151
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Roura E, Navarro M. Physiological and metabolic control of diet selection. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fact that most farm animals have no dietary choice under commercial practices translates the dietary decisions to the carers. Thus, a lack of understanding of the principles of dietary choices is likely to result in a high toll for the feed industry. In healthy animals, diet selection and, ultimately, feed intake is the result of factoring together the preference for the feed available with the motivation to eat. Both are dynamic states and integrate transient stimulus derived from the nutritional status, environmental and social determinants of the animal with hard-wired genetic mechanisms. Peripheral senses are the primary inputs that determine feed preferences. Some of the sensory aspects of feed, such as taste, are innate and genetically driven, keeping the hedonic value of feed strictly associated with a nutritional frame. Sweet, umami and fat tastes are all highly appetitive. They stimulate reward responses from the brain and reinforce dietary choices related to essential nutrients. In contrast, aroma (smell) recognition is a plastic trait and preferences are driven mostly by learned experience. Maternal transfer through perinatal conditioning and the individual’s own innate behaviour to try or to avoid novel feed (often termed as neophobia) are known mechanisms where the learning process strongly affects preferences. In addtition, the motivation to eat responds to episodic events fluctuating in harmony with the eating patterns. These signals are driven mainly by gastrointestinal hormones (such as cholecystokinin [CCK] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]) and load. In addition, long-term events generate mechanisms for a sustainable nutritional homeostasis managed by tonic signals from tissue stores (i.e. leptin and insulin). Insulin and leptin are known to affect appetite by modulating peripheral sensory inputs. The study of chemosensory mechanisms related to the nutritional status of the animal offers novel tools to understand the dynamic states of feed choices so as to meet nutritional and hedonic needs. Finally, a significant body of literature exists regarding appetite driven by energy and amino acids in farm animals. However, it is surprising that there is scarcity of knowledge regarding what and how specific dietary nutrients may affect satiety. Thus, a better understanding on how bitter compounds and excess dietary nutrients (i.e. amino acids) play a role in no-choice animal feeding is an urgent topic to be addressed so that right choices can be made on the animal’s behalf.
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152
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Pan MH, Wu JC, Ho CT, Lai CS. Antiobesity molecular mechanisms of action: Resveratrol and pterostilbene. Biofactors 2018; 44:50-60. [PMID: 29315906 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a current global epidemic that has led to a marked increase in metabolic diseases. However, its treatment remains a challenge. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, which involves the dysfunction of neuropeptides, hormones, and inflammatory adipokines from the brain, gut, and adipose tissue. An understanding of the mechanisms and signal interactions in the crosstalk between organs and tissue in the coordination of whole-body energy metabolism would be helpful to provide therapeutic and putative approaches to the treatment and prevention of obesity and related complications. Resveratrol and pterostilbene are well-known stilbenes that provide various potential benefits to human health. In particular, their potential anti-obesity effects have been proven in numerous cell culture and animal studies. Both compounds act to regulate energy intake, adipocyte life cycle and function, white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, energy expenditure, and gut microbiota by targeting multiple molecules and signaling pathways as an intervention for obesity. Although the efficacy of both compounds in humans requires further investigation with respect to their oral bioavailability, promising scientific findings have highlighted their potential as candidates for the treatment of obesity and the improvement of obesity-related metabolic diseases. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(1):50-60, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ching Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ching-Shu Lai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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153
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Bouhlal S, Ellefsen KN, Sheskier MB, Singley E, Pirard S, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA, Leggio L. Acute effects of intravenous cocaine administration on serum concentrations of ghrelin, amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, leptin and peptide YY and relationships with cardiorespiratory and subjective responses. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:68-75. [PMID: 28881319 PMCID: PMC5654385 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food intake and use of drugs of abuse like cocaine share common central and peripheral physiological pathways. Appetitive hormones play a major role in regulating food intake; however, little is known about the effects of acute cocaine administration on the blood concentrations of these hormones in cocaine users. METHODS We evaluated serum concentrations of six appetitive hormones: ghrelin (total and acyl-ghrelin), amylin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, leptin and peptide YY (PYY), as well as acute cardiorespiratory and subjective responses of 8 experienced cocaine users who received 25mg intravenous (IV) cocaine. RESULTS Serum concentrations of GLP-1 (p=0.014) and PYY (p=0.036) were significantly decreased one hour following IV cocaine administration; there was a trend towards a decrease for insulin (p=0.055) and amylin (p=0.063) concentrations, while no significant IV cocaine effect was observed for ghrelin (total or acyl-ghrelin) or leptin concentrations (p's≫>0.5). We also observed associations between hormone concentrations acutely affected by IV cocaine (GLP-1, PYY, insulin, amylin) and some cocaine-related cardiorespiratory and subjective responses (e.g., increased heart and respiratory rates; feeling high and anxious). DISCUSSION These findings show a significant effect of acute IV cocaine administration on some appetitive hormones and suggest potential associations between these hormones and cocaine-related cardiorespiratory and subjective responses. Additional research is needed to further investigate the potential mechanisms underlining these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kayla N. Ellefsen
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Mikela B. Sheskier
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Erick Singley
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Sandrine Pirard
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
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154
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Perpiñá C, Segura M, Sánchez-Reales S. Cognitive flexibility and decision-making in eating disorders and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:435-444. [PMID: 27744608 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare decision-making and cognitive flexibility in patients with disordered eating and weight, ranging from anorexia nervosa to obesity, and a healthy group. METHOD Participants were 113 patients (86 with eating disorders and 27 with obesity), and a group of 39 healthy subjects; all completed the Iowa gambling task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and several clinical self-report measures. RESULTS Eating disordered and obese patients showed impaired performance on the decision-making task, and the obese group showed the worst performance on the set-shifting task. There were no associations between neuropsychological performance and eating or obsessive symptomatology, although significant associations were found with anxiety and depression measures. DISCUSSION Considering the executive functions as a transdiagnostic process in ED and obesity could provide explanations for the inability to regulate food intake, present in both ED and obese patients. Implications of these executive impairments in the development and maintenance of ED and obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxa Perpiñá
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mara Segura
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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155
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Arnoni-Bauer Y, Bick A, Raz N, Imbar T, Amos S, Agmon O, Marko L, Levin N, Weiss R. Is It Me or My Hormones? Neuroendocrine Activation Profiles to Visual Food Stimuli Across the Menstrual Cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3406-3414. [PMID: 28911135 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Homeostatic energy balance is controlled via the hypothalamus, whereas regions controlling reward and cognitive decision-making are critical for hedonic eating. Eating varies across the menstrual cycle peaking at the midluteal phase. OBJECTIVE To test responses of females with regular cycles during midfollicular and midluteal phase and of users of monophasic oral contraception pills (OCPs) to visual food cues. DESIGN Participants performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to visual food cues in four time points: fasting and fed conditions in midfollicular and midluteal phases. PATIENTS Twenty females with regular cycles and 12 on monophasic OCP, aged 18 to 35 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Activity in homeostatic (hypothalamus), reward (amygdala, putamen and insula), frontal (anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and visual regions (calcarine and lateral occipital cortex). SETTING Tertiary hospital. RESULTS In females with regular cycles, brain regions associated with homeostasis but also the reward system, executive frontal areas, and afferent visual areas were activated to a greater degree during the luteal compared with the follicular phase. Within the visual areas, a dual effect of hormonal and prandial state was seen. In females on monophasic OCPs, characterized by a permanently elevated progesterone concentration, activity reminiscent of the luteal phase was found. Androgen, cortisol, testosterone, and insulin levels were significantly correlated with reward and visual region activation. CONCLUSIONS Hormonal mechanisms affect the responses of women's homeostatic, emotional, and attentional brain regions to food cues. The relation of these findings to eating behavior throughout the cycle needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yardena Arnoni-Bauer
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Functional MRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Atira Bick
- Functional MRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Noa Raz
- Functional MRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Imbar
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shoshana Amos
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Orly Agmon
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Limor Marko
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Netta Levin
- Functional MRI Unit, Neurology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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156
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The metabolic effects of GDF15 are mediated by the orphan receptor GFRAL. Nat Med 2017; 23:1215-1219. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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157
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Zheng J, Zheng S, Feng Q, Zhang Q, Xiao X. Dietary capsaicin and its anti-obesity potency: from mechanism to clinical implications. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170286. [PMID: 28424369 PMCID: PMC5426284 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem, which has now been considered as a pandemic non-communicable disease. However, the efficacy of several approaches for weight loss is limited and variable. Thus, alternative anti-obesity treatments are urgently warranted, which should be effective, safe, and widely available. Active compounds isolated from herbs are similar with the practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has a holistic approach that can target to several organs and tissues in the whole body. Capsaicin, a major active compound from chili peppers, has been clearly demonstrated for its numerous beneficial roles in health. In this review, we will focus on the less highlighted aspect, in particular how dietary chili peppers and capsaicin consumption reduce body weight and its potential mechanisms of its anti-obesity effects. With the widespread pandemic of overweight and obesity, the development of more strategies for the treatment of obesity is urgent. Therefore, a better understanding of the role and mechanism of dietary capsaicin consumption and metabolic health can provide critical implications for the early prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sheng Zheng
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qianyun Feng
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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158
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de Matos AM, de Macedo MP, Rauter AP. Bridging Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Assembling the Puzzle Pieces in the Quest for the Molecules With Therapeutic and Preventive Potential. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:261-324. [PMID: 28422298 DOI: 10.1002/med.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two age-related amyloid diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Broadly supported by epidemiological data, the higher incidence of AD among type 2 diabetic patients led to the recognition of T2D as a tangible risk factor for the development of AD. Indeed, there is now growing evidence on brain structural and functional abnormalities arising from brain insulin resistance and deficiency, ultimately highlighting the need for new approaches capable of preventing the development of AD in type 2 diabetic patients. This review provides an update on overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways in T2D and AD, such as amyloidogenic events, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, aberrant enzymatic activity, and even shared genetic background. These events will be presented as puzzle pieces put together, thus establishing potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development against T2D and diabetes-induced cognitive decline-a heavyweight contributor to the increasing incidence of dementia in developed countries. Hoping to pave the way in this direction, we will present some of the most promising and well-studied drug leads with potential against both pathologies, including their respective bioactivity reports, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta de Matos
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula de Macedo
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n 6, 6-A, Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pilar Rauter
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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159
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Frago LM, Chowen JA. Involvement of Astrocytes in Mediating the Central Effects of Ghrelin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030536. [PMID: 28257088 PMCID: PMC5372552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the mammalian brain, much remains to be learned about their molecular and functional features. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones and metabolic factors, including the appetite-promoting hormone ghrelin. The metabolic effects of ghrelin are largely opposite to those of leptin, as it stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure. Ghrelin is also involved in glucose-sensing and glucose homeostasis. The widespread expression of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system suggests that this hormone is not only involved in metabolism, but also in other essential functions in the brain. In fact, ghrelin has been shown to promote cell survival and neuroprotection, with some studies exploring the use of ghrelin as a therapeutic agent against metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the possible role of glial cells as mediators of ghrelin's actions within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
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160
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Hunschede S, Kubant R, Akilen R, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Decreased Appetite after High-Intensity Exercise Correlates with Increased Plasma Interleukin-6 in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Boys. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e000398. [PMID: 29955695 PMCID: PMC5998915 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.116.000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity exercise (HIEX) suppresses appetite in adults and is thought to be mediated by appetite-regulating hormones. However, the effects of HIEX-induced inflammatory and stress biomarkers on appetite control and body weight have not been reported in children or adults. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of acute HIEX at 70% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) on postexercise appetite and selective biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and appetite regulatory hormones in normal-weight (NW) and in overweight/obese boys. Methods: NW (n = 11) and overweight/obese (n = 11) boys aged 10-18 y were randomly assigned in a crossover design to either rest or HIEX. Visual analog scale appetite ratings and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured after HIEX or rest. Results: Appetite increased from baseline to 110 min (P < 0.001), but was lower after HIEX (P = 0.04), with no difference between body weight groups. HIEX also resulted in lower active ghrelin (P < 0.001) and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6; P < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001), and cortisol (P < 0.001) concentrations, independent of body weight. It increased blood glucose (P = 0.002) and insulin (P = 0.028) concentrations in NW but not overweight and obese boys. Leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, C-reactive protein, and cortisol were not affected by HIEX. An inverse correlation was found between IL-6 and appetite (r = -0.379; P = 0.012), but not any other biomarkers. Conclusions: HIEX resulted in reduced appetite that correlated with an increase in IL-6 in both NW and overweight/obese boys. However, although a role for IL-6 in the response can be suggested, the suppression of appetite was potentially mediated by the decrease in active ghrelin and/or increase in cortisol. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02619461.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
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161
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Martel J, Ojcius DM, Chang CJ, Lin CS, Lu CC, Ko YF, Tseng SF, Lai HC, Young JD. Anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:149-160. [PMID: 27636731 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is reaching global epidemic proportions as a result of factors such as high-calorie diets and lack of physical exercise. Obesity is now considered to be a medical condition, which not only contributes to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but also negatively affects longevity and quality of life. To combat this epidemic, anti-obesogenic approaches are required that are safe, widely available and inexpensive. Several plants and mushrooms that are consumed in traditional Chinese medicine or as nutraceuticals contain antioxidants, fibre and other phytochemicals, and have anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects through the modulation of diverse cellular and physiological pathways. These effects include appetite reduction, modulation of lipid absorption and metabolism, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, thermogenesis and changes in the gut microbiota. In this Review, we describe the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of these plants and mushrooms, and propose that combining these food items with existing anti-obesogenic approaches might help to reduce obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, California 94103, USA
| | - Chih-Jung Chang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Sheng Lin
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhong-Zheng Street, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, 201 Tung-Hua North Road, Taipei 10508, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Fu Tseng
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry and Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, 201 Tung-Hua North Road, Taipei 10508, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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162
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Ivić V, Blažetić S, Labak I, Balog M, Vondrak L, Blažeković R, Vari SG, Heffer M. Ovariectomy and chronic stress lead toward leptin resistance in the satiety centers and insulin resistance in the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Croat Med J 2017; 57:194-206. [PMID: 27106360 PMCID: PMC4856194 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2016.57.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the changes in the expression level of gonadal steroid, insulin, and leptin receptors in the brain of adult Sprague-Dawley female rats due to ovariectomy and/or chronic stress. Methods Sixteen-week-old ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in two groups and exposed to three 10-day-sessions of sham or chronic stress. After the last stress-session the brains were collected and free-floating immunohistochemical staining was performed using androgen (AR), progesterone (PR), estrogen-β (ER-β), insulin (IR-α), and leptin receptor (ObR) antibodies. The level of receptors expression was analyzed in hypothalamic (HTH), cortical (CTX), dopaminergic (VTA/SNC), and hippocampal regions (HIPP). Results Ovariectomy downregulated AR in the hypothalamic satiety centers and hippocampus. It prevented or attenuated the stress-specific upregulation of AR in these regions. The main difference in stress response between non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized females was in PR level. Ovariectomized ones had increased PR level in the HTH, VTA, and HIPP. Combination of stressors pushed the hypothalamic satiety centers toward the rise of ObR and susceptibility to leptin resistance. When exposed to combined stressors, the HIPP, SNC and piriform cortex upregulated the expression of IR-α and the possibility to develop insulin resistance. Conclusion Ovariectomy exacerbates the effect of chronic stress by preventing gonadal receptor-specific stress response reflected in the upregulation of AR in the satiety and hippocampal regions, while stress after ovariectomy usually raises PR. The final outcome of inadequate stress response is reflected in the upregulation of ObR in the satiety centers and IR-α in the regions susceptible to early neurodegeneration. We discussed the possibility of stress induced metabolic changes under conditions of hormone deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marija Heffer
- Marija Heffer, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10/E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia,
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163
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Sekar R, Wang L, Chow BKC. Central Control of Feeding Behavior by the Secretin, PACAP, and Glucagon Family of Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28223965 PMCID: PMC5293785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituting a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides, secretin (SCT), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and glucagon (GCG) family of peptide hormones exert their functions via interactions with the class B1 G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the roles of these peptides in neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior have been a specific area of research focus for development of potential therapeutic drug targets to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. As a result, some members in the family and their analogs have already been utilized as therapeutic agents in clinical application. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding on the important role of SCT, PACAP, and GCG family of peptides in central control of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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164
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Martinussen C, Bojsen-Moller KN, Svane MS, Dejgaard TF, Madsbad S. Emerging drugs for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 22:87-99. [PMID: 27927032 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1269744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing prevalence of obesity represents a huge threat to public health and the current pharmacological treatment options are limited. Bariatric surgery is by far the most effective treatment for severe obesity, highlighting the urgent need for new and improved drug therapies. Areas covered: Based on the physiological regulation of energy homeostasis, pharmacological strategies to treat obesity are evaluated with focus on drugs in phase 2 and 3 clinical development. The potential impact of these drugs on current treatment standards and the barriers for development are discussed and set in a historical perspective of previous antiobesity medications. Expert opinion: The radical effects of bariatric surgery have extended our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and boosted the search for new drug targets in obesity treatment. Accordingly, several compounds targeting the central nervous system and/or periphery are in pipeline for obesity. These drugs should be evaluated over a wide array of end-points; in particular, long-term safety monitoring is necessary as serious adverse events may appear. Combination therapy targeting more than one pathway controlling energy balance might be necessary to achieve substantial weight loss while minimising side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,b Danish Diabetes Academy , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | | | - Maria Saur Svane
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
| | - Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,c Steno Diabetes Center , Gentofte , Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- a Department of Endocrinology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
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165
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Privitera GJ, Welling D, Tejada G, Sweazy N, Cuifolo KN, King-Shepard QW, Doraiswamy PM. No calorie comfort: Viewing and drawing "comfort foods" similarly augment positive mood for those with depression. J Health Psychol 2016; 23:598-607. [PMID: 27956477 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316681861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on behavioral and neurobiological data, we tested the hypothesis that viewing/drawing visual images of comfort foods in the absence of eating will increase positive mood and that this effect is augmented for those with clinical symptoms of depression. A counterbalanced design was used for 60 participants with and without clinical symptoms in two variations: food image and food art. In each variation, participants viewed/drew foods high or low in fat/sugar; pre-post mood was recorded. Results show a consistent pattern: viewing/drawing comfort foods [food image (95% confidence interval): 2.72-4.85; food art (95% confidence interval): 2.65-4.62] and fruits [food image (95% confidence interval): 1.20-2.23; food art (95% confidence interval): 1.51-2.56] enhanced mood. For comfort foods, mood was augmented for those with clinical symptoms of depression [food image (95% confidence interval): 0.95-3.59; food art (95% confidence interval): 0.97-3.46]. Findings corroborate previous data and reveal a novel finding of augmented mood increases for those with clinical symptoms.
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166
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Frank GKW, Shott ME, Riederer J, Pryor TL. Altered structural and effective connectivity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa in circuits that regulate energy and reward homeostasis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e932. [PMID: 27801897 PMCID: PMC5314116 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are severe eating disorders that share many behaviors. Structural and functional brain circuits could provide biological links that those disorders have in common. We recruited 77 young adult women, 26 healthy controls, 26 women with anorexia and 25 women with bulimia nervosa. Probabilistic tractography was used to map white matter connectivity strength across taste and food intake regulating brain circuits. An independent multisample greedy equivalence search algorithm tested effective connectivity between those regions during sucrose tasting. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa had greater structural connectivity in pathways between insula, orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum, but lower connectivity from orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala to the hypothalamus (P<0.05, corrected for comorbidity, medication and multiple comparisons). Functionally, in controls the hypothalamus drove ventral striatal activity, but in anorexia and bulimia nervosa effective connectivity was directed from anterior cingulate via ventral striatum to the hypothalamus. Across all groups, sweetness perception was predicted by connectivity strength in pathways connecting to the middle orbitofrontal cortex. This study provides evidence that white matter structural as well as effective connectivity within the energy-homeostasis and food reward-regulating circuitry is fundamentally different in anorexia and bulimia nervosa compared with that in controls. In eating disorders, anterior cingulate cognitive-emotional top down control could affect food reward and eating drive, override hypothalamic inputs to the ventral striatum and enable prolonged food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Developmental Brain Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Gary Pavilion A036/B-130, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
| | - M E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T L Pryor
- Eating Disorders Center Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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167
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Toklu HZ, Scarpace PJ, Sakarya Y, Kirichenko N, Matheny M, Bruce EB, Carter CS, Morgan D, Tümer N. Intracerebroventricular tempol administration in older rats reduces oxidative stress in the hypothalamus but does not change STAT3 signalling or SIRT1/AMPK pathway. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:59-67. [PMID: 28006433 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation and increased oxidative stress are believed to be mechanisms that contribute to obesity. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol), a free radical scavenger, has been shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that brain infusion of tempol would reduce oxidative stress, and thus would reduce food intake and body weight and improve body composition in rats with age-related obesity and known elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, we predicted an associated increase in markers of leptin signalling, including the silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)/5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. For this purpose, osmotic minipumps were placed in the intracerebroventricular region of young (3 months) and aged (23 months) male Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats for the continuous infusion of tempol or vehicle for 2 weeks. Tempol significantly decreased (p < 0.01) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity in the hypothalamus but failed to reduce food intake or weight gain and did not alter body composition. SIRT1 activity and Acetyl p53 were decreased and phosphorylation of AMPK was increased with age, but they were unchanged with tempol. Basal phosphorylation of STAT3 was unchanged with age or tempol. These results indicate that tempol decreases oxidative stress but fails to alter feeding behaviour, body weight, or body composition. Moreover, tempol does not modulate the SIRT1/AMPK/p53 pathway and does not change leptin signalling. Thus, a reduction in hypothalamic oxidative stress is not sufficient to reverse age-related obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Z Toklu
- a Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.,b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Philip J Scarpace
- b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yasemin Sakarya
- b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nataliya Kirichenko
- a Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.,b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael Matheny
- b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Erin B Bruce
- b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christy S Carter
- c Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Drake Morgan
- d Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nihal Tümer
- a Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Malcolm Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.,b Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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168
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Melse M, Temel Y, Tan SK, Jahanshahi A. Deep brain stimulation of the rostromedial tegmental nucleus: An unanticipated, selective effect on food intake. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:23-28. [PMID: 27520392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a relatively newly described brainstem structure. The RMTg is extensively connected to both dopaminergic (DA) and serotoninergic key areas and it fulfills a pivotal role in the regulation of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA release. The RMTg may directly influence DA- and 5-HT associated motor and possibly also mood related behavior, the latter of which has not yet been well described. The current study explored the consequences of RMTg manipulation on DA- and 5-HT related behavior through the application of RMTg deep brain stimulation (DBS) with both high and low frequency stimulation (LFS and HFS). We used a wide array of motor and mood tests to assess changes in behavior. RMTg DBS did not change behavioral outcomes in the Skinner box task, nor in the Catwalk, the sucrose intake test, the open field test, the elevated zero maze, or the place preference test, but LFS did induce a significant decrease in food intake. This seems to be a selective effect as no motor or anxiety changes were observed that could lead to attenuated food intake. This finding not only underlines the RMTg's braking effect on the VTA, but possibly also on the forebrain, where GABA-ergic RMTg efferent may cause suppression of feeding in the lateral hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Melse
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonny K Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30 D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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169
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Franco R, Fonoff ET, Alvarenga P, Lopes AC, Miguel EC, Teixeira MJ, Damiani D, Hamani C. DBS for Obesity. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6030021. [PMID: 27438859 PMCID: PMC5039450 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, progressive and prevalent disorder. Morbid obesity, in particular, is associated with numerous comorbidities and early mortality. In patients with morbid obesity, pharmacological and behavioral approaches often have limited results. Bariatric surgery is quite effective but is associated with operative failures and a non-negligible incidence of side effects. In the last decades, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been investigated as a neurosurgical modality to treat various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article we review the rationale for selecting different brain targets, surgical results and future perspectives for the use of DBS in medically refractory obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Franco
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Erich T Fonoff
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Alvarenga
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Lopes
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
| | - Euripides C Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
| | - Manoel J Teixeira
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
| | - Durval Damiani
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Clement Hamani
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01060-970, Brazil.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
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170
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Ioannides ZA, Ngo ST, Henderson RD, McCombe PA, Steyn FJ. Altered Metabolic Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Mechanisms of Energy Imbalance and Contribution to Disease Progression. NEURODEGENER DIS 2016; 16:382-97. [PMID: 27400276 DOI: 10.1159/000446502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the death of motor neurones, which leads to paralysis and death in an average of 3 years following diagnosis. The cause of ALS is unknown, but there is substantial evidence that metabolic factors, including nutritional state and body weight, affect disease progression and survival. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of metabolic dysregulation in ALS focusing on mechanisms that lead to disrupted energy supply (at a whole-body and cellular level) and altered energy expenditure. We discuss how a decrease in energy supply occurs in parallel with an increase in energy demand and leads to a state of chronic energy deficit which has a negative impact on disease outcome in ALS. We conclude by presenting potential and tested strategies to compensate for, or correct this energy imbalance, and speculate on promising areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara A Ioannides
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld., Australia
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171
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Rodriguez RD, Suemoto CK, Molina M, Nascimento CF, Leite REP, de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Farfel JM, Heinsen H, Nitrini R, Ueda K, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Yaffe K, Grinberg LT. Argyrophilic Grain Disease: Demographics, Clinical, and Neuropathological Features From a Large Autopsy Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:628-35. [PMID: 27283329 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is a frequent late-onset, 4-repeat tauopathy reported in Caucasians with high educational attainment. Little is known about AGD in non-Caucasians or in those with low educational attainment. We describe AGD demographics, clinical, and neuropathological features in a multiethnic cohort of 983 subjects ≥50 years of age from São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical data were collected through semistructured interviews with an informant and included in the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, the Clinical Dementia Rating, and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Neuropathologic assessment relied on internationally accepted criteria. AGD was frequent (15.2%) and was the only neuropathological diagnosis in 8.9% of all cases (mean, 78.9 ± 9.4 years); it rarely occurred as an isolated neuropathological finding. AGD was associated with older age, lower socioeconomic status (SES), and appetite disorders. This is the first study of demographic, clinical, and neuropathological aspects of AGD in different ethnicities and subjects from all socioeconomic strata. The results suggest that prospective studies of AGD patients include levels of hormones related to appetite control as possible antemortem markers. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms behind higher susceptibility to AGD of low SES subjects may disclose novel environmental risk factors for AGD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Mariana Molina
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Camila Fernandes Nascimento
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Renata Eloah de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Kenji Ueda
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY)
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- From the Discipline of Pathophysiology (RDR, MM, CFN), Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology (RDR, RN), Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group, LIM-22 (CKS, REPL, REdLF-R, JMF, HH, RN, CAP, WJ-F, LTG), Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (CKS, REPL, JMF, WJ-F); Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil (REdLF-R); Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (HH, CAP, LTG); Department of Psychiatry, Morphological Brain Research Unit, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (HH); Department of Neurochemistry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Setagaya-ku/Tokyo, Japan (KU); Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology and Pathology (KY, LTG); and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California (KY).
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172
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Aubuchon-Endsley N, Morales M, Giudice C, Bublitz MH, Lester BM, Salisbury AL, Stroud LR. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain influence neonatal neurobehaviour. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 27161802 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal weight before and during pregnancy is associated with offspring neurobehaviour in childhood. We investigated maternal weight prior to and during pregnancy in relation to neonatal neurobehaviour. We hypothesized that maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain would be associated with poor neonatal attention and affective functioning. Participants (n = 261) were recruited, weighed and interviewed during their third trimester of pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported and validated for 210 participants, with robust agreement with medical chart review (r = 0.99). Neurobehaviour was measured with the NICU Network Neurobehavioural Scale (NNNS) administered on Days 2 and 32 postpartum. Maternal exclusion criteria included severe or persistent physical or mental health conditions (e.g. chronic disease or diagnoses of Bipolar Disorder or Psychotic Spectrum Disorders), excessive substance use, and social service/foster care involvement or difficulty understanding English. Infants were from singleton, full-term (37-42 weeks gestation) births with no major medical concerns. Outcome variables were summary scores on the NNNS (n = 75-86). For women obese prior to pregnancy, those gaining in excess of Institute of Medicine guidelines had infants with poorer regulation, lower arousal and higher lethargy. There were no main effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index on neurobehaviour. Women gaining above Institute of Medicine recommendations had neonates with better quality of movement. Additional studies to replicate and extend results past the neonatal period are needed. Results could support underlying mechanisms explaining associations between maternal perinatal weight and offspring outcomes. These mechanisms may inform future prevention/intervention strategies. © 2016 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Morales
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christina Giudice
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Margaret H Bublitz
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amy L Salisbury
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Laura R Stroud
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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173
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Perpiñá C, Roncero M. Similarities and differences between eating disorders and obese patients in a virtual environment for normalizing eating patterns. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 67:39-45. [PMID: 27095333 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality has demonstrated promising results in the treatment of eating disorders (ED); however, few studies have examined its usefulness in treating obesity. The aim of this study was to compare ED and obese patients on their reality judgment of a virtual environment (VE) designed to normalize their eating pattern. A second objective was to study which variables predicted the reality of the experience of eating a virtual forbidden-fattening food. ED patients, obese patients, and a non-clinical group (N=62) experienced a non-immersive VE, and then completed reality judgment and presence measures. All participants rated the VE with similar scores for quality, interaction, engagement, and ecological validity; however, ED patients obtained the highest scores on emotional involvement, attention, reality judgment/presence, and negative effects. The obese group gave the lowest scores to reality judgment/presence, satisfaction and sense of physical space, and they held an intermediate position in the attribution of reality to virtually eating a "fattening" food. The palatability of a virtual food was predicted by attention capturing and belonging to the obese group, while the attribution of reality to the virtual eating was predicted by engagement and belonging to the ED group. This study offers preliminary results about the differential impact on ED and obese patients of the exposure to virtual food, and about the need to implement a VE that can be useful as a virtual lab for studying eating behavior and treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxa Perpiñá
- University of Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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174
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Derous D, Mitchell SE, Green CL, Chen L, Han JJ, Wang Y, Promislow DE, Lusseau D, Speakman JR, Douglas A. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: VI. Impact of short-term graded calorie restriction on transcriptomic responses of the hypothalamic hunger and circadian signaling pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:642-63. [PMID: 26945906 PMCID: PMC4925820 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and circadian rhythms are regulated by hypothalamic neuropeptides and circulating hormones, which could mediate the anti-ageing effect of calorie restriction (CR). We tested whether these two signaling pathways mediate CR by quantifying hypothalamic transcripts of male C57BL/6 mice exposed to graded levels of CR (10 % to 40 %) for 3 months. We found that the graded CR manipulation resulted in upregulation of core circadian rhythm genes, which correlated negatively with circulating levels of leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In addition, key components in the hunger signaling pathway were expressed in a manner reflecting elevated hunger at greater levels of restriction, and which also correlated negatively with circulating levels of insulin, TNF-α, leptin and IGF-1. Lastly, phenotypes, such as food anticipatory activity and body temperature, were associated with expression levels of both hunger genes and core clock genes. Our results suggest modulation of the hunger and circadian signaling pathways in response to altered levels of circulating hormones, that are themselves downstream of morphological changes resulting from CR treatment, may be important elements in the response to CR, driving some of the key phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3RL, UK
| | - Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Cara L. Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing‐Dong J. Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences‐Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Daniel E.L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington at Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3RL, UK
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175
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Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e216. [PMID: 26964832 PMCID: PMC4892882 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. The brain integrates multiple metabolic inputs from the periphery through nutrients, gut-derived satiety signals and adiposity-related hormones. The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism.
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176
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Simopoulos AP. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients 2016; 8:128. [PMID: 26950145 PMCID: PMC4808858 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid increased and the omega-3 fatty acid decreased, resulting in a large increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio from 1:1 during evolution to 20:1 today or even higher. This change in the composition of fatty acids parallels a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Experimental studies have suggested that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids elicit divergent effects on body fat gain through mechanisms of adipogenesis, browning of adipose tissue, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, and most importantly systemic inflammation. Prospective studies clearly show an increase in the risk of obesity as the level of omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids, whereas high omega-3 RBC membrane phospholipids decrease the risk of obesity. Recent studies in humans show that in addition to absolute amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in increasing the development of obesity via both AA eicosanoid metabolites and hyperactivity of the cannabinoid system, which can be reversed with increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is important for health and in the prevention and management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis P Simopoulos
- The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, 4330 Klingle Street NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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177
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Egan ÁM, O’Doherty JV, Vigors S, Sweeney T. Prawn Shell Chitosan Exhibits Anti-Obesogenic Potential through Alterations to Appetite, Affecting Feeding Behaviour and Satiety Signals In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149820. [PMID: 26901760 PMCID: PMC4763109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The crustacean shells-derived polysaccharide chitosan has received much attention for its anti-obesity potential. Dietary supplementation of chitosan has been linked with reductions in feed intake, suggesting a potential link between chitosan and appetite control. Hence the objective of this experiment was to investigate the appetite suppressing potential of prawn shell derived chitosan in a pig model. Pigs (70 ± 0.90 kg, 125 days of age, SD 2.0) were fed either T1) basal diet or T2) basal diet plus 1000 ppm chitosan (n = 20 gilts per group) for 63 days. The parameter categories which were assessed included performance, feeding behaviour, serum leptin concentrations and expression of genes influencing feeding behaviour in the small intestine, hypothalamus and adipose tissue. Pigs offered chitosan visited the feeder less times per day (P<0.001), had lower intake per visit (P<0.001), spent less time eating per day (P<0.001), had a lower eating rate (P<0.01) and had reduced feed intake and final body weight (P< 0.001) compared to animals offered the basal diet. There was a treatment (P<0.05) and time effect (P<0.05) on serum leptin concentrations in animals offered the chitosan diet compared to animals offered the basal diet. Pigs receiving dietary chitosan had an up-regulation in gene expression of growth hormone receptor (P<0.05), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (P<0.01), neuromedin B (P<0.05), neuropeptide Y receptor 5 (P<0.05) in hypothalamic nuclei and neuropeptide Y (P<0.05) in the jejunum. Animals consuming chitosan had increased leptin expression in adipose tissue compared to pigs offered the basal diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that dietary prawn shell chitosan exhibits anti-obesogenic potential through alterations to appetite, and feeding behaviour affecting satiety signals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine M. Egan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stafford Vigors
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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178
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Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Has provoking microbiota aggression driven the obesity epidemic? Bioessays 2016; 38:122-8. [PMID: 26749135 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiome have increasingly been implicated in driving obesity and its associated diseases, but underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Herein, in addition to reviewing the field, we hypothesize that a highly significant causative factor of such inflammatory disease-associated microbiome alterations is a more aggressive microbiota that encroaches upon its host, with components having high potential to activate host pro-inflammatory gene expression in a manner that drives metabolic disease. We further hypothesize that a range of societal changes, including use of antibiotics and increasing consumption of food additives, have provoked such microbiota aggression and, consequently, may be contributing factors to the increased incidence of obesity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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179
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Martins IJ. Anti-Aging Genes Improve Appetite Regulation and Reverse Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Global Populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aar.2016.51002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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180
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Ibarra-Reynoso LDR, Pisarchyk L, Pérez-Luque EL, Garay-Sevilla ME, Malacara JM. Dietary restriction in obese children and its relation with eating behavior, fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin: a prospective clinical intervention study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:31. [PMID: 26379757 PMCID: PMC4570615 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is significant problem involving eating behavior and peripheral metabolic conditions. The effect of carbohydrate and fat restriction on appetite regulation, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and leptin in children has not been defined. Our objective was to compare the effect of both diets. METHODS One hundred and twenty children with body mass index (BMI) higher than the equivalent of 30 kg/m(2) for an adult, as corrected for gender and age were randomly assigned to (n = 60) a low-carbohydrate (L-CHO) diet or (n = 60) a low-fat (L-F) diet for 2 months. Fifty-three (88.3 %) subjects on the low-carbohydrate-diet and 45 (75 %) on the low-fat diet completed the study. Anthropometric measures, leptin and FGF21 levels were measured before and after the intervention. Comparison of the data for both of the diet groups was carried out using the t-test for independent variables. Intragroup comparisons before and after of each of the dietary treatments were performed using ANOVA for repeated measures. Factors associated with FGF21, leptin levels and satiety, were analyzed by multiple regression. RESULTS After both of the diets, weight, leptin, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food significantly decreased and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) increased, but FGF21 decreased. Before and after both of the interventions FGF21 was associated with triglycerides. Before the diet, satiety was associated with lower screen time (p < 0.04) and insulin levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both dietary restrictions improved the metabolic and hormonal parameters of obese children. FGF21 is an indicator of a beneficial metabolic response in younger children. After 2 months an adaptation of the eating behavior to food restriction was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liudmila Pisarchyk
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León. 20 de Enero 929. Col Obregón, León Gto, México 37320
| | - Elva Leticia Pérez-Luque
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León. 20 de Enero 929. Col Obregón, León Gto, México 37320
| | - Ma Eugenia Garay-Sevilla
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León. 20 de Enero 929. Col Obregón, León Gto, México 37320
| | - Juan Manuel Malacara
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León. 20 de Enero 929. Col Obregón, León Gto, México 37320
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181
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Ciullo DL, Dotson CD. Using Animal Models to Determine the Role of Gustatory Neural Input in the Control of Ingestive Behavior and the Maintenance of Body Weight. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2015; 8:61-77. [PMID: 26557212 PMCID: PMC4636125 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-015-9190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decades of research have suggested that nutritional intake contributes to the development of human disease, mainly by influencing the development of obesity and obesity-related conditions. A relatively large body of research indicates that functional variation in human taste perception can influence nutritional intake as well as body mass accumulation. However, there are a considerable number of studies that suggest that no link between these variables actually exists. These discrepancies in the literature likely result from the confounding influence of a variety of other, uncontrolled, factors that can influence ingestive behavior. STRATEGY In this review, the use of controlled animal experimentation to alleviate at least some of these issues related to the lack of control of experimental variables is discussed. Specific examples of the use of some of these techniques are examined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The review will close with some specific suggestions aimed at strengthening the link between gustatory neural input and its putative influence on ingestive behaviors and the maintenance of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Ciullo
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
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182
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Weiss CR, Gunn AJ, Kim CY, Paxton BE, Kraitchman DL, Arepally A. Bariatric embolization of the gastric arteries for the treatment of obesity. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26:613-24. [PMID: 25777177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health epidemic in the United States that results in significant morbidity, mortality, and cost to the health care system. Despite advancements in therapeutic options for patients receiving bariatric procedures, the number of overweight and obese individuals continues to increase. Therefore, complementary or alternative treatments to lifestyle changes and surgery are urgently needed. Embolization of the left gastric artery, or bariatric arterial embolization (BAE), has been shown to modulate body weight in animal models and early clinical studies. If successful, BAE represents a potential minimally invasive approach offered by interventional radiologists to treat obesity. The purpose of the present review is to introduce the interventional radiologist to BAE by presenting its physiologic and anatomic bases, reviewing the preclinical and clinical data, and discussing current and future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Weiss
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital/The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Andrew J Gunn
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital/The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles Y Kim
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ben E Paxton
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Yavapai Regional Medical Center, Prescott, Arizona
| | - Dara L Kraitchman
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital/The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aravind Arepally
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Piedmont Radiology, Atlanta, Georgia
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183
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von Deneen KM, Qin W, Liu P, Dong M, Chen P, Xie H, Zhang Y, Gold MS, Liu Y, Tian J. Connectivity Study of the Neuromechanism of Acute Acupuncture Needling during fMRI in "Overweight" Subjects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:384389. [PMID: 25821486 PMCID: PMC4363637 DOI: 10.1155/2015/384389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This functional connectivity study depicts how acupoints ST 36 and SP 9 and their sham acupoints acutely act on blood glucose (GLU), core body temperature (CBT), hunger, and sensations pertaining to needling (De-qi) via the limbic system and dopamine (DA) to affect various brain areas in fasting, adult, and "overweight" Chinese males using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis utilized the amygdala (AMY) and hypothalamus (HYP) as regions of interest (ROIs) in the discrete cosine transform and seed correlation analysis methods. There was a significant difference in the spatial patterns of the distinct brain regions between groups. Correlation results showed that increased HYP-hippocampus FC after ACU was positively correlated with ACU-induced change in CBT; increased HYP-putamen-insula FC after ACU was positively correlated with ACU-induced change in GLU; and increased HYP-anterior cingulate cortex FC after ACU was positively correlated with ACU-induced change in HUNGER suggesting that increased DA modulation during ACU was probably associated with increased poststimulation limbic system and spinothalamic tract connectivity. Decreased HYP-thalamus FC after ACU was negatively correlated or anticorrelated with ACU-induced change in HUNGER suggesting that increased DA modulation during ACU was possibly associated with decreased poststimulation limbic system and spinothalamic tract connectivity. No correlation was found for min SHAM. This was an important study in addressing acute acupuncture effects and neural pathways involving physiology and appetite regulation in overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. von Deneen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 S. Newell Dr. L4-100K, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Minghao Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huisheng Xie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100126 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 S. Newell Dr. L4-100K, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 S. Newell Dr. L4-100K, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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184
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Dietary Influence on Pain via the Immune System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:435-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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185
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Pedram P, Sun G. Hormonal and dietary characteristics in obese human subjects with and without food addiction. Nutrients 2014; 7:223-38. [PMID: 25558907 PMCID: PMC4303835 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) is a potentially important contributing factor to the development of obesity in the general population; however, little is known about the hormonal and dietary differences between obesity with and without FA. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore potential biomarkers, including various hormones and neuropeptides, which regulate appetite and metabolism, and dietary components that could potentially differentiate obesity with and without FA. Of the 737 adults recruited from the general Newfoundland population, 58 food-addicted and non-food-addicted overweight/obese individuals (FAO, NFO) matched for age, sex, BMI and physical activity were selected. A total of 34 neuropeptides, gut hormones, pituitary polypeptide hormones and adipokines were measured in fasting serum. We found that the FAO group had lower levels of TSH, TNF-α and amylin, but higher levels of prolactin, as compared to NFO group. The total calorie intake (per kg body weight), the dietary intake of fat (per g/kg body weight, per BMI and per percentage of trunk fat) and the percent calorie intake from fat and carbohydrates (g/kg) was higher in the FAO group compared to the NFO group. The FAO subjects consumed more sugar, minerals (including sodium, potassium, calcium and selenium), fat and its components (such as saturated, monounsaturated and trans fat), omega 3 and 6, vitamin D and gamma-tocopherol compared to the NFO group. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating possible differences in hormonal levels and micro-nutrient intakes between obese individuals classified with and without food addiction. The findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which FA could contribute to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pedram
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
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186
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Meredith TL, Corcoran A, Roper SD. Leptin's effect on taste bud calcium responses and transmitter secretion. Chem Senses 2014; 40:217-22. [PMID: 25537017 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to control cravings and appetite. Leptin also acts to decrease taste responses to sweet substances, though there is little detailed information regarding where leptin acts in the taste transduction cascade. The present study examined the effects of leptin on sweet-evoked responses and neuro transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Our results indicate that leptin moderately decreased sweet-evoked calcium mobilization in isolated mouse taste buds. We also employed Chinese hamster ovary biosensor cells to examine taste transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Leptin reduced ATP and increased serotonin release in response to sweet stimulation. However, leptin has no effect on bitter-evoked transmitter release, further showing that the action of leptin is sweet specific. Our results support those of previous studies, which state that leptin acts on taste tissue via the leptin receptor, most likely on Type II (Receptor) cells, but also possibly on Type III (Presynaptic) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Meredith
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Alan Corcoran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and
| | - Stephen D Roper
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA and Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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187
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Abstract
Food is a potent natural reward and food intake is a complex process. Reward and gratification associated with food consumption leads to dopamine (DA) production, which in turn activates reward and pleasure centers in the brain. An individual will repeatedly eat a particular food to experience this positive feeling of gratification. This type of repetitive behavior of food intake leads to the activation of brain reward pathways that eventually overrides other signals of satiety and hunger. Thus, a gratification habit through a favorable food leads to overeating and morbid obesity. Overeating and obesity stems from many biological factors engaging both central and peripheral systems in a bi-directional manner involving mood and emotions. Emotional eating and altered mood can also lead to altered food choice and intake leading to overeating and obesity. Research findings from human and animal studies support a two-way link between three concepts, mood, food, and obesity. The focus of this article is to provide an overview of complex nature of food intake where various biological factors link mood, food intake, and brain signaling that engages both peripheral and central nervous system signaling pathways in a bi-directional manner in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minati Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, HHMI, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
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188
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Abstract
Although the stomach is often perceived as a crude, food-grinding, muscular bag, scientific breakthroughs have shown us that in the case of the stomach there is more than meets the eye. The endocrine function of the stomach is mainly exerted through the actions of ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone that is the first known and so far most extensively studied endogenous orexigenic substance. The satiety-hunger balance is kept in check by many anorexigenic gut hormones among which is the deacylated form of ghrelin--desacyl ghrelin. The interplay of gut hormones affects the brain directly, as most gut hormones cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to their respective receptors in the central nervous system. Other hormones like obestatin and nesfatin are secreted from the stomach along with ghrelin, yet their physiological function is to be elucidated. The importance of the satiety-hunger balance can be seen in its most typical derangement--obesity. Some studies imply that ghrelin, along with other gut hormones, plays an important part in the pathophysiology of obesity. More importantly, it seems that the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery procedures induce weight loss are primarily based on changing the gut hormone levels, including ghrelin. If proven, ghrelin antagonists could be the renaissance of pharmacological obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Štimac
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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189
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Glucose uptake by the brain on chronic high-protein weight-loss diets with either moderate or low amounts of carbohydrate. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:586-97. [PMID: 24528939 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that hunger and food intake are lower in individuals on high-protein (HP) diets when combined with low carbohydrate (LC) intakes rather than with moderate carbohydrate (MC) intakes and where a more ketogenic state occurs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the difference between HPLC and HPMC diets was associated with changes in glucose and ketone body metabolism, particularly within key areas of the brain involved in appetite control. A total of twelve men, mean BMI 34·9 kg/m², took part in a randomised cross-over trial, with two 4-week periods when isoenergetic fixed-intake diets (8·3 MJ/d) were given, with 30% of the energy being given as protein and either (1) a very LC (22 g/d; HPLC) or (2) a MC (182 g/d; HPMC) intake. An ¹⁸fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan of the brain was conducted at the end of each dietary intervention period, following an overnight fast (n 4) or 4 h after consumption of a test meal (n 8). On the next day, whole-body ketone and glucose metabolism was quantified using [1,2,3,4-¹³C]acetoacetate, [2,4-¹³C]3-hydroxybutyrate and [6,6-²H₂]glucose. The composite hunger score was 14% lower (P= 0·013) for the HPLC dietary intervention than for the HPMC diet. Whole-body ketone flux was approximately 4-fold greater for the HPLC dietary intervention than for the HPMC diet (P< 0·001). The 9-fold difference in carbohydrate intakes between the HPLC and HPMC dietary interventions led to a 5% lower supply of glucose to the brain. Despite this, the uptake of glucose by the fifty-four regions of the brain analysed remained similar for the two dietary interventions. In conclusion, differences in the composite hunger score observed for the two dietary interventions are not associated with the use of alternative fuels by the brain.
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190
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Jensen VFH, Bøgh IB, Lykkesfeldt J. Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the central nervous system: evidence from experimental studies. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:123-50. [PMID: 24428753 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) is a major acute complication in type 1 as well as in type 2 diabetes, particularly during intensive insulin therapy. The brain plays a central role in the counter-regulatory response by eliciting parasympathetic and sympathetic hormone responses to restore normoglycaemia. Brain glucose concentrations, being approximately 15-20% of the blood glucose concentration in humans, are rigorously maintained during hypoglycaemia through adaptions such as increased cerebral glucose transport, decreased cerebral glucose utilisation and, possibly, by using central nervous system glycogen as a glucose reserve. However, during sustained hypoglycaemia, the brain cannot maintain a sufficient glucose influx and, as the cerebral hypoglycaemia becomes severe, electroencephalogram changes, oxidative stress and regional neuronal death ensues. With particular focus on evidence from experimental studies on nondiabetic IIH, this review outlines the central mechanisms behind the counter-regulatory response to IIH, as well as cerebral adaption to avoid sequelae of cerebral neuroglycopaenia, including seizures and coma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F H Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diabetes Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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191
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Ha S, Baver S, Huo L, Gata A, Hairston J, Huntoon N, Li W, Zhang T, Benecchi EJ, Ericsson M, Hentges ST, Bjørbæk C. Somato-dendritic localization and signaling by leptin receptors in hypothalamic POMC and AgRP neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77622. [PMID: 24204898 PMCID: PMC3812230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin acts via neuronal leptin receptors to control energy balance. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)/Neuropeptide Y (NPY)/GABA neurons produce anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and express the long signaling form of the leptin receptor (LepRb). Despite progress in the understanding of LepRb signaling and function, the sub-cellular localization of LepRb in target neurons has not been determined, primarily due to lack of sensitive anti-LepRb antibodies. Here we applied light microscopy (LM), confocal-laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and electron microscopy (EM) to investigate LepRb localization and signaling in mice expressing a HA-tagged LepRb selectively in POMC or AgRP/NPY/GABA neurons. We report that LepRb receptors exhibit a somato-dendritic expression pattern. We further show that LepRb activates STAT3 phosphorylation in neuronal fibers within several hypothalamic and hindbrain nuclei of wild-type mice and rats, and specifically in dendrites of arcuate POMC and AgRP/NPY/GABA neurons of Leprb+/+ mice and in Leprbdb/db mice expressing HA-LepRb in a neuron specific manner. We did not find evidence of LepRb localization or STAT3-signaling in axon-fibers or nerve-terminals of POMC and AgRP/NPY/GABA neurons. Three-dimensional serial EM-reconstruction of dendritic segments from POMC and AgRP/NPY/GABA neurons indicates a high density of shaft synapses. In addition, we found that the leptin activates STAT3 signaling in proximity to synapses on POMC and AgRP/NPY/GABA dendritic shafts. Taken together, these data suggest that the signaling-form of the leptin receptor exhibits a somato-dendritic expression pattern in POMC and AgRP/NPY/GABA neurons. Dendritic LepRb signaling may therefore play an important role in leptin’s central effects on energy balance, possibly through modulation of synaptic activity via post-synaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeuk Ha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott Baver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lihong Huo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adriana Gata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joyce Hairston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Huntoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thompson Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Benecchi
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shane T. Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christian Bjørbæk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail :
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192
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Why Disrupt Homeostasis? Reasons Given for Not Eating When Hungry and Not Stopping When Full. Holist Nurs Pract 2013; 27:239-45. [DOI: 10.1097/hnp.0b013e318294e715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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193
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Adaptations of leptin, ghrelin or insulin during weight loss as predictors of weight regain: a review of current literature. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:388-96. [PMID: 23801147 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous laboratory studies involving both animal and human models indicate that weight loss induces changes in leptin, ghrelin and insulin sensitivity, which work to promote weight regain. It is unclear, however, whether these biological changes serve as a biomarker for predicting weight regain in free-living humans in which biological, behavioral and environmental factors are likely at play. We identified 12 studies published between January 1995 and December 2011 that reported changes in leptin, ghrelin or insulin during intentional weight loss with a follow-up period to assess regain. Two of the nine studies examining leptin suggested that larger decreases were associated with greater regain, three studies found the opposite (smaller decreases were associated with greater regain), whereas four studies found no significant relationship; none of the studies supported the hypothesis that increases in ghrelin during weight loss were associated with regain. One study suggested that improvements in insulin resistance were associated with weight gain, but five subsequent studies reported no association. Changes in leptin, ghrelin or insulin sensitivity, taken alone, are not sufficient to predict weight regain following weight loss in free-living humans. In future studies, it is important to include a combination of physiological, behavioral and environmental variables in order to identify subgroups at greatest risk of weight regain.
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194
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Tavares E, Maldonado R, Miñano FJ. Aminoprocalcitonin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the hypothalamic melanocortin system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1251-62. [PMID: 23571710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminoprocalcitonin (N-PCT), a neuroendocrine peptide encoded by the calcitonin-I (CALC-I) gene, suppresses food intake when administered centrally in rats. However, the neural pathways underlying this effect remain unclear. N-PCT and calcitonin receptors (CT-R) have been identified in hypothalamic regions involved in energy homeostasis, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Here, we hypothesized an involvement of the hypothalamic ARC in mediating the anorexic effects of central N-PCT based on its content of peptidergic neurons involved in feeding and its expression of N-PCT and CT-R. Fasting strongly reduced expression of the N-PCT precursor gene CALC-I in the ARC, and central immunoneutralization of endogenous N-PCT increased food intake. Intracerebroventricular administration of N-PCT reduced food intake in fed and fasted rats, and its effect was attenuated by a neutralizing anti-N-PCT antibody. Immunohistochemistry for N-PCT showed that it is expressed in astrocytes and neurons in the ARC and is colocalized with anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Fasting reduced coexpression of N-PCT and POMC, and N-PCT administration activated hypothalamic neurons, including rostral POMC neurons. We also found that N-PCT stimulates POMC mRNA expression in fed and fasted rats, whereas it reduced the expression of orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) only in fasted rats in which those mRNAs are normally elevated. Finally, we showed that the melanocortin-3/4 receptor antagonist SHU 9119 attenuates the intake-suppressive effect of N-PCT. These data demonstrate that hypothalamic N-PCT is involved in control of energy balance and that its anorexigenic effects are mediated through the melanocortin system.
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MESH Headings
- Agouti-Related Protein/genetics
- Agouti-Related Protein/metabolism
- Animals
- Anorexia/metabolism
- Anorexia/physiopathology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/physiology
- Calcitonin/genetics
- Calcitonin/immunology
- Calcitonin/metabolism
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
- Eating/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Male
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/pharmacology
- Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Melanocortin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melanocortin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tavares
- Unidad de Farmacología Experimental y Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Seville, Spain; and
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195
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Mangner N, Matsuo Y, Schuler G, Adams V. Cachexia in chronic heart failure: endocrine determinants and treatment perspectives. Endocrine 2013; 43:253-65. [PMID: 22903414 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented in the current literature that chronic heart failure is often associated with cachexia, defined as involuntary weight loss of 5 % in 12 month or less. Clinical studies unraveled that the presence of cachexia decreases significantly mean survival of the patient. At the molecular level mainly myofibrillar proteins are degraded, although a reduced protein synthesis may also contribute to the loss of muscle mass. Endocrine factors clearly regulate muscle mass and function by influencing the normally precisely controlled balance between protein breakdown and protein synthesis The aim of the present article is to review the knowledge in the field with respect to the role of endocrine factors for the regulation of cachexia in patients with CHF and deduce treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Mangner
- Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Strümpellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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196
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Taghva A, Corrigan JD, Rezai AR. Obesity and brain addiction circuitry: implications for deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery 2013; 71:224-38. [PMID: 22513843 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31825972ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem worldwide and is responsible for a significant proportion of health expenditures in developed nations. It is also notoriously difficult to treat. Prior attempts at pharmacological or neurological modulation, including deep brain stimulation, have primarily targeted homeostatic mechanisms of weight control centered in the hypothalamus. To date, these attempts have had limited success. Multiple lines of independent data suggest that dysregulated reward circuitry in the brain underlies behaviors leading to obesity. Here, we review the existing data and related neurocircuitry, as well as the scope of obesity and currently available treatments. Finally, we suggest a neuromodulation strategy geared toward regulating these dysfunctional circuits, primarily by alteration of frontolimbic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Taghva
- Ohio State University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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197
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Alemany M. Adjustment to dietary energy availability: from starvation to overnutrition. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Paspala I, Katsiki N, Kapoukranidou D, Mikhailidis DP, Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou A. The role of psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms in appetite regulation and obesity. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2012; 6:147-55. [PMID: 23346258 PMCID: PMC3549543 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401206010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease. Among its causes are physical inactivity and overeating. In addition, other factors may play an important role in the development of overweight/obesity. For example, certain hormones including leptin, insulin and ghrelin, may influence appetite and consequently body weight. Obesity frequently co-exists with metabolic disorders including dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, thus constituting the metabolic syndrome which is characterized by increased cardiovascular risk. Lack of comprehensive knowledge on obesity-related issues makes both prevention and treatment difficult. This review considers the psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms of appetite and food intake. Whether these factors, in terms of obesity prevention and treatment, will prove to be relevant in clinical practice (including reducing the cardiovas-cular risk associated with obesity) remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Paspala
- Laboratory of Hygiene & Sports Nutrition, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Calvino C, Souza LL, Costa-e-Sousa RH, Almeida NAS, Trevenzoli IH, Pazos-Moura CC. Hypothyroidism reduces ObRb-STAT3 leptin signalling in the hypothalamus and pituitary of rats associated with resistance to leptin acute anorectic action. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:129-35. [PMID: 22875962 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leptin has been shown to regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, acting primarily through the STAT3 pathway triggered through the binding of leptin to the long-chain isoform of the leptin receptor, ObRb. We previously demonstrated that although hyperthyroid rats presented leptin effects on TSH secretion, those effects were abolished in hypothyroid rats. We addressed the hypothesis that changes in the STAT3 pathway might explain the lack of TSH response to leptin in hypothyroidism by evaluating the protein content of components of leptin signalling via the STAT3 pathway in the hypothalamus and pituitary of hypothyroid (0·03% methimazole in the drinking water/21 days) and hyperthyroid (thyroxine 5 μg/100 g body weight /5 days) rats. Hypothyroid rats exhibited decreased ObRb and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) protein in the hypothalamus, and in the pituitary gland they exhibited decreased ObRb, total STAT3, pSTAT3 and SOCS3 (P<0·05). Except for a modest decrease in pituitary STAT3, no other alterations were observed in hyperthyroid rats. Moreover, unlike euthyroid rats, the hypothyroid rats did not exhibit a reduction in food ingestion after a single injection of leptin (0·5 mg/kg body weight). Therefore, hypothyroidism decreased ObRb-STAT3 signalling in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which likely contributes to the loss of leptin action on food intake and TSH secretion, as previously observed in hypothyroid rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Calvino
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edificio do Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Bloco G CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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200
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Hypothalamic AgRP-neurons control peripheral substrate utilization and nutrient partitioning. EMBO J 2012; 31:4276-88. [PMID: 22990237 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related diseases such as diabetes and dyslipidemia result from metabolic alterations including the defective conversion, storage and utilization of nutrients, but the central mechanisms that regulate this process of nutrient partitioning remain elusive. As positive regulators of feeding behaviour, agouti-related protein (AgRP) producing neurons are indispensible for the hypothalamic integration of energy balance. Here, we demonstrate a role for AgRP-neurons in the control of nutrient partitioning. We report that ablation of AgRP-neurons leads to a change in autonomic output onto liver, muscle and pancreas affecting the relative balance between lipids and carbohydrates metabolism. As a consequence, mice lacking AgRP-neurons become obese and hyperinsulinemic on regular chow but display reduced body weight gain and paradoxical improvement in glucose tolerance on high-fat diet. These results provide a direct demonstration of a role for AgRP-neurons in the coordination of efferent organ activity and nutrient partitioning, providing a mechanistic link between obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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