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Geng ST, Zhang ZY, Wang YX, Lu D, Yu J, Zhang JB, Kuang YQ, Wang KH. Regulation of Gut Microbiota on Immune Reconstitution in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594820. [PMID: 33193273 PMCID: PMC7652894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of CD4+ T cells in the gut plays an insidious role in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis. Host immune function is closely related to gut microbiota. Changes in the gut microbiota cause a different immune response. Previous studies revealed that HIV-1 infection caused changes in gut microbiota, which induced immune deficiency. HIV-1 infection results in an abnormal composition and function of the gut microbiota, which may disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier and microbial translocation, leading to long-term immune activation, including inflammation and metabolic disorders. At the same time, an abnormal gut microbiota also hinders the effect of antiviral therapy and affects the immune reconstruction of patients. However, studies on the impact of the gut microbiota on immune reconstitution in patients with HIV/AIDS are still limited. In this review, we focus on changes in the gut microbiota caused by HIV infection, as well as the impact and regulation of the gut microbiota on immune function and immune reconstitution, while we also discuss the potential impact of probiotics/prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Tao Geng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zun-Yue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Xin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Danfeng Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second People's Hospital of Dali City, Dali, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kun-Hua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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152
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Abstract
AbstractThis article aims to provide a thorough overview of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques in studying the gut microbiota and its role in the diagnosis and treatment of some important diseases. The association between microbiota and diseases, together with its clinical relevance, is still difficult to interpret. The advances in AI techniques, such as Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), can help clinicians in processing and interpreting these massive data sets. Two research groups have been involved in this Scoping Review, working in two different areas of Europe: Florence and Sarajevo. The papers included in the review describe the use of ML or DL methods applied to the study of human gut microbiota. In total, 1109 papers were considered in this study. After elimination, a final set of 16 articles was considered in the scoping review. Different AI techniques were applied in the reviewed papers. Some papers applied ML, while others applied DL techniques. 11 papers evaluated just different ML algorithms (ranging from one to eight algorithms applied to one dataset). The remaining five papers examined both ML and DL algorithms. The most applied ML algorithm was Random Forest and it also exhibited the best performances.
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153
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Tamalet C, Devaux C, Dubourg G, Colson P. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a rare but neglected state. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:22-42. [PMID: 33009659 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well understood. In most individuals sexually exposed to HIV, the risk of becoming infected depends on the viral load and on sexual practices and gender. However, a low percentage of individuals who practice frequent unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected partners remain uninfected. Although the systematic study of these individuals has made it possible to identify HIV resistance factors including protective genetic patterns, such epidemiological situations remain paradoxical and not fully understood. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-free, unexposed blood donors are not equally susceptible to HIV infection; in addition, PBMCs from highly exposed seronegative individuals are generally resistant to infection by primary HIV clinical isolates. We review the literature on permissiveness of PBMCs from healthy blood donors and uninfected hyperexposed individuals to sustained infection and replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, we focus on recent evidence indicating that the gut microbiota may either contribute to natural resistance to or delay replication of HIV infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
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154
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Quinn TP, Erb I. Amalgams: data-driven amalgamation for the dimensionality reduction of compositional data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa076. [PMID: 33575624 PMCID: PMC7671324 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many next-generation sequencing datasets contain only relative information because of biological and technical factors that limit the total number of transcripts observed for a given sample. It is not possible to interpret any one component in isolation. The field of compositional data analysis has emerged with alternative methods for relative data based on log-ratio transforms. However, these data often contain many more features than samples, and thus require creative new ways to reduce the dimensionality of the data. The summation of parts, called amalgamation, is a practical way of reducing dimensionality, but can introduce a non-linear distortion to the data. We exploit this non-linearity to propose a powerful yet interpretable dimension method called data-driven amalgamation. Our new method, implemented in the user-friendly R package amalgam, can reduce the dimensionality of compositional data by finding amalgamations that optimally (i) preserve the distance between samples, or (ii) classify samples as diseased or not. Our benchmark on 13 real datasets confirm that these amalgamations compete with state-of-the-art methods in terms of performance, but result in new features that are easily understood: they are groups of parts added together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Quinn
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, WaurnPonds VIC 3216, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ionas Erb
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer del Dr.Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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155
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Taylor BC, Weldon KC, Ellis RJ, Franklin D, Groth T, Gentry EC, Tripathi A, McDonald D, Humphrey G, Bryant M, Toronczak J, Schwartz T, Oliveira MF, Heaton R, Grant I, Gianella S, Letendre S, Swafford A, Dorrestein PC, Knight R. Depression in Individuals Coinfected with HIV and HCV Is Associated with Systematic Differences in the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome. mSystems 2020; 5:e00465-20. [PMID: 32994287 PMCID: PMC7527136 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00465-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is influenced by the structure, diversity, and composition of the gut microbiome. Although depression has been described previously in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfections, and to a lesser extent in HIV-HCV coinfection, research on the interplay between depression and the gut microbiome in these disease states is limited. Here, we characterized the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples from 373 participants who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessment and the gut metabolome on a subset of these participants using untargeted metabolomics with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We observed that the gut microbiome and metabolome were distinct between HIV-positive and -negative individuals. HCV infection had a large association with the microbiome that was not confounded by drug use. Therefore, we classified the participants by HIV and HCV infection status (HIV-monoinfected, HIV-HCV coinfected, or uninfected). The three groups significantly differed in their gut microbiome (unweighted UniFrac distances) and metabolome (Bray-Curtis distances). Coinfected individuals also had lower alpha diversity. Within each of the three groups, we evaluated lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) and current Beck Depression Inventory-II. We found that the gut microbiome differed between depression states only in coinfected individuals. Coinfected individuals with a lifetime history of MDD were enriched in primary and secondary bile acids, as well as taxa previously identified in people with MDD. Collectively, we observe persistent signatures associated with depression only in coinfected individuals, suggesting that HCV itself, or interactions between HCV and HIV, may drive HIV-related neuropsychiatric differences.IMPORTANCE The human gut microbiome influences depression. Differences between the microbiomes of HIV-infected and uninfected individuals have been described, but it is not known whether these are due to HIV itself, or to common HIV comorbidities such as HCV coinfection. Limited research has explored the influence of the microbiome on depression within these groups. Here, we characterized the microbial community and metabolome in the stools from 373 people, noting the presence of current or lifetime depression as well as their HIV and HCV infection status. Our findings provide additional evidence that individuals with HIV have different microbiomes which are further altered by HCV coinfection. In individuals coinfected with both HIV and HCV, we identified microbes and molecules that were associated with depression. These results suggest that the interplay of HIV and HCV and the gut microbiome may contribute to the HIV-associated neuropsychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn C Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kelly C Weldon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tobin Groth
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily C Gentry
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - MacKenzie Bryant
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julia Toronczak
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michelli F Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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156
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Zhou J, Zhang Y, Cui P, Luo L, Chen H, Liang B, Jiang J, Ning C, Tian L, Zhong X, Ye L, Liang H, Huang J. Gut Microbiome Changes Associated With HIV Infection and Sexual Orientation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:434. [PMID: 33102244 PMCID: PMC7546801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies have explored changes in the gut microbiome associated with HIV infection, but the consistent pattern of changes has not been clarified. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are very likely to be an independent influencing factor of the gut microbiome, but relevant research is still lacking. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis by screening 12 published studies of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of gut microbiomes related to HIV/AIDS (six of these studies contain data that is relevant and available to MSM) from NCBI and EBI databases. The analysis of gut microbiomes related to HIV infection status and MSM status included 1,288 samples (HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals, n = 744; HIV-negative (HIV–) individuals, n = 544) and 632 samples (MSM, n = 328; non-MSM, n = 304), respectively. The alpha diversity indexes, beta diversity indexes, differentially enriched genera, differentially enriched species, and differentially enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional pathways related to gut microbiomes were calculated. Finally, the overall trend of the above indicators was evaluated. Results: Our results indicate that HIV+ status is associated with decreased alpha diversity of the gut microbiome. MSM status is an important factor that affects the study of HIV-related gut microbiomes; that is, MSM are associated with alpha diversity changes in the gut microbiome regardless of HIV infection, and the changes in the gut microbiome composition of MSM are more significant than those of HIV+ individuals. A consistent change in Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides uniformis, and Prevotella stercorea was found in HIV+ individuals and MSM. The differential expression of the gut microbiome may be accompanied by changes in functional pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid Metabolism. Conclusions: This study shows that the changes in the gut microbiome are related to HIV and MSM status. Importantly, MSM status may have a far greater impact on the gut microbiome than HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lijia Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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157
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Sainz T, Gosalbes MJ, Talavera A, Jimenez-Hernandez N, Prieto L, Escosa L, Guillén S, Ramos JT, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Moya A, Navarro ML, Mellado MJ, Serrano-Villar S. Effect of a Nutritional Intervention on the Intestinal Microbiota of Vertically HIV-Infected Children: The Pediabiota Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072112. [PMID: 32708743 PMCID: PMC7400861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The gut microbiota exerts a critical influence in the immune system. The gut microbiota of human virus immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected children remains barely explored. We aimed to characterize the fecal microbiota in vertically HIV-infected children and to explore the effects of its modulation with a symbiotic nutritional intervention. METHODS a pilot, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study including HIV-infected children who were randomized to receive a nutritional supplementation including prebiotics and probiotics or placebo for four weeks. HIV-uninfected siblings were recruited as controls. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced in fecal samples. RESULTS 22 HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and with viral load (VL) <50/mL completed the follow-up period. Mean age was 11.4 ± 3.4 years, eight (32%) were male. Their microbiota showed reduced alpha diversity compared to controls and distinct beta diversity at the genus level (Adonis p = 0.042). Patients showed decreased abundance of commensals Faecalibacterium and an increase in Prevotella, Akkermansia and Escherichia. The nutritional intervention shaped the microbiota towards the control group, without a clear directionality. CONCLUSIONS Vertical HIV infection is characterized by changes in gut microbiota structure, distinct at the compositional level from the findings reported in adults. A short nutritional intervention attenuated bacterial dysbiosis, without clear changes at the community level. SUMMARY In a group of 24 vertically HIV-infected children, in comparison to 11 uninfected controls, intestinal dysbiosis was observed despite effective ART. Although not fully effective to restore the microbiota, a short intervention with pre/probiotics attenuated bacterial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talía Sainz
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-917277201
| | - María José Gosalbes
- Área Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.G.); (N.J.-H.); (A.M.)
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Talavera
- Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Jimenez-Hernandez
- Área Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.G.); (N.J.-H.); (A.M.)
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Prieto
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital 12 de Octubre and I+12, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Escosa
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Sara Guillén
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital de Getafe, 28901 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomás Ramos
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
- Spain Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clinico San Carlos and UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Sección Inmunología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid Spain, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Andrés Moya
- Área Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.G.); (N.J.-H.); (A.M.)
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Universidad de Valencia, 46003 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Navarro
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Mellado
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Red de Investigación CoRISpe integrada en la Red en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.); (S.G.); (J.T.R.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
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158
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Intestinal Dysbiosis and Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Viscerally and Generally Obese Persons Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83:81-89. [PMID: 31809363 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. People living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher risk for the development of visceral adiposity with accompanying worsened cardiovascular risk. SETTING Convenience sample from an HIV clinic and research unit. METHODS To understand the relationship between adiposity and intestinal dysbiosis, we compared the gut microbiota and inflammatory markers in a cross-sectional study of viscerally obese, generally obese, and lean PLWH. Fecal intestinal microbiota was characterized by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Abdominal CTs quantified subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue (SAT; VAT). Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, MCP-1, and sCD14 were assayed. RESULTS We studied 15, 9, and 11 participants with visceral obesity, general obesity, and lean body type, respectively. The generally obese group were all women and 2/3 African American, whereas the visceral obesity and lean groups were predominantly white and men who have sex with men. Markers of systemic inflammation and sCD14 were higher in general obesity compared with lean. sCD14 was positively correlated with VAT, but not SAT. Bacterial diversity was significantly reduced in participants with visceral and general obesity and composition of intestinal microbiota was significantly different from lean body types. Bacterial alpha diversity was negatively correlated with VAT area, waist/hip ratio, and sCD14, but not with SAT area. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory study, obesity in general was associated with dysbiotic intestinal microbiota. The relationships of VAT to bacterial diversity and sCD14 suggest that dysbiosis in viscerally obese PLWH could be associated with heightened inflammatory state.
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159
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Allers K, Stahl-Hennig C, Fiedler T, Wibberg D, Hofmann J, Kunkel D, Moos V, Kreikemeyer B, Kalinowski J, Schneider T. The colonic mucosa-associated microbiome in SIV infection: shift towards Bacteroidetes coincides with mucosal CD4 + T cell depletion and enterocyte damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10887. [PMID: 32616803 PMCID: PMC7331662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intesinal microbiome is considered important in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target to improve the patients’ health status. Longitudinal alterations in the colonic mucosa-associated microbiome during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection were investigated using a 16S rRNA amplicon approach on the Illumina sequencing platform and bioinformatics analyses. Following SIV infection of six animals, no alterations in microbial composition were observed before the viral load peaked in the colon. At the time of acute mucosal SIV replication, the phylum Bacteroidetes including the Bacteroidia class as well as the phylum Firmicutes and its families Ruminococcaceae and Eubacteriaceae became more abundant. Enrichment of Bacteroidetes was maintained until the chronic phase of SIV infection. The shift towards Bacteroidetes in the mucosa-associated microbiome was associated with the extent of SIV infection-induced mucosal CD4+ T cell depletion and correlated with increasing rates of enterocyte damage. These observations suggest that Bacteroidetes strains increase during virus-induced mucosal immune destruction. As Bacteroidetes belong to the lipopolysaccharide- and short chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, their rapid enrichment may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage and metabolic alterations in SIV/HIV infection. These aspects should be considered in future studies on therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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160
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Cook RR, Fulcher JA, Tobin NH, Li F, Lee D, Woodward C, Javanbakht M, Brookmeyer R, Shoptaw S, Bolan R, Aldrovandi GM, Gorbach PM. Combined effects of HIV and obesity on the gastrointestinal microbiome of young men who have sex with men. HIV Med 2020; 21:365-377. [PMID: 31883184 PMCID: PMC7299823 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of obesity is rising among people living with HIV, which may synergistically increase inflammation and the risk of associated diseases. Disruption of gut bacterial communities may be one of the key drivers of this inflammation; however, the combined effects of HIV and obesity on the microbiome have not been explored. METHODS This study included 381 men who have sex with men. Thirty-nine were HIV-positive and obese (H+O+), 143 were HIV-positive and nonobese, 64 were HIV-negative and obese, and 135 were HIV-negative and nonobese. Microbiome composition was assessed by targeted sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using rectal swab samples. Inverse probability of treatment-weighted marginal structural models were used to investigate differences in microbial composition between groups while controlling for numerous clinical and behavioural confounders. RESULTS Significant variability in microbial composition was explained by the combination of HIV and obesity, over and above each condition alone (R2 for the marginal contribution of the H+/O+ group = 0.008; P = 0.001). H+O+ participants had the highest ratios of Prevotella to Bacteroides, a pro-inflammatory enterotype that has been described in HIV infection and obesity independently. H+O+ participants had lower levels of Bacteroides and Veillonella than all other groups, suggesting a synergistic effect of HIV and obesity on these genera. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that HIV and obesity act together to disrupt gut microbial communities, which may help explain higher levels of generalized inflammation among people living with both HIV and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Fulcher
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole H. Tobin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cora Woodward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marjan Javanbakht
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ron Brookmeyer
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Robert Bolan
- Los Angeles LGBT Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pamina M. Gorbach
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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161
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Piggott DA, Tuddenham S. The gut microbiome and frailty. Transl Res 2020; 221:23-43. [PMID: 32360945 PMCID: PMC8487348 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome is constituted by an extensive network of organisms that lie at the host/environment interface and transduce signals that play vital roles in human health and disease across the lifespan. Frailty is a critical aging-related syndrome marked by diminished physiological reserve and heightened vulnerability to stress, predictive of major adverse clinical outcomes including death. While recent studies suggest the microbiome may impact key pathways critical to frailty pathophysiology, direct evaluation of the microbiome-frailty relationship remains limited. In this article, we review the complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that may influence shifts in gut microbiome composition and function in aging populations and the putative implications of such shifts for progression to frailty. We discuss HIV infection as a key prototype for elucidating the complex pathways via which the microbiome may precipitate frailty. Finally, we review considerations for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damani A Piggott
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Susan Tuddenham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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162
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Abstract
Early in the HIV epidemic, lipodystrophy, characterized by subcutaneous fat loss (lipoatrophy), with or without central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), was recognized as a frequent condition among people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. The subsequent identification of thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as the cause of lipoatrophy led to the development of newer antiretroviral agents; however, studies have demonstrated continued abnormalities in fat and/or lipid storage in PLWH treated with newer drugs (including integrase inhibitor-based regimens), with fat gain due to restoration to health in antiretroviral therapy-naive PLWH, which is compounded by the rising rates of obesity. The mechanisms of fat alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial and not fully understood, although they are known to result in part from the direct effects of HIV proteins and antiretroviral agents on adipocyte health, genetic factors, increased microbial translocation, changes in the adaptive immune milieu after infection, increased tissue inflammation and accelerated fibrosis. Management includes classical lifestyle alterations with a role for pharmacological therapies and surgery in some patients. Continued fat alterations in PLWH will have an important effect on lifespan, healthspan and quality of life as patients age worldwide, highlighting the need to investigate the critical uncertainties regarding pathophysiology, risk factors and management.
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163
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Gabuzda D, Jamieson BD, Collman RG, Lederman MM, Burdo TH, Deeks SG, Dittmer DP, Fox HS, Funderburg NT, Pahwa SG, Pandrea I, Wilson CC, Hunt PW. Pathogenesis of Aging and Age-related Comorbidities in People with HIV: Highlights from the HIV ACTION Workshop. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:143-174. [PMID: 32856008 PMCID: PMC7449259 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) experience accentuated biological aging, as defined by markers of inflammation, immune dysfunction, and the epigenetic clock. They also have an elevated risk of multiple age-associated comorbidities. To discuss current knowledge, research gaps, and priorities in aging and age-related comorbidities in treated HIV infection, the NIH program staff organized a workshop held in Bethesda, Maryland in September 2019. This review article describes highlights of discussions led by the Pathogenesis/Basic Science Research working group that focused on three high priority topics: immunopathogenesis; the microbiome/virome; and aging and senescence. We summarize knowledge in these fields and describe key questions for research on the pathogenesis of aging and age-related comorbidities in PWH. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying accentuated biological aging is a high priority that will help identify potential therapeutic targets to improve healthspan in older PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beth D Jamieson
- Department of Medicine; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, California
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Department of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience; Lewis Katz School of Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, California
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, Ohio
| | - Savita G Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami, Florida
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; School of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco, California
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164
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Abstract
Accumulated evidence has shown that commensal microorganisms play key roles in human physiology and diseases. Dysbiosis of the human-associated microbial communities, often referred to as the human microbiome, has been associated with many diseases. Applying supervised classification analysis to the human microbiome data can help us identify subsets of microorganisms that are highly discriminative and hence build prediction models that can accurately classify unlabeled samples. Here, we systematically compare two state-of-the-art ensemble classifiers: Random Forests (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting decision trees (XGBoost) and two traditional methods: The elastic net (ENET) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in the classification analysis of 29 benchmark human microbiome datasets. We find that XGBoost outperforms all other methods only in a few benchmark datasets. Overall, the XGBoost, RF and ENET display comparable performance in the remaining benchmark datasets. The training time of XGBoost is much longer than others, partially due to the much larger number of hyperparameters in XGBoost. We also find that the most important features selected by the four classifiers partially overlap. Yet, the difference between their classification performance is almost independent of this overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Wen Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yang-Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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165
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Rubel MA, Abbas A, Taylor LJ, Connell A, Tanes C, Bittinger K, Ndze VN, Fonsah JY, Ngwang E, Essiane A, Fokunang C, Njamnshi AK, Bushman FD, Tishkoff SA. Lifestyle and the presence of helminths is associated with gut microbiome composition in Cameroonians. Genome Biol 2020; 21:122. [PMID: 32450885 PMCID: PMC7249393 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African populations provide a unique opportunity to interrogate host-microbe co-evolution and its impact on adaptive phenotypes due to their genomic, phenotypic, and cultural diversity. We integrate gut microbiome 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequence data with quantification of pathogen burden and measures of immune parameters for 575 ethnically diverse Africans from Cameroon. Subjects followed pastoralist, agropastoralist, and hunter-gatherer lifestyles and were compared to an urban US population from Philadelphia. RESULTS We observe significant differences in gut microbiome composition across populations that correlate with subsistence strategy and country. After these, the variable most strongly associated with gut microbiome structure in Cameroonians is the presence of gut parasites. Hunter-gatherers have high frequencies of parasites relative to agropastoralists and pastoralists. Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis soil-transmitted helminths ("ANTS" parasites) significantly co-occur, and increased frequency of gut parasites correlates with increased gut microbial diversity. Gut microbiome composition predicts ANTS positivity with 80% accuracy. Colonization with ANTS, in turn, is associated with elevated levels of TH1, TH2, and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating an association with multiple immune mechanisms. The unprecedented size of this dataset allowed interrogation of additional questions-for example, we find that Fulani pastoralists, who consume high levels of milk, possess an enrichment of gut bacteria that catabolize galactose, an end product of lactose metabolism, and of bacteria that metabolize lipids. CONCLUSIONS These data document associations of bacterial microbiota and eukaryotic parasites with each other and with host immune responses; each of these is further correlated with subsistence practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A. Rubel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Arwa Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Present Address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Louis J. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrew Connell
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ceylan Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Valantine N. Ndze
- Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julius Y. Fonsah
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric Ngwang
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sarah A. Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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166
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Wu S, Sun C, Li Y, Wang T, Jia L, Lai S, Yang Y, Luo P, Dai D, Yang YQ, Luo Q, Gao NL, Ning K, He LJ, Zhao XM, Chen WH. GMrepo: a database of curated and consistently annotated human gut metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D545-D553. [PMID: 31504765 PMCID: PMC6943048 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GMrepo (data repository for Gut Microbiota) is a database of curated and consistently annotated human gut metagenomes. Its main purpose is to facilitate the reusability and accessibility of the rapidly growing human metagenomic data. This is achieved by consistently annotating the microbial contents of collected samples using state-of-art toolsets and by manual curation of the meta-data of the corresponding human hosts. GMrepo organizes the collected samples according to their associated phenotypes and includes all possible related meta-data such as age, sex, country, body-mass-index (BMI) and recent antibiotics usage. To make relevant information easier to access, GMrepo is equipped with a graphical query builder, enabling users to make customized, complex and biologically relevant queries. For example, to find (1) samples from healthy individuals of 18 to 25 years old with BMIs between 18.5 and 24.9, or (2) projects that are related to colorectal neoplasms, with each containing >100 samples and both patients and healthy controls. Precomputed species/genus relative abundances, prevalence within and across phenotypes, and pairwise co-occurrence information are all available at the website and accessible through programmable interfaces. So far, GMrepo contains 58 903 human gut samples/runs (including 17 618 metagenomes and 41 285 amplicons) from 253 projects concerning 92 phenotypes. GMrepo is freely available at: https://gmrepo.humangut.info.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanze Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Longhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Senying Lai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Shenzhen Digital Life Institute, 518053 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Die Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Physics, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qibin Luo
- Department of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Na L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Computer Science and Dept. of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, 436044 Ezhou, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Jie He
- Department of Medical Oncology, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, 436044 Ezhou, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science, HeNan Normal University, 453007 Xinxiang, Henan, China
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167
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HIV-associated gut dysbiosis is independent of sexual practice and correlates with noncommunicable diseases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2448. [PMID: 32415070 PMCID: PMC7228978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of gut mucosal integrity and an aberrant gut microbiota are proposed mechanisms contributing to chronic inflammation and increased morbidity and mortality during antiretroviral-treated HIV disease. Sexual practice has recently been uncovered as a major source of microbiota variation, potentially confounding prior observations of gut microbiota alterations among persons with HIV (PWH). To overcome this and other confounding factors, we examine a well-powered subset of AGEhIV Cohort participants comprising antiretroviral-treated PWH and seronegative controls matched for age, body-mass index, sex, and sexual practice. We report significant gut microbiota differences in PWH regardless of sex and sexual practice including Gammaproteobacteria enrichment, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae depletion, and decreased alpha diversity. Men who have sex with men (MSM) exhibit a distinct microbiota signature characterized by Prevotella enrichment and increased alpha diversity, which is linked with receptive anal intercourse in both males and females. Finally, the HIV-associated microbiota signature correlates with inflammatory markers including suPAR, nadir CD4 count, and prevalence of age-associated noncommunicable comorbidities.
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168
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Coleman SL, Neff CP, Li SX, Armstrong AJ, Schneider JM, Sen S, Fennimore B, Campbell TB, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Can gut microbiota of men who have sex with men influence HIV transmission? Gut Microbes 2020; 11:610-619. [PMID: 32036739 PMCID: PMC7524317 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1700756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining a complete understanding of transmission risk factors will assist in efforts to reduce new HIV infections, especially within the disproportionally affected population of men who have sex with men (MSM). We recently reported that the fecal microbiota of MSM elevates immune activation in gnotobiotic mice and enhances HIV infection in vitro over that of fecal microbiota from men who have sex with women. We also demonstrated elevation of the gut homing marker CD103 (integrin αE) on CD4+ T cells by MSM-microbiota. Here we provide additional evidence that the gut microbiota is a risk factor for HIV transmission in MSM by showing elevated frequencies of the HIV co-receptor CCR5 on CD4+ T cells in human rectosigmoid colon biopsies. We discuss our interest in specific MSM-associated bacteria and propose the influx of CD103+ and CCR5+ CD4+ T cells into the colon as a potential link between the MSM microbiota and HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Coleman
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Preston Neff
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sam X. Li
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Abigail J.S. Armstrong
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sharon Sen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Blair Fennimore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,CONTACT Brent E. Palmer Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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169
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Williams B, Ghosh M, Boucher C, Bushman F, Carrington-Lawrence S, Collman RG, Dandekar S, Dang Q, Malaspina A, Paredes R, Wilson C, Cardoso SP, Lagenaur L, Santos J, Joy C, Landay A. A Summary of the Fourth Annual Virology Education HIV Microbiome Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:349-356. [PMID: 31914785 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, a growing international collection of researchers meets at the NIH to share and discuss developments in the microbiome HIV story. This past year has seen continued progress toward a detailed understanding of host-microbe interactions both within and outside the field of HIV. Commensal microbes are being linked to an ever-growing list of maladies and physiologic states, including major depressive disorder, chronic kidney disease, and Parkinson disease. PubMed citations for "microbiome" are growing at an exponential rate with over 11,000 in 2018. Various microbial taxa have been associated with HIV infection, and some of these taxa associated with HIV infection have also been associated with systemic markers of inflammation in HIV infected individuals. Causality remains unclear however as environmental and behavioral factors may drive HIV risk, inflammation, and gut enterotype. Much of the work currently being done addresses potential mechanisms by which gut microbes influence immune and inflammatory pathways. No portion of the microbiome landscape has grown as rapidly as study of the interplay between gut microbes and response to cancer immunotherapy. As Dr. Wargo discussed in her keynote address, this area has opened the door to better understanding on how commensal microbes interact with the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Charles Boucher
- Department of Virosciences, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Carrington-Lawrence
- Office of AIDS Research, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, U.S. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Que Dang
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela Malaspina
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA IrsiCaixa i Unitat VIH, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat de Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cara Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sandra Pinto Cardoso
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jessica Santos
- Columbus Technologies and Services, Inc., NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Joy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alan Landay
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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170
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Blum FC, Hardy BL, Bishop-Lilly KA, Frey KG, Hamilton T, Whitney JB, Lewis MG, Merrell DS, Mattapallil JJ. Microbial Dysbiosis During Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection is Partially Reverted with Combination Anti-retroviral Therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6387. [PMID: 32286417 PMCID: PMC7156522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by a massive loss of CD4 T cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that is accompanied by changes in the gut microbiome and microbial translocation that contribute to inflammation and chronic immune activation. Though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to better long-term outcomes in HIV infected patients, it has not been as effective at reverting pathogenesis in the GIT. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we show that combination antiretroviral therapy (c-ART) partially reverted microbial dysbiosis observed during SIV infection. Though the relative abundance of bacteria, their richness or diversity did not significantly differ between infected and treated animals, microbial dysbiosis was evident via multiple beta diversity metrics: Jaccard similarity coefficient, Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient, and Yue & Clayton theta similarity coefficient. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) clustered SIV-infected untreated animals away from healthy and treated animals that were clustered closely, indicating that c-ART partially reversed the gut dysbiosis associated with SIV infection. Metastats analysis identified specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) falling within the Streptococcus, Prevotella, Acinetobacter, Treponema, and Lactobacillus genera that were differentially represented across the three groups. Our results suggest that complete viral suppression with c-ART could potentially revert microbial dysbiosis observed during SIV and HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Blum
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Britney L Hardy
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth G Frey
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - James B Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - D Scott Merrell
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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171
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Interpretable Log Contrasts for the Classification of Health Biomarkers: a New Approach to Balance Selection. mSystems 2020; 5:5/2/e00230-19. [PMID: 32265314 PMCID: PMC7141889 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00230-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing provides an easy and cost-effective way to measure the relative abundance of bacteria in any environmental or biological sample. When these samples come from humans, the microbiome signatures can act as biomarkers for disease prediction. However, because bacterial abundance is measured as a composition, the data have unique properties that make conventional analyses inappropriate. To overcome this, analysts often use cumbersome normalizations. This article proposes an alternative method that identifies pairs and trios of bacteria whose stoichiometric presence can differentiate between diseased and nondiseased samples. By using interpretable log contrasts called balances, we developed an entirely normalization-free classification procedure that reduces the feature space and improves the interpretability, without sacrificing classifier performance. Since the turn of the century, technological advances have made it possible to obtain the molecular profile of any tissue in a cost-effective manner. Among these advances are sophisticated high-throughput assays that measure the relative abundances of microorganisms, RNA molecules, and metabolites. While these data are most often collected to gain new insights into biological systems, they can also be used as biomarkers to create clinically useful diagnostic classifiers. How best to classify high-dimensional -omics data remains an area of active research. However, few explicitly model the relative nature of these data and instead rely on cumbersome normalizations. This report (i) emphasizes the relative nature of health biomarkers, (ii) discusses the literature surrounding the classification of relative data, and (iii) benchmarks how different transformations perform for regularized logistic regression across multiple biomarker types. We show how an interpretable set of log contrasts, called balances, can prepare data for classification. We propose a simple procedure, called discriminative balance analysis, to select groups of 2 and 3 bacteria that can together discriminate between experimental conditions. Discriminative balance analysis is a fast, accurate, and interpretable alternative to data normalization. IMPORTANCE High-throughput sequencing provides an easy and cost-effective way to measure the relative abundance of bacteria in any environmental or biological sample. When these samples come from humans, the microbiome signatures can act as biomarkers for disease prediction. However, because bacterial abundance is measured as a composition, the data have unique properties that make conventional analyses inappropriate. To overcome this, analysts often use cumbersome normalizations. This article proposes an alternative method that identifies pairs and trios of bacteria whose stoichiometric presence can differentiate between diseased and nondiseased samples. By using interpretable log contrasts called balances, we developed an entirely normalization-free classification procedure that reduces the feature space and improves the interpretability, without sacrificing classifier performance.
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172
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Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Somsouk M. HIV and the Gut Microbiota: Composition, Consequences, and Avenues for Amelioration. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:204-213. [PMID: 31037552 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss recent advances in understanding of gut bacterial microbiota composition in HIV-infected subjects and comment on controversies. We discuss the putative effects of microbiota shifts on systemic inflammation and HIV disease progression and potential mechanisms, as well as ongoing strategies being developed to modulate the gut microbiota in humans for amelioration of infectious and inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Lifestyle and behavioral factors relevant to HIV infection studies have independent effects on the microbiota. Microbial metabolism of immunomodulatory compounds and direct immune stimulation by translocation of microbes are putative mechanisms contributing to HIV disease. Fecal microbiota transplantation, microbial enzyme inhibition, phage therapy, and rationally selected probiotic cocktails have emerged as promising strategies for microbiota modulation. Numerous surveys of the HIV gut microbiota matched for lifestyle factors suggest consistent shifts in gut microbiota composition among HIV-infected subjects. Evidence exists for a complex pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in HIV disease progression, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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173
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aging and HIV share features of intestinal damage and alterations in the communities of enteric bacteria, termed dysbiosis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the various features of the gut microbiome in aging and in people with HIV (PWH) and to discuss how aging and HIV converge to impact the gut microbiome. The term microbiome reflects the combined genetic material of micro-organisms present including bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi. To date, the majority of studies investigating the impact of aging and HIV on the gut microbiome have focused on bacteria, and therefore, for the purposes of this review, the term 'microbiome' is used to reflect enteric bacterial communities. RECENT FINDINGS Aging is associated with alterations in the gut bacterial microbiome. Although changes vary by the age of the population, lifestyle (diet, physical activity) and geographic location, the age-associated dysbiosis is typically characterized by an increase in facultative anaerobes with inflammatory properties and a decrease in obligate anaerobes that play critical roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and in regulating host immunity. PWH also have dysbiotic gut microbiomes, many features of which reflect those observed in elderly persons. In one study, the age effect on the gut microbiome differed based on HIV serostatus in older adults. SUMMARY HIV and age may interact to shape the gut microbiome. Future studies should investigate relationships between the gut microbiome and age-associated comorbidities in older PWH populations. Identifying these links will provide new avenues for treatments and interventions to improve the healthspan and lifespan of older PWH.
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174
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Abstract
Recent studies have raised interest in the possibility that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome (i.e., the communities of bacteria residing in the intestine) in HIV-infected patients could contribute to chronic immune activation, and, thus, to elevated mortality and increased risk of inflammation-related clinical diseases (e.g., stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, long-bone fractures, and renal dysfunction) found even in those on effective antiretroviral therapy. Yet, to date, a consistent pattern of HIV-associated dysbiosis has not been identified. What is becoming clear, however, is that status as a man who has sex with men (MSM) may profoundly impact the structure of the gut microbiota, and that this factor likely confounded many HIV-related intestinal microbiome studies. However, what factor associated with MSM status drives these gut microbiota-related changes is unclear, and what impact, if any, these changes may have on the health of MSM is unknown. In this review, we outline available data on changes in the structure of the gut microbiome in HIV, based on studies that controlled for MSM status. We then examine what is known regarding the gut microbiota in MSM, and consider possible implications for research and the health of this population. Lastly, we discuss knowledge gaps and needed future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tuddenham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wei Li Koay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s
National Hospital, Washington, D.C.;,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington
University, Washington, D.C
| | - Cynthia Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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175
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Luján JA, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Contribution of the Microbiota to Intestinal Homeostasis and its Role in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:13-25. [PMID: 30854974 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190311114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During HIV infection, massive destruction of CD4+ T cells ensues, preferentially depleting the Th17 subset at the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to a loss of mucosal integrity and an increase in cell permeability. This process favors microbial translocation between the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system, contributing to persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characteristic of HIV infection. Thus, the gut microbiota plays an integral role in maintaining the structure and function of the mucosal barrier, a critical factor for immune homeostasis. However, in the context of HIV infection, changes in the gut microbiota have been reported and have been linked to disease progression. Here, we review evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis, its contribution to HIV pathogenesis, as well as its use in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Luján
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
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176
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Tuddenham SA, Koay WLA, Zhao N, White JR, Ghanem KG, Sears CL. The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Gut Microbiota α-Diversity: An Individual-level Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:615-627. [PMID: 30921452 PMCID: PMC7319268 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impacts gut microbial α-diversity is controversial. We reanalyzed raw 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences and metadata from published studies to examine α-diversity measures between HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and individual level meta-analysis by searching Embase, Medline, and Scopus for original research studies (inception to 31 December 2017). Included studies reported 16S rRNA gene sequences of fecal samples from HIV+ patients. Raw sequence reads and metadata were obtained from public databases or from study authors. Raw reads were processed through standardized pipelines with use of a high-resolution taxonomic classifier. The χ2 test, paired t tests, and generalized linear mixed models were used to relate α-diversity measures and clinical metadata. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were identified with 17 datasets available for analysis, yielding 1032 samples (311 HIV-, 721 HIV+). HIV status was associated with a decrease in measures of α-diversity (P < .001). However, in stratified analysis, HIV status was associated with decreased α-diversity only in women and in men who have sex with women (MSW) but not in men who have sex with men (MSM). In analyses limited to women and MSW, controlling for HIV status, women displayed increased α-diversity compared with MSW. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that HIV status, sexual risk category, and gender impact gut microbial community α-diversity. Future studies should consider MSM status in gut microbiome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li A Koay
- Children’s National Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ni Zhao
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Khalil G Ghanem
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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177
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Verboeket SO, Wit FW, Verheij E, van Zoest RA, Kootstra NA, van der Valk M, Prins JM, Schim van der Loeff MF, Reiss P. HIV-negative Men Who Have Sex with Men have higher CD8+ T-cell Counts and Lower CD4+/CD8+ T-cell Ratios compared to HIV-negative Heterosexual Men. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1187-1197. [PMID: 32003801 PMCID: PMC8514179 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported T-cell senescence to be similar in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) with suppressed viremia (predominantly men who have sex with men [MSM]) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative otherwise comparable controls but greater than in healthy blood donors. This led us to compare CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios between HIV-negative MSM and men who only have sex with women (MSW) and relate observed differences in behavioral factors and infectious exposures, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Methods In 368 HIV-negative MSM and 72 HIV-negative MSW, T lymphocyte phenotyping was performed 3 times biennially. Baseline CMV serology and sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence and/or STI seroprevalence, sexual, and substance-use behavior data were collected during study visits. Results Men who have sex with men, compared with MSW, had higher CD8+ counts (551 vs 437 cells/mm3, P < .001), similar CD4+ counts (864 vs 880 cells/mm3, P = .5), and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratios (1.84 vs 2.47, P < .001). Differences were most pronounced for MSM with >10 recent sex partners and partly explained by higher CMV seroprevalence in MSM. Conclusions These findings suggest that factors other than HIV may, in both PWH and certain HIV-negative MSM, contribute to a low CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Whether this, like in PWH, contributes to comorbidity risk in HIV-negative MSM requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan O Verboeket
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand W Wit
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Verheij
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosan A van Zoest
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc van der Valk
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M Prins
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Global Health and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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178
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Flygel TT, Sovershaeva E, Claassen-Weitz S, Hjerde E, Mwaikono KS, Odland JØ, Ferrand RA, Mchugh G, Gutteberg TJ, Nicol MP, Cavanagh JP, Flægstad T. Composition of Gut Microbiota of Children and Adolescents With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Taking Antiretroviral Therapy in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:483-492. [PMID: 31549151 PMCID: PMC7457326 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes impairment of the gastrointestinal barrier, with substantial depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gut. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) restores CD4+ counts and may have beneficial effects on gut microbiota in adults. Little is known about effect of long-term ART on gut microbiome in HIV-infected children. We investigated composition of gut microbiota in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and assessed associations between gut microbiota and patient characteristics. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, rectal swabs were collected from 177 HIV-infected and 103 HIV-uninfected controls. Gut microbial composition was explored using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS Human immunodeficiency virus-infected children had significantly lower alpha-diversity and higher beta-diversity compared to HIV-uninfected. No association was observed between microbiome diversity and CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, or HIV-associated chronic lung disease. We found enriched levels of Corynebacterium (P < .01), Finegoldia (P < .01), and Anaerococcus (P < .01) in HIV-infected participants and enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae (P = .02) in participants with low CD4+ counts (<400 cells/mm3). Prolonged ART-treatment (≥10 years) was significantly associated with a richer gut microbiota by alpha diversity. CONCLUSIONS Human immunodeficiency virus-infected children have altered gut microbiota. Prolonged ART may restore the richness of the microbiota closer to that of HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trym T Flygel
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evgeniya Sovershaeva
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Shantelle Claassen-Weitz
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Department of Chemistry, Norstruct, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kilaza S Mwaikono
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Ø Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- Biomedial Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mchugh
- Biomedial Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tore J Gutteberg
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jorunn P Cavanagh
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Flægstad
- Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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179
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Liang Y, Dong T, Chen M, He L, Wang T, Liu X, Chang H, Mao JH, Hang B, Snijders AM, Xia Y. Systematic Analysis of Impact of Sampling Regions and Storage Methods on Fecal Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles. mSphere 2020; 5:e00763-19. [PMID: 31915218 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.0763-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The contribution of human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and metabolites to host health has recently become much clearer. However, many confounding factors can influence the accuracy of gut microbiome and metabolome studies, resulting in inconsistencies in published results. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of fecal sampling regions and storage and retrieval conditions on gut microbiome and metabolite profiles from three healthy children. Our analysis indicated that compared to homogenized and snap-frozen samples (standard control [SC]), different sampling regions did not affect microbial community alpha diversity, while a total of 22 of 176 identified metabolites varied significantly across different sampling regions. In contrast, storage conditions significantly influenced the microbiome and metabolome. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles. Sample storage in RNALater showed a significant level of variation in both microbiome and metabolome profiles, independent of the storage or retrieval conditions. The effect of RNALater on the metabolome was stronger than the effect on the microbiome, and individual variability between study participants outweighed the effect of RNALater on the microbiome. We conclude that homogenizing stool samples was critical for metabolomic analysis but not necessary for microbiome analysis. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles and is recommended for short-term fecal sample storage. In addition, our study indicates that the use of RNALater as a storage medium of stool samples for microbial and metabolomic analyses is not recommended.IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolome can provide a new angle to understand the development of health and disease. Stool samples are most frequently used for large-scale cohort studies. Standardized procedures for stool sample handling and storage can be a determining factor for performing microbiome or metabolome studies. In this study, we focused on the effects of stool sampling regions and stool sample storage conditions on variations in the gut microbiome composition and metabolome profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianping He
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingzhang Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyin Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Chang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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180
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Systematic Analysis of Impact of Sampling Regions and Storage Methods on Fecal Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00763-19. [PMID: 31915218 PMCID: PMC6952195 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00763-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolome can provide a new angle to understand the development of health and disease. Stool samples are most frequently used for large-scale cohort studies. Standardized procedures for stool sample handling and storage can be a determining factor for performing microbiome or metabolome studies. In this study, we focused on the effects of stool sampling regions and stool sample storage conditions on variations in the gut microbiome composition and metabolome profile. The contribution of human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and metabolites to host health has recently become much clearer. However, many confounding factors can influence the accuracy of gut microbiome and metabolome studies, resulting in inconsistencies in published results. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of fecal sampling regions and storage and retrieval conditions on gut microbiome and metabolite profiles from three healthy children. Our analysis indicated that compared to homogenized and snap-frozen samples (standard control [SC]), different sampling regions did not affect microbial community alpha diversity, while a total of 22 of 176 identified metabolites varied significantly across different sampling regions. In contrast, storage conditions significantly influenced the microbiome and metabolome. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles. Sample storage in RNALater showed a significant level of variation in both microbiome and metabolome profiles, independent of the storage or retrieval conditions. The effect of RNALater on the metabolome was stronger than the effect on the microbiome, and individual variability between study participants outweighed the effect of RNALater on the microbiome. We conclude that homogenizing stool samples was critical for metabolomic analysis but not necessary for microbiome analysis. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles and is recommended for short-term fecal sample storage. In addition, our study indicates that the use of RNALater as a storage medium of stool samples for microbial and metabolomic analyses is not recommended. IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolome can provide a new angle to understand the development of health and disease. Stool samples are most frequently used for large-scale cohort studies. Standardized procedures for stool sample handling and storage can be a determining factor for performing microbiome or metabolome studies. In this study, we focused on the effects of stool sampling regions and stool sample storage conditions on variations in the gut microbiome composition and metabolome profile.
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181
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Gabrielli S, Furzi F, Fontanelli Sulekova L, Taliani G, Mattiucci S. Occurrence of Blastocystis-subtypes in patients from Italy revealed association of ST3 with a healthy gut microbiota. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00134. [PMID: 32258445 PMCID: PMC7096745 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological survey on Blastocystis was carried out enrolling a total of 2524 subjects referred to the Umberto I Academic Hospital in Rome, for the routine parasitological exams, during 2017–2018. The studied population included a sample of immunocompromised individuals (N = 130) followed at the same hospital. DNA sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) locus was performed on samples positive to the coproparasitological analysis to molecular characterize the Blastocystis-subtypes. Microscopical analysis detected Blastocystis in 192/2524 (7.6%) of the enrolled subjects. It was the organism most frequently identified in the analysed faecal samples diagnosed in single infection (5.6%) or in co-infection with other enteric protozoa (2%). Furthermore, it was found mainly in immunocompromised patients (22.3%) compared to immunocompetent ones (6.8%). As expected, ST3 was the most occurring subtype identified in 40% of the subjects, followed by ST1 (29%), ST2 (16%), ST4 (12%), and ST7 (3%). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rDNA was performed on a sub-sample of Blastocystis-ST3-carriers, homogenous by age and gender, as well as on Blastocystis-free subjects, to profile and compare their gut bacterial composition. A higher bacterial diversity was found in ST3-Blastocystis-carriers, which exhibited a high abundance of Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter and Ruminococcus while, a high percentage of Bacteroides was found in Blastocystis-free subjects. This study evidenced the presence of Blastocystis in 7.6% of faecal samples in Italy and a high circulation of the protist among immunocompromised patients (22.3%). Molecular characterization of positive samples evidenced the occurrence of five different subtypes, including zoonotic ST such as the ST7, highlighting the risk of transmission from animals. Study of the gut microbiota composition confirms previous evidences according to which, the colonisation by Blastocystis would be linked with an eubiotic gut characterized by potentially beneficial species such as Prevotella and Ruminococcus, rather than with a dysbiotic state, with a high abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, and corroborated the role of the protist as “an old friend” of the human gut. Microscopical analysis detected Blastocystis in 7.6% subjects in Italy. Molecular methods allowed the identification of 5 STs (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST7). ST3 resulted the most frequent subtype. NGS of the 16S rDNA gene was performed in Blastocystis-ST3-carriers. Blastocystis-ST3 resulted correlated to an eubiotic gut characterized by potentially beneficial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza-University of Rome", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Parasitology laboratory, Academic Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Furzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza-University of Rome", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Taliani
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, "Sapienza University of Rome", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza-University of Rome", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Parasitology laboratory, Academic Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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182
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Sialylation and fucosylation modulate inflammasome-activating eIF2 Signaling and microbial translocation during HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:753-766. [PMID: 32152415 PMCID: PMC7434596 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An emerging paradigm suggests that gut glycosylation is a key force in maintaining the homeostatic relationship between the gut and its microbiota. Nevertheless, it is unclear how gut glycosylation contributes to the HIV-associated microbial translocation and inflammation that persist despite viral suppression and contribute to the development of several comorbidities. We examined terminal ileum, right colon, and sigmoid colon biopsies from HIV-infected virally-suppressed individuals and found that gut glycomic patterns are associated with distinct microbial compositions and differential levels of chronic inflammation and HIV persistence. In particular, high levels of the pro-inflammatory hypo-sialylated T-antigen glycans and low levels of the anti-inflammatory fucosylated glycans were associated with higher abundance of glycan-degrading microbial species (in particular, Bacteroides vulgatus), a less diverse microbiome, higher levels of inflammation, and higher levels of ileum-associated HIV DNA. These findings are linked to the activation of the inflammasome-mediating eIF2 signaling pathway. Our study thus provides the first proof-of-concept evidence that a previously unappreciated factor, gut glycosylation, is a force that may impact the vicious cycle between HIV infection, microbial translocation, and chronic inflammation.
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183
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Altmäe S, Franasiak JM, Mändar R. The seminal microbiome in health and disease. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:703-721. [PMID: 31732723 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that there are more microbial than human cells in our body and that humans contain more microbial than human genes, the microbiome has huge potential to influence human physiology, both in health and in disease. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has helped to elucidate functional, quantitative and mechanistic aspects of the complex microorganism-host interactions that underlie human physiology and pathophysiology. The microbiome of semen is a field of increasing scientific interest, although this microbial niche is currently understudied compared with other areas of microbiome research. However, emerging evidence is beginning to indicate that the seminal microbiome has important implications for the reproductive health of men, the health of the couple and even the health of offspring, owing to transfer of microorganisms to the partner and offspring. As this field expands, further carefully designed and well-powered studies are required to unravel the true nature and role of the seminal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Reet Mändar
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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184
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Kehrmann J, Menzel J, Saeedghalati M, Obeid R, Schulze C, Holzendorf V, Farahpour F, Reinsch N, Klein-Hitpass L, Streeck H, Hoffmann D, Buer J, Esser S. Gut Microbiota in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals Linked to Coronary Heart Disease. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:497-508. [PMID: 30202890 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with perturbation of the gut microbiota. Methods We analyzed gut microbiota in 30 HIV-infected individuals with CHD (CHD+) and 30 without CHD (CHD-) of the HIV-HEART study group. Results Gut microbiota linked to CHD was associated with lower α-diversity. Despite insignificant differences in β-diversity, co-occurrence networks of bacterial genera clearly diverged between CHD+ and CHD- individuals. Multidimensional scaling separated HIV-infected individuals into 2 microbiome clusters, dominated by the genus Prevotella or Bacteroides. The relative abundance of 49 other genera was significantly different between both clusters. The Prevotella-rich cluster was largely composed of men who have sex with men (MSM) (97%), whereas the Bacteroides-rich cluster comprised both MSM (45%) and heterosexual individuals (55%). MSM of the Bacteroides-rich cluster were characterized by reduced α-diversity, advanced immunological HIV stage, longer antiretroviral therapy with more ART regimens, and longer use of protease inhibitors, compared with Prevotella-rich MSM. Conclusions Community structures of gut microbiota rather than individual species might facilitate risk assessment of CHD in HIV-infected individuals. Sexual behavior appears to be an important factor affecting gut microbiota β-diversity and should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kehrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen
| | - Jannis Menzel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen
| | | | - Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar
| | | | | | | | - Nico Reinsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Cardiology, Division of Electrophysiology, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach Hospital, Essen.,Department of Cardiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten
| | | | - Handrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen
| | - Stefan Esser
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venerology, University of Duisburg-Essen
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185
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Samuelson DR, Siggins RW, Ruan S, Amedee AM, Sun J, Zhu QK, Marasco WA, Taylor CM, Luo M, Welsh DA, Shellito JE. Alcohol consumption increases susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia in a humanized murine HIV model mediated by intestinal dysbiosis. Alcohol 2019; 80:33-43. [PMID: 30213614 PMCID: PMC6449221 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use in persons living with HIV (PLWH) worsens the severity of bacterial pneumonia. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which this occurs remain ill-defined. We hypothesized that alcohol in the setting of HIV infection decreases Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance from the lung through mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota. Humanized BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) mice were infected with 1 × 104 TCID50 of HIV (BAL and JRCSF strains) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. One week post-HIV infection, animals were switched to a Lieber-DeCarli 5% ethanol diet or an isocaloric control diet for 10 days. Alcohol-fed animals were also given two binges of 2 g/kg ethanol on days 5 and 10. Feces were also collected, banked, and the community structures were analyzed. Mice were then infected with 1 × 105 CFU (colony-forming units) of S. pneumoniae and were sacrificed 48 h later. HIV-infected mice had viral loads of ∼2 × 104 copies/mL of blood 1 week post-infection, and exhibited an ∼57% decrease in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells at the time of sacrifice. Fecal microbial community structure was significantly different in each of the feeding groups, as well as with HIV infection. Alcohol-fed mice had a significantly higher burden of S. pneumoniae 48 h post-infection, regardless of HIV status. In follow-up experiments, female C57BL/6 mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics daily for 2 weeks and recolonized by gavage with intestinal microbiota from HIV+ ethanol-fed, HIV+ pair-fed, HIV- ethanol-fed, or HIV- pair-fed mice. Recolonized mice were then infected with S. pneumoniae and were sacrificed 48 h later. The intestinal microbiota from alcohol-fed mice (regardless of HIV status) significantly impaired clearance of S. pneumoniae. Collectively, these data indicate that alcohol feeding, as well as alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis, compromise pulmonary host defenses against pneumococcal pneumonia. Determining whether HIV infection acts synergistically with alcohol use in impairing pulmonary host defenses will require additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick R Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Robert W Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sanbao Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quan Karen Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David A Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Judd E Shellito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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186
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Fulcher JA, Li F, Cook RR, Zabih S, Louie A, Okochi H, Tobin NH, Gandhi M, Shoptaw S, Gorbach PM, Aldrovandi GM. Rectal Microbiome Alterations Associated With Oral Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz463. [PMID: 32258202 PMCID: PMC7105055 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral daily tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective for HIVprevention, yet long-term effects are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of PrEP on the rectal microbiome in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included HIV-negative MSM either on PrEP (n = 37) or not (n = 37) selected from an ongoing cohort using propensity score matching. Rectal swabs were used to examine microbiome composition using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing, and associations between PrEP use and microbiota abundance were examined. Hair specimens were used to quantify TFV and FTC exposure over the past 6 weeks on a subset of participants (n = 15). RESULTS Pre-exposure prophylaxis use was associated with a significant increase in Streptococcus abundance (adjusted P = .015). Similar associations were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, confirming the increase in Streptococcus and also showing increased Mitsuokella, Fusobacterium, and decreased Escherichia/Shigella. Increased Fusobacterium was significantly associated with increasing TFV exposure. CONCLUSIONS Oral TDF/FTC for PrEP is associated with rectal microbiome changes compared to well matched controls, specifically increased Streptococcus and Fusobacterium abundance. This study highlights the need for future investigations of the role of microbiome changes on HIV susceptibility and effectiveness of PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ryan R Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sara Zabih
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Louie
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine (Hair Analytical Laboratory), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine (Hair Analytical Laboratory), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine (Hair Analytical Laboratory), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pamina M Gorbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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187
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Fontanelli Sulekova L, Gabrielli S, Furzi F, Milardi GL, Biliotti E, De Angelis M, Iaiani G, Fimiani C, Maiorano M, Mattiucci S, Taliani G. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis subtypes in HIV-positive patients and evaluation of risk factors for colonization. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:876. [PMID: 31640585 PMCID: PMC6805496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protozoa in human faecal samples with uncertain impact on public health. Studies on the prevalence of Blastocystis in HIV-positive patients are limited and dated. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 156 HIV-positive patients to evaluate the prevalence of Blastocystis-subtypes by molecular amplification and sequencing the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA), to identify the risk factors for its transmission, to examine the relationship between the presence of the protist and gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, the evaluation of the faecal calprotectin by immunoassay from a sample of subjects was performed to evaluate the gut inflammation in Blastocystis-carriers. Results Blastocystis-subtypes ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4 were identified in 39 HIV-positive patients (25%). No correlation was found between the presence of the protist and virological or epidemiological risk factors. Blastocystis was more frequently detected in homosexual subjects (p = 0.037) infected by other enteric protozoa (p = 0.0001) and with flatulence (p = 0.024). No significant differences in calprotectin level was found between Blastocystis-carriers and free ones. Conclusions Blastocystis is quite common in HIV-positive patients on ART showing in examined patients 25% prevalence. Homosexual behaviour may represent a risk factor for its transmission, while CD4 count and viremia didn’t correlate with the presence of the protist. The pathogenetic role of Blastocystis remains unclear and no gut inflammation status was detected in Blastocystis-carriers. The only symptom associated with Blastocystis was the flatulence, evidencing a link between the presence of the protist and the composition and stability of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Clinical Diagnostic Parasitology laboratory, Umberto I Academic Hospital, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Furzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luigi Milardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Biliotti
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Angelis
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iaiani
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fimiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Maiorano
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Clinical Diagnostic Parasitology laboratory, Umberto I Academic Hospital, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Taliani
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
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188
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Ceccarani C, Marangoni A, Severgnini M, Camboni T, Laghi L, Gaspari V, D'Antuono A, Foschi C, Re MC, Consolandi C. Rectal Microbiota Associated With Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Men Having Sex With Other Men. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:358. [PMID: 31681634 PMCID: PMC6813206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) represent the most common agents of sexually transmitted rectal infections among men having sex with other men (MSM). In this study, we assessed the bacterial composition of the rectal microbiota associated with CT and/or NG infections in a cohort of men reporting unsafe rectal intercourse. A total of 125 rectal swabs were collected and four groups were compared: non-infected subjects (n = 53), patients with CT (n = 37), or NG rectal infection (n = 17) and patients with contemporary positivity for CT/NG (n = 18). CT and NG infections were detected by a real-time commercial test and the rectal microbiota composition was analyzed from rectal swabs through sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The rectal microbiota of all subgroups was dominated by Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Ruminococcaceae families. Irrespective of the analyzed subgroup, we found that the rectal environment of all the enrolled MSM was rich in Prevotella and Escherichia genera. Moreover, a shift in the bacterial composition between patients with sexually transmitted rectal infections and controls was noticed: infected patients were characterized by a depletion of Escherichia species, associated with an increase of anaerobic genera, including Peptoniphilus, Peptostreptococcus, and Parvimonas. Overall, the presence of rectal symptoms did not significantly modify the rectal microbiota profiles among the four groups of analyzed patients. We confirmed that HIV-positive patients are characterized by a lower bacterial richness than HIV-negative subjects. However, we found that the presence of HIV has a different impact on bacterial rectal communities compared to CT and NG infections, modifying the relative abundance of several genera, including Gardnerella, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, and Sutterella. Information about the rectal microbiota composition in CT and NG infections could shed light on the pathogenesis of these conditions and could contribute to the onset of new strategies for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ceccarani
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Severgnini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Tania Camboni
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Foschi
- Microbiology, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Microbiology, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Milan, Italy
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189
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Alterations to the Gastrointestinal Microbiome Associated with Methamphetamine Use among Young Men who have Sex with Men. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14840. [PMID: 31619731 PMCID: PMC6795845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) use is a major public health problem in the United States, especially among people living with HIV (PLWH). Many MA-induced neurotoxic effects are mediated by inflammation and gut microbiota may play a role in this process, yet the effects of MA on the microbiome have not been adequately explored. Therefore, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on rectal swab samples from 381 men who have sex with men, 48% of whom were PLWH and 41% of whom used MA. We compared microbiome composition between MA users and non-users while testing for potential interactions with HIV and controlling for numerous confounders using inverse probability of treatment weighting. We found that MA use explained significant variation in overall composition (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.008) and was associated with elevated Finegoldia, Parvimonas, Peptoniphilus, and Porphyromonas and reduced Butyricicoccus and Faecalibacterium, among others. Genera including Actinomyces and Streptobacillus interacted with HIV status, such that they were increased in HIV+ MA users. Finegoldia and Peptoniphilus increased with increasing frequency of MA use, among others. In summary, MA use was associated with a microbial imbalance favoring pro-inflammatory bacteria, including some with neuroactive potential and others that have previously been associated with poor HIV outcomes.
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190
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Olalla J, García de Lomas JM, Chueca N, Pérez-Stachowski X, De Salazar A, Del Arco A, Plaza-Díaz J, De la Torre J, Prada JL, García-Alegría J, Fernández-Sánchez F, García F. Effect of daily consumption of extra virgin olive oil on the lipid profile and microbiota of HIV-infected patients over 50 years of age. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17528. [PMID: 31626113 PMCID: PMC6824693 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has shown beneficial effects on the lipid profile and inflammatory parameters in general population. Our goal is to analyze these changes together with those of intestinal microbiota in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients over 50 years of age. METHODS Experimental single arm open study. HIV patients over the age of 50 with undetectable viral load were selected. EVOO was distributed among the patients so that each one consumed 50 g daily for 12 weeks. Lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), and intestinal microbiota composition were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS Total cholesterol decreased significantly (5 mg/dL), and a nonsignificant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (12 mg/dL), triglycerides (21 mg/dL), and CRP (1.25 mg/dL) was observed. There was a significant increase in alpha diversity after the intervention in men and a decrease in proinflammatory genera such as Dethiosulfovibrionaceae was observed. Differences were also observed in the microbiota of men and women and according to the type of antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSION Sustained consumption of 50 g of EVOO in elderly HIV-infected patients might be associated with an improvement in lipid profile and alfa diversity of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Olalla
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada
| | | | - José Luis Prada
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella
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191
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Shilaih M, Angst DC, Marzel A, Bonhoeffer S, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD. Antibacterial effects of antiretrovirals, potential implications for microbiome studies in HIV. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:91-94. [PMID: 28497768 DOI: 10.3851/imp3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being used by more than 18 million people our understanding of the extent of the effects of antiretrovirals on the human body and other organisms remains incomplete. In addition, the direct effect of antiretrovirals on the gut microbiota of HIV-infected individuals has been largely overlooked in microbiome studies concerned with HIV-infected individuals. METHODS Here we tested 25 antiretrovirals on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli using a broth microdilution assay to assess whether these drugs have an antibacterial effect. RESULTS We found that several widely used antiretroviral drugs have in vitro antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative commensal bacteria. Efavirenz inhibited the growth of B. subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/ml (in all three replicates), while 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and zidovudine inhibited the growth of E. coli with an MIC of 16-32 µg/ml and 0.016-0.125 µg/ml (respectively). CONCLUSIONS Given the large and increasing number of individuals on antiretrovirals, and the lifelong nature of HIV treatment, this proof-of-concept report could have several potential implications, including an impact of antiretrovirals on bacterial coinfections, as well as potentials for drug discovery and repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaned Shilaih
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C Angst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Marzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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192
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Williams BB, Green SJ, Bosch RJ, Chan ES, Jacobson JM, Margolis DM, Engen P, Landay AL, Wilson CC. Four Weeks of Treatment With Rifaximin Fails to Significantly Alter Microbial Diversity in Rectal Samples of HIV-Infected Immune Non-Responders (ACTG A5286) Which May be Attributed to Rectal Swab Use. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:235-250. [PMID: 31583331 PMCID: PMC6768152 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-infected individuals have evidence of intestinal microbial translocation which is associated with immune activation and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic which reduces microbial translocation in other disease states, was shown to have a marginal beneficial effect on microbial translocation, T-cell activation, and inflammation in a multisite randomized trial (ACTG A5286; NCT01466595) of HIV-infected persons with poor immunologic recovery receiving ART. Here, we report analysis of the rectal microbiome changes associated with that trial. METHODS HIV-1-infected individuals receiving ART with CD4-T cell count < 350cells/mm3 and viral suppression were randomized 2:1 to rifaximin or no therapy for 4 weeks. Rectal swabs were collected at baseline (pre-treatment) and at week 4 of rifaximin therapy. Genomic DNA extracted from rectal swab samples was analyzed using high throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. RESULTS Forty-eight HIV-infected participants (31 received rifaximin, 17 no treatment) were included. There was broad variability in the recovery of bacterial rRNA from the specimens at baseline. No major significant (FDR P < 0.05) effects of rifaximin treatment on alpha- or beta-diversity or individual taxa were observed between or within the treatment arms, with analyses conducted at taxonomic levels from phylum to genus. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin did not meaningfully alter the diversity or composition of the rectal microbiome of HIV-infected individuals after 4 weeks of therapy, although rectal swab specimens varied widely in their microbial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett B. Williams
- Division of Infectious Disease; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Sequencing Core; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen S. Chan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV; Drexel University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Phillip Engen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado at Denver; Aurora, Colorado
| | - A5286 protocol team
- Division of Infectious Disease; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Sequencing Core; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV; Drexel University; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Department of Medicine; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado at Denver; Aurora, Colorado
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193
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Ortiz AM, Flynn JK, DiNapoli SR, Sortino O, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Belkaid Y, Sereti I, Brenchley JM. Antiretroviral Therapy Administration in Healthy Rhesus Macaques Is Associated with Transient Shifts in Intestinal Bacterial Diversity and Modest Immunological Perturbations. J Virol 2019; 93:e00472-19. [PMID: 31270225 PMCID: PMC6714794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00472-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) immune system competency is dependent upon interactions with commensal microbiota, which can be influenced by wide-ranging pharmacologic interventions. In simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaque models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we previously noted that initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with a specific imbalance (dysbiosis) of the composition of the intestinal bacteriome. To determine if ART itself might contribute to dysbiosis or immune dysfunction, we treated healthy rhesus macaques with protease, integrase, or reverse transcriptase inhibitors for 1 to 2 or for 5 to 6 weeks and evaluated intestinal immune function and the composition of the fecal bacterial microbiome. We observed that individual antiretrovirals (ARVs) modestly altered intestinal T-cell proinflammatory responses without disturbing total or activated T-cell frequencies. Moreover, we observed transient disruptions in bacterial diversity coupled with perturbations in the relative frequencies of bacterial communities. Shifts in specific bacterial frequencies were not persistent posttreatment, however, with individual taxa showing only isolated associations with T-cell proinflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that intestinal bacterial instability and modest immunological alterations can result from ART itself. These data could lead to therapeutic interventions which stabilize the microbiome in individuals prescribed ART.IMPORTANCE Dysbiosis of the fecal microbiome is a common feature observed in ARV-treated people living with HIV. The degree to which HIV infection itself causes this dysbiosis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that medications used to treat HIV infection can influence the composition of the GI tract immune responses and its microbiome in the nonhuman primate SIV model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah R DiNapoli
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ornella Sortino
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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194
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Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes C, Cezar R, Kundura L, Portales P, Merle C, Atoui N, Fernandez C, Le Moing V, Barbuat C, Moranne O, Sotto A, Sabatier R, Fabbro P, Vincent T, Dunyach-Remy C, Winter A, Reynes J, Lavigne JP, Corbeau P. Microbial Translocation Is Linked to a Specific Immune Activation Profile in HIV-1-Infected Adults With Suppressed Viremia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2185. [PMID: 31572392 PMCID: PMC6753629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients, which may be the consequence of various factors including microbial translocation, is a major cause of comorbidities. We have previously shown that different profiles of immune activation may be distinguished in virological responders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a particular profile might be the consequence of microbial translocation. To this aim, we measured 64 soluble and cell surface markers of inflammation and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell, B cell, monocyte, NK cell, and endothelial activation in 140 adults under efficient antiretroviral therapy, and classified patients and markers using a double hierarchical clustering analysis. We also measured the plasma levels of the microbial translocation markers bacterial DNA, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), intestinal-fatty acid binding protein, and soluble CD14. We identified five different immune activation profiles. Patients with an immune activation profile characterized by a high percentage of CD38+CD8+ T-cells and a high level of the endothelial activation marker soluble Thrombomodulin, presented with higher LBP mean (± SEM) concentrations (33.3 ± 1.7 vs. 28.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL, p = 0.025) than patients with other profiles. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the immune activation profiles we described are the result of different etiological factors. We propose a model, where particular causes of immune activation, as microbial translocation, drive particular immune activation profiles responsible for particular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Christina Psomas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Reynes
- Institute for Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, UMR5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Cezar
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Lucy Kundura
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Portales
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Merle
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Atoui
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Fernandez
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Le Moing
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudine Barbuat
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | | | - Albert Sotto
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Robert Sabatier
- Institute for Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, UMR5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Fabbro
- Medical Informatics Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Thierry Vincent
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- U1047, INSERM, Microbiology University Hospital Nîmes, Montpellier University, Nîmes, France
| | - Audrey Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- U1047, INSERM, Microbiology University Hospital Nîmes, Montpellier University, Nîmes, France
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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195
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Claiborne DT, Scully EP, Palmer CD, Prince JL, Macharia GN, Kopycinski J, Michelo CM, Wiener HW, Parker R, Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek D, Altfeld M, Gilmour J, Price MA, Tang J, Kilembe W, Allen SA, Hunter E. Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007981. [PMID: 31449552 PMCID: PMC6730937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the mechanisms of HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis, it is clear that much remains to be discovered, as exemplified by protective HLA alleles like HLA-B*81 which are associated with profound protection from CD4+ T cell decline without robust control of early plasma viremia. Here, we report on additional HLA class I (B*1401, B*57, B*5801, as well as B*81), and HLA class II (DQB1*02 and DRB1*15) alleles that display discordant virological and immunological phenotypes in a Zambian early infection cohort. HLA class I alleles of this nature were also associated with enhanced immune responses to conserved epitopes in Gag. Furthermore, these HLA class I alleles were associated with reduced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma during acute infection. Elevated LPS levels measured early in infection predicted accelerated CD4+ T cell decline, as well as immune activation and exhaustion. Taken together, these data suggest novel mechanisms for HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis that do not necessarily involve significant control of early viremia and point to microbial translocation as a direct driver of HIV-1 pathogenesis rather than simply a consequence. During acute HIV infection, there exists a complex interplay between the host immune response and the virus, and the balance of these interactions dramatically affects disease trajectory in infected individuals. Variations in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles dictate the potency of the cellular immune response to HIV, and certain well-studied alleles (HLA-B*57, B*27) are associated with control of HIV viremia. However, though plasma viral load is indicative of disease progression, the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood is a better measurement of disease severity. Through analysis of a large Zambian acute infection cohort, we identified HLA alleles that were associated with protection for CD4+ T cell loss, without dramatic affect on early plasma viremia. We further link these favorable HLA alleles to reduction in a well-known contributor to HIV pathogenesis, the presence of microbial products in the blood, which is indicative of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a process which accelerates disease progression in HIV infected individuals. Ultimately, these results suggest a new mechanism by which the cellular immune response can combat HIV-associated pathogenesis, and further highlight the contribution of gut damage and microbial translocation to accelerating disease progression, even at early stages in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Claiborne
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen P. Scully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Prince
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Virus Immunology Unit, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt A. Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Susan A. Allen
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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196
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Gao NL, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Hu S, Lercher MJ, Zhao XM, Bork P, Liu Z, Chen WH. MVP: a microbe-phage interaction database. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D700-D707. [PMID: 29177508 PMCID: PMC5753265 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages invade microbes, accomplish host lysis and are of vital importance in shaping the community structure of environmental microbiota. More importantly, most phages have very specific hosts; they are thus ideal tools to manipulate environmental microbiota at species-resolution. The main purpose of MVP (Microbe Versus Phage) is to provide a comprehensive catalog of phage–microbe interactions and assist users to select phage(s) that can target (and potentially to manipulate) specific microbes of interest. We first collected 50 782 viral sequences from various sources and clustered them into 33 097 unique viral clusters based on sequence similarity. We then identified 26 572 interactions between 18 608 viral clusters and 9245 prokaryotes (i.e. bacteria and archaea); we established these interactions based on 30 321 evidence entries that we collected from published datasets, public databases and re-analysis of genomic and metagenomic sequences. Based on these interactions, we calculated the host range for each of the phage clusters and accordingly grouped them into subgroups such as ‘species-’, ‘genus-’ and ‘family-’ specific phage clusters. MVP is equipped with a modern, responsive and intuitive interface, and is freely available at: http://mvp.medgenius.info.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Computer Science and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.7 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanbing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.7 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing, PR China
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Office 2304, East Main Building of Guanghua Towers, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peer Bork
- European molecular biology laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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197
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Bang S, Yoo D, Kim SJ, Jhang S, Cho S, Kim H. Establishment and evaluation of prediction model for multiple disease classification based on gut microbial data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10189. [PMID: 31308384 PMCID: PMC6629854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases prediction has been performed by machine learning approaches with various biological data. One of the representative data is the gut microbial community, which interacts with the host's immune system. The abundance of a few microorganisms has been used as markers to predict diverse diseases. In this study, we hypothesized that multi-classification using machine learning approach could distinguish the gut microbiome from following six diseases: multiple sclerosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, stroke and colorectal cancer. We used the abundance of microorganisms at five taxonomy levels as features in 696 samples collected from different studies to establish the best prediction model. We built classification models based on four multi-class classifiers and two feature selection methods including a forward selection and a backward elimination. As a result, we found that the performance of classification is improved as we use the lower taxonomy levels of features; the highest performance was observed at the genus level. Among four classifiers, LogitBoost-based prediction model outperformed other classifiers. Also, we suggested the optimal feature subsets at the genus-level obtained by backward elimination. We believe the selected feature subsets could be used as markers to distinguish various diseases simultaneously. The finding in this study suggests the potential use of selected features for the diagnosis of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Bang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyun Jhang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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198
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Liu CM, Packman ZR, Abraham AG, Serwadda DM, Nalugoda F, Aziz M, Prodger JL, Kaul R, Kalibbala S, Gray RH, Price LB, Quinn TC, Tobian AA, Reynolds SJ. The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation on the Vaginal Microbiome in HIV-Infected Women. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz328. [PMID: 31660406 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on the vaginal microbiome is unknown. This is of particular importance among women living in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding this relationship could help elucidate if and how the host immune system interacts with the vaginal microbiome. Methods The vaginal microbiome of HIV-1/HSV-2-coinfected women (n = 92) in Uganda was evaluated from self-collected vaginal swabs 1 month pre-ART and at 4 and 6 months post-ART initiation. The vaginal microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Vaginal community state types (CSTs) were identified using proportional abundance data. Changes in microbiome composition were assessed with permutational analyses of variance (PerMANOVA). Results Five vaginal CSTs were identified, which varied significantly by bacterial load (P < .01): CST-1 was characterized by Lactobacillus iners, CST-2 by Gardnerella, CST-3 by Gardnerella and Prevotella, CST-4 by Lactobacillus crispatus, and CST-5 was highly diverse. Vaginal microbiome composition also did not change significantly after ART initiation (P = .985). Immune reconstitution after ART initiation did not affect vaginal microbiome CST assignment (P = .722) or individual-level changes in bacterial load (log response ratio [interquartile range], -0.50 [-2.75 to 0.38] vs -0.29 [-2.03 to 1.42]; P = .40). Conclusions The vaginal microbiome of HIV-infected women was not affected by the initiation of ART or immune reconstitution in this observational study. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of ART treatment on the vaginal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Zoe R Packman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Maliha Aziz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronald H Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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199
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Ceccarelli G, Statzu M, Santinelli L, Pinacchio C, Bitossi C, Cavallari EN, Vullo V, Scagnolari C, d'Ettorre G. Challenges in the management of HIV infection: update on the role of probiotic supplementation as a possible complementary therapeutic strategy for cART treated people living with HIV/AIDS. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:949-965. [PMID: 31260331 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1638907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent insights show that gut-mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota play a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Alterations in the composition of intestinal flora (dysbiosis) could be associated with an impaired intestinal epithelium barrier activity and an impaired mucosal immunity function, significantly contributing to microbial translocation which is considered a major driver of chronic immune activation. Areas covered: This article provides an overview on the novel trends in probiotic therapy application. A particular emphasis is addressed to the importance of probiotics as a novel strategy to attenuate or prevent gastrointestinal involvement and to improve gut-mucosal immunity in HIV-infected subjects. Therefore, opportunities, limits and methodological criticalities of supplementation with probiotic therapy are considered and analyzed. Expert opinion: Use of probiotics is emerging as a novel strategy to manage dysbiosis and gut-mucosal impairment, to reduce immune activation and to limit a number of non-AIDS-related disorders. However, despite the growing use of probiotic therapy, mechanisms by which oral bacteria intake exhibits its effects are strain-related and disease-specific, hence clinicians need to take these two factors into consideration when suggesting probiotic supplementation to HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Maura Statzu
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Camilla Bitossi
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Eugenio Nelson Cavallari
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - GabrieIla d'Ettorre
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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200
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Li N, Ma WT, Pang M, Fan QL, Hua JL. The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1551. [PMID: 31333675 PMCID: PMC6620863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is inhabited by a diverse microbial community that is collectively coined as commensal microbiota. Recent research has greatly advanced our understanding of how the commensal microbiota affects host health. Among the various kinds of pathogenic infections of the host, viral infections constitute one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. During the infection process, viruses may have substantial and intimate interactions with the commensal microbiota. A plethora of evidence suggests that the commensal microbiota regulates and is in turn regulated by invading viruses through diverse mechanisms, thereby having stimulatory or suppressive roles in viral infections. Furthermore, the integrity of the commensal microbiota can be disturbed by invading viruses, causing dysbiosis in the host and further influencing virus infectivity. In the present article, we discuss current insights into the regulation of viral infection by the commensal microbiota. We also draw attention to the disruption of microbiota homeostasis by several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin-Lei Fan
- Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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