasiveness and response towards the cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Wadhwa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Masroor Paddar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Sameer Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Sameer Mir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar 190005, India
| | - Philip A Clarke
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Fayaz Malik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar 190005, India
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183
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Hao P, Yu J, Ward R, Liu Y, Hao Q, An S, Xu T. Eukaryotic translation initiation factors as promising targets in cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:175. [PMID: 33148274 PMCID: PMC7640403 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotic cells is critical for gene expression, and occurs principally at the initiation phase which is mainly regulated by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). eIFs are fundamental for the translation of mRNA and as such act as the primary targets of several signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. Mis-regulated mRNA expression is a common feature of tumorigenesis and the abnormal activity of eIF complexes triggered by upstream signaling pathways is detected in many tumors, leading to the selective translation of mRNA encoding proteins involved in tumorigenesis, metastasis, or resistance to anti-cancer drugs, and making eIFs a promising therapeutic target for various types of cancers. Here, we briefly outline our current understanding of the biology of eIFs, mainly focusing on the effects of several signaling pathways upon their functions and discuss their contributions to the initiation and progression of tumor growth. An overview of the progress in developing agents targeting the components of translation machinery for cancer treatment is also provided. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Hao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Richard Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Yin Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qiao Hao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Tianrui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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184
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Pataki E, Simhaev L, Engel H, Cohen A, Kupiec M, Weisman R. TOR Complex 2- independent mutations in the regulatory PIF pocket of Gad8AKT1/SGK1 define separate branches of the stress response mechanisms in fission yeast. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009196. [PMID: 33137119 PMCID: PMC7660925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase forms part of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2), two multi-subunit protein complexes that regulate growth, proliferation, survival and developmental processes by phosphorylation and activation of AGC-family kinases. In the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, TORC2 and its target, the AGC kinase Gad8 (an orthologue of human AKT or SGK1) are required for viability under stress conditions and for developmental processes in response to starvation cues. In this study, we describe the isolation of gad8 mutant alleles that bypass the requirement for TORC2 and reveal a separation of function of TORC2 and Gad8 under stress conditions. In particular, osmotic and nutritional stress responses appear to form a separate branch from genotoxic stress responses downstream of TORC2-Gad8. Interestingly, TORC2-independent mutations map into the regulatory PIF pocket of Gad8, a highly conserved motif in AGC kinases that regulates substrate binding in PDK1 (phosphoinositide dependent kinase-1) and kinase activity in several AGC kinases. Gad8 activation is thought to require a two-step mechanism, in which phosphorylation by TORC2 allows further phosphorylation and activation by Ksg1 (an orthologue of PDK1). We focus on the Gad8-K263C mutation and demonstrate that it renders the Gad8 kinase activity independent of TORC2 in vitro and independent of the phosphorylation sites of TORC2 in vivo. Molecular dynamics simulations of Gad8-K263C revealed abnormal high flexibility at T387, the phosphorylation site for Ksg1, suggesting a mechanism for the TORC2-independent Gad8 activity. Significantly, the K263 residue is highly conserved in the family of AGC-kinases, which may suggest a general way of keeping their activity in check when acting downstream of TOR complexes. Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules, such as ATP, to their substrates. This process is pivotal for regulation of almost any aspect of cellular biology. Many human diseases are associated with aberrant functions of protein kinases due to mutations. Accordingly, there is a growing number of kinase inhibitors that have been approved for clinical use. A better understanding of how protein kinases become active and how their activity is relayed to regulate their cellular functions is much needed for rational design of kinase inhibitors and for their optimal use in the clinic. The AGC-family of protein kinases play key roles in regulating cellular growth, proliferation and survival. In human cells, as well as in the fission yeast, our cellular model system, a subgroup of the AGC kinases is activated by the TOR protein kinases. Here we report the isolation of mutations in the AGC kinase Gad8 (AKT or SGK1 in human) that bypass the requirement for activation by TOR. Analyses of how these mutations affect cellular growth revealed separate branches of stress response mechanisms downstream of Gad8, while computer simulation methods suggested a molecular mechanism that keeps the activity of Gad8 in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Pataki
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Luba Simhaev
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hamutal Engel
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adiel Cohen
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine & Cancer Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Weisman
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
- * E-mail:
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185
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mTOR plays a pivotal role in multiple processes of enamel organ development principally through the mTORC1 pathway and in part via regulating cytoskeleton dynamics. Dev Biol 2020; 467:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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186
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Brown M, Dainty S, Strudwick N, Mihai AD, Watson JN, Dendooven R, Paton AW, Paton JC, Schröder M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes insulin resistance by inhibiting delivery of newly synthesized insulin receptors to the cell surface. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2597-2629. [PMID: 32877278 PMCID: PMC7851869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates a signaling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we characterize how ER stress and the UPR inhibit insulin signaling. We find that ER stress inhibits insulin signaling by depleting the cell surface population of the insulin receptor. ER stress inhibits proteolytic maturation of insulin proreceptors by interfering with transport of newly synthesized insulin proreceptors from the ER to the plasma membrane. Activation of AKT, a major target of the insulin signaling pathway, by a cytosolic, membrane-bound chimera between the AP20187-inducible FV2E dimerization domain and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor was not affected by ER stress. Hence, signaling events in the UPR, such as activation of the JNK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases or the pseudokinase TRB3 by the ER stress sensors IRE1α and PERK, do not contribute to inhibition of signal transduction in the insulin signaling pathway. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic ablation of JNKs, as well as silencing of expression of TRB3, did not restore insulin sensitivity or rescue processing of newly synthesized insulin receptors in ER-stressed cells. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Dainty
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Strudwick
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adina D. Mihai
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie N. Watson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Robina Dendooven
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Martin Schröder
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4EP, United Kingdom
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187
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Adjirackor NA, Harvey KE, Harvey SC. Eukaryotic response to hypothermia in relation to integrated stress responses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:833-846. [PMID: 32676830 PMCID: PMC7591648 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to hypothermic stress through a series of regulatory mechanisms that preserve energy resources and prolong cell survival. These mechanisms include alterations in gene expression, attenuated global protein synthesis and changes in the lipid composition of the phospholipid bilayer. Cellular responses to hyperthermia, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and oxidative stress have been comprehensively investigated, but studies of the cellular response to cold stress are more limited. Responses to cold stress are however of great importance both in the wild, where exposure to low and fluctuating environmental temperatures is common, and in medical and biotechnology settings where cells and tissues are frequently exposed to hypothermic stress and cryopreservation. This means that it is vitally important to understand how cells are impacted by low temperatures and by the decreases and subsequent increases in temperature associated with cold stress. Here, we review the ways in which eukaryotic cells respond to hypothermic stress and how these compare to the well-described and highly integrated stress response systems that govern the cellular response to other types of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naki A Adjirackor
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK.
| | - Katie E Harvey
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Simon C Harvey
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
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188
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Mukhtar I. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and epilepsy: From pathogenesis to treatment target. Seizure 2020; 82:65-79. [PMID: 33011590 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disease associated with epileptic seizures as well as with neurobehavioral outcomes of this condition. In the last century, inflammation emerged as a crucial factor in epilepsy etiology. Various brain insults through activation of neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells initiate a series of inflammatory events. Growing observations strongly suggest that abnormal activation of critical inflammatory processes contributes to epileptogenesis, a gradual process by which a normal brain transforms into the epileptic brain. Increased knowledge of inflammatory pathways in epileptogenesis has unveiled mechanistic targets for novel antiepileptic therapies. Molecules specifically targeting the pivotal inflammatory pathways may serve as promising candidates to halt the development of epilepsy. The present paper reviews the pieces of evidence conceptually supporting the potential role of inflammatory mechanisms and the relevant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in epileptogenesis. Also, it discusses the mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced neuronal-glial network impairment and highlights innovative neuroregulatory actions of typical inflammatory molecules. Finally, it presents a brief analysis of observations supporting the therapeutic role of inflammation-targeting tiny molecules in epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mukhtar
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center For Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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189
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Soliman GA, Schooling CM. Causal association between mTOR-dependent EIF-4E and EIF-4A circulating protein levels and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15737. [PMID: 32978410 PMCID: PMC7519073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) nutrient-sensing pathway is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism and is dysregulated in diabetes. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF-4E) protein, a key regulator of gene translation and protein function, is controlled by mTORC1 and EIF-4E Binding Proteins (EIF4EBPs). Both EIF4EBPs and ribosomal protein S6K kinase (RP-S6K) are downstream effectors regulated by mTORC1 but converge to regulate two independent pathways. We investigated whether the risk of type 2 diabetes varied with genetically predicted EIF-4E, EIF-4A, EIF-4G, EIF4EBP, and RP-S6K circulating levels using Mendelian Randomization. We estimated the causal role of EIF-4F complex, EIF4EBP, and S6K in the circulation on type 2 diabetes, based on independent single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly associated (p = 5 × 10–6) with EIF-4E (16 SNPs), EIF-4A (11 SNPs), EIF-4G (6 SNPs), EIF4EBP2 (12 SNPs), and RP-S6K (16 SNPs). The exposure data were obtained from the INTERVAL study. We applied these SNPs for each exposure to publically available genetic associations with diabetes from the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) case (n = 26,676) and control (n = 132,532) study (mean age 57.4 years). We meta-analyzed SNP-specific Wald-estimates using inverse variance weighting with multiplicative random effects and conducted sensitivity analysis. Mendelian Randomization (MR-Base) R package was used in the analysis. The PhenoScanner curated database was used to identify disease associations with SNP gene variants. EIF-4E is associated with a lowered risk of type 2 diabetes with an odds ratio (OR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (0.88, 0.99, p = 0.03) with similar estimates from the weighted median and MR-Egger. Similarly, EIF-4A was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes with odds ratio (OR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (0.85, 0.97, p = 0.0003). Sensitivity analysis using MR-Egger and weighed median analysis does not indicate that there is a pleiotropic effect. This unbiased Mendelian Randomization estimate is consistent with a protective causal association of EIF-4E and EIF-4A on type 2 diabetes. EIF-4E and EIF-4A may be targeted for intervention by repurposing existing therapeutics to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, The City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 West 125th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, The City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 West 125th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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190
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Fu W, Hall MN. Regulation of mTORC2 Signaling. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1045. [PMID: 32899613 PMCID: PMC7564249 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase and a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism, forms two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. While mTORC1 signaling is well characterized, mTORC2 is relatively poorly understood. mTORC2 appears to exist in functionally distinct pools, but few mTORC2 effectors/substrates have been identified. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of mTORC2 signaling, with particular emphasis on factors that control mTORC2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland;
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191
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Melick CH, Jewell JL. Regulation of mTORC1 by Upstream Stimuli. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090989. [PMID: 32854217 PMCID: PMC7565831 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that senses multiple upstream stimuli to control cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). A significant amount of research has uncovered the signaling pathways regulated by mTORC1, and the involvement of these signaling cascades in human diseases like cancer, diabetes, and ageing. Here, we review advances in mTORC1 regulation by upstream stimuli. We specifically focus on how growth factors, amino acids, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), phosphorylation, and small GTPases regulate mTORC1 activity and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase H. Melick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jenna L. Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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192
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Shimizu T, Taguchi A, Higashijima Y, Takubo N, Kanki Y, Urade Y, Wada Y. PERK-Mediated Suppression of microRNAs by Sildenafil Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure. iScience 2020; 23:101410. [PMID: 32768667 PMCID: PMC7378464 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative/nitrosative stress is a major trigger of cardiac dysfunction, involving the unfolded protein response and mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G signaling by sildenafil improves cardiac mal-remodeling during pressure-overload-induced heart failure. Transcriptome analysis was conducted in failing hearts with or without sildenafil treatment. Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) downstream signaling pathways, EIF2 and NRF2, were significantly altered. Although EIF2 signaling was suppressed, NRF2 signaling was upregulated, inhibiting the maturation of miR 24-3p through EGFR-mediated Ago2 phosphorylation. To study the effect of sildenafil on these pathways, we generated cardiac-specific PERK knockout mice. In these mice, sildenafil could not inhibit the maturations, the nuclear translocation of NRF2 was suppressed, and mitochondrial dysfunction advanced. Altogether, these results show that PERK-mediated suppression of miRNAs by sildenafil is vital for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis through NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Akashi Taguchi
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Higashijima
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Department of Bioinformational Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Naoko Takubo
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kanki
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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193
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Maiese K. Dysregulation of metabolic flexibility: The impact of mTOR on autophagy in neurodegenerative disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:1-35. [PMID: 32854851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that involve neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic disease impact over 400 million individuals globally. Interestingly, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, are significant risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Given that current therapies for these NCDs address symptomatic care, new avenues of discovery are required to offer treatments that affect disease progression. Innovative strategies that fill this void involve the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated pathways of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), trophic factors that include erythropoietin (EPO), and the programmed cell death pathways of autophagy and apoptosis. These pathways are intriguing in their potential to provide effective care for metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, future work is necessary to fully comprehend the entire breadth of the mTOR pathways that can effectively and safely translate treatments to clinical medicine without the development of unexpected clinical disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY, United States.
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194
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Xu T, Sun D, Chen Y, Ouyang L. Targeting mTOR for fighting diseases: A revisited review of mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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195
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Kim D, Nguyen QT, Lee J, Lee SH, Janocha A, Kim S, Le HT, Dvorina N, Weiss K, Cameron MJ, Asosingh K, Erzurum SC, Baldwin WM, Lee JS, Min B. Anti-inflammatory Roles of Glucocorticoids Are Mediated by Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells via a miR-342-Dependent Mechanism. Immunity 2020; 53:581-596.e5. [PMID: 32707034 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the mainstay treatment option for inflammatory conditions. Despite the broad usage of GC, the mechanisms by which GC exerts its effects remain elusive. Here, utilizing murine autoimmune and allergic inflammation models, we report that Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are irreplaceable GC target cells in vivo. Dexamethasone (Dex) administered in the absence of Treg cells completely lost its ability to control inflammation, and the lack of glucocorticoid receptor in Treg cells alone resulted in the loss of therapeutic ability of Dex. Mechanistically, Dex induced miR-342-3p specifically in Treg cells and miR-342-3p directly targeted the mTORC2 component, Rictor. Altering miRNA-342-3p or Rictor expression in Treg cells dysregulated metabolic programming in Treg cells, controlling their regulatory functions in vivo. Our results uncover a previously unknown contribution of Treg cells during glucocorticoid-mediated treatment of inflammation and the underlying mechanisms operated via the Dex-miR-342-Rictor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Quang Tam Nguyen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Juyeun Lee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sung Hwan Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230
| | - Allison Janocha
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hongnga T Le
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Kelly Weiss
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - William M Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195.
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196
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Cook SA, Comrie WA, Poli MC, Similuk M, Oler AJ, Faruqi AJ, Kuhns DB, Yang S, Vargas-Hernández A, Carisey AF, Fournier B, Anderson DE, Price S, Smelkinson M, Abou Chahla W, Forbes LR, Mace EM, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Cuvelier GDE, Al Hassani M, Al Kaabi N, Al Yafei Z, Jyonouchi S, Raje N, Caldwell JW, Huang Y, Burkhardt JK, Latour S, Chen B, ElGhazali G, Rao VK, Chinn IK, Lenardo MJ. HEM1 deficiency disrupts mTORC2 and F-actin control in inherited immunodysregulatory disease. Science 2020; 369:202-207. [PMID: 32647003 PMCID: PMC8383235 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency often coincides with hyperactive immune disorders such as autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, or atopy, but this coincidence is rarely understood on a molecular level. We describe five patients from four families with immunodeficiency coupled with atopy, lymphoproliferation, and cytokine overproduction harboring mutations in NCKAP1L, which encodes the hematopoietic-specific HEM1 protein. These mutations cause the loss of the HEM1 protein and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) or disrupt binding to the WRC regulator, Arf1, thereby impairing actin polymerization, synapse formation, and immune cell migration. Diminished cortical actin networks caused by WRC loss led to uncontrolled cytokine release and immune hyperresponsiveness. HEM1 loss also blocked mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-dependent AKT phosphorylation, T cell proliferation, and selected effector functions, leading to immunodeficiency. Thus, the evolutionarily conserved HEM1 protein simultaneously regulates filamentous actin (F-actin) and mTORC2 signaling to achieve equipoise in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Cook
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Neomics Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - M Cecilia Poli
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program of Immunogenetics and Translational Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Morgan Similuk
- Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiman J Faruqi
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Fournier
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - D Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wadih Abou Chahla
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Lille, France
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tram N Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep H Coban-Akdemir
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey D E Cuvelier
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Moza Al Hassani
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zain Al Yafei
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soma Jyonouchi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikita Raje
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Pulmonary, and Sleep Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jason W Caldwell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Maladies Génétiques-IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gehad ElGhazali
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Healthcare Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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197
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Yuan HX, Chen CY, Li YQ, Ning DS, Li Y, Chen YT, Li SX, Fu MX, Li XD, Ma J, Jian YP, Liu DH, Mo ZW, Peng YM, Xu KQ, Ou ZJ, Ou JS. Circulating extracellular vesicles from patients with valvular heart disease induce neutrophil chemotaxis via FOXO3a and the inhibiting role of dexmedetomidine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E217-E231. [PMID: 32516026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00062.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with valvular heart disease (VHD; vEVs) contain inflammatory components and inhibit endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Neutrophil chemotaxis plays a key role in renal dysfunction, and dexmedetomidine (DEX) can reduce renal dysfunction in cardiac surgery. However, the roles of vEVs in neutrophil chemotaxis and effects of DEX on vEVs are unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of vEVs on neutrophil chemotaxis in kidneys and the influence of DEX on vEVs. Circulating EVs were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with VHD. The effects of EVs on chemokine generation, forkhead box protein O3a (FOXO3a) pathway activation and neutrophil chemotaxis on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and kidneys in mice and the influence of DEX on EVs were detected. vEVs increased FOXO3a expression, decreased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO3a, promoted FOXO3a nuclear translocation, and activated the FOXO3a signaling pathway in vitro. DEX pretreatment reduced vEV-induced CXCL4 and CCL5 expression and neutrophil chemotaxis in cultured HUVECs via the FOXO3a signaling pathway. vEVs were also found to suppress Akt phosphorylation and activate FOXO3a signaling to increase plasma levels of CXCL4 and CCL5 and neutrophil accumulation in kidney. The overall mechanism was inhibited in vivo with DEX pretreatment. Our data demonstrated that vEVs induced CXCL4-CCL5 to stimulate neutrophil infiltration in kidney, which can be inhibited by DEX via the FOXO3a signaling. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism involving vEVs in inducing neutrophils chemotaxis and may provide a novel basis for using DEX in reducing renal dysfunction in valvular heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xiang Yuan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Quan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Sheng Ning
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Xuan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Fu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Di Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Peng Jian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hong Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Mo
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ming Peng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Ou
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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198
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Chaput C, Sirard MA. Embryonic response to high beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels in postpartum dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106431. [PMID: 32325411 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cows at the beginning of lactation often do not meet their energy needs by feeding and therefore mobilize body fat, which produces ketone bodies, including β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). They are nevertheless usually inseminated around 60 d postpartum, when they are still in this characteristic period of energy deficit. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of negative energy balance on embryo quality and to identify ways to improve the fertility of dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 18) grouped as high or low BHB based on blood measurement at day 45 postpartum were estrus-synchronized and treated with follicle-stimulating hormone to obtain multiple follicle development, induced to ovulate and inseminated with sexed semen around day 60 postpartum. Of the 290 embryos collected over 16 mo, 159 were of quality I to IV. Based on microarray analysis of gene expression, exposure to an energy deficit metabolic environment (high BHB) during early development appeared to modify signaling by the mTOR and sirtuins pathways in the embryo, implying mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of transcription, leading to slower cell division, thus programming the embryo to be more energy efficient. Altered methylation markers suggested that such coping mechanisms might persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaput
- Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Faculté des sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - M A Sirard
- Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle, Faculté des sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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199
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Entwisle SW, Martinez Calejman C, Valente AS, Lawrence RT, Hung CM, Guertin DA, Villén J. Proteome and Phosphoproteome Analysis of Brown Adipocytes Reveals That RICTOR Loss Dampens Global Insulin/AKT Signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1104-1119. [PMID: 32234964 PMCID: PMC7338085 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity represents a promising therapy for overcoming metabolic diseases. mTORC2 is important for regulating BAT metabolism, but its downstream targets have not been fully characterized. In this study, we apply proteomics and phosphoproteomics to investigate the downstream effectors of mTORC2 in brown adipocytes. We compare wild-type controls to isogenic cells with an induced knockout of the mTORC2 subunit RICTOR (Rictor-iKO) by stimulating each with insulin for a 30-min time course. In Rictor-iKO cells, we identify decreases to the abundance of glycolytic and de novo lipogenesis enzymes, and increases to mitochondrial proteins as well as a set of proteins known to increase upon interferon stimulation. We also observe significant differences to basal phosphorylation because of chronic RICTOR loss including decreased phosphorylation of the lipid droplet protein perilipin-1 in Rictor-iKO cells, suggesting that RICTOR could be involved with regulating basal lipolysis or droplet dynamics. Finally, we observe mild dampening of acute insulin signaling response in Rictor-iKO cells, and a subset of AKT substrates exhibiting statistically significant dependence on RICTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Entwisle
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Anthony S Valente
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert T Lawrence
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Judit Villén
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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200
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Shin HR, Zoncu R. The Lysosome at the Intersection of Cellular Growth and Destruction. Dev Cell 2020; 54:226-238. [PMID: 32610045 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lysosome is an essential catabolic organelle that consumes cellular biomass to regenerate basic building blocks that can fuel anabolic reactions. This simple view has evolved more recently to integrate novel functions of the lysosome as a key signaling center, which can steer the metabolic trajectory of cells in response to changes in nutrients, growth factors, and stress. Master protein kinases and transcription factors mediate the growth-promoting and catabolic activities of the lysosome and undergo a complex interplay that enables cellular adaptation to ever-changing metabolic conditions. Understanding how this coordination occurs will shed light on the fundamental logic of how the lysosome functions to control growth in the context of development, tissue homeostasis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hijai R Shin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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