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Charitopoulou MA, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Achilias DS. Novel trends in the thermo-chemical recycling of plastics from WEEE containing brominated flame retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59190-59213. [PMID: 32638300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The amount of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has enormously increased nowadays, due to the rapid expansion and consumption of electronic devices and their short lifespan. This, in combination with their non-biodegradability, led to the need to explore environmentally friendly solutions for their safe disposal. One main obstacle when recycling plastics from WEEE is that they usually comprise harmful additives such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that need to be removed before or during their recycling. This paper reviews existing techniques for the recycling of plastics from WEEE and focuses specifically on the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of pyrolysis as an environmentally friendly method for the production of value-added materials (monomers, hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.). Current technological trends available for the recycling of plastics containing brominated flame retardants are reviewed in an attempt to provide insights for future research on the sustainable management of plastics from WEEE. Emphasis is given on conventional pyrolysis, where a pretreatment step for the debromination of products is applied. This is required since brominated compounds treated at high temperatures may result in the production of harmful to health compounds such as dioxins. All current pretreatment methods (solvent extraction, supercritical fluid technology, etc.) are presented and compared in detail. Co-pyrolysis is also investigated, as it seems to be a very interesting approach, since no catalysts or solvents are used, and at the same time, more plastic wastes can be consumed as feedstock. Furthermore, catalytic pyrolysis along with key parameters, such as the type of the catalyst or pyrolysis temperature, are fully analyzed. Catalysts affect the products' distribution and enhance the removal of bromine from pyrolysis oils. Finally, an emerging technique, that of microwave-assisted pyrolysis, is also highlighted, as it offers many advantages over conventional pyrolysis. Of course, there are some impediments, such as the operational costs or other difficulties as regards the industrial implementation of the mentioned techniques that need to be overcome through future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Charitopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Kalogiannis
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos A Lappas
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitriοs S Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymers and Dyes Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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152
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Dwivedi U, Pant KK, Naik SN. Controlling liquid hydrocarbon composition in valorization of plastic waste via tuning zeolite framework and SiO 2/Al 2O 3 ratio. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113288. [PMID: 34298345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of plastic waste has become threat to the mankind and aquatic life and thus needs to be recycled or converted into value added products. Liquefaction of waste plastics via catalytic cracking is one the efficient routes towards plastic waste management. Concerning this, in present study, conversion of polymer mixture containing polypropylene, low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene (PP, LDPE and HDPE) was done for the production of gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbons using two-step cracking approach. MWW and MFI (12 and 10 member ring structures respectively) type zeolites having different pore structure and acidity were used for catalytic cracking of polymer feed at 350 °C. Investigations revealed that MWW type zeolite having two independent pore channels selectively provides gasoline range of hydrocarbons (C7-C12, 99.12%) in polymer cracking reaction as compared to MFI type which results in C13-C20 range of hydrocarbons (73.19%). Hydrocarbon compositions were confirmed from GC-MS, 1H, 13C NMR and FT-IR techniques. In activity results it was observed that acidity of zeolites affects the liquid yield and hydrocarbon distribution as analysed by using zeolites of two different SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) ratio (30 and 55) which directs that zeolite (MFI/MWW) with lower SAR (30) having higher acidity results in higher yield of fuel range liquid hydrocarbons as compared to higher SAR (55) zeolite. Characterization studies such as XRD, N2-physisorption, NH3-TPD, FE-SEM and EDX were performed to check the physiochemical properties of zeolite and correlated with the activity. Overall, the present investigation provides detailed comparative study on plastic degradation using MFI and MWW type zeolites resulting into different range of liquid hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - S N Naik
- Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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153
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Kremer I, Tomić T, Katančić Z, Erceg M, Papuga S, Vuković JP, Schneider DR. Catalytic pyrolysis of mechanically non-recyclable waste plastics mixture: Kinetics and pyrolysis in laboratory-scale reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113145. [PMID: 34271358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Post-consumer waste plastics that cannot be mechanically recycled represent a concerning environmental issue. According to the latest available data for Europe, as much as 25% of collected post-consumer waste plastics are landfilled, 43% is energy recovered, and 32% is recycled. One possible way of recovering non-recyclable plastics is pyrolysis, which is considered environmentally friendly technology for obtaining fuel or chemicals from plastic waste. To tackle the challenge of recovering non-recyclable plastics via pyrolysis, it is necessary to determine their actual composition. Visual separation of collected non-recyclable plastics was performed, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the accuracy of visual separation. A significant amount of plastics labelled as "other" was found. Since the composition of "other" waste plastics has not been sufficiently investigated, relatively few studies on their pyrolysis have been conducted. Therefore, they were characterised and added to the mixture with other found polymer types of non-recyclable plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to determine thermochemical behaviour and kinetic parameters required for laboratory pyrolysis investigation. Kinetic analysis was conducted using the Friedman isoconversional model-free method and non-linear multivariate regression method. The goal of this paper was to analyse the kinetics, determine the product yield and characteristics of the pyrolysis process of non-recyclable plastics over zeolite catalysts. It was found how the decomposition of non-recyclable plastics occurs in two decomposition steps. The activation energy of non-recyclable plastics was 144 kJ/mol in the first stage of decomposition and 262 kJ/mol in the second stage of decomposition. It decreased by 34% and 6.5% after fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst was added and 41% and 18.3% with iron-modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalyst. The yield of condensate was 55% (wax) for the original sample, and it decreased to 50% (wax and oil) and 27% (mostly oil) with fresh fluid catalytic cracking and iron modified Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalysts. Processes with catalysts promoted the formation of olefins and aromatic compounds in pyrolytic oil. All pyrolysis products had a high value of higher heating value ranging from 39 MJ/kg to 43 MJ/kg showing good potential for further energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Kremer
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10 002, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tihomir Tomić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10 002, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zvonimir Katančić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Savska cesta 16, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matko Erceg
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Saša Papuga
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78 000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | | | - Daniel Rolph Schneider
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10 002, Zagreb, Croatia.
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154
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Xin J, Zhang Q, Huang J, Huang R, Jaffery QZ, Yan D, Zhou Q, Xu J, Lu X. Progress in the catalytic glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113267. [PMID: 34271351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the development history of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the recycling of PET. As one of the most promising way to degrade PET into oligomers and monomers that can be used for the production of high-quality PET, catalytic glycolysis is highlighted in this review. The developments on metal salt, metal oxide and ionic solvent catalysts for glycolysis of PET are systematically summarized, besides, the proposed catalytic mechanisms of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are presented. The metallic catalysts show high catalytic performance but causing serious environmental pollution and high waste treatment costs, thereby it is proposed that metal-free catalysts, especially ILs and DESs can be the "greener" alternatives to address the PET waste problem. Additionally, the studies related to the glycolysis kinetics are discussed in this review, showing the results that PET glycolysis process consists of heterogeneous and homogeneous depolymerization, and different models should be used to investigate different depolymerization stages in order to obtain a more realistic picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Quratulain Zahra Jaffery
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dongxia Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junli Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Sino Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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155
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Kumar S, Singh E, Mishra R, Kumar A, Caucci S. Utilization of Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Environmental Management: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3985-4006. [PMID: 34431621 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advancement and modernization of industries have provided numerous benefits to human life including diversification of manufacturing a wide range of products made from plastic materials, thereby leading to the generation of huge quantities of plastic waste. Owing to the increasing issues related with plastic waste, recycling methods have attracted much interest. Recycling not only protects the environment and resources for future generations but also reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. A wide range of valuable products including char, oil, fuels, sorbent materials, and chemicals can be obtained through different techniques. This Review highlights various sustainable research avenues and potential routes to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste based on both traditional and potential approaches for its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
- United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNUFLORES), Ammonstrasse 74, 01067, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekta Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Serena Caucci
- United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNUFLORES), Ammonstrasse 74, 01067, Dresden, Germany
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156
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Roy PS, Garnier G, Allais F, Saito K. Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4007-4027. [PMID: 34132056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the landfills and oceans, has raised global concern, primarily due to the huge production rate, high durability, and the lack of utilization of the available waste management techniques. Recycling methods are preferable to reduce the impact of plastic pollution to some extent. However, most of the recycling techniques are associated with different drawbacks, high cost and downgrading of product quality being among the notable ones. The sustainable option here is to upcycle the plastic waste to create high-value materials to compensate for the cost of production. Several upcycling techniques are constantly being investigated and explored, which is currently the only economical option to resolve the plastic waste issue. This Review provides a comprehensive insight on the promising chemical routes available for upcycling of the most widely used plastic and mixed plastic wastes. The challenges inherent to these processes, the recent advances, and the significant role of the science and research community in resolving these issues are further emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sinha Roy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
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157
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Zolghadr A, Sidhu N, Mastalski I, Facas G, Maduskar S, Uppili S, Go T, Neurock M, Dauenhauer PJ. On the Method of Pulse-Heated Analysis of Solid Reactions (PHASR) for Polyolefin Pyrolysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4214-4227. [PMID: 33306872 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continued need for plastics necessitates an effective solution for processing and recycling polymer wastes. While pyrolysis is a promising technology for polyolefin recycling, an experimental apparatus must be designed to measure the intrinsic kinetics and elucidate the chemistry of the plastics pyrolysis process. To resolve this issue, a modified Pulse-Heated Analysis of Solid Reactions (PHASR) system was designed, constructed, and evaluated for the purposes of polyolefin pyrolysis. Experimental results demonstrated that the new PHASR system is capable of measuring the millisecond-resolved evolution of plastic [e. g., low-density polyethylene (LDPE)] pyrolysis products at a constant temperature. The PHASR system was shown to be capable of producing a repeatable, fast heating time (20 ms) and cooling time (130-150 ms), and of maintaining a stable temperature during reaction. A second, Visual PHASR system was developed to enable high-speed photography and visualization of the real-time pyrolysis of LDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zolghadr
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nathan Sidhu
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac Mastalski
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Greg Facas
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Saurabh Maduskar
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX, 77520, USA
| | | | - Tony Go
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX, 77520, USA
| | - Matthew Neurock
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Paul J Dauenhauer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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158
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Lu S, Jing Y, Feng B, Guo Y, Liu X, Wang Y. H 2 -free Plastic Conversion: Converting PET back to BTX by Unlocking Hidden Hydrogen. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4242-4250. [PMID: 33660432 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The strong desire for a circular economy makes obtaining fuels and chemicals via plastic degradation an important research topic in the 21st century. Here, the first example of the H2 -free polyethylene terephthalate (PET) conversion to BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) was achieved by unlocking hidden hydrogen in the ethylene glycol part over Ru/Nb2 O5 catalyst. Among the whole process (hydrolysis, reforming and hydrogenolysis/decarboxylation), the parallel hydrogenolysis and decarboxylation were competing and the rate-determining step. Ru/Nb2 O5 exhibited superior hydrogenolysis and poorer decarboxylation performance in direct comparison with Ru/NiAl2 O4 , accordingly contributing to the distinct selectivity to alkyl aromatics among BTX. Ru species on Nb2 O5 , unlike those on NiAl2 O4 , showed more Ruδ+ species owing to the strong interaction between Ru and Nb2 O5 , restricting the undesired decarboxylation. Along with NbOx species for C-O bond activation, excellent reactivity towards the H2 -free conversion of PET back to BTX with alkyl aromatics as dominant species was achieved. This H2 -free system was also capable of converting common real PET plastics back to BTX, adding new options in the circular economy of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglu Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yaxuan Jing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Bo Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
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159
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Orozco S, Artetxe M, Lopez G, Suarez M, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Conversion of HDPE into Value Products by Fast Pyrolysis Using FCC Spent Catalysts in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4291-4300. [PMID: 34101378 PMCID: PMC8518826 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Continuous catalytic cracking of polyethylene over a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) with fountain confiner and draft tube. The effect of temperature (475-600 °C) and space-time (7-45 gcat min gHDPE -1 ) on product distribution was analyzed. The CSBR allows operating with continuous plastic feed without defluidization problems and is especially suitable for catalytic pyrolysis with high catalyst efficiency. Thus, high catalyst activity was observed, with waxes yield being negligible above 550 °C. The main product fraction obtained in the catalytic cracking was made up of C5 -C11 hydrocarbons, with olefins being the main components. However, its yield decreased as temperature and residence time were increased, which was due to reactions involving cracking, hydrogen transfer, cyclization, and aromatization, leading to light hydrocarbons, paraffins, and aromatics. The proposed strategy is of great environmental relevance, as plastics are recycled using an industrial waste (spent FCC catalyst).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Orozco
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Mayra Suarez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
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160
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Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang L. Recent Progress in the Chemical Upcycling of Plastic Wastes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4137-4151. [PMID: 34003585 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The massive generation of plastic wastes without satisfactory treatment has induced severe environmental problems and gained increasing attentions. In this Minireview, recent progresses in the chemical upcycling of plastic wastes by using various methods (mainly in the past three to five years) is summarized. The chemical upcycling of plastic wastes points out a "plastic-based refinery" concept, which is to use the plastic wastes as platform feedstocks to produce highly valuable monomeric or oligomeric compounds, putting the plastic wastes back into a circular economy. The different chemical methods to upcycle plastic wastes, including hydrogenolysis, photocatalysis, pyrolysis, solvolysis, and others, are introduced in each section to valorize diverse plastic feedstocks into value-added chemicals, materials, or fuels. In addition, other emerging technologies as well as the new generation of plastic thermosets are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Yudi Wang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 3 Yinlian Rd, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
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161
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Hackler RA, Vyavhare K, Kennedy RM, Celik G, Kanbur U, Griffin PJ, Sadow AD, Zang G, Elgowainy A, Sun P, Poeppelmeier KR, Erdemir A, Delferro M. Synthetic Lubricants Derived from Plastic Waste and their Tribological Performance. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4181-4189. [PMID: 34038620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The energy efficiency, mechanical durability, and environmental compatibility of all moving machine components rely heavily on advanced lubricants for smooth and safe operation. Herein an alternative family of high-quality liquid (HQL) lubricants was derived by the catalytic conversion of pre- and post-consumer polyolefin waste. The plastic-derived lubricants performed comparably to synthetic base oils such as polyalphaolefins (PAOs), both with a wear scar volume (WSV) of 7.5×10-5 mm-3 . HQLs also performed superior to petroleum-based lubricants such as Group III mineral oil with a WSV of 1.7×10-4 mm-3 , showcasing a 44 % reduction in wear. Furthermore, a synergistic reduction in friction and wear was observed when combining the upcycled plastic lubricant with synthetic oils. Life cycle and techno-economic analyses also showed this process to be energetically efficient and economically feasible. This novel technology offers a cost-effective opportunity to reduce the harmful environmental impact of plastic waste on our planet and to save energy through reduction of friction and wear-related degradations in transportation applications akin to synthetic oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hackler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kimaya Vyavhare
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Robert M Kennedy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Gokhan Celik
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Uddhav Kanbur
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Philip J Griffin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Guiyan Zang
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Amgad Elgowainy
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Pingping Sun
- Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Ali Erdemir
- J. Mike Walker'66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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163
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Bumajdad A, Khan MJH. The reuse of disposable COVID-19 surgical masks as a nitrogen-enrichment agent and structure promotor for a wild plant-derived sorbent. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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164
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Face mask waste generation and management during the COVID-19 pandemic: An overview and the Peruvian case. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786. [PMCID: PMC8105123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has driven massive consumption of personal protective equipment (PPE) worldwide. Single-use face masks are one of the most used PPE to prevent the transmission of the virus. However, mismanagement of such materials threatens the environment with a new form of plastic pollution. Researchers argue that it is necessary to develop and implement innovative ways to manage and recycle PPE in order to reduce their impacts on the environment. In the present work, we have reviewed and discussed the recent development of sustainable face mask alternatives and recycling and repurposing routes under the COVID-19 pandemic context. Moreover, we have conducted estimations of the daily face mask waste generation in Peru, a developing country struggling with a poor solid waste management framework and infrastructure. Unlike previous studies, our equation incorporates the “economically active population” variable in order to provide more precise estimations, while evaluating single-use and reusable scenarios. The scenarios of incorporating reusable face masks significantly reduced the amount of solid waste generated in Peru. In situ evidence shows that face masks are polluting the streets and beaches of Peru, probably driven by mismanagement and poor environmental awareness.
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165
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Akgün H, Yapıcı E, Günkaya Z, Özkan A, Banar M. Utilization of liquid product through pyrolysis of LDPE and C/LDPE as commercial wax. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45971-45984. [PMID: 33886050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and LDPE with aluminum (C/LDPE) wastes was carried out with different heating rates (5, 10, 20 °C/min) at different temperatures (400, 600, 800 °C). Product yields of LDPE and C/LDPE wastes were compared, and optimum liquid products were analyzed to utilize as commercial waxes for future use. The properties of pyrolyzed wastes was investigated with proximate, elemental analysis, and TGA. The as-produced liquid from pyrolysis of wastes was characterized by different characteristic tools, such as elemental analyses, GC-MS analyses, 1H-NMR tests, FT-IR spectra, the density, melting point, and carbon residue to compare commercial waxes. As a result of pyrolysis, the highest liquid product yield was achieved at 800 °C with 5 °C/min heating rate (85.87%) and at 600 °C with 5 °C/min heating rate (71.3%) for LDPE and C/LDPE, respectively. The results indicated that the derived liquid products are similar to commercial heavy wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasret Akgün
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ece Yapıcı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Günkaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Aysun Özkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Müfide Banar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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166
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Hussain Z, Khan A, Naz MY, Jan MR, Khan KM, Perveen S, Ullah S, Shukrullah S. Borax‐catalyzed valorization of waste rubber and polyethylene using pyrolysis and copyrolysis reactions. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Chemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan
| | | | | | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | | | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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167
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Tian B, Wang X, Zhao W, Xu L, Bai L. Pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics and gaseous product evolutions of two typical biomass wastes. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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168
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Ellis LD, Rorrer NA, Sullivan KP, Otto M, McGeehan JE, Román-Leshkov Y, Wierckx N, Beckham GT. Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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169
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Wang C, Lei H, Kong X, Zou R, Qian M, Zhao Y, Mateo W. Catalytic upcycling of waste plastics over nanocellulose derived biochar catalyst for the coupling harvest of hydrogen and liquid fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146463. [PMID: 34030226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A powerful simple biochar catalyst derived from nanocellulose was applied to the catalytic upcycling of waste plastics into H2 and liquid fuels for the first time. For the results from model low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis, the C8-C16 aliphatics and monocyclic aromatics were dominant constitutes of the liquid product with the yields ranging from 22 to 68 wt%. At the temperature of 500 °C and biochar to LDPE ratio surpassing 3, the LDPE could be completely degraded into liquid and gas without wax production. A wax yield of 16 wt% was observed at the temperature of 450 °C and biochar to LDPE ratio of 4, which was dramatically lower than that (77 wt%) from the absence of biochar at the temperature of 500 °C. Up to 92 vol% of H2 was detected in the gaseous product with a yield of 36 wt%. The lower temperatures and higher biochar to LDPE ratios favored increasing the generation of H2 at the expense of light gas CnHm especially CH4. Moreover, this biochar catalyst was tested effectively to convert the real waste plastics including grocery bags and packaging tray into valuable liquid and H2-enriched gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
| | - Xiao Kong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Moriko Qian
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Wendy Mateo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
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170
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Abstract
The catalytic and thermal decomposition of plastic waste to fuels over low-cost catalysts like zeolite, clay, and bimetallic material is highlighted. In this paper, several relevant studies are examined, specifically the effects of each type of catalyst used on the characteristics and product distribution of the produced products. The type of catalyst plays an important role in the decomposition of plastic waste and the characteristics of the oil yields and quality. In addition, the quality and yield of the oil products depend on several factors such as (i) the operating temperature, (ii) the ratio of plastic waste and catalyst, and (iii) the type of reactor. The development of low-cost catalysts is revisited for designing better and effective materials for plastic solid waste (PSW) conversion to oil/bio-oil products.
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171
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Čabalová I, Ház A, Krilek J, Bubeníková T, Melicherčík J, Kuvik T. Recycling of Wastes Plastics and Tires from Automotive Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132210. [PMID: 34279354 PMCID: PMC8271936 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste tires (granulate) and selected plastics from the automotive industry were evaluated by using the tertiary (pyrolysis) and quaternary (calorimetry) recovering. Pyrolysis is proving to be an environmentally friendly alternative to incineration and inefficient landfilling. Currently, the main challenges for pyrolysis of plastic waste are unavailability and inconsistent quality of feedstock, inefficient and hence costly sorting, and last but not least insufficient regulations around plastic waste management. Waste plastics and tire materials were characterized by TG/DTG analysis, Py-GC/MS analysis and calorimetry. TG analysis of the investigated materials gives the typical decomposition curves of synthetic polymers. The tested samples had the highest rate of weight loss process in the temperature range from 375 °C to 480 °C. Analytical pyrolysis of the tested polymers provided information on a wide variety of organic compounds that were released upon thermal loading of these materials without access to oxygen. Analytical pyrolysis offers valuable information on the spectrum of degradation products and their potential uses. Based on the results of calorimetry, it can be stated that the determined calorific value of selected plastic and rubber materials was ranging from 26.261 to 45.245 MJ/kg depending on the ash content and its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Čabalová
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-145-520-6375
| | - Aleš Ház
- Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jozef Krilek
- Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (J.K.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatiana Bubeníková
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Ján Melicherčík
- Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (J.K.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomáš Kuvik
- Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (J.K.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
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172
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Al-Salem SM, El-Eskandarani MS, Constantinou A. Can plastic waste management be a novel solution in combating the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? A short research note. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:910-913. [PMID: 33323044 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20978444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 has been noted to be one of major calamity the world over, in which the majority of efforts in research and development have been dedicated towards combating the threat of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Ever since the announcement of COVID-19 as a pandemic, such efforts were dedicated towards the research of its spread and vaccination. Yet still, the world might reach a resolution via an environmental solution that various entities have overlooked, with a plethora of environmental benefits vis-à-vis waste management. In this short communication, the possibility of using plastic solid waste as a substrate to employ copper, and copper alloys and their nanocomposite nanopowders to be used as permanent surface protective coats, is presented. The fact that we present such materials to be of waste origin, is an added value advantage to their beneficial advantage of developing various commodities and products that could be used in our daily lives. Furthermore, the fact that such recyclable materials are susceptible to antiviral properties and chemicals, is an added value that we should not neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Achilleas Constantinou
- London South Bank University, UK
- University College London (UCL), UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
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173
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Akhmetova F, Aubakirov Y, Tashmukhambetova Z, Sassykova L, Arbag H, Kurmangaliyeva A. Recycling of waste plastics to liquid fuel mixture over composite zeolites catalysts. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15328/cb1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste production and consumption is increasing at an alarming rate with the increase of the human population, rapid economic growth, continuous urbanization, and changes in lifestyle. In addition, the short life span of plastic accelerates the production of plastic waste on a daily basis. Plastic waste recycling is carried out in different ways, but in most developing countries, open or landfill disposal is a common practice for plastic waste management. Plastic recycling into feedstocks, also known as chemical recycling, is encouraged all over the world. One such area is the thermal and catalytic thermal degradation of plastics into hydrocarbon fractions, which can be used as high-quality motor fuel after appropriate processing. Hydrocracking in the presence of a catalyst is a promising method of converting waste plastic materials to high quality liquid transportation fuels with decreased amounts of olefins and heteroatoms such as S, N, Cl, N, and O.
The article deals with the study of hydrocracking of waste plastic into high quality liquid fuel on various catalysts based on natural zeolite deposits Taizhuzgen. The aim of the work is to determine the effect of new composite catalysts on the yield of liquid products by studying the specific surface and porous structure based on natural zeolite modified with Mо salt. It is established that the modification of natural zeolite with Mo affects the morphology of the catalyst, therefore, the obtained catalysts have different effects on the yield and composition of liquid fractions during the hydrogenation thermocatalytic transformation of hydrocarbons. The highest yield of liquid products (61.56%) was achieved using the 2% Mo/Taizhuzgen zeolite catalyst, which was chosen as optimal.
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174
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Espuny M, Faria Neto A, da Motta Reis JS, Dos Santos Neto ST, Nunhes TV, de Oliveira OJ. Building new paths for responsible solid waste management. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:442. [PMID: 34165638 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The amount of solid waste produced across the planet in the past decade was 1.3 billion tons (1.2 kg/year per person). Also, the significant number of publications on solid waste management (SWM) draws attention to the importance of discussing the topic to improve public health and to mitigate environmental impacts. The objectives of this article are to identify the state of the art and the scientific gaps on SWM and to propose a framework to promote it in the coming years. For this, a content analysis was carried out with the support of a bibliometric study, considering articles published in the Scopus database. The field of SWM study was classified into 12 different themes, and from this division, it was sought to identify the evolution of each of them between the 2005 and 2018 period. Content analysis and bibliometric study indicate that thermal and biological treatments are a promising trend to improve the performance of SWM. Its most important applied contribution is the generation of qualified information about SWM that can support the decision-making of public and private managers to reduce environmental impacts and improve life in urban spaces. The main academic contribution of the paper is the articulation of the most important themes on SWM, identifying the individual impact of each one of them in this field of study and the indication of the scientific trends that should guide the development of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Espuny
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Faria Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thais Vieira Nunhes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio José de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
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175
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Frączak D, Fabiś G, Orlińska B. Influence of the Feedstock on the Process Parameters, Product Composition and Pilot-Scale Cracking of Plastics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3094. [PMID: 34200093 PMCID: PMC8201153 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers can lead to many different products and play a significant role in the circular economy through the use of plastic waste as a feedstock in the production of valuable materials. The polyolefins: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), together with polystyrene (PS), can be chemically recycled by the thermal cracking (pyrolysis) process. In this study, continuous cracking of polyolefins and polystyrene in different proportions and with the addition of other polymers, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), was investigated at the pilot scale in terms of the process parameters and product yields. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detailed analysis of the products' compositions. The boiling temperature distribution and the bromine number were used for additional characterization of products. It was found that an increase of PP share caused a decrease in the process temperature, an increase of the product yield and a shift of the boiling range towards lighter products, increasing the content levels for unsaturates and branched hydrocarbons. It was observed that the addition of 5% PS, PET and PVC reduced the overall product yield, resulting in the creation of a lower-boiling product and increasing the conversion of polyethylene. An addition of 10% polystyrene increased the PP conversion and resulted in a higher product yield, without significant change in the boiling temperatures distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Frączak
- Clariter Poland Sp. z o.o., 59A Żelazna Str., 00-848 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Fabiś
- Clariter Poland Sp. z o.o., 59A Żelazna Str., 00-848 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Beata Orlińska
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 4B Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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176
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Urrego-Yepes W, Cardona-Uribe N, Vargas-Isaza CA, Martínez JD. Incorporating the recovered carbon black produced in an industrial-scale waste tire pyrolysis plant into a natural rubber formulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112292. [PMID: 33690014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental results obtained after incorporating the recovered Carbon Black (rCB) produced in an industrial-scale waste tire pyrolysis plant into a Natural Rubber (NR) formulation. The purpose of this study is to increase the technical knowledge on the use of rCB as a sustainable raw material in the rubber industry. The rCB and virgin Carbon Black (vCB) (ref. N550) under study were characterized using elemental and proximate analyses, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used, and different measures, including the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (SBET), particle size distribution (PSD), specific gravity, and pH, were estimated. The effect of rCB incorporation on the rheological, thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of the NR composites was assessed and compared to those obtained with vCB alone. The NR composites were prepared using different loads of vCB (20, 30, 40, and 50 phr), which was also replaced with rCB at different proportions (0, 50, and 100%). According to the characterization results, rCB offers lower reinforcement properties than vCB, which is attributable to its higher volatile matter and ash contents, higher apparent PSD, lower presence of acidic functional groups, and lower SBET. Despite this, interesting performances can be achieved when rCB is partially incorporated into the formulations or by increasing its load in the composites. For instance, when 50% of vCB was replaced with rCB, the values of the aforementioned properties were found to be between those obtained with the NR composites prepared with vCB and rCB. In addition, when increasing the rCB loading, some properties matched the behavior exhibited by vCB alone, thus compensating for the low reinforcement properties of rCB. These results are expected to provide an important impetus to move towards circular economy strategies having very positive impacts from the sustainable perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Urrego-Yepes
- Grupo de Investigación en Calidad, Metrología y Producción, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), Campus Robledo, Calle 73 Nº 76A-354, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Cardona-Uribe
- Grupo de Investigaciones Ambientales (GIA), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Circular 1 Nº 74-50, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Andrés Vargas-Isaza
- Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados y Energía, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), Campus Fraternidad, Calle 54A Nº 30-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Daniel Martínez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Ambientales (GIA), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Circular 1 Nº 74-50, Medellín, Colombia.
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177
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Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113175. [PMID: 34073300 PMCID: PMC8199254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.
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178
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Majed Al-Salem
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Animesh Dutta
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Pyrolytic Conversion of Plastic Waste to Value-Added Products and Fuels: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102586. [PMID: 34065677 PMCID: PMC8157045 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plastic production has been rapidly growing across the world and, at the end of their use, many of the plastic products become waste disposed of in landfills or dispersed, causing serious environmental and health issues. From a sustainability point of view, the conversion of plastic waste to fuels or, better yet, to individual monomers, leads to a much greener waste management compared to landfill disposal. In this paper, we systematically review the potential of pyrolysis as an effective thermochemical conversion method for the valorization of plastic waste. Different pyrolysis types, along with the influence of operating conditions, e.g., catalyst types, temperature, vapor residence time, and plastic waste types, on yields, quality, and applications of the cracking plastic products are discussed. The quality of pyrolysis plastic oil, before and after upgrading, is compared to conventional diesel fuel. Plastic oil yields as high as 95 wt.% can be achieved through slow pyrolysis. Plastic oil has a heating value approximately equivalent to that of diesel fuel, i.e., 45 MJ/kg, no sulfur, a very low water and ash content, and an almost neutral pH, making it a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based fuels. This oil, as-is or after minor modifications, can be readily used in conventional diesel engines. Fast pyrolysis mainly produces wax rather than oil. However, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, waxy products further crack into oil. Wax is an intermediate feedstock and can be used in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units to produce fuel or other valuable petrochemical products. Flash pyrolysis of plastic waste, performed at high temperatures, i.e., near 1000 °C, and with very short vapor residence times, i.e., less than 250 ms, can recover up to 50 wt.% ethylene monomers from polyethylene waste. Alternatively, pyrolytic conversion of plastic waste to olefins can be performed in two stages, with the conversion of plastic waste to plastic oil, followed by thermal cracking of oil to monomers in a second stage. The conversion of plastic waste to carbon nanotubes, representing a higher-value product than fuel, is also discussed in detail. The results indicate that up to 25 wt.% of waste plastic can be converted into carbon nanotubes.
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Saeaung K, Phusunti N, Phetwarotai W, Assabumrungrat S, Cheirsilp B. Catalytic pyrolysis of petroleum-based and biodegradable plastic waste to obtain high-value chemicals. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 127:101-111. [PMID: 33932851 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The petroleum-based plastics, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP), and the biodegradable plastic, polylactide (PLA) were processed by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis to investigate their suitability as feedstock for chemical recycling. The influence of pyrolysis temperature (400-600 °C) and catalyst (zeolite, spent FCC, and MgO catalyst) on the pyrolysis liquid composition and yield was studied. The studied petroleum-based plastics had similar decomposition temperature ranges but produced their highest pyrolysis yields at different temperatures. Pyrolysis liquids from thermal degradation of HDPE and LDPE consisted high yield of waxes but those of PP and PLA consisted of both waxes and liquid oil. Catalysts affected not only the pyrolysis yield, but also the proportions of liquid oil and wax in pyrolysis liquids. Alkenes, alkanes, and aromatics were the main compounds in the pyrolysis liquids. Spent FCC catalyst reduced the production of waxes and increased the production of gasoline-range hydrocarbons and aromatics. MgO catalyst led to high coke formation from polyolefins and PLA. Lactic acid, lactide and propanoic acid were examples of valuable chemicals recovered from the pyrolysis of PLA. Lactide was the main product (up to 79%) of catalytic pyrolysis with zeolite at 400 °C. Spent FCC catalyst produced mostly propanoic acid at 400 °C but at 600 °C, L-lactic acid became the most abundant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koranit Saeaung
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Phusunti
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Worasak Phetwarotai
- Energy and Materials for Sustainability (EMS) Research Group, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Assabumrungrat
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Bio-Circular-Green-economy Technology & Engineering Center, BCGeTEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Biotechnology for Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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181
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de Sousa FDB. Management of plastic waste: A bibliometric mapping and analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:664-678. [PMID: 33624576 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x21992422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to provide the first holistic and deep bibliometric mapping and analysis of the management of plastic waste. Data from the last five years were obtained from a Scopus database search. Relevant information on scientific production, contributions by country and institutions, sources, reference authors, and topic trends were obtained, being analysed using the VOSviewer and Bibliometrix R-package software programs. The results clearly have shown a significant increase in the number of publications over the years, depicting the great influence of the People's Republic of China, since the most relevant authors, publications, and institutes are Chinese. Regarding the topic trends, there is a massive concern about plastic pollution, especially related to plastic in water bodies (mainly microplastics), and the socio-environmental problems which plastic may cause/aggravate, with recycling and the circular economy emerging as possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiula Danielli Bastos de Sousa
- Technology Development Center, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Gomes Carneiro, Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Science, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, Santo André - São Paulo, Brazil
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182
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Lee D, Nam H, Wang S, Kim H, Kim JH, Won Y, Hwang BW, Kim YD, Nam H, Lee KH, Ryu HJ. Characteristics of fractionated drop-in liquid fuel of plastic wastes from a commercial pyrolysis plant. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:411-422. [PMID: 33836392 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a waste conversion technology to solve an increasing plastic waste issue worldwide. Waste plastic pyrolysis fuel from a commercial-scale pyrolysis plant (10 ton/day) was comprehensively investigated using distillation methods by separating the crude pyrolysis fuel to isolate the diesel-like pyrolysis fuel fraction (C9-C25 for fraction 2 + fraction 3, middle distillate). Other fractions were C5-C10 for the light distillate (fraction 1), and >C25 for the heavy distillate (fraction 4). The relationship between the fuel boiling point and liquid vapor temperature were found for designing a scaled-up oil separation process. The diesel grade pyrolysis fuel fraction comprised approximately 70-80% of the crude pyrolysis fuel, wherein it had values of 43-45 MJ/kg, 1-6 cSt, and 12-42 mgKOH/goil. Meanwhile, the elemental ratios of the crude pyrolysis oil improved to 0.1 for O/C and 1.9 for H/C after separation, close to petroleum fuels (0.0 O/C and 1.95 H/C). The highest relative chemical composition was the olefins (46% in fraction 1 and 41% in fraction 2), whereas the paraffin was approximately 15-20% in the light fraction. Finally, the potential CO2 reduction for the plastic waste-to-energy process was evaluated, revealing that a total of 0.26 tCO2/tonwaste of emissions could be avoided during the waste plastic pyrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoseok Nam
- Busan Development Institute, Busan 47210, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Wang
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Kim
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Kim
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooseob Won
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Wook Hwang
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Doo Kim
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Nam
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyong-Hwan Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Ryu
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
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183
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184
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Characterization and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of pyrolysis oil obtained from mixed waste plastics and its utilization in a compression ignition engine were investigated. The chemical compositions and physicochemical properties of distilled waste plastic oil (WPO) and crude waste plastic oil (CWPO) were analyzed. The experiment was conducted with a variable compression ratio diesel engine at various loads and compression ratios to evaluate combustion characteristics, exhaust emissions, and engine performance. The experimental results show that CWPO contains the highest percentage of carbon atoms in the C4–C11 group, while WPO contains the highest percentage of carbon atoms in the C12–C20 group, similar to the main compositions of diesel fuel. According to the preliminary study in chemical compositions and physicochemical properties, WPO and diesel fuel were selected for the engine test at different compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 and different engine operating loads of 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum engine torque at an engine speed of 1500 rpm. It was found that increasing the engine operating load and the compression ratio tends to increase the brake thermal efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio results in a significantly shorter delay time in a combustion state. A lower cetane index and a higher percentage of long chain carbon compounds (C12–C20) could be the main factors affecting higher NOx, CO, and HC emissions with the combustion characteristics of WPO, compared to diesel fuel. The disadvantage of emissions by the use of WPO can be alleviated when the engine is running at maximum load and a high compression ratio.
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185
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Van Song N, Phuong NTM, Oanh TTK, Chien DH, Phuc VQ, Mohsin M. Does tradeoff between financial and social indicators matters in environmental consideration: evidence from G7 region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19911-19925. [PMID: 33410000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study tries to discover the impact of financial and social indicators' growth towards environmental considerations to understand the drivers of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions change in G7 countries. The DEA-like composite index has been used to examine the tradeoff between financial and social indicator matters in environmental consideration by using a multi-objective goal programming approach. The data from 2008 to 2018 is collected from G-7 countries. The results from the DEA-like composite index reveals that there is a mixed condition of environmental sustainability in G-7 countries where the USA is performing better and Japan is performing worse among the set of other countries. The further result shows that the energy and fiscal indicators help to decrease the dangerous gas emissions. Divergent to that, the human and financial index positively contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Fostering sustainable development is essential to successfully reduce emissions, meet established objectives, and ensure steady development. The study provides valuable information for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Song
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong
- Economics Department, Vinh University (VU), 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam.
| | - Thai Thi Kim Oanh
- Economics Department, Vinh University (VU), 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Do Huy Chien
- Ha Noi University of Business and Technology, Vinh Tuy Street, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Quang Phuc
- Ha Noi University of Business and Technology, Vinh Tuy Street, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Muhammad Mohsin
- School of Accounting & Finance, Faculty of Business & Law, Taylor's University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
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186
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Purnomo CW, Kurniawan W, Aziz M. Technological review on thermochemical conversion of COVID-19-related medical wastes. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 167:105429. [PMID: 33519084 PMCID: PMC7832489 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has brought tremendous environmental burden due to huge amount of medical wastes (about 54,000 t/d as of November 22, 2020), including face mask, gloves, clothes, goggles, and sanitizer/disinfectant containers. A proper waste management is urgently required to mitigate the spread of the disease, minimize the environmental impacts, and take their potential advantages for further utilization. This work provides a prospective review on the possible thermochemical treatments for those COVID-19 related medical wastes (CMW), as well as their possible conversion to fuels. The characteristics of each waste are initially analyzed and described, especially their potential as energy source. It is clear that most of CMWs are dominated by plastic polymers. Thermochemical processes, including incineration, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, are reviewed in terms of applicability for CMW. In addition, the mechanical treatment of CMW into sanitized refuse-derived fuel (SRDF) is also discussed as the preliminary stage before thermochemical conversion. In terms of material flexibility, incineration is practically applicable for all types of CMW, although it has the highest potential to emit the largest amount of CO2 and other harmful gasses. Furthermore, gasification and pyrolysis are considered promising in terms of energy conversion efficiency and environmental impacts. On the other hand, carbonization faces several technical problems following thermal degradation due to insufficient operating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Wahyu Purnomo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika no 2, Bulaksumur,Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Agrotechnology Innovation Center PIAT UGM, Berbah Sleman Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Winarto Kurniawan
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Muhammad Aziz
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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187
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Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been a gradual increase in the field of parts recovery from cars that are withdrawn from use. However, the disposal of automotive shredder residue (ASR) still remains a significant problem. ASR is refuse derived fuel (RDF), which contains mainly plastics, fiber sponges, and rubbers in different proportions, and therefore a thermal treatment of selected waste samples is applied. The presented research includes thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, as well as a proximate and an ultimate analysis of the ASR samples. The obtained results were processed and used as an input for modelling. The numerical calculations focused on the identification of the ASR’s average composition, the raw pyrolysis process product, its dry pyrolytic gas composition, and the combustible properties of the pyrolytic gases. The TGA analysis with three heating rate levels covered the temperature range from ambient to 800 °C. The thermal decomposition of the studied samples was in three stages confirmed with three peaks observed at the temperatures 280, 470, and 670 °C. The amount of solid residue grew with the heating rates and was in the range of 27–32 wt%. The numerical calculation of the pyrolysis process showed that only 0.46 kg of dry gas were formed from 1 kg of ASR. The gas yield increased with the rising temperature, and, at the same time, its calorific value decreased from 19.22 down to 14.16 MJ/m3. This is due to the decomposition of C6+ hydrocarbons and the promotion of CO formation. The thermodynamic parameters of the combustion process for a pyrolytic gas air mixture, such as the adiabatic flame temperature and laminar flame speed, were higher than for methane and were, respectively, 2073 °C and 1.02 m/s.
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188
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Liguori F, Moreno-Marrodán C, Barbaro P. Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:589-621. [PMID: 33747233 PMCID: PMC7940818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed depolymerisation of plastics to reusable building blocks, including monomers, oligomers or added-value chemicals, is an attractive tool for the recycling and valorisation of these materials. The present manuscript shortly reviews the most significant contributions that appeared in the field within the period January 2010–January 2020 describing selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective processes, acid–base treatments as well as the production of fuels are not discussed, nor are the methods for the further upgrade of the depolymerisation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmen Moreno-Marrodán
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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189
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Paladino O, Moranda A. Human Health Risk Assessment of a pilot-plant for catalytic pyrolysis of mixed waste plastics for fuel production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124222. [PMID: 33172677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, PCBs and VOCs are the main hazardous chemicals emitted by gaseous streams from catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics. In this work we propose a methodology to assess toxic and cancer risk under uncertainty, due to inhalation and ingestion of these chemicals by considering complex scenarios, as repeated start-ups and short continuous operation that may occur in a pilot-plant. Different simulation tools are combined to evaluate the expected concentration of pollutants in the environmental compartments and food. Hazard Index and Cancer Risk remain under the threshold for both dioxins (HI < 0.012, CR < 5.03 10-7) and PCBdl (HI < 1.3 10-7, CR < 2.49 10-12) in all the simulated scenarios, also for the worst case of children ingesting vegetables and meat and uncertainty factors up to 1000. Different results are obtained for VOCs since repeated leakages during the pilot-plant operation are possible. All the risk indexes for benzene are under the threshold (HI < 0.175, CR < 1.41 10-7); acute toxic risk due to inhalation and cancer risk due to ingestion of grain/vegetables are over the threshold if all the uncertainties are considered. Lesson learned: HHRA is important also during scale-up; pilot-plants for pyrolysis of waste plastics must always be equipped with all the abatement systems designed for the final plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Paladino
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Arianna Moranda
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy
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190
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Palos R, Gutiérrez A, Vela FJ, Olazar M, Arandes JM, Bilbao J. Waste Refinery: The Valorization of Waste Plastics and End-of-Life Tires in Refinery Units. A Review. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:3529-3557. [PMID: 35310012 PMCID: PMC8929416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review collects a wide range of initiatives and results that expose the potential of the refineries to be converted into waste refineries. Thus, they will use their current units for the valorization of consumer society wastes (waste plastics and end-of-life tires in particular) that are manufactured with petroleum derivatives. The capacity, technological development, and versatility of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and hydroprocessing units make them appropriate for achieving this goal. Polyolefinic plastics (polyethylene and polypropylene), the waxes obtained in their fast pyrolysis, and the tire pyrolysis oils can be cofed together with the current streams of the industrial units. Conventional refineries have the opportunity of operating as waste refineries cofeeding these alternative feeds and tailoring the properties of the fuels and raw materials produced to be adapted to commercial requirements within the oil economy frame. This strategy will contribute in a centralized and rational way to the recycling of the consumer society wastes on a large scale. Furthermore, the use of already existing and, especially, depreciated units for the production of fuels and raw materials (such as light olefins and aromatics) promotes the economy of the recycling process.
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191
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Eimontas J, Striūgas N, Abdelnaby MA, Yousef S. Catalytic Pyrolysis Kinetic Behavior and TG-FTIR-GC-MS Analysis of Metallized Food Packaging Plastics with Different Concentrations of ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:702. [PMID: 33652610 PMCID: PMC7956265 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pyrolysis process has been adapted as a sustainable strategy to convert metallized food packaging plastics waste (MFPW) into energy products (paraffin wax, biogas, and carbon black particles) and to recover aluminum. Usually, catalysts are used in pyrolysis treatment to refine pyrolysis products and to increase their yield. In order to study the effect of a catalyst on the formulated volatile products, this work aims to study the pyrolysis behavior of MFPW in presence of catalyst, using TG-FTIR-GC-MS system. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted with ZSM-5 Zeolite catalyst with different concentrations (10, 30, and 50 wt.%) at different heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C/min). In addition, TG-FTIR system and GC-MS unit were used to observe and analyze the thermal and chemical degradation of the obtained volatile compounds at maximum decomposition peaks. In addition, the kinetic results of catalytic pyrolysis of ZSM-5/MFPW samples matched when model-free methods, a distributed activation energy model (DAEM), and an independent parallel reaction kinetic model (IPR) were used. The TGA-DTG results showed that addition of a catalyst did not have a significant effect on the features of the TGA-DTG curves with similar weight loss of 87-90 wt.% (without taking the weight of the catalyst into account). Meanwhile, FTIR results manifested strong presence of methane and high-intensity functional group of carboxylic acid residues, especially at high concentration of ZSM-5 and high heating rates. Likewise, GC-MS measurements showed that Benzene, Toluene, Hexane, p-Xylene, etc. compounds (main flammable liquid compounds in petroleum oil) generated catalysts exceeding 50%. Finally, pyrolysis kinetics showed that the whole activation energies of catalytic pyrolysis process of MFPW were estimated at 289 kJ/mol and 110, 350, and 174 kJ/mol for ZSM-5/MFPW samples (10, 30, and 50 wt.%, respectively), whereas DAEM and IPR approaches succeeded to simulate TGA and DTG profiles with deviations below <1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Eimontas
- Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.E.); (N.S.)
| | - Nerijus Striūgas
- Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.E.); (N.S.)
| | - Mohammed Ali Abdelnaby
- Department of Production Engineering and Printing Technology, Akhbar Elyom Academy, Cairo 12566, Egypt;
| | - Samy Yousef
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Materials Science, South Ural State University, Lenin Prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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192
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An Overview of Plastic Waste Generation and Management in Food Packaging Industries. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the world was not paying strict attention to the impact of rapid growth in plastic use. This has led to unprecedented amounts of mixed types of plastic waste entering the environment unmanaged. Packaging plastics account for half of the global total plastic waste. This paper seeks to give an overview of the use, disposal, and regulation of food packaging plastics. Demand for food packaging is on the rise as a result of increasing global demand for food due to population growth. Most of the food packaging are used on-the-go and are single use plastics that are disposed of within a short space of time. The bulk of this plastic waste has found its way into the environment contaminating land, water and the food chain. The food industry is encouraged to reduce, reuse and recycle packaging materials. A wholistic approach to waste management will need to involve all stakeholders working to achieve a circular economy. A robust approach to prevent pollution today rather than handling the waste in the future should be adopted especially in Africa where there is high population growth.
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193
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Riedewald F, Patel Y, Wilson E, Santos S, Sousa-Gallagher M. Economic assessment of a 40,000 t/y mixed plastic waste pyrolysis plant using direct heat treatment with molten metal: A case study of a plant located in Belgium. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:698-707. [PMID: 33191052 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has been identified as an ideal process to recycle mixed plastic waste (MPW). This study investigates the economics of a 40,000 t/y MPW pyrolysis process, called PlastPyro, located in Belgium, to an accuracy of ±15% i.e. "Definite Estimate". The process uses molten metal in a direct heat treatment process to pyrolyse the waste. An internal rate of return (IRR) of 20% strongly indicates that a 40,000 t/y PlastPyro plant is financially attractive for private investors. The capital expenditure (CAPEX) is estimated to be €20.1 m or €26.1 m if the cost of capital is included. The operating expenditures (OPEX) of the plant are estimated €3.4 m per year. The sensitivity analysis shows six main variables having major impacts on the financial returns of a PlastPyro plant: (1) the addressable volume and quality of plastic waste, (2) the feedstock costs, (3) the capital and operating expenditures, (4) the revenues from the sale of the produced pyrolysis oil (P-oil), (5) the tipping fees and (6) the potential to co-locate a PlastPyro plant with a waste plastic sorting facility. For example, the 15-year low P-oil revenue price of €210/t results in an IRR of 20%; but on the 6th of March 2020 the P-oil price may have achieved €227/t, resulting in an IRR of 37%. The paper also shows that a reliable supply of MPW is available, and that reliable, accessible markets for the P-oil are available. Finally, cost estimates should state their accuracy and usually factorial cost estimates are not accurate enough to state the IRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Riedewald
- Composite Recycling Ltd, The Rubicon Centre, CIT Campus, Bishopstown, Cork T12 Y275, Ireland
| | - Yunus Patel
- Composite Recycling Ltd, The Rubicon Centre, CIT Campus, Bishopstown, Cork T12 Y275, Ireland
| | - Edward Wilson
- Composite Recycling Ltd, The Rubicon Centre, CIT Campus, Bishopstown, Cork T12 Y275, Ireland
| | - Silvia Santos
- Alumisel, Polígono A Granxa s/n, Pontevedra, 36400 O Porriño, Spain
| | - Maria Sousa-Gallagher
- Process and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.
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194
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Jung S, Lee S, Dou X, Kwon EE. Valorization of disposable COVID-19 mask through the thermo-chemical process. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 405:126658. [PMID: 32834763 PMCID: PMC7426216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It becomes common to wear a disposable face mask to protect from coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) amid this pandemic. However, massive generations of contaminated face mask cause environmental concerns because current disposal processes (i.e., incineration and reclamation) for them release toxic chemicals. The disposable mask is made of different compounds, making it hard to be recycled. In this regard, this work suggests an environmentally benign disposal process, simultaneously achieving the production of valuable fuels from the face mask. To this end, CO2-assisted thermo-chemical process was conducted. The first part of this work determined the major chemical constituents of a disposable mask: polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, and Fe. In the second part, pyrolysis study was employed to produce syngas and C1-2 hydrocarbons (HCs) from the disposable mask. To enhance syngas and C1-2 HCs formations, multi-stage pyrolysis was used for more C-C and C-H bonds scissions of the disposable mask. Catalytic pyrolysis over Ni/SiO2 further expedited H2 and CH4 formations due to its capability for dehydrogenation. In the presence of CO2, catalytic pyrolysis additionally produced CO, while pyrolysis in N2 did not produce it. Therefore, the thermo-chemical conversion of disposable face mask and CO2 could be an environmentally benign way to remove COVID-19 plastic waste, generating value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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195
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Aragaw TA, Mekonnen BA. Current plastics pollution threats due to COVID-19 and its possible mitigation techniques: a waste-to-energy conversion via Pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2021; 10:8. [PMID: 34777936 PMCID: PMC7816145 DOI: 10.1186/s40068-020-00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extensive use and production of PPE, and disposal in the COVID-19 pandemic increases the plastic wastes arise environmental threats. Roughly, 129 billion face masks and 65 billion plastic gloves every month are used and disposed of on the globe. The study aims to identify the polymer type of face masks and gloves and sustainable plastic waste management options. RESULTS The identification of polymers, which can help for fuel conversion alternatives, was confirmed by FTIR and TGA/DTA analysis and confirms that the polymeric categories fit for the intended purpose. Moreover, the handling technique for upcycling and the environmental impacts of the medical face mask and glove were discussed. The FTIR result revealed that face masks and gloves are polypropylene and PVC thermoplastic polymer, respectively and they can be easily transformed to fuel energy via pyrolysis. The endothermic peaks around 431 ℃ for medical glove and 175 ℃ for surgical is observed tells that the melting point of the PVC and polypropylene of plastic polymers, respectively. The pyrolysis of the face mask and glove was carried out in a closed reactor at 400 ℃ for 1 h. Conferring to lab-scale processes, liquid, and wax fuel rate of 75%, char of 10%, and the rest non-condensable gases were estimated at the end. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the medical plastics can be recycled into oil due to their thermoplastics nature having high oil content and the waste to energy conversion can potentially reduce the volume of PPE plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bassazin Ayalew Mekonnen
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Bahir Dar Energy Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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196
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Fagnani DE, Tami JL, Copley G, Clemons MN, Getzler YDYL, McNeil AJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Redefining Sustainable Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:41-53. [PMID: 35548997 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Staudinger realized makromoleküles had enormous potential, he likely did not anticipate the consequences of their universal adoption. With 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste now contaminating our land, water, and air, we are facing an environmental and public health crisis. Synthetic polymer chemists can help create a more sustainable future, but are we on the right path to do so? Herein, a comprehensive literature survey reveals that there has been an increased focus on "sustainable polymers" in recent years, but most papers focus on biomass-derived feedstocks. In contrast, there is less focus on polymer end-of-life fates. Moving forward, we suggest an increased emphasis on chemical recycling, which sees value in plastic waste and promotes a closed-loop plastic economy. To help keep us on the path to sustainability, the synthetic polymer community should routinely seek the systems perspective offered by life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L. Tami
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Graeme Copley
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mackenzie N. Clemons
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | | | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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197
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Li K, Xu Z. Decomposition of high-impact polystyrene resin in e-waste by supercritical water oxidation process with debromination of decabromodiphenyl ethane and recovery of antimony trioxide simultaneously. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123684. [PMID: 33254750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure the performance and safety of electronic products, a large number of polymeric insulation resins are used as housing materials. When electronic products are discarded as e-waste, these resins containing organobromine compounds and antimony trioxide as flame retardants are difficult to be disposed of by traditional recycling methods, due to their excellent resistance to acid, alkali, high temperature and photooxidation. It not only brings the hazardous risks for environmental protection, but also hinders the recovery of resources in e-waste. In this study, supercritical water oxidation(SCWO) process was applied to decompose waste high-impact polystyrene(HIPS) resin in e-waste combining debromination of decabromodiphenyl ethane and recovery of antimony trioxide. The results showed that HIPS could be quickly and efficiently decomposed during SCWO process. The optimum SCWO parameters were temperature of 500 ℃, holding time of 60 min, pressure of 23 MPa, and excess oxygen of 200 %, respectively. The decomposition products of HIPS were hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and water. Meanwhile, brominated flame retardants and antimony trioxide added to the HIPS were also debrominated and recovered. Without secondary pollution, the SCWO process developed in this study could effectively achieve decomposition of HIPS resins, debromination of brominated flame retardants and recovery of antimony trioxide in one procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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198
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Möllnitz S, Küppers B, Curtis A, Khodier K, Sarc R. Influence of pre-screening on down-stream processing for the production of plastic enriched fractions for recycling from mixed commercial and municipal waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:365-373. [PMID: 33127277 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of plastic waste as resource gains more and more attention. In this context, material recycling is especially focused on packaging plastics. Further waste streams that contain a significant amount of plastics are mixed commercial and municipal solid waste. To assess the potential of plastics for recycling and energy recovery from these material streams large-scale experiments were conducted. The potential of mechanical pre-processing with the aim of generating a 3D-plastics pre-concentrate was assessed. The focus of these investigations was put on the relevance of the screening stage and its influence on down-stream material processing via ballistic separation and sensor-based sorting. Results demonstrate not only that the screening of both waste streams leads to enrichment of plastics in coarse particle size ranges (especially >80 mm) and transfer of contaminants, organics and minerals to fine fractions (especially <10 mm), but also that sensor-based sorting performance can be significantly enhanced due to cleaning effects on plastics, induced by the material circulation and the resulting interparticle friction in a drum screen. On the downside, the material rotation in a drum screen leads to tail-formation that can create plant down-time through clogging as well as material losses and impairment of pre-concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Möllnitz
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - B Küppers
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A Curtis
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - K Khodier
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering; Chair for Process Technology and Industrial Environment Protection, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - R Sarc
- Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Chair of Waste Processing Technology and Waste Management, Montanuniversitaet Leoben - Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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199
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Research on the Possible Application of Polyolefin Waste-Derived Pyrolysis Oils for ANFO Manufacturing. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en14010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the possible application of pyrolysis fuel oils obtained through the pyrolysis of waste plastics. by comparing both the blasting properties and morphology results of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO), which is applied in the mining industry, and ANFO based on pyrolysis fuel oils (FOs), as well as low-temperature properties of all tested FO samples. The low-temperature research includes the measurements of density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, and cloud point. Moreover, a stability analysis was carried out based on the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) coefficient. Based on the obtained results it was concluded that despite pyrolysis FOs showing some differences in comparison with index FO, none of their properties indicated that pyrolysis FOs should be excluded from possible application in ANFO. Additionally, IR, XRD, and SEM analyses were conducted for all ANFO samples. The instrumental analysis did not show any dribbling effect. The blasting tests such as velocity of detonation (VOD), the heat of explosion, and post-blast fumes revealed that VOD values were lower in comparison to the reference ANFO sample. However, the observed differences were either negligible (heat of explosion) or small enough (VOD) to conclude that polyolefin waste-derived pyrolysis fuel oils can be applied as ANFO’s fuel component.
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200
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Lumped Kinetic Modeling of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Co-Pyrolysis in Tubular Reactors. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling rates, especially those from plastic packaging waste, have to be increased according to the European Union directive in the next years. Besides many other technologies, the pyrolysis of plastic wastes seems to be an efficient supplementary opportunity to treat mixed and unpurified plastic streams. For this reason, a pyrolysis process was developed for the chemical recycling of hydrocarbons from waste polyolefins. The obtained products can be further processed and upgraded in crude oil refineries, so that also monomers can be recovered, which are used for the plastic polymerization again. However, to achieve a scale up to a demo plant, a kinetic model for predicting the yields of the plastic pyrolysis in a tubular reactor is needed. For this reason, a pilot plant was built, in which different plastics and carrier fluids can be tested. Based on the data generated at the pilot plant, a very practical and suitable model was found to describe the plastic co-pyrolysis of the carrier fluid with polypropylene (PP) and low density and high density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE), respectively. The physical and chemical mechanisms of the co-pyrolysis in the tubular reactor are successfully investigated.
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