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Blum K, Cadet JL, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Brewer R, Modestino EJ, Gold MS. Putative COVID- 19 Induction of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and Associated Behavioral Addictions with Potential Concomitant Dopamine Depletion: Is COVID-19 Social Distancing a Double Edged Sword? Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2438-2442. [PMID: 32957797 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1817086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming fatalities of the global COVID-19 Pandemic will have daunting epigenetic sequala that can translate into an array of mental health issues, including panic, phobia, health anxiety, sleep disturbances to dissociative like symptoms including suicide. Method: We searched PUBMED for articles listed using the search terms "COVID 19 Pandemic", COVID19 and genes," "stress and COVID 19", Stress and Social distancing: Results: Long-term social distancing may be neurologically harmful, the consequence of epigenetic insults to the gene encoding the primary receptor for SARS-CoV2, and COVID 19. The gene is Angiotensin I Converting-Enzyme 2 (ACE2). According to the multi-experiment matrix (MEM), the gene exhibiting the most statistically significant co-expression link to ACE2 is Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC). DDC is a crucial enzyme that participates in the synthesis of both dopamine and serotonin. SARS-CoV2-induced downregulation of ACE2 expression might reduce dopamine and serotonin synthesis, causing hypodopaminergia. Discussion: Indeed, added to the known reduced dopamine function during periods of stress, including social distancing the consequence being both genetic and epigenetic vulnerability to all Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) addictive behaviors. Stress seen in PTSD can generate downstream alterations in immune functions by reducing methylation levels of immune-related genes. Conclusion: Mitigation of these effects by identifying subjects at risk and promoting dopaminergic homeostasis to help regulate stress-relative hypodopaminergia, attenuate fears, and prevent subsequent unwanted drug and non-drug RDS type addictive behaviors seems prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.,Department Psychiatry, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Wright University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Division of Nutrigenomics, Geneus Genomic Testing Center, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond Brewer
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Geneus Genomic Testing Center, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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152
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Perales JC, King DL, Navas JF, Schimmenti A, Sescousse G, Starcevic V, van Holst RJ, Billieux J. Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:771-780. [PMID: 31846653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Learning psycho(bio)logy has developed a solid corpus of evidence and theory regarding behavior control modes. The present article briefly reviews that literature and its influence on recent models in which the transition from goal-directed to compulsive behavior is identified as the main process underlying substance use disorders. This literature is also relevant to non-substance addictive disorders, and serves as basis to propose a restricted definition of behavioral addiction relying on the presence of behavior-specific compulsivity. Complementarily, we consider whether some activities can become disordered while remaining mostly goal-driven. Based on reinforcement learning models, relative outcome utility computation is proposed as an alternative mechanism through which dysfunctional behaviors (even not qualifying as addictive) can override adaptive ones, causing functional impairment. Beyond issues of conceptual delimitation, recommendations are made regarding the importance of identifying individual etiological pathways to dysregulated behavior, the necessity of accurately profiling at-risk individuals, and the potential hazards of symptom-based diagnosis. In our view, the validity of these recommendations does not depend on the position one takes in the nosological debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Juan F Navas
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain; Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain.
| | | | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center - INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, University of Lyon, France
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Discipline of Psychiatry, Australia
| | - Ruth J van Holst
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Netherlands
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab. Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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153
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Tiego J, Lochner C, Ioannidis K, Brand M, Stein DJ, Yücel M, Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Problematic use of the Internet is a unidimensional quasi-trait with impulsive and compulsive subtypes. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:348. [PMID: 31703666 PMCID: PMC6839143 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic use of the Internet has been highlighted as needing further study by international bodies, including the European Union and American Psychiatric Association. Knowledge regarding the optimal classification of problematic use of the Internet, subtypes, and associations with clinical disorders has been hindered by reliance on measurement instruments characterized by limited psychometric properties and external validation. METHODS Non-treatment seeking individuals were recruited from the community of Stellenbosch, South Africa (N = 1661), and Chicago, United States of America (N = 827). Participants completed an online version of the Internet Addiction Test, a widely used measure of problematic use of the Internet consisting of 20-items, measured on a 5-point Likert-scale. The online questions also included demographic measures, time spent engaging in different online activities, and clinical scales. The psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test, and potential problematic use of the Internet subtypes, were characterized using factor analysis and latent class analysis. RESULTS Internet Addiction Test data were optimally conceptualized as unidimensional. Latent class analysis identified two groups: those essentially free from Internet use problems, and those with problematic use of the Internet situated along a unidimensional spectrum. Internet Addiction Test scores clearly differentiated these groups, but with different optimal cut-offs at each site. In the larger Stellenbosch dataset, there was evidence for two subtypes of problematic use of the Internet that differed in severity: a lower severity "impulsive" subtype (linked with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), and a higher severity "compulsive" subtype (linked with obsessive-compulsive personality traits). CONCLUSIONS Problematic use of the Internet as measured by the Internet Addiction Test reflects a quasi-trait - a unipolar dimension in which most variance is restricted to a subset of people with problems regulating Internet use. There was no evidence for subtypes based on the type of online activities engaged in, which increased similarly with overall severity of Internet use problems. Measures of comorbid psychiatric symptoms, along with impulsivity, and compulsivity, appear valuable for differentiating clinical subtypes and could be included in the development of new instruments for assessing the presence and severity of Internet use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeggan Tiego
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Monash, Australia
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murat Yücel
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Monash, Australia
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrookes Hospital, Box 189 Level E4, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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154
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Pal Singh Balhara Y, Doric A, Stevanovic D, Knez R, Singh S, Roy Chowdhury MR, Kafali HY, Sharma P, Vally Z, Vi Vu T, Arya S, Mahendru A, Ransing R, Erzin G, Le Thi Cam Hong Le H. Correlates of Problematic Internet Use among college and university students in eight countries: An international cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 45:113-120. [PMID: 31563832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet use has increased worldwide exponentially over the past two decades, with no up-to-date cross-country comparison of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and its correlates available. The present study aimed to explore the pattern and correlates of PIU across different countries in the European and the Asian continent. Further, the stability of factors associated with PIU across different countries were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An international, cross-sectional study with a total of 2749 participants recruited from universities/colleges of eight countries: Bangladesh, Croatia, India, Nepal, Turkey, Serbia, Vietnam, and United Arab Emirates (UAE). Participants completed the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale -2 (GPIUS2) assessing PIU, and the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) assessing the depressive and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS A total of 2643 participants (mean age 21.3 ± 2.6; 63% females) were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of PIU for the entire sample was 8.4% (range 1.6% to 12.6%). The mean GPIUS2 standardized scores were significantly higher among participants from the five Asian countries when compared to the three European countries. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were the most stable and strongest factors associated with PIU across different countries and cultures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The PIU is an important emerging mental health condition among college/university going young adults, with psychological distress being the strongest and most stable correlate of PIU across different countries and cultures in this study. The present study highlighted the importance of screening university and college students for PIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Behavioral Addictions Clinic (BAC), Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Ana Doric
- Professional Associate, Center for Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Croatia.
| | - Dejan Stevanovic
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr Subotica 6a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Rajna Knez
- Department of Women´s and Children´s health, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Blå stråket 15, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Swarndeep Singh
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi,India.
| | | | - Helin Yilmaz Kafali
- Ankara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal.
| | - Zahir Vally
- Assistant Professor, Psychology & Counseling - (CHSS), United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tuong Vi Vu
- South Vietnam HIV Addiction Technical Transfer Centre - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Sidharth Arya
- Postdoctoral fellow in Addiction Medicine & Senior Resident Centre for Addiction Medicine, National institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, India.
| | | | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, B K L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Ratnagiri - 415 606, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Diskapi Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
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155
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Problematic Internet Use: A longitudinal study evaluating prevalence and predictors. THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: X 2019; 1. [PMID: 34308328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympdx.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this 4-year study was to assess the prevalence over time and predictors of PIU using the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS). We also identified an Intermediate risk PRIUSS score. Study design In this longitudinal cohort study we recruited participants using random selection from 2 colleges, participants completed a yearly PRIUSS. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate predictors of PIU. We pursued receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis to identify an Intermediate risk PRIUSS score. Finally, we applied Markov modeling to test the dynamics of moving through PIU risk states over time. Results Our 319 participants included 56% females, 58% from the Midwest and 75% Caucasian. PIU prevalence estimates varied between 9% and 11% over the four years. PIU risk status from the previous time period was identified as the main predictor for PIU (OR=24.1, 95% CI: 12.8-45.4, p<0.0001). ROC analysis identified the optimal threshold for defining Intermediate risk was a PRIUSS score of 15. Conclusion This longitudinal study of PIU among college students found that risks were present across groups and over time. The most salient predictor of PIU was being at risk at the previous time point. Based on results, we propose a PRIUSS score of 15 as an Intermediate risk cut-off to better identify those at risk of developing PIU.
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156
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Epidemiological Challenges in the Study of Behavioral Addictions: a Call for High Standard Methodologies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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157
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Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Müller A, Wölfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:1-10. [PMID: 31247240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose an updated version of the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, which we argue to be valid for several types of addictive behaviors, such as gambling, gaming, buying-shopping, and compulsive sexual behavior disorders. Based on recent empirical findings and theoretical considerations, we argue that addictive behaviors develop as a consequence of the interactions between predisposing variables, affective and cognitive responses to specific stimuli, and executive functions, such as inhibitory control and decision-making. In the process of addictive behaviors, the associations between cue-reactivity/craving and diminished inhibitory control contribute to the development of habitual behaviors. An imbalance between structures of fronto-striatal circuits, particularly between ventral striatum, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal areas, may be particularly relevant to early stages and the dorsal striatum to later stages of addictive processes. The I-PACE model may provide a theoretical foundation for future studies on addictive behaviors and clinical practice. Future studies should investigate common and unique mechanisms involved in addictive, obsessive-compulsive-related, impulse-control, and substance-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, USA
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158
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Grant JE, Lust K, Chamberlain SR. Problematic smartphone use associated with greater alcohol consumption, mental health issues, poorer academic performance, and impulsivity. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:335-342. [PMID: 31257917 PMCID: PMC6609450 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to examine the occurrence of the problematic use of smartphones in a university sample and associated physical and mental health correlates, including potential relationships with risky sexual practices. METHODS A 156-item anonymous online survey was distributed via e-mail to a sample of 9,449 university students. In addition to problematic smartphone usage, current use of alcohol and drugs, psychological and physical status, and academic performance were assessed. RESULTS A total of 31,425 participants were included in the analysis, of whom 20.1% reported problematic smartphone use. Problematic use of smartphones was associated with lower grade point averages and with alcohol use disorder symptoms. It was also significantly associated with impulsivity (Barratt scale and ADHD) and elevated occurrence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Finally, those with current problems with smartphone use were significantly more sexually active. CONCLUSIONS Problematic use of smartphones is common and has public health importance due to these demonstrable associations with alcohol use, certain mental health diagnoses (especially ADHD, anxiety, depression, and PTSD), and worse scholastic performance. Clinicians should enquire about excessive smartphone use as it may be associated with a range of mental health issues. Research is needed to address longitudinal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author: Prof. Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Phone: +1 773 834 1325; Fax: +1 773 834 6761; E-mail:
| | - Katherine Lust
- Boynton Health Service, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MI, USA
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT), Cambridge, UK
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159
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Gaming Disorder Is a Disorder due to Addictive Behaviors: Evidence from Behavioral and Neuroscientific Studies Addressing Cue Reactivity and Craving, Executive Functions, and Decision-Making. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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160
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Pennou A, Lecomte T, Potvin S, Khazaal Y. Mobile Intervention for Individuals With Psychosis, Dual Disorders, and Their Common Comorbidities: A Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:302. [PMID: 31130884 PMCID: PMC6510170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50% of people diagnosed with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, will meet criteria for a substance use disorder in their lifetime. This dual disorder often starts during youth and leads to significant societal costs, including lower employability rates, more hospitalizations, and higher risk of homelessness and of suicide attempts when compared to those with a serious mental illness without substance misuse. Moreover, many individuals presenting with comorbid disorders also present with other psychological difficulties as well, such as personality disorders or anxiety and depression, also known as complex comorbid disorders. Transdiagnostic treatments that focus on core difficulties found in people with complex dual disorders, such as emotional regulation, are direly needed. Emotional regulation skills can help reduce distress related to psychotic symptoms and maintain abstinence in substance use disorders. New technologies in the field of communications have developed considerably over the past decade and have the potential to improve access to such treatments, a major problem in many health care settings. As such, this paper aims at: presenting core difficulties present in many individuals with dual disorders, reviewing the scientific literature pertaining to the use of mobile applications in mental health and addictions, and presenting the development and potential of a new application for emotional regulation for people with dual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Pennou
- Schizophrenia and Psychoses Study Laboratory for Intervention and Recovery, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Intervention Axis and Services & Neurobiology and Cognition, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Schizophrenia and Psychoses Study Laboratory for Intervention and Recovery, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Intervention Axis and Services & Neurobiology and Cognition, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Intervention Axis and Services & Neurobiology and Cognition, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Intervention Axis and Services & Neurobiology and Cognition, Mental Health University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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161
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Exploring problematic internet use among non-latinx black and latinx youth using the problematic internet use questionnaire-short form (PIUQ-SF). Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:322-329. [PMID: 30836278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-Latinx black and Latinx youth have reported more frequent Internet use compared to White youth, yet problematic Internet use among these groups of youth remains underexplored. This study aimed to validate the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-Short Form (PIUQ-SF) and investigate the characteristics of problematic Internet use among non-Latinx black and Latinx youth. Cross-sectional data were collected from a convenience sample of 235 high school students in Southeastern Florida (Mean Age = 16.1; 69.2% non-Latinx black; 27.4% Latinx). Psychometric analyses supported the reliability and construct validity of the PIUQ-SF among non-Latinx black and Latinx youth. Latent profile analyses revealed that 37.2% of non-Latinx black youth and 25.4% of Latinx youth were identified as having problematic Internet use. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that less parental monitoring was linked to higher levels of problematic Internet use among non-Latinx black and Latinx youth. Further, sleep problems were positively related to problematic Internet use among non-Latinx black youth. The present findings provide insight into the problematic Internet use among these understudied minority groups in the literature and have important implications for research and practice with non-Latinx black and Latinx youth.
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162
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Concept, Possibilities and Pilot-Testing of a New Smartphone Application for the Social and Life Sciences to Study Human Behavior Including Validation Data from Personality Psychology. J 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/j2020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the World Wide Web, the smartphone and the Internet of Things, not only society but also the sciences are rapidly changing. In particular, the social sciences can profit from these digital developments, because now scientists have the power to study real-life human behavior via smartphones and other devices connected to the Internet of Things on a large-scale level. Although this sounds easy, scientists often face the problem that no practicable solution exists to participate in such a new scientific movement, due to a lack of an interdisciplinary network. If so, the development time of a new product, such as a smartphone application to get insights into human behavior takes an enormous amount of time and resources. Given this problem, the present work presents an easy way to use a smartphone application, which can be applied by social scientists to study a large range of scientific questions. The application provides measurements of variables via tracking smartphone–use patterns, such as call behavior, application use (e.g., social media), GPS and many others. In addition, the presented Android-based smartphone application, called Insights, can also be used to administer self-report questionnaires for conducting experience sampling and to search for co-variations between smartphone usage/smartphone data and self-report data. Of importance, the present work gives a detailed overview on how to conduct a study using an application such as Insights, starting from designing the study, installing the application to analyzing the data. In the present work, server requirements and privacy issues are also discussed. Furthermore, first validation data from personality psychology are presented. Such validation data are important in establishing trust in the applied technology to track behavior. In sum, the aim of the present work is (i) to provide interested scientists a short overview on how to conduct a study with smartphone app tracking technology, (ii) to present the features of the designed smartphone application and (iii) to demonstrate its validity with a proof of concept study, hence correlating smartphone usage with personality measures.
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163
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Problematic Internet Use in University Students Attending Three Superior Graduate Schools in Italy: Is Autism Spectrum Related to Suicide Risk? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071098. [PMID: 30934756 PMCID: PMC6480477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Over the past decades, problematic internet use (PIU) has dramatically increased, especially among young people. PIU has been recently associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic traits. Subjects with PIU report an increased suicidal risk and the same has been demonstrated among patients with ASD. The aim of this study was to investigate putative PIU rates among students and explore the correlation between autistic traits and suicide risk. Methods: A sample of 178 high achieving university students was assessed by means of the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum), Autism Quotient questionnaire (AQ). Suicide risk was investigated by some specific items of the Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report (TALS-SR) and putative PIU was identified on the basis of a specific AdAS Spectrum item. Results: 27.5% subjects reporting putative PIU. This subgroup showed higher scores in all domains of AdAS Spectrum and AQ compared with others. Students with putative PIU showed a significant correlation between suicide risk and the non-verbal communication domain of the AdAS Spectrum and the Social skills domain of the AQ. Conclusions: We found that students with PIU show higher levels of autistic traits compared to those without PIU. A significant correlation was found between autistic traits and suicide risk.
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164
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Hui BPH, S. Wu AM, Pun N. Disentangling the effects of empathy components on Internet gaming disorder: A study of vulnerable youth in China. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:181-189. [PMID: 30920294 PMCID: PMC7044596 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous research shows that empathy can be one of the potential protective factors for Internet gaming disorder (IGD), yet the complex relationships between multidimensional factors of empathy and IGD remain understudied. Thus, a major question moving forward is to resolve the mixed empirical data by examining the specific contributions of empathy components. In this study, we disentangle the effects of cognitive component (i.e., perspective taking) and affective component (i.e., empathic concern and personal distress) on IGD symptoms and propose affect-oriented mediation pathways between them. METHODS We surveyed a large sample (N = 3,348) of Chinese vocational school students, one of the most vulnerable groups to online gaming addiction. RESULTS Our structural equation modeling results revealed that only personal distress, but not empathic concern or perspective taking, positively predicted IGD symptoms. However, empathic concern and personal distress were negatively and positively predicted gaming motive of escape from reality, respectively, which in turn predicted IGD symptoms. Furthermore, we found an indirect effect of perspective taking on IGD through empathic concern and then gaming motive of escape from reality. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The findings underscore the importance of separating the affective and cognitive components to understand the complex relationships between the empathy and IGD, and support our theorizing of the affect-oriented mediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant P. H. Hui
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Corresponding author: Dr. Bryant P. H. Hui; Research Assistant Professor; Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 9/F, Jockey Club Tower, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; Phone: +852 3917 2050; Fax: +852 2857 4074; E-mail:
| | - Anise M. S. Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ngai Pun
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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165
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Zou L, Wu X, Tao S, Xu H, Xie Y, Yang Y, Tao F. Mediating Effect of Sleep Quality on the Relationship Between Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Depressive Symptoms in College Students. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:822. [PMID: 31798473 PMCID: PMC6865206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and depression are great public health concerns among adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the association between PMPU and symptoms of depression, as well as the mediating role of sleep quality. Methods: A total of 4,624 college students participated in this study. The Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were administered to assess PMPU, sleep quality, and symptoms of depression. Mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS macro in the SPSS software. Results: Of the participants, 27.5% were classified as PMPU, 44.9% exhibited symptoms of depression, and 15.6% reported sleep problems. Compared with those without PMPU, those with PMPU exhibited higher rates of sleep problems and depressive symptoms. The mediation analysis further revealed partial mediation effects of sleep quality on the association between PMPU and depression. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that PMPU was associated with mental health in college students, and sleep quality played a mediating role in this relationship. Our findings highlight the critical role of early intervention for depression with a focus on those with PMPU and, more specifically, on those with sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Shuman Tao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Honglv Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yajuan Yang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
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166
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King DL, Potenza MN. Not Playing Around: Gaming Disorder in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:5-7. [PMID: 30579437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L King
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wehtersfield, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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167
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Vaccaro AG, Potenza MN. Diagnostic and Classification Considerations Regarding Gaming Disorder: Neurocognitive and Neurobiological Features. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:405. [PMID: 31258494 PMCID: PMC6586738 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Video gaming and Internet use have become a part of the everyday lives of many individuals, especially during adolescence. Given the health concerns related to problematic gaming behaviors, gaming disorder (GD) has been included in the version of the 11th edition of The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) ratified by the secretariat of the World Health Organization. Given these considerations and others (including debate regarding the most appropriate classification of GD and how best to prevent and treat the condition), there is a need for further research into GD. Specifically, we suggest that researching intermediate phenotypes focusing on cognitive and neurobiological function may help clarify GD's relationships to other addictive disorders and more accurately define their relationships with core and associated features of GD. Overlaps in neural activity, cognitive functioning, and other features suggest that GD shares similarities with gambling and substance-use disorders and may best be classified as an addictive disorder. Individuals with GD differ from those with regular game use (RGU) on neurocognitive levels. However, concerns have been raised with respect to the differences between GD and substance-use disorders in certain dimensional features, such as tolerance. Additionally, it has been argued that differences between GD and RGU may not be fully captured by nomenclature systems like the ICD-11. Nonetheless, individuals seek treatment for help with GD, despite the limited data available for effective treatments. As more data are gathered from investigations of GD, they should be translated into refining criteria for GD and optimizing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Vaccaro
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
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168
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Singh Balhara Y, Singh S. Internet and psychopathology: A complex paradigm. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_28_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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169
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Laconi S, Urbán R, Kaliszewska-Czeremska K, Kuss DJ, Gnisci A, Sergi I, Barke A, Jeromin F, Groth J, Gamez-Guadix M, Ozcan NK, Siomos K, Floros GD, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z, Király O. Psychometric Evaluation of the Nine-Item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in Nine European Samples of Internet Users. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30984037 PMCID: PMC6448041 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The nine-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) is a brief self-report screening instrument for problematic internet use. The main objective of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the PIUQ-9 among nine different language-based samples of European internet users (Italian, German, French, Polish, Turkish, Hungarian, English, and Greek). Methods: The total sample comprised 5,593 internet users (38.1% men), aged between 18 and 87 years (M = 25.81; SD = 8.61). Via online recruitment, participants completed the PIUQ-9, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and items about time spent online. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the bifactor model with one general factor (i.e., general problem) and two-specific factors (i.e., obsession and neglect + control disorder) yielded acceptable or good fit indices in all subsamples except for one. The common variance index in the bifactor model indicated that the general problem factor explained from 57.0 to 76.5% of common variance, which supports the presence of a strong global factor. According to the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model, psychiatric symptoms had a moderate-to-strong direct effect on the general problem factor in all subsamples, ranging from β = 0.28 to β = 0.52 supporting the construct validity of the scale. Furthermore, in a majority of the subsamples, time spent online during the weekend had considerably higher effect sizes on the general problem factor than time spent online during weekdays. Conclusion: The present study highlights the appropriate psychometric properties of the PIUQ-9 across a number of European languages and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Laconi
- Laboratoire CERPPS (Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé) - EA 7411 - Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Daria J Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto Gnisci
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Ida Sergi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonia Barke
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Franziska Jeromin
- Department of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarosław Groth
- Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Neslihan Keser Ozcan
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Konstantinos Siomos
- Hellenic Association for the Study of Internet Addiction Disorder, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios D Floros
- Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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